1194:
130:
Unlike class I and class II holins, which are composed of hydrophobic transmembrane helices, class III holins form a single highly hydrophilic TMD, with the N-terminus in the cytoplasm and the C-terminus in the periplasm. The first class III holin to be characterized was the
60:
such as the S protein of lambdoid phage 21 act by forming heptameric channels that depolarize the bacterial membrane. They are associated with SAR endolysins, which remain inactive in the periplasm prior to the depolarization of the membrane.
115:
Class II holins have two TMDs, with both the N- and the C-terminus in the cytoplasm. Their number of residues usually falls between 65 and 95. Examples include the S protein from lambdoid phage 21 and the Hol3626 protein from
262:
49:
encode holins, making them the most diverse group of proteins with common function. Together with lysins, holins are being studied for their potential use as
476:
467:
144:
503:
45:, a component of bacterial cell walls. Holins have been shown to regulate the timing of lysis with great precision. Over 50 unrelated
1068:"Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications"
708:
97:
in the periplasm and the C-terminus in the cytoplasm. They generally have over 95 residues. Examples of class I holins include the
548:
1219:
431:
1184:
449:
440:
187:
There are also several holin families that do not fall into the superfamilies designated above. These families include:
1224:
1111:"Characterization and determination of holin protein of Streptococcus suis bacteriophage SMP in heterologous host"
907:"Characterization and determination of holin protein of Streptococcus suis bacteriophage SMP in heterologous host"
422:
485:
539:
118:
240:
181:
161:
103:
90:
176:
166:
156:
98:
306:
204:
171:
151:
293:
135:-encoded t protein (T4 holin). Other examples include the holins of the ФCP39O and ФCP26F phage.
1109:
Shi, Yibo; Yan, Yaxian; Ji, Wenhui; Du, Bin; Meng, Xiangpeng; Wang, Hengan; Sun, Jianhe (2012).
1171:
1142:
1097:
1054:
976:
938:
882:
831:
774:
689:
652:
601:
512:
319:
284:
275:
231:
222:
959:
Ramanculov E, Young R (March 2001). "Genetic analysis of the T4 holin: timing and topology".
584:
Wang IN, Smith DL, Young R (2002). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections".
1163:
1132:
1122:
1087:
1079:
1044:
1036:
968:
928:
918:
872:
862:
821:
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764:
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364:
337:
328:
132:
1214:
530:
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213:
719:
716:
Communicating
Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology
674:
1198:
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1024:
933:
906:
877:
850:
826:
793:
769:
744:
413:
395:
386:
972:
1208:
1025:"Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies"
647:
620:
346:
64:
Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells may use similar channel-forming proteins called
50:
46:
42:
26:
597:
494:
404:
1154:
Young, R.; Bläsi, U. (1995). "Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis".
1040:
565:
34:
23:
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94:
65:
707:
Veiga-Crespo P; Barros-Velázquez J; Villa T.G. (2007). Méndez-Vilas A (ed.).
191:
851:"Viroporins: Structures and functions beyond cell membrane permeabilization"
30:
1146:
1127:
1101:
1058:
980:
942:
923:
886:
835:
778:
693:
656:
637:
605:
1175:
195:
1083:
817:
809:
995:
867:
81:
According to their structure there are three main classes of holins.
38:
560:
792:
Nieva, José Luis; Madan, Vanesa; Carrasco, Luis (2 July 2012).
905:
Shi Y, Yan Y, Ji W, Du B, Meng X, Wang H, Sun J (March 2012).
29:
in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's
396:
522:
The
Putative Acholeplasma Phage L2 Holin (L2 Holin) Family
37:. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing
378:
254:
The
Neisserial Phage-associated Holin (NP-Holin) Family
745:"Phage lysis: Three steps, three choices, one outcome"
477:
The Gene
Transfer Agent-release Holin (GTA-Hol) Family
267:
1182:
405:
The
Putative Lactococcus lactis Holin (LLHol) Family
450:
The
Putative Treponema 4 TMS Holin (Tre4Hol) Family
347:
56:While canonical holins act by forming large pores,
1029:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
549:The Putative Bacterial Archaeal Holin (BAH) Family
513:The Erwinia Phage Phi-Ea1h Holin (EPPE-Hol) Family
468:The Flp/Fap Pilin Putative Holin (FFPP-Hol) Family
329:The Actinobacterial 1 TMS Holin (A-1 Holin) Family
205:The Firmicute phage φU53 Holin (φU53 Holin) Family
147:, there are a total of seven holin superfamilies.
22:are a diverse group of small proteins produced by
849:Nieva, José; Carrasco, Luis (29 September 2015).
531:The Putative Archaeal 2 TMS Holin (A2-Hol) Family
459:The Putative Listeria Phage Holin (LP-Hol) Family
1023:Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr, Milton H. (2013).
794:"Viroporins: structure and biological functions"
338:The 2 or 3 TMS Putative Holin (2/3 Holin) Family
276:The Bacterophase Dp-1 Holin (Dp-1 Holin) Family
387:The Putative Holin-like Toxin (Hol-Tox) Family
1066:Saier, Milton H.; Reddy, Bhaskara L. (2015).
619:Gründling A, Manson MD, Young R (July 2001).
8:
954:
952:
504:The Actinobacterial Phage Holin (APH) Family
414:The Xanthomonas Phage Holin (XanPHol) Family
214:The CidA/LrgA Holin (CidA/LrgA Holin) Family
432:The Caulobacter Phage Holin (CauHol) Family
1136:
1126:
1091:
1048:
932:
922:
876:
866:
825:
768:
646:
636:
369:phage P68 Putative Holin (P68 Hol) Family
675:"Bacteriophage Holins: Deadly Diversity"
668:
666:
441:The Enterobacterial Holin (EBHol) Family
1189:
576:
495:The Putative 3 TMS Holin (3-Hol) Family
423:The Prophage Hp1 Holin (Hp1Hol) Family
298:Phage Mu1/6 Holin (Mu1/6 Holin) Family
900:
898:
896:
7:
709:"What can bacteriophages do for us?"
486:The Brachyspira holin (B-Hol) Family
356:The Phage T1 Holin (T1 Holin) Family
1000:Transporter Classification Database
145:Transporter Classification Database
1168:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00202.x
540:The Putative Holin-2 (PH-2) Family
320:The SPP1 Holin (SPP1 Holin) Family
285:The BhlA Holin (BhlA Holin) Family
245:Phage r1t Holin (r1t Holin) Family
232:The BlyA Holin (BlyA Holin) Family
223:The ArpQ Holin (ArpQ Holin) Family
14:
1192:
16:Diverse group of small proteins
743:Young, Ryland (1 March 2014).
598:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799
196:The T4 Holin (T4 Holin) Family
1:
973:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00365-1
682:J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol
621:"Holins kill without warning"
1041:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.004
625:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
101:S protein (λ holin) and the
798:Nature Reviews Microbiology
311:Holin (Vibrio Holin) Family
1241:
89:Class I holins have three
1156:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
761:10.1007/s12275-014-4087-z
718:: 885–893. Archived from
296:Streptomyces aureofaciens
107:phage P68 hol15 protein.
673:Young R (January 2002).
1072:Journal of Bacteriology
749:Journal of Microbiology
119:Clostridium perfringens
1128:10.1186/1743-422x-9-70
924:10.1186/1743-422X-9-70
638:10.1073/pnas.151247598
1220:Protein superfamilies
182:Holin superfamily VII
162:Holin superfamily III
122:bacteriophage Ф3626.
104:Staphylococcus aureus
91:transmembrane domains
41:to reach and degrade
177:Holin superfamily VI
167:Holin superfamily IV
157:Holin superfamily II
1084:10.1128/JB.02046-14
810:10.1038/nrmicro2820
172:Holin superfamily V
152:Holin superfamily I
996:"TC-Superfamilies"
586:Annu Rev Microbiol
243:Lactococcus lactis
33:at the end of the
1225:Membrane proteins
1035:(11): 2654–2671.
861:(10): 5169–5171.
631:(16): 9348–9352.
143:According to the
1232:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1162:(1–2): 191–205.
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1140:
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1115:Virology Journal
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991:
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956:
947:
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911:Virology Journal
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891:
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868:10.3390/v7102866
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679:
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609:
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133:bacteriophage T4
126:Class III holins
93:(TMDs) with the
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1239:
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1234:
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1229:
1205:
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1017:Further reading
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141:
128:
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111:Class II holins
99:bacteriophage λ
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79:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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986:
967:(1–2): 25–36.
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892:
841:
804:(8): 563–574.
784:
755:(3): 243–258.
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367:Staphylococcus
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85:Class I holins
83:
78:
75:
73:
72:Classification
70:
27:bacteriophages
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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725:on 2016-03-03
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139:Gene families
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52:
51:antibacterial
48:
47:gene families
44:
43:peptidoglycan
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
1159:
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1003:. Retrieved
999:
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818:10261/115331
801:
797:
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727:. Retrieved
720:the original
715:
702:
688:(1): 21–36.
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308:
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129:
117:
114:
102:
88:
80:
63:
57:
55:
19:
18:
1078:(1): 7–17.
592:: 799–825.
566:Lytic cycle
35:lytic cycle
1209:Categories
1005:9 November
729:2013-11-09
572:References
95:N-terminus
66:viroporins
994:Saier M.
77:Structure
58:pinholins
31:cell wall
1147:22436471
1102:25157079
1059:23856191
981:11255004
943:22436471
887:26702461
836:22751485
779:24585055
694:11763969
657:11459934
606:11018145
555:See also
265:Bacillus
53:agents.
1199:Biology
1176:7669346
1138:3359269
1093:4288690
1050:3788059
934:3359269
878:4632374
855:Viruses
827:7097105
770:4012431
545:9.B.185
536:9.B.154
527:9.B.109
1215:Holins
1185:Portal
1174:
1145:
1135:
1121:: 70.
1100:
1090:
1057:
1047:
979:
941:
931:
917:: 70.
885:
875:
834:
824:
777:
767:
692:
655:
645:
604:
518:1.E.59
509:1.E.58
500:1.E.57
491:1.E.56
482:1.E.55
473:1.E.54
464:1.E.52
455:1.E.51
446:1.E.49
437:1.E.48
428:1.E.47
419:1.E.46
410:1.E.45
401:1.E.44
392:1.E.43
383:1.E.42
374:1.E.39
361:1.E.38
352:1.E.37
343:1.E.35
334:1.E.33
325:1.E.32
316:1.E.31
309:Vibrio
303:1.E.30
290:1.E.28
281:1.E.27
272:1.E.24
259:1.E.23
250:1.E.22
237:1.E.18
228:1.E.17
219:1.E.15
210:1.E.14
201:1.E.13
39:lysins
20:Holins
723:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
648:55423
561:Lysin
192:1.E.8
24:dsDNA
1172:PMID
1143:PMID
1098:PMID
1055:PMID
1033:1828
1007:2013
977:PMID
961:Gene
939:PMID
883:PMID
832:PMID
775:PMID
690:PMID
653:PMID
602:PMID
365:The
307:The
294:The
263:The
241:The
1164:doi
1133:PMC
1123:doi
1088:PMC
1080:doi
1076:197
1045:PMC
1037:doi
969:doi
965:265
929:PMC
919:doi
873:PMC
863:doi
822:PMC
814:hdl
806:doi
765:PMC
757:doi
643:PMC
633:doi
594:doi
1211::
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1160:17
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1117:.
1113:.
1096:.
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1053:.
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1027:.
998:.
975:.
963:.
951:^
937:.
927:.
913:.
909:.
895:^
881:.
871:.
857:.
853:.
830:.
820:.
812:.
802:10
800:.
796:.
773:.
763:.
753:52
751:.
747:.
714:.
684:.
680:.
665:^
651:.
641:.
629:98
627:.
623:.
600:.
590:54
588:.
547:-
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859:7
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686:4
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596::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.