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managing the construction, as well as Lea Rosh, had known about
Degussa's involvement for at least a year but had not done anything to stop it. Rosh then claimed she had not known about the connections between Degussa and Degesch. It also transpired that another Degussa subsidiary, Woermann Bauchemie GmbH, had already poured the foundation for the stelae. A problem with excluding Degussa from the project was that many of the stelae had already been covered with Degussa's product. These would have to be destroyed if another company were to be used instead. The resulting cost would be about €2.34 million. In the course of the discussions about what to do, which lasted until 13 November, most of the Jewish organizations including the
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about who did the murdering or why – there's nothing along the lines of 'by
Germany under Hitler's regime,' and the vagueness is disturbing". The question of the dedication of the memorial is even more powerful. "In its radical refusal of the inherited iconography of remembrance, Berlin's field of stones also forgoes any statement about its own reason for existence. The installation gives no indication who is to be remembered. There are no inscriptions. One seeks in vain for the names of the murdered, for Stars of David or other Jewish symbols". Many of the installation's greatest critics fear that the memorial does not do enough to address a growing movement of
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shape within the group of blocks has also been understood as a symbolic representation of the "task of remembering". Some of the blocks appear to be unfinished. Some see this unfinished appearance as asserting that the task of remembering the
Holocaust is never over. Benjamin has said "The monument works to maintain the incomplete". As the effects of the Holocaust are impossible to fully represent, the memorial's structures have remained unfinished. The missing parts of the structure illustrate the missing members of the Jewish community that will never return. The destruction of the Holocaust has resulted in a missing epoch of Jewish heritage.
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961:. "he failure to mention it at the country's main memorial for the Jews killed in the Holocaust – separates the victims from their killers and leaches the moral element from the historical event". Critics say that the memorial assumes that people are aware of the facts of the Holocaust. "The reduction of responsibility to a tacit fact that 'everybody knows' is the first step on the road to forgetting". Critics also feared the monument would become a place of pilgrimage for the neo-Nazi movement. With the rise of the
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suggest an old, untended, or even desecrated cemetery." Many visitors have claimed that from outside the memorial, the field of grey slabs resemble rows of coffins. While each stone slab is approximately the size and width of a coffin, Eisenman has denied any intention to resemble any form of a burial site. The memorial's grid can be read as both an extension of the streets that surround the site and an unnerving evocation of the rigid discipline and bureaucratic order that kept the killing machine grinding along.
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805:. First, they were forced into ghettos and removed from society and eventually they were removed from existence. The more a visitor descends into the memorial, they are without any visible contact of the outside world. They are completely ostracized and hidden from the world. It is common for groups of visitors to lose each other as they wander deeper into the memorial. This often reminds one of the separation and loss of family among the Jewish community during the Holocaust.
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causing the visitor to feel like they have entered a collection of graves. "Aesthetically, the
Information Center runs against every intention of the open memorial. The aboveground pavilion of the subterranean documentation area mars the steady measure of the order of rectangles. Admittedly, all objections against this pedagogical extra fall silent when one has descended the stairs to the Information Center and entered the first four rooms".
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memorial as targeting German society and claim the memorial is presented as "an expression of our – non-Jewish
Germans' – responsibility for the past". The site is also enclosed by borders of trees and Berlin's city centre. The enclosure from these borders has often evoked feelings of entrapment. This can be understood as a symbolic representation of the closure of European and American borders following the
601:. At first, these articles did not receive much attention, until the board of trustees managing the construction discussed this situation on 23 October and, after turbulent and controversial discussions, decided to stop construction immediately until a decision was made. Primarily it was representatives of the Jewish community who had called for an end to Degussa's involvement, while the politicians on the board, including
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779:, the president of Germany's parliament the Bundestag, described the piece as a place where people can grasp "what loneliness, powerlessness and despair mean". Thierse talked about the memorial as creating a type of mortal fear in the visitor. Visitors have described the monument as isolating, triggered by the massive blocks of concrete, barricading the visitor from street noise and sights of Berlin.
455:, was elected chairman of the jury. In the following days, all but 13 submissions were eliminated from the race in several rounds of looking through all works. As had already been arranged, the jury met again on 15 March. Eleven submissions were restored to the race, as requested by several jurors after they had had a chance to review the eliminated works in the months in between the meetings.
1006:. Indeed, swastikas were drawn on the stelae on five occasions in its first year. In 2009, swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans were found on 12 of the 2,700 gray stone slabs. In 2014, the German government promised to strengthen security at the memorial after a video published on the Internet showed a man urinating and people launching fireworks from its grey concrete structure on
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474:. Her concept consisted of 100Ă—100 meters large concrete plate, seven meters thick. It would be tilted, rising up to eleven meters and walkable on special paths. The names of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust would be engraved into the concrete, with spaces left empty for those victims whose names remain unknown. Large pieces of debris from
547:, which opened 4 July 2008. For a while, issues over setback for U.S. embassy construction impacted the memorial. It also emerged in late 1999 that a small corner of the site was still owned by a municipal housing company, and the status of that piece of land had to be resolved before any progress on the construction could be made.
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Many critics found the "vagueness" of the stelae disturbing. The concrete blocks offer no detail or reference to the
Holocaust. The title of the monument does not include the words "Holocaust" or "Shoah". Critics have raised questions about the memorial's lack of information. "It doesn't say anything
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and a speaker at the opening ceremony in 2005, expressed reservations about the memorial, saying that it was "an incomplete statement." He said that by not including non-Jewish victims, the memorial suggests that there was a "hierarchy of suffering," when, he said, "pain and mourning are great in all
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According to
Eisenman's project text, the stelae are designed to produce an uneasy, confusing atmosphere, and the whole sculpture aims to represent a supposedly ordered system that has lost touch with human reason. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation official English website states
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The memorial's structures also deny any sense of collectivity. Some have interpreted this to reflect the lack of collective guilt amongst the German population. Others have interpreted the spatial positioning of the blocks to represent individual guilt for the
Holocaust. Some Germans have viewed the
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The visitors centre contains and displays some of the most important moments and memories of the
Holocaust, through carefully chosen examples in a concise and provocative display. The entrances cut through the network of paths defined by the stelae, and the exhibit area gives the memorial that which
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Three years after the official opening of the memorial, half of the blocks made from compacting concrete started to crack. While some interpret this defect as an intentional symbolization of the immortality and durability of the Jewish community, the memorials' foundation deny this. Some analyze the
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In the first year after it opened in May 2005, the monument attracted over 3.5 million visitors. By the end of 2005 around 350,000 people had visited the information centre, and it is estimated that some 5 million visitors have visited the
Information Centre by December 2015. Over those 10
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in the late 1980s into one of the concrete blocks at the memorial. In response, Berlin's Jewish community threatened to boycott the memorial, forcing Rosh to withdraw her proposal. According to Jewish tradition, the bodies of Jews and any of their body parts can be buried only in a Jewish cemetery.
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whose political and social rights constantly shifted. Many visitors have claimed walking through the memorial makes one feel trapped without any option other than to move forward. Some claim the downward slope that directs you away from the outside symbolically depicts the gradual escalation of the
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or the Regime's gradual momentum of power that allowed them to perpetrate such atrocities on the Jewish community. The space in between the concrete pillars offers a brief encounter with the sunlight. As visitors wander through the slabs the sun disappears and reappears. One is constantly tormented
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However, observers have noted the memorial's resemblance to a cemetery. The abstract installation leaves room for interpretation, the most common being that of a graveyard. "The memorial evokes a graveyard for those who were unburied or thrown into unmarked pits, and several uneasily tilting stelae
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Critics have questioned the placement of the centre. It is discreetly placed on the eastern edge of the monument. Architecturally, the information centre's most prominent feature lies in its coffered concrete ceilings. The undulating surfaces mirror the pattern of the pillars and pathways overhead,
535:, containing works that scholars would have been able to consult, was intended to symbolize the concern of the Schröder government that the memorial not be merely backward-looking and symbolic but also educational and useful. Agreement was also reached that the memorial would be administered by the
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cited the Holocaust Memorial. Walser decried "the exploitation of our disgrace for present purposes." He criticized the "monumentalization", and "ceaseless presentation of our shame." And said: "Auschwitz is not suitable for becoming a routine-of-threat, an always available intimidation or a moral
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during the Nazi regime. The continuation of "sameness" and unity in the Nazi regime depended on the act of exclusion. Architectural historian Andrew Benjamin has written that the spatial separation of certain blocks represents "a particular no longer an instance of the whole". The lack of unified
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Some visitors and Berliners have also interpreted the contrast between the grey flat stones and the blue sky as a recognition of the "dismal times" of the Holocaust. As one slopes downwards into the memorial entrance, the grey pillars begin to grow taller until they completely consume the visitor.
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On 25 June 1999, a large majority of the Bundestag – 314 to 209, with 14 abstentions – decided in favor of Eisenman's plan, which was eventually modified by attaching a museum, or "place of information," designed by Berlin-based exhibition designer Dagmar von Wilcken.
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was chosen to speak on behalf of the six million dead. In her speech, she noted that although the Holocaust had taken everything she valued, it had also taught her that hatred and discrimination are doomed to fail. She also emphasized that the children of the perpetrators of the Holocaust are not
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In the discussions that followed, several facts emerged. For one, it transpired that it was not by coincidence that the involvement of Degussa had been publicized in Switzerland, because another company that had bid to produce the anti-graffiti substance was located there. Further, the foundation
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or otherwise jumping or dancing on the memorial's stone slabs, began an online art project juxtaposing those found images with archival pictures of Nazi death camps, to ironically point out the jarring disconnect of taking such inappropriately cheerful pictures in so somber a setting, calling it
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regime. As one moves into the memorial, the space between the shapes widens. Identity in a regime is largely shaped by belongingness defined through 'sameness' and the "repetition of the same". Some blocks are spaced farther apart and are isolated from other blocks. This is often understood as a
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Initial concerns about the memorial's construction focused on the possible effects of weathering, fading, and graffiti. Already by 2007, the memorial was said to be in urgent need of repair after hairline cracks were found in some 400 of its concrete slabs. Suggestions that the material used was
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appeared in newspaper advertisements and on billboards seeking donations of $ 2 million for the memorial. Under the slogan and a picture of a serene mountain lake and snow-capped mountain, a smaller type said: "There are still many people who make this claim. In 20 years there could be even
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whose plan later emerged as the winner. Their design originally envisaged a huge labyrinth of 4,000 stone pillars of varying heights scattered over 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft). Serra, however, quit the design team soon after, citing personal and professional reasons that "had
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The monument is composed of 2,711 rectangular concrete blocks, laid out in a grid formation, the monument is organized into a rectangle-like array covering 1.9 hectares (4 acres 3 roods). This allows for long, straight, and narrow alleys between them, along which the ground undulates.
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that the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin has been reported as a site where people could find and catch Pokemon creatures through the augmented reality game". This caused anger among many people who felt that it was desecrating the site. "This is a memorial space for the six million Jews who were
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On 27 January 2000 a celebration was held marking the symbolic beginning of construction on the memorial site. The first provisional stelae were erected in May 2001. An international symposium on the memorial and the information centre was held by the foundation in November 2001 together with
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by its very conception it should not have: a defined attraction. "The exhibitions are literal, a sharp contrast to the amorphous stelae that the memorial is composed of. "It is as if they (exhibits) were directed at people who cannot find the capacity to believe that the Holocaust occurred".
487:, who had taken a close personal interest in the project, expressed his dissatisfaction with the recommendations of the jury to implement the work of the Jackob-Marks team. A new, more limited competition was launched in 1996 with 25 architects and sculptors invited to submit proposals.
478:, a mountaintop-fortress in Israel, whose Jewish inhabitants killed themselves to avoid being captured or killed by the Roman soldiers rushing in, would be spread over the concrete plate. Other ideas involved a memorial not only to the Jews but to all the victims of Nazism.
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lack of individual names on the monument as an illustration of the unimaginable number of murdered Jews in the Holocaust. In this way, the memorial illustrates that the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust was so colossal that is impossible to physically visualize.
253: in) wide and vary in height from 0.2 to 4.7 metres (8 in to 15 ft 5 in). They are organized in rows, 54 of them going north–south, and 87 heading east–west at right angles but set slightly askew. An attached underground "Place of Information" (
527: – consisting of an atrium and three sandstone blocks – was to be added. This building – an archive, information centre and exhibition space – was to be flanked by a thick, 90-metre-long (100 yd)
363:, first began pressing for Germany to honor the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. Rosh soon emerged as the driving force behind the memorial. In 1989, she founded a group to support its construction and to collect donations. With growing support, the
605:, did not want to stop construction and incur further expense. They also said it would be impossible to exclude all German companies involved in the Nazi crimes, because – as Thierse put it – "the past intrudes into our society".
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nothing to do with the merits of the project." Kohl still insisted on numerous changes, but Eisenman soon indicated he could accommodate them. Among other changes, the initial Eisenman-Serra project was soon scaled down to a monument of some 2,000 pillars.
1074:, himself Jewish and gay, asserted that he was "deeply moved" that his app members "take part in the memory of the holocaust", there was international criticism of use of the memorial as a backdrop for hookup profiles, which was held to be disrespectful.
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historians, museum experts, art historians and experts on architectural theory. In the spring of 2003, work began on the construction of the memorial. At the same time, an information point was erected at the fence surrounding the construction site.
225:", arranged in a grid pattern on a sloping field. The original plan was to place nearly 4,000 slabs, but after the recalculation, the number of slabs that could legally fit into the designated areas was 2,711. The stelae are 2.38 m (7 ft
367:(German federal parliament) passed a resolution in favour of the project. On 25 June 1999, the Bundestag decided to build the memorial designed by Peter Eisenman. A federal foundation (Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (
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took power in 1933 through the murder of more than a million Soviet Jews in 1941. The rest of the exhibition is divided into four rooms dedicated to personal aspects of the tragedy, e.g. the individual families or the letters thrown from the
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The monument has been criticized for only commemorating the Jewish victims of the Holocaust; however, other memorials have subsequently opened which commemorate other identifiable groups that were also victims of the Nazis, for example, the
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that Germany's focus on the past overlooks the racist tendencies in society today and suggests a hopelessness toward the future. "My impression is that you hide yourself away in history in order to keep the present from cutting too close".
432:. The deadline for the proposals was 28 October. On 11 May, an information colloquium took place in Berlin, where people interested in submitting a design could receive some more information about the nature of the memorial to be designed.
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claimed the memorial "is able to convey the scope of the Holocaust's horrors without stooping to sentimentality – showing how abstraction can be the most powerful tool for conveying the complexities of human emotion."
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The date for the inauguration was scrapped and in 1997 the first of three public discussions on the monument was held. The second competition in November 1997 produced four finalists, including a collaboration between architect
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murdered and it is inappropriate for this kind of game," said foundation spokeswoman Sarah Friedrich, adding that she hoped the company would remove the memorial as a possible location. In early 2017, an Israeli artist,
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years (2006–2015), an average of 460,000 people have visited, or over 1,000 per day. The foundation operating the memorial considered this a success; its head, Uwe Neumärker, called the memorial a "tourist magnet".
1017:, "The day I visited the site, a 2-year-old boy was playing atop the pillars – trying to climb from one to the next as his mother calmly gripped his hand." A 2016 controversy occurred with the app
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Two works were then recommended by the jury to the foundation to be checked as to whether they could be completed within the price range given. One of them was designed by a group around the architect
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afflicted families." In addition, Spiegel criticized the memorial for providing no information on the Nazi perpetrators themselves and therefore blunting the visitors' "confrontation with the crime."
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Before the deadline, the documents required to submit a proposal were requested over 2,600 times and 528 proposals were submitted. The jury met on 15 January 1995 to pick the best submission. First,
858:(in 2012). Many critics argued that the design should include names of victims, as well as the numbers of people murdered and the places where the murders occurred. Meanwhile, architecture critic
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1002:. Despite Eisenman's objections, for example, the pillars were protected by a graffiti-resistant coating because the government worried that neo-Nazis would try to spray paint them with
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The memorial also evokes a graveyard for those who were unburied or thrown into unmarked pits, and several uneasily tilting stelae suggest an old, untended, or even desecrated cemetery.
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that the design represents a radical approach to the traditional concept of a memorial, partly because Eisenman said the number and design of the monument had no symbolic significance.
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The debates over whether to have such a memorial and what form it should take extend back to the late 1980s, when a small group of private German citizens, led by television journalist
870:. Some claimed the erection of the memorial ignored Germany's responsibility to engage in more active forms of remembrance. Others assert that the erection of the memorial ignored the
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The monument is often used as a recreational space, inciting anger from those who see the playful use of the space as a desecration of the memorial. According to architecture critic
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On 13 November, the decision was made to continue working with the company, and was subsequently heavily criticized. German-Jewish journalist, author, and television personality
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The memorial is located on Cora-Berliner-StraĂźe 1, 10117 in Berlin, a city with one of the largest Jewish populations in Europe before the Second World War. Adjacent east to the
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mediocre have been repeatedly dismissed by Peter Eisenman. In 2012, German authorities started reinforcing hundreds of concrete blocks with steel collars concealed within the
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In April 1994 a competition for the memorial's design was announced in Germany's major newspapers. Twelve artists were specifically invited to submit a design and given 50,000
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memorial in Israel are read out loud. Each chamber contains visual reminders of the stelae above: rectangular benches, horizontal floor markers and vertical illuminations.
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and opened to the public two days later, along with the information centre. It was originally to be finished by 27 January 2004, the 59th anniversary of the liberation of
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had earlier objected – was preserved. The number of pillars was reduced from about 2,800 to somewhere between 1,800 and 2,100, and a building to be called
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By 1999, as other empty stretches of land nearby were filled with new buildings, the two-hectare (five-acre) vacant lot began to resemble a hole in the city's centre.
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posted a collection of profile pictures from the gay dating app Grindr, taken at the memorial. The emerging trend met with mixed responses: while Grindr's then CEO
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The memorial has also come under fire for perpetuating what some critics call an "obsession with the Holocaust". Michal Bodemann, a professor of sociology at the
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were memorialized, honoring the murdered Jews of Europe. Others have claimed the presence of a memorial in Berlin is essential to remember the once-thriving
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2618:[Acceptance speech by Martin Walser for the award of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt on October 11, 1998].
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would be perforated into the girders so that these would be projected onto objects or people in the area by sunlight. The other winner was a design by
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MĂĽgge, Maike (2008). "Politics, space and material: the 'Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe' in Berlin as a sign of symbolic representation".
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with the possibility of a warmer, brighter life. Some have interpreted this use of space as a symbolic remembrance of the volatile history of
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Eventually, the grey pillars become smaller again as visitors ascend towards the exit. Some have interpreted this as the rise and fall of the
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used to cover the stelae; the company had been involved in various ways in the Nazi persecution of the Jews. A subsidiary company of Degussa,
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2616:"Dankesrede von Martin Walser zur Verleihung des Friedenspreises des Deutschen Buchhandels in der Frankfurter Paulskirche am 11.Oktober 1998"
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movement in recent years, fears have once again arisen over the sanctity of the monument and its preservation against extremist groups.
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On 15 December 2004, the memorial was finished. It was dedicated on 10 May 2005, as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of
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2268:"A Self-Serving Admission of Guilt: An Examination of the Intentions and Effects of Germany's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
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Building began on 1 April 2003, and was finished on 15 December 2004. It was inaugurated on 10 May 2005, sixty years after the end of
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in January 1999, the essence of the huge field of stone pillars – to which the incoming German government led by
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responsible for the actions of their parents. The medley of Hebrew and Yiddish songs that followed the speeches was sung by
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that would have housed a million books between an exterior made of patterned black steel and a glass interior side. The
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398:(€25,000) to do so. The winning proposal was to be selected by a jury consisting of representatives from the fields of
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2665:"Germans, Jews & History: How Do Young Germans Deal with the Legacy of the Holocaust and the Third Reich?"
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261:) holds the names of approximately 3 million Jewish Holocaust victims, obtained from the Israeli museum
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The inauguration ceremony, attended by all the senior members of Germany's government, including Chancellor
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1887:"Die Juden brauchen dieses Mahnmal nicht, und sind nicht bereit, eine Schweinerei als koscher zu erklären."
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Some Germans have argued the memorial is only statuary and does little to honor those murdered during the
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Some have interpreted the shape and colour of the grey slabs to represent the loss of identity during the
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totalitarianism. Certain German civilians were angered that no memorial had been erected remembering the
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ceremony in 2000. Diepgen had previously argued that the memorial is too big and impossible to protect.
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club or also just an obligation. What is produced by ritualisation, has the quality of a lip service".
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from Eastern territories. Some critics claimed there was no need for a memorial in Berlin as several
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spoke out against working with Degussa, while the architect Peter Eisenman, for one, supported it.
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memorial to the Holocaust by Peter Eisenman, the stones at odd angles like the cemetery in Prague.
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Benjamin, Andrew (2003). "Now Still Absent: Eisenman's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe".
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said that "the Jews don't need this memorial, and they are not prepared to declare a pig sty
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892:, argued that the monument should be abandoned. Several months later, when accepting the
889:
335:
272:
in Europe, and opened to the public two days later. It is located one block south of the
2950:
829:
Several have noted that the number of stelae is identical to the number of pages in the
609:, who also advocated excluding Degussa, replied that "Zyklon B is obviously the limit."
4405:
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4024:
3968:
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2351:
1268:
1229:
1031:
979:
916:
718:
573:
497:
277:
210:
111:
2586:
915:, mayor of Berlin 1991–2001, had publicly opposed the memorial and did not attend the
4515:
4498:
4493:
4227:
4195:
4150:
4106:
4081:
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2067:
1019:
897:
802:
501:
395:
206:
159:
2859:"Grindr Users Post 'Sexy' Pictures From Holocaust Memorial in Bizarre, Ironic Trend"
4395:
4327:
4091:
3948:
2795:
2111:
1943:
1539:
1071:
1047:
1035:
923:
867:
814:
809:
792:
713:
The information centre is located at the site's eastern edge, beneath the field of
459:
433:
407:
403:
269:
214:
2321:"Germany's Memorial – Germany's National Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
1990:
Memorials in Berlin and Buenos Aires: Balancing Memory, Architecture, and Tourism
4483:
4468:
4138:
4056:
4041:
3975:
3883:
3823:
3544:
2437:
2090:
1715:
1678:
1557:
676:, Poland, and by the Lower Silesian German-Polish Philharmonic Youth Orchestra.
598:
586:
568:
484:
448:
323:
338:
in the south. The memorial is located near many of Berlin's foreign embassies.
4373:
4061:
3997:
2484:
2086:"Monument in Danger? Widespread Cracking Found in Berlin's Holocaust Memorial"
2059:
1081:
743:
722:
717:. The visitor display begins with a timeline that lays out the history of the
673:
262:
2172:
1773:
1735:
1698:
1652:
1618:
1577:
1482:
1432:
975:
The Holocaust and social media § Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
581:
company was involved in the construction of the memorial, producing the anti-
80:
67:
4455:
3816:
2774:
1043:
1025:
999:
962:
697:
after a study revealed they were at risk of crumbling under their own mass.
641:
364:
2990:
1939:"Berlin's Jewish memorial halted after firm linked with supply of Nazi gas"
2810:
2536:"Germany's memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe: Debates and reactions"
3621:
2568:
1123:
1039:
1003:
888:
In early 1998, a group of leading German intellectuals, including writer
606:
594:
582:
415:
356:
218:
121:
2552:
2535:
1085:
543:
Across the street from the northern boundary of the memorial is the new
2997:"Information on the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
2750:
2216:"Germany's Memorial – the Holocaust Memorial: Against All Expectations"
2132:
590:
578:
463:
411:
2964:
2791:"'Yolocaust' artist provokes debate over commemorating Germany's past"
1826:
3915:
2983:
2347:"The Inadequacy of Berlin's "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
1225:"The Inadequacy of Berlin's "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
1055:
1051:
830:
661:
625:
475:
198:
169:
100:
2433:"Remembering the Holocaust: Extracting Meaning from Concrete Blocks"
3923:
989:
978:
903:
840:
781:
761:
704:
382:
294:
222:
217:. It consists of a 1.9-hectare (4.7-acre) site covered with 2,711
2959:
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe: A memorial in the centre
2721:"Swastikas Are Found on Berlin's Holocaust Memorial, AP Reports"
1160:"Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and Information Centre"
1059:
742:, names of all known Jewish Holocaust victims obtained from the
282:
202:
155:
3887:
3845:
3476:
3313:
3089:
3051:
1186:"The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe – Field of Stelae"
1058:
with the memorial as a backdrop, or photos of themselves doing
1023:. "The Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe told
3101:
Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
399:
1684:"Schroder Backs Design for a Vast Berlin Holocaust Memorial"
856:
Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism
738:
focuses on the fates of 15 specific Jewish families. In the
2508:"A Reaction to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
2409:"A Reaction to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
2189:"Amid bustling Berlin, stillness in the Holocaust Memorial"
4542:
Monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism in Berlin
3004:
Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2770:"Please stop playing Pokemon at Germany's Holocaust sites"
2026:
Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1325:
Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1291:
Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1190:
Foundation for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
444:, the construction senator of Berlin, spoke at the event.
2333:
The plan also gives the impression of a massive cemetery.
322:. The monument is situated on the former location of the
280:
neighborhood. The cost of construction was approximately
2941:"The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin"
3339:
Memorial to the First Homosexual Emancipation Movement
2746:"Berlin to protect Holocaust memorial after vandalism"
1789:"Die Vergangenheit ragt in unsere Gesellschaft hinein"
1321:"The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe -History"
2639:"Jews angry over memorial plan for death camp tooth"
2529:
2527:
2525:
1563:"An Opponent Of Kohl Puts Taboo Topic Into Election"
1115:
Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists
4421:
4341:
4188:
3922:
3749:
3680:
3589:
3430:
3362:
1377:
1375:
165:
151:
143:
135:
127:
117:
107:
96:
4288:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
3349:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
3018:
2892:
2246:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation
2187:
2156:
2128:"Berlin's Holocaust memorial at risk of crumbling"
1757:
1719:
1682:
1636:
1602:
1561:
1466:
1416:
2811:"Totem and Taboo: Grindr remembers the holocaust"
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2158:"A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable"
1918:"Vast Holocaust memorial opens in central Berlin"
1604:"Serra Quits Berlin's Holocaust Memorial Project"
1418:"A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable"
1354:Stiftung Denkmal fĂĽr die ermordeten Juden Europas
1110:Memorial to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism
373:Stiftung Denkmal fĂĽr die ermordeten Juden Europas
310:, it is centrally located in Berlin's historical
3712:Athena Teaches the Young Man How to Use a Weapon
1242:
1240:
2431:Emcke, Von Carolin; Berg, Stefan (2 May 2005).
2022:"Numbers of visitors in the Information Centre"
1721:"Berlin Mayor to Shun Holocaust Memorial Event"
852:Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism
3615:Die Humpty-Dumpty-Maschine der totalen Zukunft
2949:. Translated by FlĂĽgel, Eileen. Archived from
2266:Chin, Sharon; Franke, Fabian; Halpern, Sheri.
2107:"Cracks appear in Berlin's Holocaust memorial"
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
3899:
3698:Athena Leads the Young Warrior into the Fight
3063:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2079:
2077:
1903:
1891:
1812:
1793:
1520:
1350:"The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
668:in New York, accompanied by the choir of the
8:
1885:
1806:
1787:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
803:persecution of the European Jewish community
32:
3027:. Briefing: Germany's Jews. 3 January 2008.
845:The memorial covered in snow, February 2009
53:General view of the Memorial from the South
3906:
3892:
3884:
3842:
3586:
3473:
3359:
3310:
3086:
3070:
3056:
3048:
2694:[Very popular and tight on cash].
2426:
2424:
2422:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
47:
31:
3033:"Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe"
2610:
2608:
2551:
1961:. Australian Story with Sabina Wolanski.
1710:
1708:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1630:
1628:
1552:
1550:
1498:"Painful birth for memorial to Holocaust"
1343:
1341:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
922:Reflecting the continuing disagreements,
3740:Nike Instructs the Boy in Heroic History
3385:Polish soldiers and German anti-Fascists
1287:"Information Centre · Yad Vashem Portal"
1180:
1178:
1176:
1105:Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany
187:Denkmal fĂĽr die ermordeten Juden Europas
40:Denkmal fĂĽr die ermordeten Juden Europas
4547:Peter Eisenman buildings and structures
4067:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2719:Cortez, Michelle Fay (3 January 2009).
2377:"Lost and found in European wanderings"
1982:
1980:
1852:Fleishman, Jeffrey (14 November 2003).
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1151:
1135:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1054:of mostly young people posting smiling
1034:, after noticing numerous instances on
239: in) long, 0.95 m (3 ft
179:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
33:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2991:The Fundraising Group for the Memorial
1759:"Germany: Holocaust Memorial Campaign"
1249:"The Facelessness of Mass Destruction"
813:symbolic representation of the forced
545:Embassy of the United States in Berlin
375:) was consequently founded to run it.
3719:Iris Takes the Fallen Hero to Olympus
2912:Leggewie, Claus; Meyer, Erik (2005).
2832:D'Addario, Daniel (30 January 2013).
2789:Oltermann, Philip (19 January 2017).
2763:
2761:
998:There have been various incidents of
969:Vandalism and disrespectful behaviour
826:that forced Jews to stay in Germany.
550:In July 2001, the provocative slogan
7:
3370:Homosexuals persecuted under Fascism
2671:. Frontline: A Jew Among the Germans
2567:Spinner, Rabbi Josh (25 June 2005).
2222:. Frontline: A Jew Among The Germans
1638:"Berlin Holocaust Memorial Approved"
1468:"Holocaust Memorial Opens in Berlin"
1247:Spiegelman, Willard (16 July 2011).
1130:Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)
894:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
515:and negotiated between Eisenman and
2242:"Peter Eisenman about the Memorial"
1825:Eisenman, Peter (30 October 2003).
1808:"Die Grenze ist ganz klar Zyklon B"
1267:Tom L. Freudenheim (15 June 2005),
815:segregation and confinement of Jews
577:published articles noting that the
3146:Frederick William I of Brandenburg
3079:Public art and memorials in Berlin
3039:. 23 February 2007. Archived from
2894:"The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin"
2744:Seythal, Thomas (9 January 2014).
2692:"Sehr populär und knapp bei Kasse"
2293:"Editorial – A Holocaust memorial"
2126:Baghdjian, Alice (15 March 2012).
1533:Hooper, John (26 September 2000).
1415:Ouroussoff, Nicolai (9 May 2005).
928:Central Council of Jews in Germany
615:Central Council of Jews in Germany
438:Central Council of Jews in Germany
25:
4522:Buildings and structures in Mitte
3803:Hercules and the Erymanthian Boar
3664:Prometheus Bound and the Oceanids
3580:Tilted Donut Wedge with Two Balls
3380:Murdered members of the Reichstag
3006:. 30 October 2014. Archived from
2813:. Grindr-remembers.blogspot.co.uk
1937:Harding, Luke (27 October 2003).
1854:"Nazi-Era Firm Finds Forgiveness"
1382:Young, Morgen (24 October 2010).
709:Display in the information centre
597:gas used to poison people in the
4451:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
4349:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
4179:
3726:Nike Assists the Wounded Warrior
3422:Victims of "euthanasia" killings
3416:Trains to Life – Trains to Death
3256:Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
2939:Neumärker, Uwe (December 2006).
2512:Northeastern University Scholars
2105:Connolly, Kate (9 August 2007).
1916:Benoit, Bertrand (11 May 2005).
1084:
330:'s urban villa, with the nearby
3151:Frederick William IV of Prussia
2834:"Grindr's odd Holocaust fetish"
2768:Anderson, Emma (13 July 2016).
2690:Wefing, Heinrich (9 May 2006).
2587:"Press cool on Berlin memorial"
2345:Brody, Richard (12 July 2012).
2186:Leland, Karen (13 March 2011).
1993:. Lexington Books. p. 81.
1756:Homola, Victor (18 July 2001).
1496:Williamson, Hugh (4 May 2005).
1223:Brody, Richard (12 July 2012).
876:flight and expulsion of Germans
4527:Holocaust memorials in Germany
4258:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
3705:Athena Protects the Young Hero
3261:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz
3156:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau
2914:Ein Ort, an den man gerne geht
2637:Connelly, Kate (13 May 2005).
1829:[Hostage of History].
1535:"Monumental hassles in Berlin"
837:Public reception and criticism
511:In a breakthrough mediated by
429:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1:
4072:Monument to Freedom and Unity
4003:Deutsches Historisches Museum
3333:Monument to Freedom and Unity
3116:Gebhard Leberecht von BlĂĽcher
3106:Christian Peter Wilhelm Beuth
2620:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1635:Cohen, Roger (26 June 1999).
1384:"Berlin's Holocaust Memorial"
766:Irregularly positioned blocks
730:that transported them to the
4567:Outdoor sculptures in Berlin
4273:Museum Europäischer Kulturen
3629:Hercules and the Nemean Lion
3221:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2415:. Northwest University: 57–.
2084:Ward, Josh (8 August 2007).
926:, then the president of the
552:The Holocaust never happened
3444:Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer
3375:The murdered Jews of Europe
3292:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
3121:Friedrich Wilhelm von BĂĽlow
2622:(in German). Archived from
2473:Architectural Theory Review
1904:Leggewie & Meyer (2005)
1892:Leggewie & Meyer (2005)
1813:Leggewie & Meyer (2005)
1794:Leggewie & Meyer (2005)
1521:Leggewie & Meyer (2005)
884:Jewish community in Berlin.
27:Memorial in Berlin, Germany
4583:
4532:Jews and Judaism in Berlin
4248:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
3201:Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau
3191:James Francis Edward Keith
3161:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2048:European Review of History
1066:In January 2013, the blog
972:
18:Holocaust memorial, Berlin
4464:
4177:
3852:
3841:
3760:Altgermanische Wisentjagd
3483:
3472:
3320:
3309:
3287:Hans Karl von Winterfeldt
3096:
3085:
2485:10.1080/13264820309478473
2060:10.1080/13507480802500640
936:Bełżec extermination camp
62:
58:
46:
37:
4233:Freie Universität Berlin
4218:Berlin Zoological Garden
4122:Vorderasiatisches Museum
3796:Hasenhatz zur Rokokozeit
3782:ChurfĂĽrstliche Fuchsjagd
3206:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1959:"The Girl From Boryslaw"
1120:Shoes on the Danube Bank
908:Close-up showing texture
593:, had even produced the
567:On 14 October 2003, the
525:The House of Remembrance
209:, designed by architect
4562:Vandalized works of art
3914:Visitor attractions in
3691:Athena Arms the Warrior
3450:The Parliament of Trees
3297:Hans Joachim von Zieten
3251:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
3241:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
3170:Alexander von Humboldt
2900:The Burlington Magazine
2534:Neumärker, Uwe (2012).
1987:Sion, Brigitte (2014).
1827:"Geisel der Geschichte"
1273:The Wall Street Journal
1254:The Wall Street Journal
451:, the president of the
436:, the president of the
314:district, close to the
4293:Schloss Charlottenburg
4278:Natural History Museum
4156:St. Hedwig's Cathedral
3390:Sinti and Roma victims
2506:Mumma, Rachel (2018).
2407:Mumma, Rachel (2018).
1886:
1807:
1788:
1100:Culture of Remembrance
995:
994:Couple at the memorial
987:
909:
846:
787:
767:
710:
666:Fifth Avenue Synagogue
632:Completion and opening
472:Christine Jackob-Marks
388:
372:
303:
258:
186:
4537:Jewish German history
4359:German-Russian Museum
4117:Museum of Islamic Art
3552:Memoria Urbana Berlin
3394:Soviet war memorials
3166:Hermann von Helmholtz
3043:on 27 September 2007.
2733:on 28 September 2014.
2569:"The Berlin Memorial"
1269:Monument to Ambiguity
993:
982:
944:University of Toronto
907:
844:
785:
765:
708:
670:White Stork Synagogue
513:W. Michael Blumenthal
386:
298:
189:), also known as the
81:52.51389°N 13.37889°E
4431:Charlottenhof Palace
4263:Kaufhaus des Westens
4166:Topography of Terror
4102:Oranienburger StraĂźe
3954:Berlin Wall Memorial
3944:Alte Nationalgalerie
3733:Nike Crowns the Hero
3325:International Stele
3216:Eilhard Mitscherlich
3186:Wilhelm von Humboldt
3130:Frederick the Great
2889:Saehrendt, Christian
2626:on 14 February 2008.
2540:Filozofija i Društvo
684:Construction defects
197:), is a memorial in
136:Completion date
4489:Transport in Berlin
4446:Potsdam Roman Baths
4423:Metropolitan region
4411:Soviet War Memorial
4298:Soviet War Memorial
4047:Humboldt University
3510:Borghese Gladiators
3013:on 4 February 2016.
2969:Haus der Geschichte
2920:] (in German).
2553:10.2298/fid1204139n
2413:University Scholars
2323:. PBS. 12 July 2012
2153:Ouroussoff, Nicolai
1718:(18 January 2000).
1681:(18 January 1999).
1510:on 13 January 2016.
1360:on 27 December 2016
1092:Architecture portal
880:concentration camps
723:National Socialists
468:extermination camps
453:Akademie der KĂĽnste
426:, co-editor of the
259:Ort der Information
170:stiftung-denkmal.de
144:Dedicated date
128:Beginning date
77: /
34:
4238:Gas Lantern Museum
4211:Bundespräsidialamt
4129:Platz der Republik
3986:Checkpoint Charlie
3869:United Buddy Bears
3657:Mercury and Psyche
3246:Friedrich Schiller
3091:Portrait sculpture
3020:"Latkes and vodka"
2953:on 21 August 2007.
2922:Carl Hanser Verlag
2385:. 24 November 2012
2272:Humanity in Action
2214:Wefing, Heinrich.
2164:The New York Times
1906:, pp. 287–300
1765:The New York Times
1727:The New York Times
1690:The New York Times
1644:The New York Times
1610:The New York Times
1599:Andrews, Edmund L.
1569:The New York Times
1474:The New York Times
1463:Bernstein, Richard
1424:The New York Times
1122:Memorial built in
1015:Nicolai Ouroussoff
996:
988:
910:
896:, German novelist
860:Nicolai Ouroussoff
854:(in 2008) and the
847:
788:
768:
711:
701:Information Bureau
482:Federal Chancellor
424:Frank Schirrmacher
389:
316:Reichstag building
304:
191:Holocaust Memorial
86:52.51389; 13.37889
4557:Holocaust museums
4552:Museums in Berlin
4509:
4508:
4354:East Side Gallery
4313:Tempelhof Airport
4223:Botanical Gardens
4161:Staatsoper Berlin
4052:Kronprinzenpalais
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3857:East Side Gallery
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3767:Amazone zu Pferde
3608:Centaur and Nymph
3600:Amazone zu Pferde
3531:Indischer Brunnen
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3398:Schönholzer Heide
3305:
3304:
3236:Albrecht von Roon
3211:Wilhelm Leuschner
3111:Otto von Bismarck
2891:(December 2005).
2865:. 31 January 2013
2195:Los Angeles Times
2000:978-0-7391-7630-6
1859:Los Angeles Times
959:Holocaust deniers
831:Babylonian Talmud
379:First competition
332:Reich Chancellery
299:View between the
195:Holocaust-Mahnmal
175:
174:
152:Dedicated to
16:(Redirected from
4574:
4308:TauentzienstraĂźe
4183:
4171:Unter den Linden
4030:Hackescher Markt
3981:Brandenburg Gate
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3843:
3789:Eberjagd um 1500
3769:(Louis Tuaillon)
3587:
3474:
3438:Freedom Memorial
3360:
3311:
3087:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3001:
2987:
2986:
2984:Official website
2954:
2935:
2918:A place to go to
2908:
2896:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:. Archived from
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2468:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
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2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1884:Original quote:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:on 11 April 2021
1862:. Archived from
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1805:Original quote:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1786:Original quote:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1723:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1565:
1560:(26 July 1998).
1554:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:, pp. 91–94
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:. Archived from
1493:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1420:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1356:. Archived from
1345:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1094:
1089:
1088:
983:Jumping between
949:Die Tageszeitung
913:Eberhard Diepgen
824:Évian Conference
777:Wolfgang Thierse
736:Room of Families
721:, from when the
649:Gerhard Schröder
622:Henryk M. Broder
603:Wolfgang Thierse
521:Gerhard Schröder
394:
320:Brandenburg Gate
286:
274:Brandenburg Gate
252:
251:
247:
244:
238:
237:
233:
230:
139:15 December 2004
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
82:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
51:
35:
21:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4460:
4441:Orangery Palace
4417:
4401:Tierpark Berlin
4391:Oberbaum Bridge
4369:Köpenick Palace
4364:Karl-Marx-Allee
4337:
4303:Spandau Citadel
4206:Bellevue Palace
4201:Aquarium Berlin
4184:
4175:
4134:Potsdamer Platz
4112:Pergamon Museum
4013:FriedrichstraĂźe
3918:
3912:
3882:
3873:
3848:
3829:
3810:Pony und Knappe
3745:
3676:
3636:Hunne zu Pferde
3585:
3538:Klingende Blume
3479:
3460:
3426:
3358:
3327:Always Remember
3316:
3315:Other memorials
3301:
3226:Theodor Mommsen
3126:Theodor Fontane
3092:
3081:
3076:
3031:
3017:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2946:Goethe-Institut
2938:
2932:
2911:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2470:
2469:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2298:The Japan Times
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1923:Financial Times
1915:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1601:(4 June 1998).
1597:
1596:
1585:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1503:Financial Times
1495:
1494:
1490:
1465:(11 May 2005).
1461:
1460:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:Europe Up Close
1381:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1068:Totem and Taboo
977:
971:
839:
760:
758:Interpretations
703:
686:
658:Joseph Malovany
653:Sabina Wolanski
634:
561:
517:Michael Naumann
493:
491:Eisenman design
392:
381:
361:Eberhard Jäckel
353:
348:
328:Joseph Goebbels
293:
281:
249:
245:
242:
240:
235:
231:
228:
226:
85:
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
66:
64:
63:
54:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4406:Treptower Park
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4342:Eastern Berlin
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Victory Column
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Olympiastadion
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:KurfĂĽrstendamm
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4189:Western Berlin
4186:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Nikolaiviertel
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:Hackesche Höfe
4027:
4025:Gendarmenmarkt
4022:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:Humboldt Forum
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3932:Alexanderplatz
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3524:Drachenbrunnen
3520:
3513:
3506:
3503:Bogenspannerin
3499:
3492:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3408:Treptower Park
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3354:Victory Column
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Richard Wagner
3279:
3277:Rudolf Virchow
3274:
3272:Albrecht Thaer
3269:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:Charlottenburg
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3029:
3015:
2993:
2988:
2977:
2976:External links
2974:
2973:
2972:
2965:Sites of Unity
2955:
2936:
2930:
2909:
2877:
2876:
2850:
2824:
2802:
2781:
2757:
2736:
2711:
2682:
2663:Duba, Ursula.
2655:
2629:
2604:
2578:
2559:
2546:(4): 139–147.
2521:
2498:
2452:
2418:
2399:
2368:
2352:The New Yorker
2337:
2312:
2284:
2258:
2233:
2201:
2178:
2155:(9 May 2005).
2139:
2118:
2097:
2073:
2054:(6): 707–725.
2038:
2013:
1999:
1976:
1950:
1929:
1908:
1896:
1894:, p. 296.
1877:
1844:
1817:
1815:, p. 294.
1798:
1796:, p. 294.
1779:
1748:
1704:
1665:
1624:
1583:
1546:
1525:
1513:
1488:
1445:
1400:
1371:
1348:Seemann, Uwe.
1337:
1303:
1278:
1260:
1236:
1230:The New Yorker
1202:
1172:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1079:
1076:
1032:Shahak Shapira
1008:New Year's Eve
970:
967:
917:groundbreaking
838:
835:
801:Third Reich's
759:
756:
719:Final Solution
702:
699:
685:
682:
633:
630:
574:Tages-Anzeiger
560:
557:
498:Peter Eisenman
492:
489:
442:Wolfgang Nagel
420:administration
380:
377:
359:and historian
352:
349:
347:
344:
312:Friedrichstadt
292:
289:
211:Peter Eisenman
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
112:Peter Eisenman
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4579:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Jewish Museum
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Europa-Center
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Allied Museum
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Rotes Rathaus
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Pariser Platz
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Neue Synagoge
4085:
4083:
4082:Neptunbrunnen
4080:
4078:
4077:Museum Island
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:Berlin Palace
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3682:SchlossbrĂĽcke
3679:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:(August Kiss)
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3591:Museum Island
3588:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:Neptunbrunnen
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:Arc de 124,5°
3486:
3485:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3456:White Crosses
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:Nazism · WWII
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:Joseph Stalin
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
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2593:. 10 May 2005
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2301:. 14 May 2005
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1063:"Yolocaust".
1061:
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534:
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526:
522:
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502:Richard Serra
499:
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208:
207:the Holocaust
204:
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196:
192:
188:
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171:
168:
164:
161:
160:the Holocaust
157:
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110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
61:
57:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4396:Stasi Museum
4380:Molecule Man
4378:
4328:Viktoriapark
4243:Hauptbahnhof
4092:Neues Museum
4066:
4018:Tränenpalast
3959:Berliner Dom
3949:Altes Museum
3861:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
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3648:
3641:
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3627:
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3606:
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3573:Siegessäulen
3571:
3564:
3559:Molecule Man
3557:
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3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3448:
3414:
3374:
3344:Peace Column
3326:
3041:the original
3036:
3024:
3008:the original
3003:
2958:
2951:the original
2944:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2882:Bibliography
2881:
2880:
2867:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:The Guardian
2794:
2784:
2773:
2749:
2739:
2731:the original
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2695:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:
2632:
2624:the original
2619:
2595:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2543:
2539:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2479:(1): 57–62.
2476:
2472:
2443:. Retrieved
2436:
2412:
2402:
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2387:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2363:
2356:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2332:
2325:. Retrieved
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2219:
2193:
2181:
2162:
2131:
2121:
2112:The Guardian
2110:
2100:
2089:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1989:
1967:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:The Guardian
1942:
1932:
1921:
1911:
1899:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1857:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1811:. Quoted in
1801:
1792:. Quoted in
1782:
1763:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:Cohen, Roger
1688:
1679:Cohen, Roger
1656:. Retrieved
1642:
1608:
1567:
1558:Cowell, Alan
1540:The Guardian
1538:
1528:
1516:
1508:the original
1501:
1491:
1472:
1436:. Retrieved
1422:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1353:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1271:
1263:
1252:
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1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1144:
1072:Joel Simkhai
1067:
1065:
1036:social media
1024:
1018:
1012:
997:
984:
955:
947:
941:
933:
924:Paul Spiegel
921:
911:
890:GĂĽnter Grass
887:
865:
848:
828:
820:
807:
789:
773:
769:
752:
748:
739:
735:
714:
712:
694:
691:
687:
678:
646:
635:
619:
611:
599:gas chambers
572:
566:
562:
559:Construction
551:
549:
541:
532:
528:
524:
510:
507:
494:
480:
460:Simon Ungers
457:
446:
434:Ignatz Bubis
427:
422:, including
408:urban design
404:architecture
390:
387:The Memorial
354:
340:
336:FĂĽhrerbunker
305:
300:
270:World War II
267:
215:Buro Happold
194:
190:
178:
176:
131:1 April 2003
39:
29:
4484:Spree River
4469:Berlin Wall
4386:MĂĽggelberge
4139:Sony Center
4057:Kulturforum
4042:Hotel Adlon
4008:Fernsehturm
3976:Bode Museum
3937:Weltzeituhr
3824:Volksgesang
3545:Lebensalter
3478:Other works
3431:Berlin Wall
3196:Carl Legien
3037:Archiplanet
2700:(in German)
2675:16 December
2445:16 December
2438:Der Spiegel
2389:27 February
2358:27 February
2327:27 February
2251:26 February
2226:16 December
2091:Der Spiegel
1870:11 November
1833:(in German)
1438:16 December
1393:16 December
1364:16 December
868:Nazi Regime
793:Third Reich
732:death camps
587:Protectosil
500:and artist
485:Helmut Kohl
449:Walter Jens
324:Berlin Wall
205:victims of
158:victims of
147:10 May 2005
84: /
4516:Categories
4436:New Palace
4374:Uber Arena
4318:Tiergarten
4062:Lustgarten
3998:DDR Museum
3863:Lapidarium
3751:Tiergarten
3517:The Boxers
3403:Tiergarten
3231:Max Planck
3179:Tiergarten
2648:4 February
2305:4 February
2277:4 February
2031:4 February
2006:4 February
1890:Quoted in
1658:4 February
1330:4 February
1296:4 February
1195:4 February
1141:References
1020:Pokémon Go
973:See also:
744:Yad Vashem
585:substance
571:newspaper
351:Beginnings
308:Tiergarten
285:25 million
263:Yad Vashem
221:slabs or "
72:13°22′44″E
69:52°30′50″N
4479:Landmarks
4456:Sanssouci
4146:Reichstag
3817:Der Rufer
3671:The Sower
3440:(removed)
3335:(planned)
3268:(removed)
2907:(1, 233).
2869:18 August
2843:18 August
2817:18 August
2775:The Local
2726:Bloomberg
2597:18 August
2493:144315177
2441:. Hamburg
2173:0362-4331
2068:143732763
1774:0362-4331
1741:12 August
1736:0362-4331
1699:0362-4331
1653:0362-4331
1619:0362-4331
1578:0362-4331
1483:0362-4331
1433:0362-4331
1044:Instagram
1026:The Local
1004:swastikas
1000:vandalism
963:alt-right
642:Auschwitz
365:Bundestag
276:, in the
193:(German:
103:, Germany
3622:Gerettet
2971:), 2023.
2863:HuffPost
2591:BBC News
1831:Die Zeit
1165:16 March
1124:Budapest
1078:See also
1040:Facebook
1038:such as
607:Lea Rosh
595:Zyklon B
583:graffiti
416:politics
357:Lea Rosh
334:and the
318:and the
291:Location
219:concrete
122:Concrete
118:Material
108:Designer
97:Location
4474:Culture
4333:Wannsee
3847:Related
2751:Reuters
2573:aishcom
2133:Reuters
1969:11 June
1837:18 July
1126:in 2005
1056:selfies
674:Wrocław
664:of the
638:V-E Day
591:Degesch
579:Degussa
555:more."
464:Hamburg
412:history
346:History
248:⁄
234:⁄
201:to the
166:Website
4499:S-Bahn
4494:U-Bahn
3991:museum
3916:Berlin
3496:Berlin
2928:
2704:17 May
2491:
2171:
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1772:
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1651:
1617:
1576:
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1052:Grindr
1048:Tinder
985:stelae
786:Stelae
734:. The
728:trains
715:stelae
695:stelae
662:cantor
626:kosher
476:Masada
440:, and
393:
369:German
301:stelae
255:German
223:stelae
203:Jewish
199:Berlin
183:German
156:Jewish
101:Berlin
3924:Mitte
3775:Bison
3174:Mitte
3139:Mitte
3011:(PDF)
3000:(PDF)
2916:[
2838:Salon
2489:S2CID
2064:S2CID
1146:Notes
872:SED's
569:Swiss
462:from
278:Mitte
3643:Löwe
2963:In:
2926:ISBN
2871:2013
2845:2013
2819:2013
2706:2006
2677:2016
2650:2016
2599:2013
2447:2016
2391:2013
2360:2013
2329:2013
2307:2016
2279:2016
2253:2021
2228:2016
2169:ISSN
2033:2016
2008:2016
1995:ISBN
1971:2011
1872:2021
1839:2011
1770:ISSN
1743:2003
1732:ISSN
1695:ISSN
1660:2016
1649:ISSN
1615:ISSN
1574:ISSN
1479:ISSN
1440:2016
1429:ISSN
1395:2016
1366:2016
1332:2016
1298:2016
1197:2016
1167:2022
1060:yoga
1050:and
810:Nazi
418:and
213:and
177:The
2905:147
2697:FAZ
2669:PBS
2548:doi
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2056:doi
1963:ABC
672:in
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628:."
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