2304:
795:
2284:
533:
2294:
786:. With its twin sophisticated MAF floating point units and huge wide and low latency memory interfaces, P2SC was primarily targeted at engineering and scientific applications. P2SC was eventually succeeded by the POWER3, which included 64-bit, SMP capability, and a full transition to PowerPC in addition to P2SC's sophisticated twin MAF floating point units.
1159:— Relevant parts: Chapter 1 (the POWER architecture), Chapter 2 (how the architecture should be implemented), Chapter 6 (the additions introduced by the POWER2 architecture), Appendixes A and C (describes all POWER instructions), Appendix F (describes the differences between the POWER and PowerPC architectures)
771:
instruction cache, fixed point, floating point, storage control, and data cache chips onto one huge die. At the time of its introduction, P2SC was the largest and highest transistor count processor in the industry. Despite the challenge of its size, complexity, and advanced CMOS process, the first
770:
To support the RS/6000 and RS/6000 SP2 product lines in 1996, IBM had its own design team implement a single-chip version of POWER2, the P2SC ("POWER2 Super Chip"), outside the Apple/IBM/Motorola alliance in IBM's most advanced and dense CMOS-6S process. P2SC combined all of the separate POWER2
606:
By 1975 the telephone switch project was canceled without a prototype. From the estimates from simulations produced in the project's first year, however, it looked as if the processor being designed for this project could be a very promising general-purpose processor, so work continued at
894:
Appendix E of Book I: PowerPC User
Instruction Set Architecture of the PowerPC Architecture Book, Version 2.02 describes the differences between the POWER and POWER2 instruction set architectures and the version of the PowerPC instruction set architecture implemented by the POWER5.
703:
chips, storage control chip, input/output chips, and a clock chip. The lower cost RIOS.9 configuration had 8 discrete chips - an instruction cache chip, fixed-point chip, floating-point chip, 2 data cache chips, storage control chip, input/output chip, and a clock chip.
581:
network with a potential capacity to deal with at least 300 calls per second. It was projected that 20,000 machine instructions would be required to handle each call while maintaining a real-time response, so a processor with a performance of 12
598:
This simple design philosophy, whereby each step of a complex operation is specified explicitly by one machine instruction, and all instructions are required to complete in the same constant time, would later come to be known as
586:
was deemed necessary. This requirement was extremely ambitious for the time, but it was realised that much of the complexity of contemporary CPUs could be dispensed with, since this machine would need only to perform
863:
at the same time. IBM complemented this with a complex instruction decoder which could be fetching one instruction, decoding another, and sending one to the ALU and FPU at the same time, resulting in one of the first
737:. Despite being impacted by diversion of resources to jump start the Apple/IBM/Motorola effort, the POWER2 took five years from start to system shipment. By adding a second fixed-point unit, a second
665:
In 1985, research on a second-generation RISC architecture started at the IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research Center, producing the "AMERICA architecture"; in 1986, IBM Austin started developing the
891:
system which maps all addresses into a 52-bit space. In this way applications can share memory in a "flat" 32-bit space, and all of the programs can have different blocks of 32 bits each.
635:
design), to determine if a RISC machine could maintain multiple instructions per cycle, or what design changes need to be made to the 801 design to allow for multiple-execution-units.
623:
limits of the 801 design were explored, such as the feasibility of implementing the design using multiple functional units to improve performance, similar to what had been done in the
432:
775:
version of the processor was able to be shipped, and it had leadership floating point performance at the time it was announced. P2SC was the processor used in the 1997 IBM
1469:
1193:
878:
and another 32 64-bit floating point registers, each in their own unit. The branch unit also included a number of "private" registers for its own use, including the
2370:
2248:
1273:
425:
695:, and hence introduced as the POWERstation and POWERserver. The RS/6000 CPU had 2 configurations, called the "RIOS-1" and "RIOS.9" (or more commonly the "
1494:
646:
execution units. Many changes were made to the 801 design to allow for multiple-execution-units. Cheetah was originally planned to be manufactured using
1626:
1604:
1268:
551:
855:
portion of the design was separate from the instruction decoder and integer parts, allowing the decoder to send instructions to both the FPU and
2375:
848:
537:
418:
1740:
1126:
380:
752:
storage instructions. The quad-word load instruction moves two adjacent double-precision values into two adjacent floating-point registers.
1183:
1096:
1484:
806:'s CPU, widely considered to be the first true RISC processor design. The 801 was used in a number of applications inside IBM hardware.
2347:
2237:
1152:
699:" CPU). A RIOS-1 configuration had a total of 10 discrete chips - an instruction cache chip, fixed-point chip, floating-point chip, 4
390:
1971:
1546:
1006:
365:
1885:
741:, and other performance enhancements to the design, the POWER2 had leadership performance when it was announced in November 1993.
1817:
608:
449:
595:-register, move data between registers and memory, and would have no need for special instructions to perform heavy arithmetic.
2327:
2317:
2307:
1844:
583:
683:
In
February 1990, the first computers from IBM to incorporate the POWER instruction set were called the "RISC System/6000" or
2322:
2017:
2007:
1905:
2210:
1976:
1238:
813:, to design the most powerful CPU on the market. They were interested primarily in fixing two problems in the 801 design:
924:
Bakoglu, H. B.; Grohoski, G. F.; Montoye, R. K. (January 1990). "The IBM RISC System/6000 processor: Hardware overview".
2337:
2332:
1941:
544:
453:
1206:
471:
The ISA is used as base for high end microprocessors from IBM during the 1990s and were used in many of IBM's servers,
1834:
1726:
647:
657:) technology afforded an increase in the level of circuit integration while improving transistor-logic performance.
2205:
2189:
1731:
1686:
1614:
776:
385:
1319:
643:
119:
2342:
2123:
1931:
1786:
1764:
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1890:
624:
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2215:
1986:
1802:
1504:
639:
1062:
1051:
2231:
2196:
1822:
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1412:
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650:
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17:
2051:
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1910:
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1442:
1285:
1173:— Chapter 12 describes the POWER architecture (referred to as RIOS, its earlier name) and its origins
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711:"), was developed for lower-end RS/6000's; the first machines using RSC were released in 1992.
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2012:
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1002:
996:
332:
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1025:
G. F. Grohoski (January 1990). "Machine organization of the IBM RISC System/6000 processor".
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1464:
1334:
1210:
1197:
1187:
879:
525:. The original IBM POWER architecture was then abandoned. PowerPC evolved into the third
729:
processor effort as a successor to the POWER1 two years before the creation of the 1991
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1098:
RS/6000 Scientific and
Technical Computing: POWER3 Introduction and Tuning Guide
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instruction set architecture and was deprecated in 1998 when IBM introduced the
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653:(ECL) technology, but by 1984 complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (
568:
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IBM continues to develop PowerPC microprocessor cores for use in their
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180:
101:
37:
1200: (archived April 15, 2012) - History of the POWER Architecture by
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1519:
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At about the same time the PC/RT was being released, IBM started the
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554:(ASIC) offerings. Many high volume applications embed PowerPC cores.
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became a focus for the
America Project, and IBM was able to use new
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as a side effect of these single-cycle operations, they didn't use
1312:
1190: (archived May 16, 2008) - an IBM history of POWER and PowerPC
793:
531:
96:
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1479:
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632:
600:
338:
1220:
998:
Modern
Processor Design: Fundamentals of Superscalar Processors
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588:
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started a project with a design objective of creating a large
574:
457:
1020:
1018:
1119:
Inside the AS/400: Featuring the AS/400e Series, 2nd
Edition
1113:- gives more information about POWER1, POWER2, and POWER3
990:
988:
744:
New instructions were also added to the instruction set:
687:. These RS/6000 computers were divided into two classes,
1095:
Anderson, S.; Bell, R.; Hague, J.; et al. (1998).
847:
developed in the early 1980s that could support 64-bit
1216:
638:
To increase performance, Cheetah had separate branch,
521:
processor but included the IBM POWER architecture for
953:
951:
949:
947:
885:
Another interesting feature of the architecture is a
817:
The 801 required all instructions to complete in one
2167:
2109:
2036:
1995:
1924:
1858:
1754:
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1592:
1583:
1435:
1385:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1254:
1164:
995:John Paul Shen; Mikko H. Lipasti (July 30, 2013).
1052:Book I: PowerPC User Instruction Set Architecture
619:For two years at the Watson Research Center, the
1470:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
802:The POWER design is descended directly from the
707:A single-chip implementation of RIOS, RSC (for "
536:A chart showing the evolution of the different
851:multiplies and divides in a single cycle. The
1232:
779:chess playing supercomputer which beat chess
426:
8:
1163:Dewar, Robert B.K.; Smosna, Matthew (1990).
1143:Weiss, Shlomo; Smith, James Edward (1994).
631:(although the Model 91 had been based on a
466:Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC
1589:
1297:
1290:
1239:
1225:
1217:
433:
419:
29:
960:"The evolution of RISC technology at IBM"
958:Cocke, J.; Markstein, V. (January 1990).
1104:. IBM Corp. SG24-5155-00. Archived from
1084:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1063:PowerPC Architecture Book, Version 2.02
1027:IBM Journal of Research and Development
967:IBM Journal of Research and Development
926:IBM Journal of Research and Development
916:
552:application-specific integrated circuit
347:
307:
275:
111:
48:
32:
2371:Computer-related introductions in 1990
1080:"IBM RISC System/6000 processor issue"
18:IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture
1605:Center for The Business of Government
1121:. 29th Street Press. pp. 13–48.
1078:Pickover, C. A., ed. (January 1990).
49:NXP (formerly Freescale and Motorola)
7:
2293:
1167:Microprocessors: A Programmer's View
669:series, based on that architecture.
611:building #801, on the 801 project.
25:
1274:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1213: (archived February 21, 2016)
2303:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2282:
1972:Sabre airline reservation system
1818:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
609:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
450:reduced instruction set computer
1485:Information Management Software
1001:. Waveland Press. p. 380.
2238:International chess tournament
2018:Globally integrated enterprise
2008:Commercial Processing Workload
483:. These processors are called
1:
2376:Instruction set architectures
1977:Scanning tunneling microscope
1194:When Is PowerPC Not PowerPC?
510:processor that was mainly a
499:(POWER2, POWER2+ and P2SC).
454:instruction set architecture
1845:Canada Head Office Building
1835:Cambridge Scientific Center
1727:Science Research Associates
1495:Mainframe operating systems
731:Apple/IBM/Motorola alliance
2392:
1906:Virtual Universe Community
1627:International subsidiaries
1547:Service Automation Manager
871:The system used 32 32-bit
798:POWER Architecture history
718:
676:
566:
2278:
1117:Soltis, Frank G. (1997).
828:Although the decoder was
502:The ISA evolved into the
1932:Automated teller machine
1886:The Great Mind Challenge
1269:Mergers and acquisitions
766:conversion instructions.
563:The 801 research project
56:PowerPC e series (2006)
1891:Linux Technology Center
625:IBM System/360 Model 91
523:backwards compatibility
2216:Dynamic infrastructure
2181:Big Blue sports teams
1987:Universal Product Code
799:
547:
189:PowerPC series (1992)
2348:Vacuum tube computers
2232:IBM and the Holocaust
2197:Common Public License
2082:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
1865:Academy of Technology
1320:Power microprocessors
797:
651:emitter-coupled logic
535:
1962:Magnetic stripe card
1911:World Community Grid
1787:Toronto Software Lab
1443:Carbon Design System
1398:Cell microprocessors
1207:27 years of IBM RISC
868:CPU designs in use.
615:1982 Cheetah project
356:OpenPOWER Foundation
2226:GUIDE International
2088:Samuel J. Palmisano
1947:Electronic keypunch
1771:One Atlantic Center
1741:Weather Underground
1737:The Weather Company
1184:POWER to the people
1147:. Morgan Kaufmann.
1039:10.1147/rd.341.0037
979:10.1147/rd.341.0004
938:10.1147/rd.341.0012
739:floating point unit
661:The America project
579:telephone-switching
456:(ISA) developed by
2328:Personal computers
2318:Midrange computers
2308:Navigational boxes
2201:IBM Public License
2176:A Boy and His Atom
2134:Michelle J. Howard
2076:John Fellows Akers
2058:T. Vincent Learson
1765:1250 René-Lévesque
1505:Planning Analytics
821:, which precluded
800:
762:Floating-point to
548:
409:historic in italic
237:RAD series (1997)
93:Qor series (2008)
2358:
2357:
2323:Operating systems
2185:American football
2154:Joseph R. Swedish
2149:Martha E. Pollack
2052:Thomas Watson Jr.
2013:Customer engineer
1937:Cynefin framework
1823:Hakozaki Facility
1782:Rome Software Lab
1750:
1749:
1579:
1578:
1532:Rational Software
1431:
1430:
1413:Personal Computer
1408:Midrange computer
1145:POWER and PowerPC
1128:978-1-882419-66-1
487:(RIOS-1, RIOS.9,
460:. The name is an
443:
442:
405:Cancelled in gray
16:(Redirected from
2383:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2046:Thomas J. Watson
1967:Relational model
1916:Think conference
1797:330 North Wabash
1717:Microelectronics
1590:
1515:Quantum Platform
1460:Cognos Analytics
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849:double-precision
790:The architecture
725:IBM started the
709:RISC Single Chip
591:, branches, add
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30:
21:
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2260:SHARE computing
2221:GlobalFoundries
2163:
2111:
2105:
2032:
1991:
1982:Financial swaps
1957:Hard disk drive
1920:
1854:
1828:Yamato Facility
1746:
1653:
1585:
1575:
1542:Tivoli Software
1427:
1381:
1280:
1250:
1245:
1211:Wayback Machine
1198:Wayback Machine
1188:Wayback Machine
1180:
1162:
1155:
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1137:Further reading
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888:virtual address
880:program counter
861:execution units
811:America Project
792:
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681:
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27:Instruction set
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2243:Lucifer cipher
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2159:Peter R. Voser
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2144:Andrew Liveris
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2139:Arvind Krishna
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2100:Arvind Krishna
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1901:Smarter Planet
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1793:IBM Buildings
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1778:Software Labs
1776:
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1768:
1767:, Montreal, QC
1758:
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1732:Service Bureau
1729:
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1722:Product Center
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1687:Ambra Computer
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1490:Lotus Software
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1191:
1179:
1178:External links
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:. McGraw-Hill.
1160:
1154:978-1558602793
1153:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1111:on 2012-03-21.
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1055:
1044:
1014:
1007:
984:
943:
915:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
900:
897:
841:Floating point
838:
837:
826:
823:floating point
791:
788:
784:Garry Kasparov
768:
767:
760:
753:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
662:
659:
644:floating-point
616:
613:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
559:
556:
540:, PowerPC and
481:supercomputers
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44:architectures
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2211:Deep Thought
2174:
2102:(since 2020)
2070:John R. Opel
2028:Think slogan
1869:Deep Thunder
1675:Kaleida Labs
1670:AIM alliance
1355:Q System Two
1350:Q System One
1202:Frank Soltis
1166:
1144:
1118:
1106:the original
1097:
1087:
1083:
1058:
1047:
1033:(1): 37–58.
1030:
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997:
970:
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932:(1): 12–22.
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759:instruction.
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689:workstations
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477:workstations
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361:AIM alliance
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276:IBM/Nintendo
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33:
2343:Typewriters
2249:Mathematica
2190:Rugby union
2129:Alex Gorsky
2096:(2012–2020)
2090:(2002–2011)
2084:(1993–2002)
2078:(1985–1993)
2072:(1981–1985)
2066:(1973–1981)
2060:(1971–1973)
2054:(1956–1971)
2048:(1914–1956)
1996:Terminology
1952:Floppy disk
1896:SkillsBuild
1859:Initiatives
1840:IBM Hursley
1814:Facilities
1465:Connections
1335:FlashSystem
973:(1): 4–11.
866:superscalar
834:superscalar
819:clock cycle
781:grandmaster
757:square root
640:fixed-point
621:superscalar
2365:Categories
2338:System/370
2333:System/360
2124:David Farr
2023:e-business
1925:Inventions
1874:Develothon
1755:Facilities
1615:Promontory
1610:Consulting
911:References
859:(integer)
845:algorithms
701:data cache
323:PWRficient
2206:Deep Blue
2112:directors
1571:WebSphere
1510:PureQuery
1418:Selectric
1393:Blue Gene
1308:Mainframe
905:Power ISA
876:registers
830:pipelined
777:Deep Blue
755:Hardware
573:In 1974,
529:in 2006.
527:Power ISA
446:IBM POWER
376:Power.org
371:Blue Gene
42:Power ISA
2288:Category
2255:IBM Plex
2110:Board of
2003:Big Blue
1803:Honolulu
1712:Merative
1697:EduQuest
1680:Taligent
1649:Research
1586:entities
1584:Business
1525:OpenQASM
1453:Cloudant
1423:ThinkPad
1346:Quantum
1294:Hardware
1286:Products
899:See also
836:effects.
773:tape-out
629:CDC 6600
627:and the
593:register
299:Espresso
292:Broadway
2298:Commons
2265:ScicomP
1808:Seattle
1761:Towers
1707:Lexmark
1702:Kyndryl
1644:Red Hat
1593:Current
1564:Granite
1559:Watsonx
1475:Fortran
1403:PowerPC
1330:Storage
1301:Current
1264:History
1256:History
1209:at the
1196:at the
1186:at the
873:integer
764:integer
693:servers
685:RS/6000
667:RS/6000
648:bipolar
569:IBM 801
558:History
519:PowerPC
504:PowerPC
493:RAD6000
462:acronym
452:(RISC)
396:AltiVec
253:RAD5500
242:RAD6000
226:(2010)
181:Power10
102:Qorivva
38:PowerPC
2270:Unions
1881:Fellow
1692:Cognos
1665:AdStar
1658:Former
1622:Kenexa
1600:Apptio
1554:Watson
1520:Qiskit
1386:Former
1375:Condor
1365:Osprey
1340:DS8000
1151:
1125:
1005:
727:POWER2
721:POWER2
715:POWER2
697:POWER1
679:POWER1
642:, and
516:64-bit
508:POWER3
497:POWER2
495:) and
485:POWER1
479:, and
269:(1996)
267:series
248:RAD750
176:POWER9
171:POWER8
166:POWER7
161:POWER6
155:POWER5
148:POWER4
141:POWER3
134:POWER2
127:POWER1
40:, and
2168:Other
1639:Press
1632:India
1448:Cloud
1436:Other
1370:Heron
1360:Eagle
1313:IBM Z
1109:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1072:Notes
963:(PDF)
748:Quad-
673:POWER
542:Power
538:POWER
448:is a
333:Xenon
317:Titan
308:Other
285:Gekko
120:Power
97:QorIQ
85:e6500
80:e5500
34:POWER
2313:FOSS
2038:CEOs
1942:DRAM
1537:SPSS
1480:ILOG
1149:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1090:(1).
1003:ISBN
750:word
691:and
655:CMOS
633:CISC
601:RISC
584:MIPS
545:ISAs
464:for
391:CHRP
386:PReP
381:PAPR
366:RISC
339:X704
328:Cell
265:RS64
211:74xx
75:e600
70:e500
65:e300
60:e200
1248:IBM
1035:doi
975:doi
934:doi
857:ALU
853:FPU
804:801
733:in
589:I/O
575:IBM
489:RSC
458:IBM
232:A2O
229:A2I
218:970
205:7xx
200:4xx
194:6xx
112:IBM
2367::
1088:34
1086:.
1082:.
1031:34
1029:.
1017:^
987:^
971:34
969:.
965:.
946:^
930:34
928:.
882:.
603:.
512:32
491:,
475:,
468:.
407:,
224:A2
36:,
2199:/
1743:)
1739:(
1240:e
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1131:.
1041:.
1037::
1011:.
981:.
977::
940:.
936::
514:/
434:e
427:t
420:v
20:)
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