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the vacuum 2) propagation of âheatâ into the body of the target (projectile) wherefrom it is eventually also emitted through particle production. Particles produced in process 1) will have higher energies than those due to process 2), because in the latter process the excitation energy is in part degraded. This gives rise to an asymmetry with respect to the leading particle, which should be detectable in an experimental event by event analysis. This effect was confirmed by
Jacques Goldberg in Kâ pâ Kâ p Ï+ Ïâ reactions at 14 GEV/c. This experiment represents the first observation of local equilibrium in hadronic interactions, allowing in principle a quantitative determination of heat conductivity in hadronic matter along the lines of Ref.3. This observation came as a surprise, because, although the electron proton scattering experiments had shown beyond any doubt that the nucleon had a finite size, it was a-priori not clear whether this size was sufficiently big for the hot spot effect to be observable, i. e. whether heat conductivity in hadronic matters was sufficiently small. Experiment4 suggests that this is the case.
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reaction is quite short (of the order of 10â10 seconds) and the propagation of "heat", i.e. of the excitation, through the finite sized body of the system takes a finite time, which is determined by the thermal conductivity of the matter the system is made of. Indications of the transition between local and global equilibrium in strong interaction particle physics started to emerge in the 1960s and early 1970s. In high-energy strong interactions equilibrium is usually not complete. In these reactions, with the increase of laboratory energy one observes that the transverse momenta of produced particles have a tail, which deviates from the single exponential
201:) are a possible physical mechanism for the creation of hot spots in nuclear interactions. Solitons are a solution of the hydrodynamic equations characterized by a stable localized high density region and small spatial volume. They were predicted to appear in low-energy heavy ion collisions at velocities of the projectile slightly exceeding the velocity of sound (E/A ~ 10-20 MeV; here E is the incoming energy and A the atomic number). Possible evidence for this phenomenon is provided by the experimental observation that the linear momentum transfer in 12C induced heavy-ion reactions is limited.
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experimental studies of hot spots in nuclear matter became a subject of current interest and a series of special meetings was dedicated to the topic of local equilibrium in strong interactions. The phenomena of hot spots, heat conduction and preequilibrium play also an important part in high-energy heavy ion reactions and in the search for the phase transition to quark matter.
22:
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had been made in nuclear reactions and were also attributed to pre-equilibrium effects. This interpretation suggested that the equilibrium is neither instantaneous, nor global, but rather local in space and time. By predicting a specific asymmetry in peripheral high-energy hadron reactions based on the hot spot effect
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measurements of protons and gamma rays. Subsequently on the theoretical side the link between hot spots and limiting fragmentation and transparency in high-energy heavy ion reactions was analyzed and âdrifting hot spotsâ for central collisions were studied. With the advent of heavy ion accelerators
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had calculated the corresponding heat conductivity. The interest in this phenomenon was resurrected in the 1970s by the work of Weiner and Weström who established the link between the hot spot model and the pre-equilibrium approach used in low-energy heavy-ion reactions. Experimentally the hot spot
166:
which retains a large proportion of the incoming energy. By taking the notion of peripheral literally Ref.2 suggested that in this kind of reaction the surface of the colliding hadrons is locally excited giving rise to a hot spot, which is de-excited by two processes: 1) emission of particles into
152:
spectrum, characteristic for global equilibrium. The slope or the effective temperature of this transverse momentum tail increases with increasing energy. These large transverse momenta were interpreted as being due to particles, which "leak" out before equilibrium is reached. Similar observations
147:
Local equilibrium is the precursor of global equilibrium and the hot spot effect can be used to determine how fast, if at all, the transition from local to global equilibrium takes place. That this transition does not always happen follows from the fact that the duration of a strong interaction
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are statistical. The use of statistical methods assumes a large number of degrees of freedom. In macroscopic physics this number usually refers to the number of atoms or molecules, while in nuclear and particle physics it refers to the energy level density.
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proposed a direct test of this hypothesis as well as of the assumption that the heat conductivity in hadronic matter is relatively small. The theoretical analysis of the hot spot effect in terms of propagation of heat was performed in Ref.
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In high-energy hadron reactions one distinguishes peripheral reactions with low multiplicity and central collisions with high multiplicity. Peripheral reactions are also characterized by the existence of a
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Ho, H.; Albrecht, R.; DĂŒnnweber, W.; Graw, G.; Steadman, S. G.; Wurm, J. P.; Disdier, D.; Rauch, V.; Scheibling, F. (1977). "Pre-equilibrium alpha emission accompanying deep-inelastic O+Ni collisions".
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Galin, J.; Oeschler, H.; Song, S.; Borderie, B.; Rivet, M. F.; et al. (28 June 1982). "Evidence for a
Limitation of the Linear Momentum Transfer in C-Induced Reactions between 30 and 84 MeV/u".
353:(1938). "Proceedings of the American Physical Society, Minutes of the New York Meeting February 25-26 1938. Abstract 3: Possible Deviations from the Evaporation Model of Nuclear Reactions".
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Trautmann, W.; Hansen, Ole; Tricoire, H.; Hering, W.; Ritzka, R.; Trombik, W. (22 October 1984). "Dynamics of
Incomplete Fusion Reactions fromÎł-Ray Circular-Polarization Measurements".
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Westerberg, L.; Sarantites, D. G.; Hensley, D. C.; Dayras, R. A.; Halbert, M. L.; Barker, J. H. (1 July 1978). "Pre-equilibrium particle emission from fusion of C+Gd and Ne+Nd".
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Nomura, T.; Utsunomiya, H.; Motobayashi, T.; Inamura, T.; Yanokura, M. (13 March 1978). "Statistical
Analysis of Preequilibriumα-Particle Spectra and Possible Local Heating".
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Sugitate, T.; Nomura, T.; Ishihara, M.; Gono, Y.; Utsunomiya, H.; Ieki, K.; Kohmoto, S. (1982). "Polarization of preequilibrium proton emission in the 93Nb + 14N reaction".
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In atomic nuclei, because of their larger dimensions as compared with nucleons, statistical and thermodynamical concepts have been used already in the 1930s.
44:
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Gyulassy, Miklos; Rischke, Dirk H.; Zhang, Bin (1997). "Hot spots and turbulent initial conditions of quark-gluon plasmas in nuclear collisions".
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Beckmann, R; Raha, S; Stelte, N; Weiner, R M (1 February 1984). "Limiting
Fragmentation and Transparency in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions".
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Utsunomiya, H.; Nomura, T.; Inamura, T.; Sugitate, T.; Motobayashi, T. (1980). "Preequilibrium α-particle emission in heavy-ion reactions".
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Beckmann, R.; Raha, S.; Stelte, N.; Weiner, R.M. (1981). "Limiting fragmentation in high-energy heavy-ion reactions and preequilibrium".
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J. M. Miller, in Proc lnt. Conf. on nuclear physics, voL 2, ed. J. de Boer and H. J. Mang (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1973) p. 398.
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model in nuclear reactions was confirmed in a series of investigations some of which of rather sophisticated nature including
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Fowler, G.N.; Raha, S.; Stelte, N.; Weiner, R.M. (1982). "Solitons in nucleus-nucleus collisions near the speed of sound".
920:âCorrelations and Multiparticle Productionâ (LESI IV), Eds. M. PlĂŒmer, S. Raha and R. M. Weiner, World Scientific 1991.
893:âLocal Equilibrium in Strong Interactions Physicsâ (LESIP I), Eds. D. K. Scott and R. M. Weiner, World Scientific 1985
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Raha, S.; Wehrberger, K.; Weiner, R.M. (1985). "Stability of density solitons formed in nuclear collisions".
911:âHadronic Matter in Collision 1988â (LESIP III), Eds. P. Carruthers and J. Rafelski, World Scientific 1988
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Goldberg, Jacques (23 July 1979). "Observation of
Preequilibrium Pion Evaporation from Excited Hadrons?".
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Hot spots are a manifestation of the finite size of the system: in subatomic physics this refers both to
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on nuclei and nucleons. For nuclei in particular finite size effects manifest themselves also in the
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Weiner, R.; Weström, M. (1977). "Diffusion of heat in nuclear matter and preequilibrium phenomena".
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had suggested that propagation of heat in nuclear matter could be studied in central collisions and
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Hadronic Matter in
Collisionâ (LESIP II) Eds. P. Carruthers and D. Strottman, World Scientific 1986
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Weiner, R.; Weström, M. (16 June 1975). "Pre-equilibrium and Heat
Conduction in Nuclear Matter".
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Raha, S.; Weiner, R. M. (7 February 1983). "Are
Solitons Already Seen in Heavy-Ion Reactions?".
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Cf. e.g. Richard M. Weiner, Analogies in
Physics and Life, World Scientific 2008, p. 123.
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physics are regions of high energy density or temperature in hadronic or nuclear matter.
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In this short abstract a forward-backward asymmetry in central collisions is considered.
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Weiner, Richard M. (18 March 1974). "Asymmetry in Peripheral Production Processes".
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Weiner, Richard M. (1 February 1976). "Propagation of "heat" in hadronic matter".
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Talk:Hot spot effect in subatomic physics § Largely incomprehensible
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Stelte, N.; Weström, M.; Weiner, R.M. (1982). "Drifting hot spots".
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in the medium is sufficiently small. The notions of equilibrium and
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Stelte, N.; Weiner, R. (1981). "Cumulative effect and hot spots".
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376:(1938). "Innere Reibung und WÀrmeleitfÀhigkeit der Kernmaterie".
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The formation of hot spots assumes the establishment of local
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384:(9â10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 573â604.
544:(3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 235â245.
98:, as well as to nucleons themselves, which are made of
1096:(26). American Physical Society (APS): 1787â1790.
727:(17). American Physical Society (APS): 1630â1633.
427:(24). American Physical Society (APS): 1523â1527.
339:. Vol. 19, no. 1. 1979. pp. 24â25.
270:(5). American Physical Society (APS): 1363â1375.
587:(11). American Physical Society (APS): 694â697.
235:(11). American Physical Society (APS): 630â633.
1061:(6). American Physical Society (APS): 407â408.
622:(2). American Physical Society (APS): 796â814.
305:(4). American Physical Society (APS): 250â252.
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489:Blann, M (1975). "Preequilibrium Decay".
63:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Statistical methods in subatomic physics
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43:. There is a discussion about this on
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130:, which in its turn occurs if the
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492:Annual Review of Nuclear Science
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797:(3). IOP Publishing: 197â201.
499:(1). Annual Reviews: 123â166.
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954:10.1016/s0375-9474(96)00416-2
867:(1â2). Elsevier BV: 190â210.
832:(4â5). Elsevier BV: 275â280.
333:"Hot spots discussed at Bonn"
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991:(4). Elsevier BV: 286â290.
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241:10.1103/physrevlett.32.630
538:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik A
276:10.1103/physrevd.13.1363
1090:Physical Review Letters
1055:Physical Review Letters
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299:Physical Review Letters
229:Physical Review Letters
378:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik
193:Hot spots and solitons
143:Hot spots in nucleons
132:thermal conductivity
33:confusing or unclear
171:Hot spots in nuclei
94:, which consist of
86:Finite size effects
41:clarify the article
550:10.1007/bf01407203
390:10.1007/bf01340217
181:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1020:Nuclear Physics A
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