244:
learning curve, and that teams with high turnover at the top tend to perform worse. Replacement times can be higher in the White House due to security clearances, which makes high turnover environments more disruptive. Gautam
Mukunda argues that the manner in which many high-profile personnel were fired, such as over Twitter, shrinks the pool of qualified candidates who would want to work in a Trump administration. There also have not seemed to have been lucrative jobs waiting for former White House officials as was true of previous administrations. He also speculated that the threat of legal bills for working in a Trump administration would be a significant deterrent.
528:
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328:'s inclusion as an honorary co-chair has generated concern among health experts worried about the influence he could get over hiring people related to vaccines and other important health-related positions. Kennedy said his role in the administration would relate to healthcare and food and drug policy. Another conspiracy theorist named an honorary co-chair is
2184:
Liautaud said poor ethical conduct is highly contagious within an organization, and added, 'The more dangerous part is that not only does unethical behavior spread, but it mutates into other forms of unethical behavior.'She said what starts out as a simple transgression can lead to doctoring emails,
243:
article argued that White House turnover was especially concerning in the Trump administration due to the lack of experience and expertise among the staffers Trump hired. The article also argued that high turnover slows down productive work during the transition and as the new hire progresses up the
1572:
Mr. Trump was able to assemble a relatively stable and loyal team of people who worked for him for years when he ran his private business. His failure to do so at the White House — save for a couple of survivors including
Kellyanne Conway and family members like Jared Kushner — may be his most
1606:
The sheer number of Trump officials − a minimum of 16 − speaking out against their former boss, and the severity of their criticism, is highly unusual. It has no historical precedent in the last century, according to three presidential historians and a political scientist interviewed by USA
2400:
No president has ever attracted more public detractors who were formerly in his inner circle... Among them are his former vice president, top military advisers, lawyers, some members of his
Cabinet, economic advisers, press officials and campaign aides, some of whom are working for other
212:
According to some historians, Trump has received criticism from former officials at levels not seen over the last hundred years. Nepotism has also risen as a point of comparison across administrations, with Trump having more family members in prominent roles than recent presidents.
392:
revealed that at least 187 of Trump's first 2,475 political appointees have been lobbyists, with many overseeing industries they once lobbied for. They revealed that of those, Trump had hired 18 recent lobbyists compared to 14 for Obama. The report found 27 members of the
235:
The turnover rate in his first year was double the next highest president since Reagan. Kathryn Dunn Tenpas suggested that the high turnover stemmed from Trump's insistence on loyalty over competence. Infighting was also reportedly particularly intense and vicious.
259:
Trump opted for filling some positions temporarily with acting appointees who did not have to get Senate confirmation. Stanford Law
Professor Anne Joseph O'Connell found that they have a harder time accomplishing their work and have less influence. An April 2019
470:, the most visible family members of the campaign and would be expected to have a significant role in a future administration. Donald Trump Jr. hopes to be a gatekeeper who can veto any hire and who, along with Eric, was reportedly influential in
497:
interviewed three presidential historians and a political scientist about how usual the amount of criticism Trump has gotten from former officials who served under him who reported that it had no historical precedent in the last century.
2845:
451:, another senior adviser for Trump, as having "a vast policy portfolio, no obvious qualifications for government, and a large fortune inherited from his criminal father has left Kushner with myriad financial conflicts of interest."
2941:
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also described Ivanka as "involved in policymaking in a way that’s simply unheard of for a presidential child, especially one with zero prior experience in politics and government". Yglesias also described
231:
Donald Trump had more turnover in his administration than any president since the
Brookings Institution started measuring in 1980, with 92% of his A-team followed by another 45% of his second hires for his
35:
575:
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criticized Trump's hiring decisions for the relatively high level of scandals and legal trouble, arguing that Trump's focus on loyalty over competence drives many of the issues.
41:
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It's a striking chorus of detractors, one without precedent in the modern era, coming from those who witnessed first-hand his conduct in office and the turmoil that followed.
2201:
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2441:
3839:"Paisley Gets 4-Year Term in Ill Wind Case : Pentagon: He is the highest-ranking target and his sentence is the stiffest yet in the defense procurement scandal"
4039:
309:
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Nepotism is more often associated with dictatorships who centralize power in unqualified family members. In 1967, a
Federal anti-nepotism statute was passed after
2966:
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2018:
3043:
298:
3722:"Former Treasurer Guilty of Tax Evasion : Corruption: Bush Administration official also admits obstructing federal probe and concealing business links"
2470:
2324:
560:
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Nepotism has also risen as a point of comparison across administrations, with Trump having more family members in prominent roles than recent presidents.
555:
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cites foreign policy experts that think that 'dynastic displays' by promoting ones kids who do not have experience, damages
America's credibility.
1024:
288:
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noted in 2020 that there have historically been many more indictments under
Republican presidents than Democratic ones with 28 indictments under
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said that "No person in US politics – certainly no recent president – has such an expansive list of high-profile allies turned enemies."
4526:
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1993:
590:
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105:
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or lying to investigators, or threatening whistleblowers — all hallmarks of the travel and spending cases now under scrutiny.
1737:"White House Staff Turnover in Year One of the Trump Administration: Context, Consequences, and Implications for Governing 1"
1034:
442:
criticizes his "several adult children and in-laws who have business careers that are enmeshed with his political fortunes."
424:
2429:
No person in US politics – certainly no recent president – has such an expansive list of high-profile allies turned enemies.
3130:
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463:
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described the level of detractors who witnessed the president work first-hand as, "without precedent in the modern era."
1235:
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1115:
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officially started in August, which is considered unusually late as most transition efforts start in the late spring.
4136:
1776:"Trump presidency's personnel turmoil stands in stark contrast to the 'nice guy' administration of George H. W. Bush"
149:
3466:
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201:
has had his hiring decisions criticized due to relatively high level of scandals and legal trouble. Turnover in the
1563:
1196:
1081:
673:
585:
580:
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202:
4332:"Nomination of Carlos C. Campbell To Be an Assistant Secretary of Commerce | The American Presidency Project"
4063:"Oliver North Will Be the Next President of the NRA. Here's What to Know About the Arms Deal That Made Him Famous"
3035:
145:
1625:
4375:
3262:
2687:"Ethics Be Damned: More than half of Trump's 20-person Cabinet has engaged in questionable or unethical conduct"
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2019:"Donald Trump plans to name Robert Kennedy and Tulsi Gabbard as honorary co-chairs of his transition team"
942:
703:
383:
By March 2018, 7 out of 24 members of Trump's cabinet faced accusations of abusing their perks in office.
4250:
3865:
3747:
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3209:
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3116:
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872:
325:
264:
article described Trump as having an historically high level of acting cabinet members. Jon
Michaels at
206:
3838:
1958:
Thompson, Alex (April 24, 2024). "Exclusive: Trump brothers Eric and Don Jr. emerge as loyalty czars".
3978:
2732:
1941:"'It went off the rails almost immediately': How Trump's messy transition led to a chaotic presidency"
3154:
3089:
3036:"Retired top general who advised Trump is among nearly 500 national security experts endorsing Biden"
1887:
1356:
917:
533:
3598:
4422:
1383:
708:
500:
3112:
2942:"Interior secretary extends the tenure of federal lands chief — without a presidential nomination"
3958:
3407:
3150:"Harris team launches GOP group with endorsements from ex-Trump officials, key Republican voices"
2151:"Chris Christie predicts 'huge personnel problem' if Trump is reelected to 'vendetta presidency'"
1361:
981:
947:
937:
373:
265:
1916:"Presidential transition planning has begun in earnest, but Trump and Harris are already behind"
2442:"Former Trump officials are among the most vocal opponents of returning him to the White House"
4478:
4445:
4258:
3910:
3843:
3441:
3270:
2733:"More than half of Trump's 20-person Cabinet has engaged in questionable or unethical conduct"
2385:
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462:
have been campaigning for their dad since 2016 and in 2024 have become, along Eric's wife and
420:
4357:"PN900 – Nomination of J. William Petro for Department of Justice, 97th Congress (1981–1982)"
4402:
3296:"Trump backs North Carolina Republican as RNC chair, daughter-in-law Lara Trump as co-chair"
1810:"Why Staff Turnover in the White House Is Such a Bad Thing — Especially For President Trump"
1748:
1147:
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854:
810:
655:
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443:
313:
4207:"Nomination of Emanuel S. Savas To Be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development"
1592:"'Unprecedented' and 'stunning' number of Trump administration alums oppose his reelection"
3773:
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1181:
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565:
547:
416:
352:
321:
4505:
How Dozens of Trump’s
Political Appointees Will Stay in Government After Biden Takes Over
3066:"Dozens of former Trump Cabinet officials won't publicly support his 2024 reelection bid"
2846:"Alex Acosta resigns as labor secretary, the latest Trump official to leave amid scandal"
293:
Trump's 2016 presidential transition set a 'low bar' for modern transitions according to
4356:
3811:
1736:
332:. Gabbard has defended autocratic regimes against criticism including Russia and Syria.
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to be screening members of the transition team and future administration for loyalty.
4520:
3886:
RollingStone.com, November 18, 2003, "Crimes Against Nature" by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
2657:"Analysis: 11 Trump associates have now been charged with crimes. 11! | CNN Politics"
1121:
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448:
367:
363:
329:
248:
2202:"What We Found in Trump's Drained Swamp: Hundreds of Ex-Lobbyists and D.C. Insiders"
1685:
504:
said that no president had ever drawn more detractors from inside his inner-circle.
3655:
1862:"Mulvaney: Trump 'didn't hire very well,' doesn't mesh with 'military personality'"
1396:
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775:
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432:
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251:
said that if he had one criticism of Trump, it was that he did not hire very well.
198:
87:
2415:"Analysis: 24 former Trump allies and aides who turned against him | CNN Politics"
1431:"Trump's checkered hiring record widens as Bannon joins list of indicted insiders"
346:
List of federal political scandals in the United States § Executive branch 25
2471:"Top White House science adviser announces resignation after reports of bullying"
3340:"Petraeus pleads guilty to mishandling classified material, will face probation"
2737:
2695:
1346:
1214:
1002:
988:
957:
922:
892:
815:
795:
790:
758:
748:
683:
651:
4206:
3011:"The long list of Trump administration officials turned critics | CNN Politics"
2259:"Trump nepotism attacked after 'out-of-her-depth' Ivanka given key summit role"
4509:
1331:
1064:
1045:
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927:
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785:
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467:
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388:
358:
317:
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4262:
3914:
3445:
3274:
2865:"Second White House official departs amid abuse allegations, which he denies"
2389:
2325:"Which Trump family members could have influence in a second administration?"
2270:
2237:
2085:
2052:
1821:
1760:
1637:
1512:
4032:"Ex-postal Service Official Sentenced To 4 Years On Theft And Payoff Counts"
3408:"GSA chief gone, but fallout continues in wake of lavish convention expense"
3315:"From "laddie mag" model to RNC co-chair—the nepo-spouse rise of Lara Trump"
2512:"Biden spokesman suspended for a week after reportedly threatening reporter"
2017:
Haberman, Maggie; Swan, Jonathan; O’Brien, Rebecca Davis (August 27, 2024).
1375:
1019:
974:
877:
862:
660:
493:
438:
356:
described the number of Trump associates sentenced to prison as "striking".
294:
3131:"Ex-Trump Official Reveals What Worries Him Most About a Second Trump Term"
289:
Presidential transition of Donald Trump § Assessment of the transition
209:
started measuring in 1980, and cause for concern according to some experts.
488:
List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign
471:
3434:"Many former Trump aides say he shouldn't be president. Will it matter?"
2378:"Many former Trump aides say he shouldn't be president. Will it matter?"
484:
List of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Kamala Harris
2916:"Trump's 24-year-old drug policy appointee to step down by month's end"
2809:"Forest Service chief resigns in wake of sexual misconduct allegations"
2629:"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case"
1564:"Why Trump's Unusual Leadership Style Isn't Working in the White House"
342:
Political appointments by Donald Trump § Appointment controversies
1888:"Trump Likes Acting Cabinet Members. Research Shows They May Hurt Him"
1752:
561:
Democratic backsliding in the United States § Unitary executive theory
3704:"Clinton Scandals: A Guide From Whitewater To The Clinton Foundation"
3113:"Elizabeth Neumann and Geoff Duncan: Republican Voters Against Trump"
3630:"Bill Clinton was Fined, Disbarred over the Monica Lewinsky Scandal"
581:
Presidency of Donald Trump#Historical evaluations and public opinion
571:
List of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Joe Biden
152:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4176:"Fedders Resigns as SEC Chief of Enforcement, Apologizes to Agency"
4160:
Jeff Gerth (July 8, 1988), "Prosecutor Shines New Light on Meese",
3263:"Lara Trump at the RNC: One Step Closer to Hereditary Dictatorship"
2041:"Trump Fills His Transition Team With Moronic Conspiracy Theorists"
2783:"Shulkin out: Trump fires VA secretary after weeks of controversy"
336:
Felony convictions, indictments, charges and other ethics scandals
2826:
Derek Kravitz, Isaac Arnsdorf and Marina Affo (August 31, 2017).
1994:"RFK Jr. and Tulsi Gabbard Are Joining the Trump Transition Team"
2516:
4398:"Resignation of Population Official Ends Expense Account Probe"
2828:"Lifting the Veil on Another Batch of Shadowy Trump Appointees"
2484:
Barr, Luke; Katersky, Aaron; Reinstein, Julia (July 23, 2024).
4120:(December 12, 1989). "Court Refuses to Review Nofziger Case".
4088:"Long Inquiry on Abuse in the Housing Department Is Completed"
2603:"Read the full Georgia indictment against Trump and 18 allies"
591:
Supreme Court of the United States#Criticism and controversies
512:
506:
117:
56:
15:
3085:"Here are the prominent Republicans backing Biden over Trump"
2074:"RFK Jr. Reveals Terrifying Role He'll Play in Helping Trump"
1975:"Alarm grows over possible RFK Jr. role at HHS if Trump wins"
1843:"Trump ignored 'bright line' on discussing Russia with Hicks"
225:
Turnover by presidency according to the Brookings Institution
4233:"Anne Burford, 62; Embattled EPA Chief for President Reagan"
3954:"Supreme Court Roundup; Iran-Contra Appeal Refused by Court"
3467:"'Scooter' Libby sentenced to federal prison, June 5, 2007"
2764:"VA secretary's chief of staff leaving amid travel scandal"
268:
called Trump's use of acting secretaries "very troubling."
2579:"Trump associates who have had legal trouble of their own"
2176:"Trump's Cabinet Scandals: Is Abuse Of Office Contagious?"
4257:. Vol. 41, no. 328. July 25, 1985. p. 2A.
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3533:"Convictions In The Abramoff Corruption Probe - CBS News"
1501:"J.D. Vance Proves It: Trump Hires the Very Worst People"
3896:
3894:
3892:
3872:. Alexandria, Virginia. Associated Press. June 1, 1992.
3860:
3858:
3648:"White House Aide Resigns After Golf Trip by Helocopter"
3485:"Former White House Official Convicted in Abramoff Case"
2200:
Kravitz, Derek; Shaw, Al; Arnsdorf, Isaac (2018-03-07).
576:
List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations
4471:"Donald Regan, 84, Financier and Top Reagan Aide, Dies"
3572:
Eggen, Dan; Elizabeth Williamson (September 19, 2007).
3366:"Labor Board Member Resigns Over Leak to G.O.P. Allies"
3034:
Callahan, Michael; Sullivan, Kate (24 September 2020).
2967:"Judge: DHS head didn't have authority to suspend DACA"
2126:"Many more indictments under 3 GOP vs 3 Dem presidents"
627:
List of federal political scandals in the United States
141:
4284:"Key FEMA Official Accused Of Sexually Harassing Aide"
3238:"The MAGA wing of the Trump family takes center stage"
2353:"The MAGA wing of the Trump family takes center stage"
1429:
Mosk, Matthew; Faulders, Katherine (August 21, 2020).
1973:
Trudo, Hanna; Weixel, Nathaniel (September 6, 2024).
1841:
Samuelsohn, Darren; Johnson, Eliana (March 1, 2018).
3942:, October 15, 1999, "Strauss Convicted" by Toni Locy
3679:"Bill Clinton White House Staff Feared Bending Over"
3185:"Fact-check: Post on Trump relatives in White House"
1626:"The Scary Power of Nepotism in Trump's White House"
4174:Robert L. Jackson; Zack Nauth (February 27, 1985).
3574:"Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers"
3294:Layne, Nathan; Slattery, Gram (February 12, 2024).
2891:"The Man Behind Project 2025's Most Radical Plans"
2627:Licon, Adriana Gomez; Tucker, Erick (2023-07-06).
2486:"Secret Service Director Kimberly Cheatle resigns"
3903:"Ex-Official Is Convicted In HUD Scandal of 80's"
3812:"Proclamation 6518 – Grant of Executive Clemency"
2553:"Charted: Trump world allies sentenced to prison"
2107:"Charted: Trump world allies sentenced to prison"
474:being selected as the Vice Presidential nominee.
586:Presidency of Donald Trump#Judicial appointments
4137:"J. Lynn Helms, Who Led the F.A.A., Dies at 86"
4001:"Conviction of Ex-Official Of E.P.A. Is Upheld"
1662:"Tracking turnover in the Trump administration"
1539:"Tracking turnover in the Biden administration"
1573:perplexing and conspicuous management failure.
1712:"The revolving door at the Trump White House"
1686:"The White House revolving door: Who's gone?"
8:
4251:"FEMA Chief Resigns Before House Panel Vote"
4221:– via The American Presidency Project.
3677:Writer, Linley Sanders Staff (2017-11-27).
3210:"Nepotism and the 2020 election, explained"
2297:"Nepotism and the 2020 election, explained"
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4438:"Stockman: Reagan 'Revolution' Was Doomed"
86:. Please do not remove this message until
2914:O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 24, 2018).
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
4320:from the original on September 29, 2015.
4310:"Travel, Reimbursements and Perquisites"
3851:from the original on September 21, 2015.
3810:Bush, George H. W. (December 24, 1992).
595:
407:Presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics
380:called hiring "a blind spot" for Trump.
220:
205:was the highest of all presidents since
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4418:"Ex-Commerce Deputy's Claim Questioned"
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3389:"White House aide arrested for assault"
1735:Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn (September 2018).
1537:Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn (March 19, 2024).
1416:
556:Age and health concerns of Donald Trump
4376:"U.S. Attorney in San Diego Dismissed"
4086:Janofsky, Michael (October 29, 1998).
3952:Greenhouse, Linda (December 8, 1992).
3921:from the original on September 3, 2020
3876:from the original on November 1, 2016.
3427:
3425:
3418:from the original on January 17, 2013.
3231:
3229:
3004:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
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2712:
2680:
2678:
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2346:
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2318:
2316:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2226:"Post-Trump Reforms - Executive Power"
2195:
2193:
2034:
2032:
1909:
1907:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1562:Stewart, James B. (January 10, 2019).
4386:from the original on October 8, 2016.
4213:from the original on January 20, 2015
4042:from the original on October 18, 2015
4011:from the original on November 7, 2012
3901:Labaton, Stephen (October 27, 1993).
3748:"Ex-U.S. Treasurer Given Prison Term"
3609:from the original on January 17, 2013
3527:
3525:
3523:
3376:from the original on January 8, 2017.
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2969:. Associated Press. November 15, 2020
2807:Boudreau, Catherine (March 7, 2018).
2650:
2648:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
1660:Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn (January 2021).
1655:
1653:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1499:Schlesinger, Robert (July 29, 2024).
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
7:
4030:William Hershey (October 25, 1986).
3837:Frantz, Douglas (October 19, 1991).
3774:"The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On"
2762:Kheel, Rebecca (February 16, 2018).
2510:Brian Schwartz (February 12, 2021).
1619:
1617:
1615:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1424:
1422:
1420:
4363:from the original on March 6, 2016.
4205:Ronald Reagan (February 23, 1981).
4186:from the original on August 4, 2020
3977:. National Archives. Archived from
3814:. The American Presidency Project.
3364:Greenhouse, Steven (May 27, 2012).
2863:Viebeck, Elise (February 9, 2018).
4374:Pound, Edward T. (April 6, 1982).
4135:Weber, Bruce (December 14, 2011).
3502:Schmitt, Richard B. (2007-03-24).
3387:Korte, Gregory (August 10, 2015).
3261:Tannehill, Brynn (March 6, 2024).
3148:Gangitano, Alex (August 4, 2024).
2149:Cathey, Libby (February 6, 2024).
14:
4098:from the original on June 5, 2020
3818:from the original on May 14, 2008
3702:Johnson, Carrie (June 21, 2016).
2781:Shane, Leo III (March 29, 2018).
2577:Mendoza, Megan (April 11, 2024).
2039:Rashid, Hafiz (August 27, 2024).
613:Major criticism of the President
31:This article has multiple issues.
4359:. U.S. Congress. March 4, 1982.
4061:Waxman, Olivia B. (2018-05-07).
3780:from the original on May 2, 2013
3776:. George Washington University.
3504:"Griles guilty in Abramoff case"
3338:Goldman, Adam (April 23, 2015).
3208:Yglesias, Matthew (2020-10-26).
3064:Sforza, Lauren (July 30, 2023).
2295:Yglesias, Matthew (2020-10-26).
2072:Oamek, Paige (August 27, 2024).
1590:Anderson, Zac (April 12, 2024).
597:Personnel-related controversies
540:
526:
122:
61:
20:
3406:Courson, Paul (April 3, 2012).
3083:Mueller, Julia (May 16, 2024).
3046:from the original on 2020-09-24
2469:Alana Wise (February 7, 2022).
2413:Wolf, Zachary B. (2023-10-03).
2174:Overby, Peter (March 8, 2018).
1860:Forgey, Quint (June 19, 2020).
1710:Parvaneh, Danush (2018-03-08).
39:or discuss these issues on the
4469:Severo, Richard (2003-06-11).
3654:. May 27, 1994. Archived from
3465:Glass, Andrew (June 5, 2018).
3236:Allen, Jonathan (2024-07-17).
3009:Vazquez, Maegan (2020-06-04).
2889:MacGillis, Alec (2024-08-01).
2655:Cillizza, Chris (2021-07-21).
2351:Allen, Jonathan (2024-07-17).
1886:Gajanan, Mahita (2019-04-09).
1808:Mukunda, Gautam (2018-04-06).
1741:Presidential Studies Quarterly
616:Family members in major roles
1:
2551:Saric, Ivana (July 2, 2024).
2105:Saric, Ivana (July 2, 2024).
478:Criticism by former personnel
411:Nepotism in the United States
401:Family members in major roles
3599:"OIC Smaltz: Press Releases"
1624:Heer, Jeet (April 4, 2017).
1236:Catalina Vasquez Villalpando
310:Trump's 2024 transition team
3628:Evon, Dan (July 29, 2016).
3432:Dawsey, Josh (2023-11-20).
3111:Miller, Tim (May 7, 2024).
2692:Marketplace (radio program)
2376:Dawsey, Josh (2023-11-20).
2257:Smith, David (2019-07-01).
1939:Balz, Dan (April 4, 2017).
1914:Miller, Zeke (2024-08-27).
148:the claims made and adding
88:conditions to do so are met
4543:
4527:Donald Trump controversies
3975:"Guide to Federal Records"
2685:Scheck, Tom (2018-02-16).
1992:Prater, Nia (2024-08-27).
1774:Stern, Eric (2018-12-11).
481:
404:
339:
286:
275:
4036:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4007:. UPI. January 19, 1985.
622:
4272:– via Google News.
1290:Silvio D. DeBartolomeis
968:Omarosa Manigault Newman
4336:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
3866:"Ex-Official Sentenced"
3603:Govinfo.library.unt.edu
1814:Harvard Business Review
272:Presidential transition
241:Harvard Business Review
629:for inclusion criteria
419:appointed his brother
228:
3313:Mencimer, Stephanie.
2742:American Public Media
873:William Perry Pendley
405:Further information:
326:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
224:
207:Brookings Institution
3754:. September 14, 1994
1357:Anne Gorsuch Burford
1098:Barvetta Singletary
918:Alyssa Farah Griffin
607:Indicted or Charged
534:United States portal
203:Trump administration
4423:The Washington Post
4314:The Washington Post
4288:The Washington Post
4122:The Washington Post
3940:The Washington Post
3728:. February 18, 1994
3578:The Washington Post
3344:The Washington Post
2946:The Washington Post
2920:The Washington Post
2869:The Washington Post
2850:The Washington Post
1384:Marjory Mecklenburg
1380:William H. Kennedy
1318:Robert C. McFarlane
1138:Robert E. Coughlin
709:George Papadopoulos
598:
501:The Washington Post
395:Heritage Foundation
75:of this article is
4475:The New York Times
4444:. April 12, 1986.
4380:The New York Times
4316:. April 27, 1986.
4162:The New York Times
4141:The New York Times
4092:The New York Times
4005:The New York Times
3959:The New York Times
3907:The New York Times
3870:The New York Times
3370:The New York Times
2230:The New York Times
1362:Louis O. Giuffrida
1287:Joseph A. Strauss
1101:Martha N. Johnson
948:Richard V. Spencer
938:Anthony Scaramucci
610:Ethics / scandals
604:Felony Conviction
596:
374:Robert Schlesinger
266:UCLA School of Law
255:Acting secretaries
229:
133:possibly contains
4255:Ocala Star-Banner
4237:Los Angeles Times
4180:Los Angeles Times
3973:Deaver, Michael.
3844:Los Angeles Times
3752:Los Angeles Times
3726:Los Angeles Times
3658:on August 3, 2020
3508:Los Angeles Times
1753:10.1111/psq.12479
1405:
1404:
1366:Fred J. Villella
1353:Emanuel S. Savas
1259:Caspar Weinberger
1242:George H.W. Bush
1177:Bradley Schlozman
1172:Michael A. Battle
1157:William W. Mercer
1131:J. Stephen Griles
913:Stephanie Grisham
851:Donald Kempf Jr.
821:Brenda Fitzgerald
719:Allen Weisselberg
630:
421:Robert F. Kennedy
320:were reported by
299:George H. W. Bush
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
135:original research
116:
115:
108:
54:
4534:
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4407:
4403:Associated Press
4394:
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4297:
4295:
4290:. August 2, 1984
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4240:
4239:. July 22, 2004.
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3492:
3491:. June 20, 2006.
3481:
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3267:The New Republic
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3183:McCarthy, Bill.
3180:
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3139:
3138:
3137:. July 27, 2023.
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2940:Mufson, Steven.
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2136:
2124:Kertscher, Tom.
2121:
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2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
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2078:The New Republic
2069:
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2045:The New Republic
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2014:
2008:
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1786:
1780:The Conversation
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1630:The New Republic
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1505:The New Republic
1496:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1372:Carlos Campbell
1350:John M. Fedders
1281:Phillip D. Winn
1275:Victor D. Cohen
1272:James E. Gaines
1203:Ronald Blackley
1148:Alberto Gonzales
1135:Roger Stillwell
1030:Elizabeth Neuman
811:Kellyanne Conway
656:Kimberly Cheatle
624:
599:
550:
545:
544:
536:
531:
530:
529:
456:Donald Trump Jr.
444:Matthew Yglesias
425:Attorney General
191:
184:
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166:
162:
159:
153:
150:inline citations
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4499:Further reading
4496:
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4454:
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4442:Washington Post
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4094:. p. A18.
4085:
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3981:on July 5, 2007
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3537:www.cbsnews.com
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3438:Washington Post
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1414:
1294:John Poindexter
1263:Duane Clarridge
1219:Monica Lewinsky
1188:Scott McClellan
1182:Monica Goodling
868:Taylor Weyeneth
859:David Sorensen
566:Drain the swamp
548:Politics portal
546:
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417:John F. Kennedy
413:
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386:In March 2018,
348:
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314:Donald Trump Jr
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4513:(Dec. 3, 2020)
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3962:. p. A22.
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3580:. pp. A10
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2832:propublica.org
2818:
2799:
2787:Military Times
2773:
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2249:
2232:. 2019-09-10.
2217:
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2023:New York Times
2009:
1984:
1965:
1950:
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1747:(3): 502–516.
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1568:New York Times
1554:
1524:
1446:
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1408:
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1402:
1400:
1393:David Stockman
1390:
1344:
1342:J. Lynn Helms
1336:Samuel Pierce
1322:Elliott Abrams
1315:
1299:Michael Deaver
1284:Thomas Demery
1278:James G. Watt
1268:Melvyn Paisley
1256:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1210:David Watkins
1206:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1167:Michael Elston
1145:
1143:
1141:Horace Cooper
1126:David Safavian
1119:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1095:Terence Flynn
1092:David Petraeus
1089:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1043:
1025:Sarah Matthews
1010:Chris Christie
881:
769:
764:Elliott Broidy
727:
677:
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402:
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378:Chris Christie
350:In July 2024,
337:
334:
306:
303:
297:, followed by
287:Main article:
284:
281:
273:
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256:
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247:In June 2020,
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158:September 2024
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96:September 2024
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4294:September 14,
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4268:September 14,
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4190:September 14,
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4146:September 14,
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3925:September 15,
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2734:
2731:Scheck, Tom.
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2020:
2013:
2010:
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1998:Intelligencer
1995:
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1399:
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1389:
1388:Guy W. Fiske
1386:
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1364:
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1359:
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1354:
1351:
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1339:Lyn Nofziger
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:Alan D. Fiers
1329:
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1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
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1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:Bill Clinton
1207:
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1202:
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1199:
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1191:
1189:
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1149:
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1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:Scooter Libby
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:Kyle Yunaska
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:Jared Kushner
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:Don Trump Jr.
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:Paul J. Selva
1012:
1011:
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1004:
1000:
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997:
996:Rex Tillerson
993:
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986:
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979:
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969:
965:
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953:H.R. McMaster
950:
949:
945:
944:
943:Michael Cohen
940:
939:
935:
934:
930:
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925:
924:
920:
919:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:Jeff Sessions
905:
904:
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899:
898:John F. Kelly
895:
894:
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889:
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870:
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849:
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843:
842:David Shulkin
839:
836:
835:
834:Mick Mulvaney
831:
828:
827:
826:Jared Kushner
823:
822:
818:
817:
813:
812:
808:
807:
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802:
801:Steve Mnuchin
798:
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745:
744:Sidney Powell
741:
740:
739:Jeffrey Clark
736:
735:
731:
728:
726:
725:
724:Rudy Giuliani
721:
720:
716:
715:
711:
710:
706:
705:
704:Michael Cohen
701:
700:
699:Peter Navarro
696:
695:
691:
690:
689:Paul Manafort
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496:
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477:
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450:
449:Jared Kushner
445:
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428:
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384:
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366:and 33 under
365:
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330:Tulsi Gabbard
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249:Mick Mulvaney
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131:This article
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38:
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27:
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17:
4508:
4486:. Retrieved
4474:
4464:
4453:. Retrieved
4441:
4432:
4421:
4412:
4401:
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4379:
4369:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4313:
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4292:. Retrieved
4287:
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4179:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:
4130:
4121:
4118:Marcus, Ruth
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4091:
4081:
4070:. Retrieved
4066:
4056:
4044:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4004:
3995:
3985:September 3,
3983:. Retrieved
3979:the original
3968:
3957:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3906:
3882:
3869:
3842:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3782:. Retrieved
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3751:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3725:
3716:
3707:
3697:
3686:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:the original
3651:
3642:
3633:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3602:
3593:
3582:. Retrieved
3577:
3541:. Retrieved
3539:. 2011-02-11
3536:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3460:
3449:. Retrieved
3437:
3411:
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3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:
3333:
3322:. Retrieved
3319:Mother Jones
3318:
3308:
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3289:
3278:. Retrieved
3266:
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3245:. Retrieved
3241:
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3213:
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3188:
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3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3088:
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3059:
3048:. Retrieved
3039:
3029:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
2973:December 28,
2971:. Retrieved
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
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2919:
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2736:
2700:. Retrieved
2690:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2609:. 2023-08-15
2606:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2523:February 12,
2521:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2479:
2464:
2456:
2450:. Retrieved
2448:. 2024-04-05
2445:
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2422:. Retrieved
2418:
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2393:. Retrieved
2381:
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2356:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:
2274:. Retrieved
2263:The Guardian
2262:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
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2205:
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2129:
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2100:
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2077:
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2044:
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2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
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1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1813:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1769:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1694:. Retrieved
1692:. 2017-05-10
1689:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1641:. Retrieved
1629:
1605:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1516:. Retrieved
1504:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1397:Donald Regan
1395:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:Clair George
1325:
1320:
1312:Oliver North
1310:
1307:
1304:Rita Lavelle
1302:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
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1217:
1209:
1197:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1162:Kyle Sampson
1160:
1155:
1152:Paul McNulty
1150:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1106:Robert Gates
1100:
1097:
1094:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1058:
1055:Ivanka Trump
1053:
1048:
1040:Olivia Troye
1038:
1035:Miles Taylor
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
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