1912:"The 2010s has seen the rise of subcultures that exist largely or entirely online, as divergent as vaporwave, ASMR, UK drill, and makeup tutorials, but all of them nesting within huge platforms like YouTube or Bandcamp. Something like audio blogs or DIY radio, podcasts have become the focus of new communities. And the slow collapse of a centralising and synchronised common culture has opened up the space for a profusion of micro-scenes, each running on its own timeline. In this flourishing post-geographical world of "local" cultures not tied to location, small is bountiful and significance doesn’t need to be universal to matter."
1968:
part of their retrospective series on the 2010s, Dazed magazine described the impact of technology on subcultures; "But also gave us more; it gave us dozens upon dozens of scenes and movements, only recognisable to the highly trained eye. And the rules became less rigid: you could dress one way, and listen to totally different music." Modern subcultures include e-girls, Koreaboos, art hoes, hypebeasts, Instagram baddies, soft boys, skaters, and revivals of 1970s-1990s subcultures such as hippies, goths, punks, and grunge.
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519:. The riots in Los Angeles were part of a nationwide phenomenon of urban disturbances arising out of wartime tensions exacerbating longstanding racial discrimination in America. The Zoot Suit Riots were unique in that the fashions of the largely Mexican American (and some white and African-American) victims made them the target of white servicemen stationed in the city, many of whom were from southern white towns.
1297:, which had begun in gay dance clubs, became a significant from about 1975 onward. In some sectors, particularly in the New York City area, where disco had seemingly "taken over" all aspects of youth life, an aggressive counter-disco movement was born. New York area rock radio stations such as WPLJ and WPIX encouraged their listeners to destroy disco records and embrace rock and roll. Musically and lyrically,
35:
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caused widespread unemployment and poverty, and a consequent malaise among adolescents that found its expression in urban youth gangs—the so-called "dead end kids." The dead end kid phenomenon was fictionalized on the stage and screen where it became a popular image with which people could identify.
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The entry of the United States into World War II was heralded by new legislation making zoot suits illegal due to the extra cloth required. In June 1943, white
American servicemen stationed in Los Angeles rampaged through Mexican American neighborhoods, attacking young people wearing the suits and
1967:
Throughout the mid to late 2010s, subcultures splintered and merged due to the widespread accessibility of the internet and social media platforms. Many 2010s subcultures drew from previously existing groups - the popular 'e-girl' subculture is seen as a modern spin on mid-2000s scene fashion. As
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The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire. When I say well-groomed, well-shaven, well-perfumed, it's a propriety that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education
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riding developed as a parallel lifestyle to wave riding. Both forms of board riding continued throughout the remainder of the century and into the next. From these two sports young people learned to provide their own social structure within which they could display skills and excellence.
1412:. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and campaigned politically for the
970:, who can be compared to the bohemian artists of pre-world-war France. The Nozems spent their time listening to rock and roll music, driving motorcycles through town and picking up ladies while the Artistiekelingen would discuss philosophy, paint, draw and listen to jazz music.
1470:, Africa began to be the leader of the Sapeur ('Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes d'Élégance' thus 'SAPE' for short), which he promoted as a youth cult. Papa Wemba's music has been influenced by previous stars of Rumba music in Zaire (such as
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their counterparts in
America would wear. For day-to-day wear there was a trend toward girls wearing slacks or jeans. At the time, the idea of girls wearing trousers and boys taking time over their hairstyles was socially shocking to many people.
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had always meant speech and conversation. The new meaning signified a change in the status of poetry from an elitist artform to a community sport. Rappers could attempt to outdo each other with their skillful rhymes. Rapping is also known as
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fled Europe following the outbreak of World War II. These artists arrived in the United States, where a subculture of surrealism and avant-garde experimentation developed in New York City, becoming the new centre of the art world.
657:. The Hells Angels began as a motorcycle club looking for excitement in the dull times after the end of the war and became notorious as time passed. Motorcycle gangs in general began to hit the headlines. In 1953, the film,
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music, dancehall celebrations and sound system dances. Rude boys dressed in the latest fashions, and many were involved with gangs and violence. This subculture then spread to the United
Kingdom and other countries.
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with pride, in the same way the freaks had done. Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people in those days, but many people were interested in computers because of their appearance in
1512:
At the beginning of the 1980s, some of the followers of punk rock became bored with it and wanted to make it more stylish and introduce elements of glam. By 1981, this trend resulted in the development of the
1379:" and quotes from the song lyrics became part of a popular cultural image of people standing up for their freedom. Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the
530:. Clothing styles depended on what could be begged or acquired by some means, not necessarily legal; There were restrictions everywhere. When the Americans arrived in Britain, black-marketeers, (called
546:, chocolate, etc. Inevitably, subculture continued to have an image of criminality and the brave, the daring, the milieu, the resistance, etc. The black market in drugs thrived just about anywhere.
193:(1914–18) hair styles changed: the wartime trenches were infested with lice and fleas, so soldiers were forced to shave their heads. Consequently, men with short hair appeared to have been at the
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subculture of the late 1960s. The skinheads were a harder, more working class version of mods who wore basic clean-cut clothing styles and favoured ska, rocksteady, soul and early reggae music.
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in the late 1950s, but was at its most popular during the early 1960s. Mods were obsessed with new fashions such as slim-cut suits; and music styles such as modern jazz, rhythm and blues, soul,
165:(translated as "hikers", "ramblers" or, more precisely, "migratory birds"), they wanted to throw off the strict rules of society and be more open and natural. The first known organized club for
1566:. The goths are a subculture of dark dress and gloomy romanticism. Unlike the New Romantics, goth has lasted into the 21st century. In the UK, goth reached its popular peak in the late 1980s.
309:
was attempting to shock the world with their games and bizarre behavior. The
Surrealists were at one and the same time a serious art movement and a parody of other art forms and
1147:
and 121 other intellectuals who signed a statement asserting "the right to disobedience." The uprising brought the country to a standstill, and caused the government to call a
803:
surrounding the advent of teenager subcultures and a perceived rise in adolescent criminality led to several attempts to investigate and legislate youth behavior, such as the
1930:
generation) consisted of individuals that had come to adulthood during the 2000s. Subcultures that emerged or became popular in the first decade of the 21st century included
1724:
The Usenet and BBS subculture had developed a subculture which involved its own forms of etiquette and behaviour patterns both social and anti-social and the phenomena of
1544:. According to the music press at the time, the New Romantics identified themselves using a number of alternative terms including "Futurists" and "the cult with no name."
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and the normality which had existed before the two wars. At the same time, as a result of
American post-war prosperity, a new identity emerged for youth subculture: the
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views. The consensus has generally tended to be that the modern urban environment offers all the bright lights and benefits of the modern world but often provides
1799:
1540:. Clothing styles demonstrated a return to the freak scene's roleplay of fashions from previous eras or imagined future ones in order to use fashion to create a
2169:
736:. At the same time, jazz culture itself continued but changed into a more respected form, no longer necessarily associated with wild behaviour and criminality.
1992:
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all had theories as to what was causing the increase to urban trouble, but it was later accepted that it developed in protest to the older generation's pro-
294:
came to power. Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds first appeared in the United States in the 1930s. In Canada, it first appeared in
804:
317:
and others from the Dada movement. Based in several
European countries, Surrealism was destined for trouble when the Nazis came to power. Subcultures and "
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Subcultures were often based on socializing and wild behaviour, but some of them were centred around politics. In the United States, these included the
278:
were used as alternatives to alcohol. When prohibition ended, the subculture of drink, drugs and jazz did not disappear, and neither did the gangsters.
161:. In Germany, from 1896, there developed a movement of young men (and later young women) which focused on freedom and natural environments. Called
118:
In the early part of the 20th century, subcultures were mostly informal groupings of like-minded individuals with the same views or lifestyle. The
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As
American rock and roll arrived in the United Kingdom, a subculture grew around it. Some of the British post-war street youths hanging around
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1256:, which had grown from a minor subculture in the first half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the 1970s, along with
262:. Canada had prohibition in some areas, but for the most part, thirsty Americans coming over the border found an oasis. As a result,
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Other punk rock followers took the genre and culture further underground, where it evolved into a faster, harder genre coined as
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In the 1970s, the hippie, mod and rocker subcultures were in a process of transformation, which temporarily took on the name of
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genre of hardcore punk, changed over the years becoming more mainstream, following the commercial success in early '2000s. The
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and would continue to diversify into the 90s. Rave culture thrived from the mid-80s to the end of the century and beyond.
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and treated poorly by the authorities in other states. Their refugee status was recorded in folk songs (including many by
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1192:(openly embracing the image of strangeness). A growing awareness of identity politics combined with the legalisation of
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Other former punks searching for a new direction around 1979 eventually developed into the nucleus of what became the
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mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide area.
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were popular with drinkers. Thus, a drinking subculture grew in size and a crime subculture grew along with it. Other
60:
1815:
and subcultural styles. On the West Coast of the United States became popular a style of alternative rock known as
1559:(especially psychoactive and stimulant drug use), and for some people, in relation to promiscuous sexual behavior.
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619:
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1224:, spurning mainstream venues. The music/fashion subculture that became a commercial alternative to the freaks was
596:. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first
56:
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In the
Netherlands, two youth groups evolved in big cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht. One group, the
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grew around the sport and the associated parties, clothes, speech patterns and music. During the same time-frame
851:
773:
258:). In America, the same "flaming youth" subculture was "running wild" but with the added complication of alcohol
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230:
Jazz music, previously restricted to mainly poor
African-Americans, broke out as the musical craze of the 1920s.
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1831:, which developed his associated subculture. One of the main technological developments of the 1990s was the
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genre and the hippie subculture. Early punks played aggressive, quick-paced three-chord rock and roll songs.
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1987:
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Within the decay of the hippie subculture, some of the remaining branches of bikers progressively turned in
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became prominent in the 2010s. On March 20, 2014, Alexis
Petridis, a journalist for the British newspaper
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or "Echo Boomers" (a reference to the fact that many of the parents of this generation had belonged to the
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craze. Coffee bars were a meeting place for all the types of youth and the coolest ones were said to be in
1961:
1713:. Towards the end of the 80s rave culture had diversified into different forms connected to music such as
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scene arose in the 1990s, influenced by the 1960s mods, the 1970s/1980s mod revival, and other British
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subculture. Straight edge is a lifestyle that advocates abstinence in relation to tobacco, alcohol and
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at colleges and universities. Students who were fascinated by the possible uses of computers and other
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began from the mid-80s and became a flourishing subculture. The music embraced by this subculture was
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1977:
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subculture from the late 1960s continued into the 1970s, and some skinheads became influenced by the
1000:) grew to be an even larger subculture, spreading around the world. Other 1960s subcultures included
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and cowards, even suspected of desertion. Some artists managed to avoid the war by sitting it out in
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fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a
2001:
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etc. were popular from the 1930s to the 1950s. The genre also found its expression in the kid gang
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with succeeding aesthetics of horror and violence of late 1960s that influenced progressive rock (
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1212:. Bands on the freak circuit cultivated an anti-capitalist, communal lifestyle. Freak bands like
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was disrupted by a massive police presence attempting to prevent the festival and break up the
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culture in a broader sense caught the same kind of energy as rap and so began the first of the
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music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and
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scene (despite the fact that the original 1960s skinheads were influenced by black culture).
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The German nudist movement gained prominence in the 1920s, but was suppressed during the
113:
2070:"Pursuing the Pedagogical Potential of the Pillars of Hip-Hop through Sciencemindedness"
1832:
1820:
1725:
1620:. Poetry slamming became an irregular focus for the latest wave of poetry aficionados.
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1252:. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular fantasy amongst science fiction
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1024:. One of the main transitional features between the beat scene and the hippies was the
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in London was one example, providing a place where the diverse talents of people like
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movements also had its beginnings in the 1960s, evolving out of the Beat subculture.
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began figuring out ways to make technology more freely accessible. The international
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culture. There are various suggested candidates for which record might have been the
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of late 1970s and formed a culture on separatism and orthodoxy against mainstream.
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youths with little in reality. This theory and others were parodied in the musical
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606:, a new jazz subculture, formed from the rebellion against the melodic stylings of
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could interact. Other pre-World War I subcultures were smaller social groupings of
135:
1839:, the web allowed small subcultures to grow into large global online communities.
1451:(BBS) subculture would become increasingly significant over the next few decades.
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At some point, some in the hacker/computer subculture took on the derogatory word
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made an epic journey across America, which he would later describe in his novel,
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2092:"'Streaming has killed the mainstream': the decade that broke popular culture"
1997:
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joined the movement. The emphasis on freedom of the individual influenced the
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underground campaign to the context of a cultural revolution and the American
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After the second war, the zoot suit craze spread to France in the form of the
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356:
352:
306:
251:
147:
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etc. The computer subculture was also influenced by fictional subcultures in
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American fashion remained gangster orientated, with gangs gravitating around
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and elsewhere to move their entire families to survive. They were labeled as
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Teenage music and subculture was parodied in the 1957 play (and 1962 movie)
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807:. One of the many subcultures that was based around street violence was the
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1320:. Metalheads preserved the instituted use of long hair, took garments from
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The Existentialists had a profound influence upon subcultural development.
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escalated as crime gangs became organized. In the southern United States,
2170:"E-girls and boys' style is the antidote to the homogenised IG aesthetic"
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1828:
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was created as a medium of communication over the, still very primitive,
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639:. In the same year, there was an incident involving a motorcycle gang at
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255:
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463:, women who dressed in black. The zoot suiters use of language involved
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879:
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299:
170:
1474:) and also by his visits to Europe and by the appearance, in 1974, of
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The mod subculture began with a few cliques of trendy teenage boys in
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continued through the 1950s and into the 1960s under the guise of the
143:
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63:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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was beginning to form in the 1960s, due to the increased usage of
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1863:. The anti-globalisation protest movement was accompanied by the
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In American urban environments, a form of street culture using
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youths. Meanwhile, the intellectuals in France were forming an
2367:, Marshall, George (1991). Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing.
1957:
1931:
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In Britain, the political side of the Beat Generation was the
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began to dress in a variation of the zoot suit style called a
197:
in the war, while men with longer hair might be thought of as
28:
1956:, claimed that subcultures were rapidly declining, with only
1601:, which is one of the four main elements of Hip hop: MCing,
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took part in several protest movements, including those for
901:
marches became a very successful British social phenomenon.
739:
From the 1950s onward society noticed an increase in street
1602:
1044:. In the US, the hippies' big year was 1967, the so-called
870:
British youth divided into factions. There were the modern
503:
and South American elements, as well as bits introduced by
2353:, Barnes, Richard (1979). London: Eel Pie Publishing Ltd.
711:
returned in another attempt at returning to the image of
321:" were almost completely stamped out and replaced by the
1803:, was used to describe the generation that followed the
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and others, taken by way of progressive rock bands like
858:, their girlfriends would usually wear the same sort of
1891:
1764:
1536:
vibe to the subculture, regardless of the individual's
1301:
was the intentional antithesis of the disco scene, the
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in America and Britain and this version of existential
52:
2196:"Take our quiz: What weird 2010s subculture were you?"
1635:
was the largest mass civil arrest in English history.
1419:
Mods made a comeback in the late 1970s as a post-punk
1151:
rather than run the risk of being toppled from power.
966:, similar to the British Teds, and another called the
515:
often stripping them, in what has become known as the
382:
disaster forced large numbers of rural Americans from
2247:"THE TEN MOST INFLUENTIAL SUBCULTURES OF THE DECADE"
242:
subculture which began to break the rules of social
169:, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near
1082:The mod and rude boy cultures both influenced the
2339:, Rawlings, Terry (2000). London: Omnibus Press.
1855:. This was a response to the increased impact of
1612:, and breakdancing. From the early to mid-1980s,
815:subculture that was a part of and influenced the
181:championed change, speed, violence and machines.
2381:Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture
2310:We are the people our parents warned us against
1910:
1283:genre, and some skinheads became involved with
91:The 20th century saw the rise and fall of many
2272:"The iconic subcultures that shaped the 2010s"
2074:The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy
1851:became popular. The 1990s saw the rise of the
1800:Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
1351:subculture. In 1978, the song inspired a film
1835:. Running on the older infrastructure of the
1393:idea seem to have coalesced into what became
1279:. These skinheads became associated with the
850:style slicked hair. These youths were called
238:music and motor cars were at the centre of a
8:
1993:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
826:in urban areas and getting drawn into petty
2222:"The Most Notable Subcultures of the 2010s"
1489:always comes first of all from the family.
1234:of the 1960s mod culture, appealing to the
805:Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency
649:, published a story about it. In 1948, the
2319:Hell's Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga
2118:"Inside the clash of the teen subcultures"
878:kids, the rock and roll teenagers and the
18:History of subcultures in the 20th century
1551:. Along with the hardcore scene came the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2145:"Youth subcultures: Where Are They Now?"
1359:directed by Sam Peckinpah, and starring
1028:' journey across the United States with
724:Jazz culture was transformed, by way of
173:, Germany, in 1903. In Italy, a popular
2018:
1693:-reggae and the electropop bands like
1524:. New Romantics tended to be slightly
1059:, coinciding with the popular rise of
1592:subculture. In jazz jargon, the word
1055:culture originated in the ghettos of
580:songs (also known, in those days, as
475:). This style, collectively known as
7:
1942:. The Emo subculture, rooted in the
1517:, a group whose preferred music was
1316:) in the more obscure form of early
1093:scene originated in the 1960s, with
919:In the United States and Australia,
2143:Petridis, Alexis (March 20, 2014).
1922:Named in relation to Generation X,
1404:scene in the UK developed the band
947:), a youth subculture known as the
408:, and the film adaptation starring
313:. Surrealism had been developed by
2068:Emdin, Christopher (Nov 3, 2013).
2030:. Legacy Publishing. p. 263.
25:
1689:, filtered through the sounds of
1196:and a huge amount of interest in
854:. For a night out dancing at the
2379:Cante, Richard C. (March 2009).
2365:Spirit of '69 - A Skinhead Bible
1964:having any visual significance.
1878:
1751:
1701:and given a different twist via
1468:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1447:of the time. The Usenet and the
945:Democratic Republic of the Congo
455:youth developed the distinctive
33:
2328:The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test
1228:. It was a continuation of the
1036:, in a psychedelically painted
2408:Cultural history-related lists
2383:. London: Ashgate Publishing.
2337:Mod: A Very British Phenomenon
2056:"Revellers and Elegant People"
1184:History of the punk subculture
1079:. Many of them rode scooters.
986:History of the hippie movement
743:culture, random vandalism and
1:
1408:and related bands, including
618:. In turn, bebop spawned the
1532:, and visually there was an
2301:This is the Beat Generation
1853:anti-globalization movement
1400:Beginning around 1976, the
980:Counterculture of the 1960s
908:, particularly in the song
610:; Notable players included
59:the claims made and adding
2444:
2026:Braunstein, Peter (2004).
1819:, pioneered by bands like
1497:
1181:
983:
977:
734:First rock and roll record
215:
107:
1580:, combined with athletic
1500:Bristol underground scene
1136:in May 1968, there was a
959:as their main influence.
927:was the new youth sport.
787:) in song lyrics such as
1625:Stonehenge Free Festival
1584:, was developing as the
1214:The Edgar Broughton Band
663:, was released starring
1988:Post-industrial society
1633:Battle of the Beanfield
1385:, the freak scene, the
1287:politics, creating the
1143:uprising, supported by
834:, with a country style
234:In the 1920s, American
2423:History of subcultures
1917:- Simon Reynolds,
1914:
1647:electronic dance music
1491:
1124:and those against the
328:In North America, the
290:Gleichschaltung after
231:
177:and philosophy called
2028:The Sixties Chronicle
2007:Far-right subcultures
1843:communities, forums,
1679:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1649:which developed from
1557:recreational drug use
1508:Second Summer of Love
1498:Further information:
1486:
1449:Bulletin board system
1414:anti-nuclear movement
1343:and romanticised the
1182:Further information:
984:Further information:
891:anti-nuclear movement
641:Hollister, California
572:In post-war America,
459:fashion, such as the
229:
216:Further information:
2314:Nicholas Von Hoffman
1978:History of sexuality
1948:contemporary hipster
1805:Baby Boom Generation
1481:Rumble in the Jungle
1327:In 1976, a hit song
1289:white power skinhead
1238:trend of the 1970s.
598:almost instantaneous
333:Films featuring the
2058:, February 10, 2011
2002:List of subcultures
1206:speculative writing
951:flourished, taking
797:Gee, Officer Krupke
655:Fontana, California
489:Dictionary of Swing
405:The Grapes of Wrath
311:political movements
132:John Maynard Keynes
2323:Hunter S. Thompson
2202:. 20 December 2019
2098:. 28 December 2019
1890:. You can help by
1763:. You can help by
1538:sexual orientation
1504:Golden age hip hop
1395:new age travellers
1361:Kris Kristofferson
990:In the 1960s, the
943:(now known as the
929:A whole subculture
844:drainpipe trousers
683:transferred their
557:subculture around
538:) made deals with
305:In the art world,
302:nine years later.
298:about 1939 and in
232:
44:possibly contains
2390:978-0-7546-7230-2
1908:
1907:
1861:global capitalism
1793:, popularized by
1781:
1780:
1389:movement and the
685:French resistance
646:Harper's Magazine
348:Little Tough Guys
89:
88:
81:
46:original research
16:(Redirected from
2435:
2394:
2288:
2287:
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2268:
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2065:
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2042:
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2023:
1918:
1903:
1900:
1882:
1875:
1795:Douglas Coupland
1776:
1773:
1755:
1748:
1675:electronic music
1671:Kevin Saunderson
1631:. The resulting
1410:The Poison Girls
1382:Merry Pranksters
1303:progressive rock
1149:general election
1145:Jean-Paul Sartre
1026:Merry Pranksters
968:Artistiekelingen
941:Congo Free State
784:Romeo and Juliet
726:rhythm and blues
677:Jean-Paul Sartre
559:Jean-Paul Sartre
526:prospered under
524:black-marketeers
363:, including the
330:Great Depression
296:British Columbia
218:Roaring Twenties
120:Bloomsbury group
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
61:inline citations
37:
36:
29:
21:
2443:
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2437:
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2434:
2433:
2432:
2428:Western culture
2398:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2297:
2295:Further reading
2292:
2291:
2281:
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2270:
2269:
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2124:. 30 March 2008
2116:
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2038:
2025:
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2020:
2015:
1974:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1888:needs expansion
1873:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1761:needs expansion
1746:
1677:, pioneered by
1661:by people like
1653:, pioneered in
1564:goth subculture
1510:
1496:
1369:Ernest Borgnine
1339:arrived in the
1322:leather culture
1277:punk subculture
1250:science fiction
1198:science fiction
1186:
1180:
1130:nuclear weapons
1069:London, England
988:
982:
976:
774:West Side Story
765:white supremacy
701:beat generation
673:
624:beat generation
612:Dizzy Gillespie
517:Zoot Suit Riots
509:McVouty oreeney
471:(also known as
418:
284:
224:
214:
191:First World War
187:
142:or a matter of
116:
106:
101:
85:
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68:
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2325:
2316:
2307:
2305:James Campbell
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2278:. January 2020
2276:Hashtag Legend
2263:
2238:
2213:
2187:
2176:. 15 July 2019
2161:
2135:
2109:
2083:
2060:
2043:
2036:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1869:
1849:Internet cafes
1833:World Wide Web
1779:
1778:
1758:
1756:
1745:
1742:
1495:
1492:
1454:Also in 1979,
1423:, inspired by
1416:other causes.
1222:free festivals
1179:
1176:
1156:Hacker culture
1118:Allen Ginsberg
1110:Black Panthers
1099:Whisky a Go Go
1046:summer of love
978:Main article:
975:
972:
953:Western movies
912:Ya Got Trouble
757:social workers
672:
669:
616:Charlie Parker
555:existentialist
429:Marcel Duchamp
417:
414:
400:John Steinbeck
398:), as well as
372:Newsboy Legion
342:East Side Kids
319:degenerate art
283:
280:
213:
210:
186:
183:
124:Virginia Woolf
105:
102:
100:
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2373:1-898927-10-3
2370:
2366:
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2360:
2359:0-85965-173-8
2356:
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2345:0-7119-6813-6
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2251:High Snobiety
2248:
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2223:
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2171:
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2154:September 11,
2150:
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2022:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Music history
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1944:Post Hardcore
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1886:This section
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:globalisation
1854:
1850:
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1810:
1806:
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1759:This section
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:and recycled
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:, as well as
1672:
1668:
1664:
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1648:
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1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
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1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:break dancing
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:straight edge
1550:
1549:hardcore punk
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:New Romantics
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1484:. Wemba said:
1483:
1482:
1477:
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1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:produced the
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:homosexuality
1191:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Paris, France
1131:
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981:
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954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
913:
907:
906:The Music Man
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
860:poodle skirts
857:
853:
849:
848:Elvis Presley
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
813:working class
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
775:
770:
769:working class
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:psychologists
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
730:rock and roll
727:
722:
720:
719:
714:
713:peacetime man
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
665:Marlon Brando
662:
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647:
642:
638:
637:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
599:
595:
594:western swing
591:
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575:
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560:
556:
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541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
512:
510:
506:
505:Slim Gaillard
502:
498:
494:
493:Afro-American
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:cultures. In
446:
442:
437:
434:
430:
426:
423:artists like
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:Woody Guthrie
393:
391:
385:
381:
376:
374:
373:
368:
367:
366:Boy Commandos
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
336:Dead End Kids
331:
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316:
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145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Leonard Woolf
125:
121:
115:
111:
110:Fin de siècle
104:Fin de siècle
103:
98:
96:
94:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2418:20th century
2380:
2364:
2350:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2149:The Guardian
2148:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:The Guardian
2095:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2051:
2046:
2027:
2021:
1966:
1953:The Guardian
1951:
1924:Generation Y
1921:
1915:
1911:
1899:October 2011
1896:
1892:adding to it
1887:
1871:21st century
1798:
1790:
1786:Generation X
1784:
1782:
1772:October 2011
1769:
1765:adding to it
1760:
1740:literature.
1723:
1703:Art of Noise
1699:Depeche Mode
1639:Free parties
1637:
1629:Peace Convoy
1622:
1618:poetry slams
1593:
1568:
1561:
1546:
1511:
1487:
1479:
1453:
1438:
1433:Quadrophenia
1431:
1429:British film
1418:
1402:anarcho-punk
1399:
1390:
1380:
1375:. The word "
1352:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1293:
1270:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1218:Pink Fairies
1189:
1187:
1164:technologies
1153:
1107:
1097:such as the
1095:discothèques
1088:
1081:
1066:
1050:
1030:Neal Cassady
995:
991:
989:
961:
938:
923:-influenced
918:
909:
903:
899:Ban the Bomb
898:
888:
869:
840:winklepicker
836:bootlace tie
821:
819:subculture.
801:Moral panics
796:
792:
788:
782:
772:
749:Sociologists
738:
723:
716:
712:
681:Albert Camus
674:
660:The Wild One
658:
651:Hells Angels
644:
634:
631:Jack Kerouac
628:
626:subculture.
602:
597:
571:
567:cafe culture
563:Albert Camus
548:
521:
513:
508:
491:), included
482:
476:
461:black widows
438:
433:Marc Chagall
419:
403:
387:
377:
370:
364:
346:
340:
334:
327:
323:Hitler Youth
315:André Breton
304:
292:Adolf Hitler
285:
248:class system
233:
188:
175:art movement
136:E.M. Forster
117:
114:Belle Époque
99:20th century
90:
75:
66:
43:
26:
2413:Subcultures
1928:Baby boomer
1841:Online game
1825:Soundgarden
1711:psychedelia
1667:Derrick May
1663:Juan Atkins
1534:androgynous
1519:synthesiser
1476:James Brown
1421:mod revival
1365:Ali MacGraw
1337:C.W. McCall
1318:heavy metal
1264:fandom and
1236:androgynous
1210:freak scene
1126:Vietnam War
1075:, and some
1022:freak scene
779:Shakespeare
709:longer hair
697:bohemianism
636:On the Road
522:In Europe,
421:Avant-garde
410:Henry Fonda
355:stories of
260:prohibition
206:Switzerland
185:World War I
163:Wandervogel
93:subcultures
2402:Categories
2282:19 October
2256:19 October
2231:19 October
2206:19 October
2180:19 October
2122:smh.com.au
2102:19 October
2052:Dispatches
2050:CBC Radio
2037:141271009X
2013:References
1998:Subculture
1962:metalheads
1867:movement.
1865:fair trade
1845:chat rooms
1813:rock music
1715:Acid House
1705:and early
1522:electropop
1472:Papa Wendo
1456:Papa Wemba
1373:Burt Young
1341:pop charts
1310:metalheads
1220:played at
1138:university
1122:gay rights
1077:beat music
1061:rocksteady
1038:school bus
933:skateboard
886:, London.
874:kids, the
864:crinolines
852:Teddy boys
832:drape suit
777:(based on
689:beat scene
653:formed in
574:folk songs
449:California
402:'s novel,
375:features.
357:Jack Kirby
353:comic book
307:Surrealism
252:Swing Kids
250:(See also
189:After the
148:philosophy
108:See also:
53:improve it
2332:Tom Wolfe
1797:'s novel
1783:The term
1738:cyberpunk
1719:Acid Jazz
1695:Kraftwerk
1683:John Cage
1623:In 1985,
1573:and semi-
1542:time warp
1439:In 1979,
1314:hard rock
1299:punk rock
1285:far right
1226:glam rock
1204:forms of
1168:Happening
1160:computers
1103:Studio 54
1034:Ken Kesey
876:trad jazz
824:bombsites
629:In 1947,
590:crossover
582:hillbilly
565:in Paris
544:stockings
532:Wide boys
528:rationing
484:Jive talk
473:backslang
469:pig Latin
457:zoot suit
441:immigrant
425:Max Ernst
380:Dust Bowl
361:Joe Simon
264:smuggling
244:etiquette
199:pacifists
140:hobbyists
69:July 2014
57:verifying
2128:22 March
1972:See also
1837:Internet
1829:Mudhoney
1730:spamming
1726:trolling
1687:Hawkwind
1607:graffiti
1575:staccato
1571:freeform
1462:star in
1445:Internet
1427:and the
1349:CB radio
1273:skinhead
1268:freaks.
1260:fandom,
1231:trendies
1112:and the
1084:skinhead
1053:rude boy
1020:and the
1002:radicals
997:beatniks
921:Hawaiian
789:Jet Song
745:graffiti
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