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342:. His thinking was firmly based in traditional Chinese worldview, which saw the values of loyalty, duty, and respect as paramount. He believed that people and society can be improved by reciprocal treatment through moral example set by a leader embodying these virtues, as society would then respond to such good leaders by emulating them. He encapsulated this by saying that:
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set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term 'government' would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the state at any given time, and created the laws and ordinances by which the people, the government included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in
950:
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These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what is the best form a state can take. These fundamental questions involved a distinction between the concepts of 'state' and 'government'. It was decided that 'state' would refer to a
381:
The origins of
European political thought are in ancient Rome and Greece. Starting in approximately 600 BCE, thinkers in these societies began to consider questions of how to organize societies, as part of their more broad considerations of ethics and how to live the good life.
704:. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah, sultan, ummah, simaa -and even the "core" terms of the Qur'an, i.e. ibada, din, rab and ilah- is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other
352:
For this to work, however, society had to be ordered hierarchically, modeled after the patriarchal family. and headed by an absolute sovereign. However, Confucius also believed the state should employ a meritocratic class of administrators and advisers, recruited by
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as satire meant to imply the Medici after their recapture of
Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the
468:, and that after using the best means available to defeat their enemies, rulers should "substitute virtues for the defeated enemy's vices, and where the enemy was good shall be twice as good". Prior to him, Manu wrote about similar topics in his Manusmriti.
876:
period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the
Americas, and the changing needs of political societies (especially in the wake of the
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941:, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. These ideas did not spread to cultures outside of Europe until considerably later.
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Non-Western traditions and histories of political thought have, by comparison, often been underrepresented in academic research. Such non-Western traditions of political thought have been identified, among others, in
917:
have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states which nevertheless must be considered in political terms.
846:. In it Locke proposes a state-of-nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir
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347:"If your desire is for good, the people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows, the grass bends."
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1766:
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505:. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's
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secular political philosophy began to emerge after about a century of theological political thought in Europe. One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was
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680:, the words and practices of Muhammad. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam:
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practical advice on how to run government. He also believed that virtue in the leader and the merit of their advisers were important. Furthermore, he also argued that
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and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end, i.e. the maintenance of political authority.
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represents an early treatise on governance and politics). Another notable non-Western school of political thought emerged in the 7th century, when the
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agreed with his ideas of meritocracy and leading by example, but opposed the family-model of governance with the belief that it would be
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philosophers, who held a more Greek view and were supported by secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the
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763:, "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", the best in the history of political theory.
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The study of the history of political thought has inspired academic journals, and has been furthered by university programs.
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was by and large a rewrite of Plato in a
Christian context. The main change that Christianity wrought was to moderate the
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868:(1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict.
235:. The study of the history of political thought represents an intersection of various academic disciplines, such as
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850:'s paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system.
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790:, written between 1511 and 1512 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as
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Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the
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argued that instead of virtue, authoritarian discipline was crucial for the governance of the state.
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is considered one of the greatest political theorists. The
British philosopher-anthropologist
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1812:
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303:
255:
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On the
History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke
1254:
Dunstan, Helen (2004). "Premodern
Chinese Political Thought". In Gaus, Gerald F. (ed.).
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2008:
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are traditionally elevated as exceptionally important and influential in such works.
1741:
960:, proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century.
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John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work
800:, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including
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1005:
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369:, however, championed his ideas later on. An alternative Chinese philosophy called
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encompasses the chronology and the substantive and methodological changes of human
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2003:
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894:
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585:
550:. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St
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1983:
1968:
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898:
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760:
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729:
713:
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651:
650:" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the
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necessary for good living, but thought the existing political arrangements of
402:
236:
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425:, leading to conflict and injustice. To correct this, Plato proposed in the
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833:, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the
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is an influential work of this period that refuted the thesis, after the
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had the freedom to develop his ideas, although he nevertheless despised
36:"History of political philosophy" redirects here. For the textbook, see
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435:, who would know how to achieve the good life, to be in power instead.
366:
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political philosophy, which dominated
European thought for centuries.
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2013:
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are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the
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of the Roman world, and emphasize the role of the state in applying
405:. This was because Plato believed that the state should promote the
118:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2454:
1943:
1878:
1206:
Western
Political Thought: From The Ancient Greeks to Modern Times
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posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the
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1375:"MA in the History of Political Thought and Intellectual History"
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in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.
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2018:
1913:
240:
145:
83:
42:
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1304:
Bowering, Gerhard; et al., eds. (2013). "Introduction".
1773:
Matravers, Derek, Jonathan Pike, and Nigel Warburton, eds.
1231:
The History of Political Thought: A Very Short Introduction
1158:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy
889:) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as
1306:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
170:
107:
1759:
Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy
933:
dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by
565:
which was translated directly from Greek to Latin by
909:, although some political scientists, philosophers,
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2027:
1856:
1784:(2 vols., 2012), 1152 pp, Herodotus to the present
1782:On Politics, a new history of political philosophy
968:changed societies dramatically. As a consequence,
4961:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
1775:Reading political philosophy: Machiavelli to Mill
1751:The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy
270:). The political philosophy of thinkers such as
1012:, this line of thought would further result in
515:, that the Christian view could be realized on
345:
5465:
4886:
4812:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3740:
1834:
1156:Klosko, George (2011). Klosko, George (ed.).
668:, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of
159:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2340:
996:these ideas would be further developed into
956:and his theory of Communism, developed with
821:family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a
658:. By the late medieval period, however, the
519:at all – a view many Christian Romans held.
401:, alongside all other then existing form of
338:, the most influential of which was that of
2276:
1802:(University of Chicago Press, 2012 reprint)
1790:The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
577:. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda for
558:'s works, which, with the exception of the
77:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5472:
5458:
5450:
5007:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
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4879:
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3725:
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2404:
1841:
1827:
1819:
1131:Sabine, George H.; Thorson, T. L. (1937).
1035:, this was accompanied by the ideology of
334:, which allowed the rise of the so-called
1031:As industrialisation enabled the rise of
573:scholars, along with the commentaries of
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:. Their ideas were further developed by
662:view of Islam had in general triumphed.
3424:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1796:Strauss, Leo, and Joseph Cropsey, eds.
1330:"History of Political Thought on JSTOR"
1258:. Sage Publications. pp. 320–337.
1166:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0051
1092:
1043:ideologies would counter this, such as
759:considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of
258:political thought trace its origins to
1354:"History of Political Thought Project"
1181:A History of Western Political Thought
626:emphasized an inexorable link between
1710:"Lecture on Machiavelli's The Prince"
1508:
1506:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1393:
1391:
1102:"Forum: History of Political Thought"
1100:Schröder, Peter; et al. (2012).
534:thinking. It had much in common with
7:
5962:
4966:Speaker / President of the assembly
3534:The End of History and the Last Man
3444:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1653:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1618:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1583:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1548:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1513:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1475:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1440:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1398:Kelly, P. J. (Paul Joseph) (2013).
1208:(2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
829:, well known for his theory of the
290:(specifically in the form of early
5054:International development minister
1135:(3rd ed.). Thomson Learning.
925:was subordinated to the theory of
25:
5429:Government ministers by portfolio
5185:Ministry of Education and Culture
1377:. Queen Mary University of London
306:rapidly expanded the outreach of
58:This article has multiple issues.
6001:History of science by discipline
5961:
5950:
5949:
5434:
5433:
5423:
5422:
3504:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1740:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020)
526:period, political philosophy in
472:Post-classical political thought
391:fifth-century Athenian democracy
357:. Among later Chinese thinkers,
150:
88:
47:
4757:Social and political philosophy
2311:Family as a model for the state
1799:History of political philosophy
1708:Johnston, Ian (February 2002).
66:or discuss these issues on the
38:History of Political Philosophy
5102:Ministry of trade and industry
4593:Political history of the world
3661:Separation of church and state
3559:Collectivism and individualism
3514:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1308:. Princeton University Press.
976:became the first theorists of
1:
5749:Needle and syringe programmes
5603:Universal access to education
5256:Ministry of religious affairs
3701:Category:Political philosophy
3574:Critique of political economy
1133:A History of Political Theory
1000:and put into practice in the
988:, leading to the ideology of
937:churches subordinate to each
796:, a rigorous analysis of the
569:, had only been preserved by
452:
18:History of political thinking
5996:History of political thought
4598:History of political thought
3599:Institutional discrimination
3594:History of political thought
2326:Negative and positive rights
1815:Poster with visual overview.
1813:History of Political Thought
1764:Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian.
1714:Malaspina University College
1256:Handbook of Political Theory
1076:History of political science
666:Islamic political philosophy
332:time of peace and prosperity
308:Islamic political philosophy
229:history of political thought
31:History of Political Thought
5832:Publicly funded health care
5271:Ministry of social security
5152:Ministry of water resources
5032:Ministry of foreign affairs
4901:Common types of government
3609:Justification for the state
3394:Two Treatises of Government
1233:. Oxford University Press.
1160:. Oxford University Press.
1066:History of economic thought
843:Two Treatises of Government
716:in the very early years of
466:the end justifies the means
173:, discuss the issue on the
114:the claims made and adding
6017:
5304:Minister without portfolio
5266:Ministry of social affairs
5097:Ministry of infrastructure
2279:Bellum omnium contra omnes
1229:Whatmore, Richard (2021).
1179:McClelland, J. S. (1996).
865:Liberty Leading the People
606:Political aspects of Islam
603:
588:introduced the concept of
530:was heavily influenced by
336:Hundred Schools of Thought
35:
28:
5945:
5857:National health insurance
5809:Supervised injection site
5487:
5418:
5355:Communications ministries
4841:
4583:
4544:
4477:
4405:
4279:
3804:National unity government
3722:
3696:
554:, who helped reintroduce
317:Ancient political thought
5852:Single-payer health care
5661:Universal basic services
5608:Universal basic services
5350:Climate change ministers
5251:Ministry of home affairs
4234:Environmental regulation
4040:Representative democracy
3484:The Revolt of the Masses
1777:(2000) essays by experts
915:cultural anthropologists
767:Modern political thought
624:Early Islamic philosophy
268:Ancient Greek philosophy
5553:Public good (economics)
5439:Ministries by portfolio
5410:Public works ministries
5142:Ministry of electricity
5082:Ministry of the economy
4956:Office of the president
4299:Uncodified constitution
3824:Administrative division
3464:The Communist Manifesto
2390:Tyranny of the majority
2301:Consent of the governed
1279:Kulke, Hermann (1986).
542:similarly subordinated
387:intellectual golden age
5375:Environment ministries
5345:Agriculture ministries
5340:Presidents of assembly
5335:Deputy prime ministers
2341:
2291:Clash of civilizations
2277:
1589:. DK. pp. 52–53.
1446:. DK. pp. 23–24.
1356:. Princeton University
961:
869:
538:attitudes in that the
456: 4th century BCE
349:
330:began to experience a
5701:Public infrastructure
5538:Public administration
5523:Free-culture movement
5370:Environment ministers
5276:Minister for Veterans
5147:Ministry of Petroleum
5107:Ministry of transport
4946:Deputy First Minister
4936:Deputy prime minister
4790:aspects of capitalism
4706:History of philosophy
4204:Unemployment benefits
3940:Military dictatorship
2306:Divine right of kings
1204:Shefali, Jha (2018).
1118:10.1093/gerhis/ghr126
1061:Divine right of kings
966:Industrial Revolution
952:
891:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
861:
802:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
634:, and the process of
604:Further information:
590:constitutional rights
326:From around 770 BCE,
29:For the journal, see
5365:Education ministries
5202:Information minister
5137:Environment minister
5047:Ministry of interior
5037:Immigration minister
4724:Political ideologies
4000:Parliamentary system
3454:Democracy in America
2833:political philosophy
2816:political philosophy
2631:political philosophy
2460:political philosophy
2370:Separation of powers
2331:Night-watchman state
2316:Monopoly on violence
1850:Political philosophy
1757:Klosko, George, ed.
1081:Intellectual history
854:Age of Enlightenment
811:Republic of Florence
614:, based on both the
483:Christian philosophy
179:create a new article
171:improve this article
161:may not represent a
5937:Public viewing area
5706:Public water system
5694:Municipal broadband
5651:Public broadcasting
5261:Ministry of science
5219:Ministry of justice
5212:Ministry of housing
5173:Ministry of culture
5087:Ministry of finance
5027:Ministry of defence
4846:Forms of government
4779:Conservatism navbox
4384:Legislative council
4209:National healthcare
4083:Christian democracy
4005:Presidential system
3860:Countries by system
3644:Right-wing politics
3524:A Theory of Justice
3494:The Road to Serfdom
3414:The Social Contract
2121:Christian democracy
1748:Fiala, Andrew, ed.
1071:History of feminism
1018:Ho Chi Minh Thought
883:American Revolution
862:Eugène Delacroix's
835:English Renaissance
782:Niccolò Machiavelli
567:William of Moerbeke
355:civil service exams
5902:Government auction
5588:Public procurement
5405:Interior ministers
5286:Minister for women
5241:Ministry of sports
5229:Ministry of labour
5224:Minister of labour
5195:Ministry of health
5180:Education minister
5130:Ministry of energy
4987:Secretary of state
4851:Types of democracy
4746:Political spectrum
4359:Legislative bodies
4314:Head of government
4239:Banking regulation
3799:Federal government
3789:Central government
3656:Political violence
3651:Political theology
3634:Left-wing politics
3629:Political spectrum
1787:Skinner, Quentin.
1742:online book review
1659:. DK. p. 73.
1624:. DK. p. 71.
1554:. DK. p. 51.
1519:. DK. p. 31.
1481:. DK. p. 25.
1404:. DK. p. 18.
1281:A History of India
962:
870:
804:) would interpret
732:on the concept of
513:First Sack of Rome
487:Augustine of Hippo
292:Chinese philosophy
264:Athenian democracy
254:Many histories of
99:possibly contains
5983:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5804:Public university
5784:Public open space
5729:Drinking fountain
5689:Telecommunication
5447:
5446:
5395:Health ministries
5390:Forest ministries
5385:Foreign ministers
5380:Finance ministers
5360:Defence ministers
5281:Ministry of women
5236:Regional minister
5118:natural resources
5092:Industry minister
5077:Commerce minister
5042:Interior minister
5018:foreign affairs /
4992:Minister of state
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4856:Political parties
4735:Political culture
4660:International law
4631:
4630:
4623:U.S. Constitution
4572:
4571:
4554:Political science
4533:
4532:
4505:Political parties
4466:
4465:
4392:
4391:
4108:Constitutionalism
3819:County government
3709:
3708:
3619:Philosophy of law
3564:Conflict theories
3404:The Spirit of Law
3311:
3310:
2360:Original position
1770:(Routledge, 2015)
1736:Collins, Jacob.
1666:978-1-4093-6445-0
1656:The politics book
1631:978-1-4093-6445-0
1621:The politics book
1596:978-1-4093-6445-0
1586:The politics book
1561:978-1-4093-6445-0
1551:The politics book
1526:978-1-4093-6445-0
1516:The politics book
1488:978-1-4093-6445-0
1478:The politics book
1453:978-1-4093-6445-0
1443:The politics book
1411:978-1-4093-6445-0
1401:The politics book
1215:978-93-528-6934-3
945:Industrialization
907:political science
887:French Revolution
879:English Civil War
747:The 14th century
433:philosopher kings
262:(specifically to
249:political science
233:political thought
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
199:
181:, as appropriate.
144:
143:
136:
101:original research
81:
16:(Redirected from
6008:
5965:
5964:
5953:
5952:
5864:Social insurance
5711:Waste management
5679:Electric utility
5656:Public transport
5573:Public ownership
5492:Municipalization
5474:
5467:
5460:
5451:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5246:Tourism minister
5207:Housing minister
5168:Culture minister
4895:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4839:
4827:
4823:World government
4821:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4794:
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4777:
4772:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4670:World government
4581:
4542:
4525:Environmentalism
4475:
4403:
4277:
4214:Public education
4194:Social insurance
4128:Environmentalism
4098:Communitarianism
4073:Authoritarianism
4035:Direct Democracy
3814:Local government
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3713:
3624:Political ethics
3614:Machiavellianism
3554:Authoritarianism
3539:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
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3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3329:
2405:
2346:
2282:
2272:Balance of power
2246:Social democracy
2241:Social Darwinism
2216:Multiculturalism
2161:Environmentalism
2136:Communitarianism
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1696:, Sword and Book
1685:
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1176:
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1169:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1097:
1041:anti-imperialist
998:Marxism-Leninism
974:Friedrich Engels
958:Friedrich Engels
813:rather than the
798:classical period
700:(Averroes), and
646:philosophy was "
457:
454:
220:
213:
202:
195:
191:
188:
182:
154:
153:
146:
139:
132:
128:
125:
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116:inline citations
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6007:
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5986:
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5984:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5941:
5927:Public security
5917:Public offering
5885:
5874:Social security
5824:Social services
5818:
5774:Public hospital
5769:Public computer
5764:Public bookcase
5715:
5665:
5634:Law enforcement
5629:Fire department
5612:
5563:Public interest
5506:
5502:Progressive tax
5497:Nationalization
5483:
5481:Public services
5478:
5448:
5443:
5414:
5330:Prime ministers
5325:Vice presidents
5308:
5292:
5190:Health minister
5156:
5125:Energy minister
5117:
5111:
5069:
5063:
5019:
5017:
5011:
4997:Deputy minister
4975:
4909:
4899:
4869:
4860:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4801:Western culture
4797:
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4759:
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4568:
4549:Fields of study
4529:
4510:Advocacy groups
4462:
4398:
4388:
4268:
4264:Street cleaning
4244:Food inspection
4199:Law enforcement
4182:
4051:
3985:Totalitarianism
3838:
3762:
3753:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3692:
3681:Totalitarianism
3542:
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3457:
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3427:
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3367:
3357:
3354:Treatise on Law
3347:
3337:
3327:
3307:
2965:
2959:
2698:
2692:
2578:
2572:
2491:
2394:
2380:State of nature
2375:Social contract
2355:Ordered liberty
2343:Noblesse oblige
2260:
2094:
2023:
1852:
1847:
1809:
1793:(2 vols., 1978)
1733:
1731:Further reading
1728:
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831:social contract
774:
769:
718:Islamic history
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455:
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304:spread of Islam
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5912:Public holiday
5909:
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5893:
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5881:Youth services
5878:
5877:
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5869:Social pension
5861:
5860:
5859:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Public housing
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
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5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5779:Public library
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:Infrastructure
5741:
5739:Free education
5736:
5731:
5725:
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5716:
5714:
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5708:
5703:
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5686:
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5675:
5673:
5671:Public utility
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5644:Savings system
5639:Postal service
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5617:Basic services
5614:
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5605:
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5570:
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5555:
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5535:
5533:Product sample
5530:
5528:Free newspaper
5525:
5520:
5514:
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5508:
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5116:Environment /
5113:
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5084:
5079:
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5070:infrastructure
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5002:Undersecretary
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4941:First minister
4938:
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4931:Prime minister
4928:
4926:Vice president
4923:
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4680:European Union
4677:
4675:United Nations
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4329:Prime minister
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4296:
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4254:Traffic lights
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4158:Fundamentalism
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3671:Social justice
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3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
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3579:Egalitarianism
3576:
3571:
3569:Contractualism
3566:
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3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
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2365:Overton window
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2198:
2196:Libertarianism
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
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2057:
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2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1911:
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1807:External links
1805:
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1778:
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1698:(1988), p. 239
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1106:German History
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1004:and later the
986:Vladimir Lenin
946:
943:
931:Roman Catholic
855:
852:
793:The Discourses
773:
770:
768:
765:
757:Ernest Gellner
601:
598:
552:Thomas Aquinas
540:Western church
493:and theory of
478:
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437:
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375:
344:
323:
320:
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260:ancient Greece
223:
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165:of the subject
163:worldwide view
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96:
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5922:Public sector
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5799:Public toilet
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5789:Public school
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5684:Oil & gas
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5624:Civil service
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5583:Public rights
5581:
5579:
5578:Public policy
5576:
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5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Public health
5556:
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5551:
5549:
5548:Public domain
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5399:mental health
5396:
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5025:
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5022:
5020:public safety
5014:
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4990:
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4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Human history
4699:
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4683:
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4309:Head of state
4307:
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4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
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4281:
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4197:
4195:
4192:
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4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Progressivism
4166:
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4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
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4119:
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4109:
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4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Collaborative
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Republicanism
3958:
3956:
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3941:
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3898:
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3893:
3891:
3890:Confederation
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
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3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Unitary state
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
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3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Jurisprudence
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
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3577:
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3466:
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3456:
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3451:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:Rights of Man
3431:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3395:
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3376:
3375:
3371:
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3344:De re publica
3341:
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3009:
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2999:
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2697:18th and 19th
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2553:Nizam al-Mulk
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2529:
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2524:
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2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
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2475:
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2468:
2465:
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2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
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2378:
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2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
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2344:
2339:
2337:
2334:
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2327:
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2319:
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2314:
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2309:
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2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Republicanism
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
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2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
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1912:
1910:
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1335:
1334:www.jstor.org
1331:
1325:
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1315:9780691134840
1311:
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1292:
1286:
1283:. Routledge.
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1240:9780192595355
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1186:
1183:. Routledge.
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1142:9780039102838
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1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:. During the
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Joseph Stalin
991:
987:
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979:
975:
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928:
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919:
916:
912:
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902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
874:Enlightenment
867:
866:
860:
853:
851:
849:
848:Robert Filmer
845:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:Thomas Hobbes
824:
820:
816:
812:
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803:
799:
795:
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789:
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783:
779:
771:
766:
764:
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758:
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745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:, or that of
727:
723:
719:
715:
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707:
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691:
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683:
679:
675:
671:
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663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
600:Islamic World
599:
597:
595:
594:habeas corpus
591:
587:
584:In 1215, the
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
503:moral example
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
471:
469:
467:
463:
462:
458:) offered in
450:
446:
438:
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329:
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316:
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297:
296:ancient India
293:
289:
288:ancient China
283:
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187:February 2018
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97:This article
95:
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71:
70:
65:
64:
59:
54:
45:
44:
39:
32:
27:
19:
5966:
5954:
5907:Public float
5842:Job creation
5794:Public space
5721:Public works
5598:Public value
5593:Public trust
4826:}}
4820:{{
4815:}}
4809:{{
4804:}}
4798:{{
4793:}}
4787:{{
4782:}}
4776:{{
4771:}}
4765:{{
4760:}}
4754:{{
4749:}}
4743:{{
4738:}}
4732:{{
4727:}}
4721:{{
4715:
4711:Civilization
4664:
4642:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4548:
4520:Civil rights
4514:
4499:
4481:
4449:
4429:
4425:Town meeting
4409:
4358:
4333:
4303:
4289:Constitution
4283:
4248:
4228:
4172:
4118:Distributism
4103:Conservatism
4088:Collectivism
4056:Philosophies
4030:Cosmopolitan
4025:Conservative
3991:
3864:
3855:Govt systems
3849:
3829:Municipality
3808:
3685:
3593:
3584:Elite theory
3532:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
2621:Guicciardini
2577:Early modern
2400:Philosophers
2350:Open society
2286:Body politic
2156:Distributism
2146:Conservatism
2141:Confucianism
2060:Gerontocracy
2050:Dictatorship
2004:Sovereignty‎
1994:Ruling class
1884:Emancipation
1869:Citizenship‎
1797:
1788:
1781:
1780:Ryan, Alan.
1774:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1737:
1717:. Retrieved
1703:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1655:
1648:
1620:
1613:
1585:
1578:
1550:
1543:
1515:
1477:
1470:
1442:
1400:
1379:. Retrieved
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1205:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1157:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1112:(1): 75–99.
1109:
1105:
1095:
1030:
1006:Eastern Bloc
1002:Soviet Union
963:
939:nation-state
920:
903:
871:
863:
841:
839:
805:
791:
785:
775:
746:
696:(Avempace),
692:(Avicenna),
688:(Abunaser),
684:(Alkindus),
664:
643:
642:- in effect
610:The rise of
609:
583:
559:
521:
506:
480:
461:Arthashastra
459:
442:
427:
384:
380:
351:
346:
325:
312:
300:Arthashastra
284:
253:
228:
226:
211:
193:
184:
160:
130:
121:
98:
74:
67:
61:
60:Please help
57:
26:
5759:Public bank
5734:Free clinic
5568:Public land
5518:Common good
5068:Economics /
4685:World Court
4618:Magna Carta
4435:Legislation
4397:Governance
4354:Legislature
4229:Regulation:
4138:Familialism
4113:Corporatism
4093:Communalism
4063:Agrarianism
3975:Technocracy
3935:Meritocracy
3930:Kleptocracy
3910:Ergatocracy
3905:Electocracy
3895:Colonialism
3880:Bureaucracy
3875:Aristocracy
3458:(1835–1840)
3338:(c. 350 BC)
3328:(c. 375 BC)
2945:Tocqueville
2910:Saint-Simon
2875:Montesquieu
2726:Bolingbroke
2658:Machiavelli
2538:Ibn Khaldun
2503:Alpharabius
2496:Middle Ages
2321:Natural law
2296:Common good
2221:Nationalism
2181:Imperialism
2151:Corporatism
2126:Colonialism
2106:Agrarianism
2085:Technocracy
2065:Meritocracy
2045:Bureaucracy
2035:Aristocracy
1037:Imperialism
1033:colonialism
895:Montesquieu
872:During the
778:Renaissance
776:During the
772:Renaissance
753:Ibn Khaldun
738:Ehl-i Sunna
702:Ibn Khaldun
672:, i.e. the
586:Magna Carta
508:City of God
298:(where the
5990:Categories
5932:Public use
5814:Urban park
5754:Public art
5543:Public bad
5320:Presidents
5016:Defence /
4914:Leadership
4907:ministries
4835:Categories
4768:liberalism
4716:Templates:
4613:Documents:
4588:Overviews:
4440:Regulation
4369:Parliament
4273:Components
4259:Sanitation
4249:Municipal:
4178:John Locke
4163:Liberalism
4143:Fanaticism
3955:Plutocracy
3925:Geniocracy
3915:Federalism
3885:Capitalism
3760:government
3717:Government
3666:Separatism
3474:On Liberty
3374:The Prince
3103:Huntington
2606:Campanella
2533:al-Ghazali
2482:Thucydides
2440:Lactantius
2385:Statolatry
2211:Monarchism
2191:Liberalism
2116:Capitalism
2099:Ideologies
2080:Plutocracy
2028:Government
1984:Revolution
1969:Propaganda
1919:Legitimacy
1894:Government
1719:2007-02-20
1381:2022-09-29
1360:2022-09-29
1339:2022-09-29
1290:0203751698
1265:0761967877
1190:0203980743
1087:References
935:Protestant
927:free trade
911:historians
899:John Locke
806:The Prince
787:The Prince
761:government
730:Shia Islam
694:Ibn Bajjah
652:Mutazilite
592:, such as
579:scholastic
544:philosophy
481:The early-
403:government
363:nepotistic
294:), and in
237:philosophy
124:April 2016
108:improve it
63:improve it
4921:President
4903:ministers
4644:Diplomacy
4564:Sociology
4495:Campaigns
4483:Elections
4458:Precedent
4430:Outcomes:
4420:Committee
4399:processes
4349:Judiciary
4324:President
4284:Documents
4224:Espionage
4187:Functions
4133:Extremism
4068:Anarchism
4020:Consensus
4010:Cellular
3993:Democracy
3980:Theocracy
3965:Socialism
3950:Oligarchy
3920:Feudalism
3900:Communism
3767:Overviews
3384:Leviathan
3364:Monarchia
3358:(c. 1274)
3193:Oakeshott
3138:Mansfield
3133:Luxemburg
3118:Kropotkin
3013:Bernstein
2966:centuries
2880:Nietzsche
2823:Jefferson
2751:Condorcet
2699:centuries
2678:Pufendorf
2543:Marsilius
2430:Confucius
2415:Aristotle
2408:Antiquity
2336:Noble lie
2256:Third Way
2251:Socialism
2176:Feudalism
2131:Communism
2111:Anarchism
2090:Theocracy
2075:Oligarchy
2055:Democracy
2040:Autocracy
1954:Pluralism
1939:Obedience
1904:Hierarchy
1864:Authority
1675:828097386
1640:828097386
1605:828097386
1570:828097386
1535:828097386
1497:828097386
1462:828097386
1420:828097386
1049:Nasserism
1039:. Later,
982:Communism
978:Socialism
970:Karl Marx
954:Karl Marx
823:pragmatic
815:oligarchy
698:Ibn Rushd
686:al-Farabi
656:Caliphate
648:political
556:Aristotle
532:Christian
415:oligarchy
399:democracy
340:Confucius
280:Aristotle
175:talk page
112:verifying
69:talk page
5956:Category
5890:See also
5511:Concepts
4971:Minister
4608:Suffrage
4538:Academic
4471:Politics
4410:Process:
4379:Assembly
4364:Congress
4344:Ministry
4219:Military
4153:Feminism
4078:Centrism
4045:Republic
3945:Monarchy
3865:Systems:
3834:Township
3756:Politics
3639:Centrism
3334:Politics
3324:Republic
3293:Voegelin
3273:Spengler
3258:Shariati
3233:Rothbard
3188:Nussbaum
3088:Habermas
3063:Fukuyama
3053:Foucault
2978:Ambedkar
2955:Voltaire
2925:de Staël
2900:Rousseau
2781:Franklin
2756:Constant
2716:Beccaria
2548:Muhammad
2528:Gelasius
2513:Averroes
2487:Xenophon
2467:Polybius
2420:Chanakya
2265:Concepts
2231:Populism
2201:Localism
2186:Islamism
2171:Feminism
2070:Monarchy
1974:Property
1964:Progress
1929:Monopoly
1899:Hegemony
1055:See also
1045:Gandhism
1022:Hoxhaism
1010:Cold War
992:. Under
990:Leninism
885:and the
751:scholar
714:Khawarij
690:Ä°bn Sina
682:al-Kindi
676:and the
660:Asharite
638:to find
632:religion
620:Muhammad
575:Averroes
561:Politics
548:theology
524:Medieval
491:Stoicism
449:Chanakya
428:Republic
411:monarchy
389:of the
371:Legalism
272:Socrates
169:You may
5968:Commons
5897:Commons
4951:Premier
4694:Related
4650:Embassy
4603:Reforms
4577:History
4515:Issues:
4500:Groups:
4415:Hearing
4374:Council
4339:Cabinet
4334:Bodies:
4319:Monarch
4294:Charter
4148:Fascism
3970:Statism
3870:Anarchy
3843:Systems
3809:Levels:
3676:Statism
3589:Elitism
3547:Related
3348:(51 BC)
3278:Strauss
3253:Scruton
3248:Schmitt
3238:Russell
3158:Michels
3153:Maurras
3148:Marcuse
3108:Kautsky
3078:Gramsci
3073:Gentile
3043:Dworkin
3033:Du Bois
3028:Dmowski
3023:Chomsky
3018:Burnham
3003:Benoist
2973:Agamben
2940:Thoreau
2930:Stirner
2920:Spencer
2865:Mazzini
2855:Maistre
2850:Madison
2845:Le Play
2776:Fourier
2741:Carlyle
2721:Bentham
2711:Bastiat
2706:Bakunin
2683:Spinoza
2673:MĂĽntzer
2643:Leibniz
2616:Grotius
2596:Bossuet
2563:Plethon
2508:Aquinas
2477:Sun Tzu
2445:Mencius
2435:Han Fei
2206:Marxism
2166:Fascism
1999:Society
1924:Liberty
1909:Justice
1889:Freedom
1689:Gellner
1687:Ernest
1026:Titoism
817:of the
722:Khilafa
706:jurists
636:ijtihad
628:science
536:Islamic
522:In the
495:justice
407:virtues
385:In the
367:Mencius
256:Western
245:history
106:Please
5427:
5161:Social
5059:Europe
4980:Titles
4665:World:
4655:Treaty
4490:Voting
4445:Zoning
4304:Roles:
3850:Lists:
3784:Empire
3779:Nation
3538:(1992)
3528:(1971)
3518:(1951)
3508:(1945)
3498:(1944)
3488:(1929)
3478:(1859)
3468:(1848)
3448:(1820)
3438:(1791)
3428:(1790)
3418:(1762)
3408:(1748)
3398:(1689)
3388:(1651)
3378:(1532)
3368:(1313)
3298:Walzer
3288:Taylor
3243:Sartre
3208:Popper
3203:Pareto
3198:Ortega
3183:Nozick
3173:Mouffe
3123:Laclau
3083:Guénon
3068:Gandhi
3008:Berlin
2998:Bauman
2993:Badiou
2983:Arendt
2950:Tucker
2840:Le Bon
2801:Herder
2791:Haller
2786:Godwin
2771:Fichte
2766:Engels
2761:Cortés
2731:Bonald
2688:Suárez
2663:Milton
2653:Luther
2626:Hobbes
2611:Filmer
2601:Calvin
2586:Boétie
2579:period
2558:Ockham
2425:Cicero
2226:Nazism
2014:Utopia
1989:Rights
1979:Regime
1949:People
1934:Nation
1761:(2012)
1754:(2015)
1694:Plough
1673:
1663:
1638:
1628:
1603:
1593:
1568:
1558:
1533:
1523:
1495:
1485:
1460:
1450:
1418:
1408:
1312:
1287:
1262:
1237:
1212:
1187:
1139:
1014:Maoism
929:, and
881:, the
819:Medici
734:Imamah
678:Sunnah
674:Qur'an
616:Qur'an
571:Muslim
528:Europe
477:Europe
423:wealth
419:honour
377:Greece
278:, and
5313:Lists
5297:Other
3774:State
3687:Index
3316:Works
3303:Weber
3268:Spann
3263:Sorel
3228:Röpke
3223:Rawls
3178:Negri
3168:Mosca
3163:Mises
3128:Lenin
3098:Hoppe
3093:Hayek
3058:Fromm
3048:Evola
3038:Dugin
2935:Taine
2915:Smith
2895:Renan
2890:Paine
2811:Iqbal
2796:Hegel
2746:Comte
2736:Burke
2648:Locke
2638:James
2591:Bodin
2523:Dante
2518:Bruni
2472:Shang
2455:Plato
2009:State
1959:Power
1944:Peace
1879:Elite
1857:Terms
923:guild
726:Ummah
710:ulama
670:Islam
640:truth
612:Islam
517:Earth
501:as a
499:mercy
445:India
439:India
395:Plato
328:China
322:China
276:Plato
177:, or
4905:and
3758:and
3218:Rand
3213:Qutb
3113:Kirk
2988:Aron
2905:Sade
2885:Owen
2870:Mill
2860:Marx
2828:Kant
2806:Hume
2668:More
2568:Wang
2450:Mozi
1874:Duty
1671:OCLC
1661:ISBN
1636:OCLC
1626:ISBN
1601:OCLC
1591:ISBN
1566:OCLC
1556:ISBN
1531:OCLC
1521:ISBN
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1458:OCLC
1448:ISBN
1416:OCLC
1406:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1047:and
1024:and
980:and
972:and
964:The
913:and
897:and
749:Arab
742:Shia
740:and
724:and
708:and
630:and
618:and
431:for
421:and
359:Mozi
266:and
247:and
227:The
4451:Law
3283:Sun
3143:Mao
2019:War
1914:Law
1162:doi
1114:doi
784:'s
720:on
644:all
546:to
485:of
443:In
241:law
110:by
5992::
1712:.
1691:,
1669:.
1634:.
1599:.
1564:.
1529:.
1505:^
1491:.
1456:.
1428:^
1414:.
1390:^
1332:.
1110:30
1108:.
1104:.
1051:.
1028:.
1020:,
1016:,
901:.
893:,
837:.
596:.
453:c.
447:,
413:,
393:,
365:.
310:.
274:,
251:.
243:,
239:,
72:.
5473:e
5466:t
5459:v
5401:)
5397:(
4894:e
4887:t
4880:v
4485::
4453::
3995::
3748:e
3741:t
3734:v
1842:e
1835:t
1828:v
1722:.
1677:.
1642:.
1607:.
1572:.
1537:.
1499:.
1464:.
1422:.
1384:.
1363:.
1342:.
1318:.
1293:.
1268:.
1243:.
1218:.
1193:.
1168:.
1164::
1145:.
1120:.
1116::
563:,
451:(
218:)
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200:)
194:(
189:)
185:(
167:.
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131:(
126:)
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104:.
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75:(
40:.
33:.
20:)
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