318:, a technique by which the BIOS would simulate a fictitious CHS geometry at the INT 13h interface, while communicating with the ATA drive using its native logical CHS geometry. (By the time the 504 MB barrier was being approached, ATA disks had long before ceased to present their real physical geometry parameters at the external ATA interface.) Translation allows the BIOS, still using CHS addressing, to effectively address ATA disks with sizes up to 8064 MB, the native capacity of the BIOS CHS interface alone. (The ATA interface has a much larger native CHS addressing capacity, so once the "interference" of the CHS limits of BIOS and ATA was resolved by addressing, only the smaller limitation of the BIOS was significant.)
326:, but that is actually a misnomer since by the time of this BIOS development, ATA CHS addresses were already logical, not physical. The 8064 MB limit originates from a combination of the register value based calling convention used in the INT 13h interface and the goal of maintaining backward compatibility—dictating that the format or size of CHS addresses passed to INT 13h could not be changed to add more bits to one of the fields, e.g. the Cylinder-number field. This limit uses 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, 63 sectors, and 512 byte blocks, allowing exactly 7.875 GiB of addressing (1024
311:(CHS) address given in the INT 13h call, and transferred it directly to the hardware interface. A lesser limit, about 504 MB, was imposed by the combination of CHS addressing limits used by the BIOS and those used by ATA hard disks, which are dissimilar. When the CHS addressing limits of both the BIOS and ATA are combined (i.e. when they are applied simultaneously), the number of 512-byte sectors that can be addressed represent a total of about 504 MB.
25:
395:
of information rather than the register based calling convention of the original INT 13h interface. This packet is a very simple data structure that contains an interface version, data size, and LBAs. For software backward-compatibility, the extended functions are implemented alongside the original
341:). There were briefly a number of BIOSes that offered incompatible versions of this interface—for example, AWARD AT BIOS and AMI 386sx BIOS have been extended to handle up to 4096 cylinders by placing bits 10 and 11 of the cylinder number into bits 6 and 7 of register DH.
1683:
ES = segment = 4F00h BX = offset = 0F00h sum = memory address = 4FF00h would be a good choice because 0F00h + 2000h = 2F00h <= 10000h ES = segment = 4000h BX = offset = FF00h sum = memory address = 4FF00h would
1921:
Notice how we didn't change dl (the drive). That is because when the computer first loads up, dl is set to the number of the drive that was booted, so assuming we want to read from the drive we booted from, there is no need to change dl.
2648:
The only difference between this function and function 02h (see above) is that function 0Ah reads 516 bytes per sector instead of only 512. The last 4 bytes contains the Error
Correction Code (ECC), a checksum of sector data.
295:
devices) attached to the system; when a protected-mode OS boots, it may use that information from the BIOS to enumerate disk hardware so that it (the OS) can load and configure appropriate disk I/O drivers.
403:
is bypassed by directly issuing INT 13h from applications. A dummy read via INT 13h can be used as one of several methods to force cache flushing for unknown caches (e.g. before rebooting).
396:
CHS functions, and calls to functions from both sets can be intermixed, even for the same drive, with the caveat that the CHS functions cannot reach past the first 8064 MB of the disk.
237:, which would carry out physical sector-based disk read or write operations for the program. In DOS, it serves as the low-level interface for the built-in block device drivers for
166:(CHS) addressing. Modern PC BIOSes also include INT 13h extension functions, originated by IBM and Microsoft in 1992, that provide those same disk access services using 64-bit
1691:
Function 02h of interrupt 13h may only read sectors of the first 16,450,560 sectors of your hard drive, to read sectors beyond the 8 GB limit you should use function 42h of
291:. Besides performing low-level disk access, INT 13h calls and related BIOS data structures also provide information about the types and capacities of disks (or other
356:) have a bug which prevents booting disk drives with 256 heads (register value 0xFF), so many modern BIOSes provide CHS translation mappings with at most 255 (0xFE)
3173:
optional pointer to
Enhanced Disk Drive (EDD) configuration parameters which may be used for subsequent interrupt 13h Extension calls (if supported)
3757:
3674:"BIOS Types, CHS Translation, LBA and Other Good Stuff, See BIOS Type 6 The Phoenix Enhanced Disk Drive Specification. (registration required)"
200:
1484:, possible values are 0 to 1023) and the sector number (6 bits, possible values are 1 to 63). Cylinder and Sector bits are numbered below:
410:
3618:"The x86 Interrupt List (v61 original text) archive: "inter61a.zip", subfile: "INTERRUP.B", heading: "B-1302" (INT13, 02 Read), Notes"
108:
1918:
After this code section (which the asm file should start with), you may write code and it will be loaded to memory and executed.
299:
The original BIOS real-mode INT 13h interface supports drives of sizes up to about 8 GB using what is commonly referred to as
181:
46:
3557:
375:(EDD). It defines new functions within the INT 13h service, all having function numbers greater than 40h, that use 64-bit
3552:
204:
3793:
3774:
284:
89:
3650:"Enhanced Disk Drive Specification 1.1 -DRAFT- Phoenix Technologies, see 3.0 BIOS Extensions (registration required)"
61:
3728:
3717:
3695:
391:
respectively, assuming a 512-byte sector/block size). This is a "packet" interface, because it uses a pointer to a
203:
functionality that provides the same services and more, with the exception of UEFI Class 3 that completely removes
35:
2872:
376:
220:
208:
170:
addressing; with minor additions, these were quasi-standardized by
Phoenix Technologies and others as the EDD (
167:
68:
42:
245:. This allows INT 25h and INT 26h to provide absolute disk read/write functions for logical sectors to the
3754:
75:
3547:
246:
177:
3542:
368:
357:
308:
268:
163:
57:
3803:
3537:
2856:
segment:offset pointer to the memory buffer to which sectors will be transferred (note that x86 is
1677:
406:
171:
134:
2860:: if declaring the segment and offset separately, the offset must be declared before the segment)
162:
at this vector that provides sector-based hard disk and floppy disk read and write services using
288:
185:
2871:
absolute number of the start of the sectors to be read (1st sector of drive has number 0) using
279:, the OS intercepts the call and passes it to the operating system's native disk I/O mechanism.
2582:
Result register CX contains both cylinders and sector/track values, see remark of function 02h.
159:
3563:
2845:
number of sectors to be read, (some
Phoenix BIOSes are limited to a maximum of 127 sectors)
144:
3617:
3219:
Physical CHS values of function 48h may/should differ from logical values of function 08h.
1487:
CX = ---CH--- ---CL--- cylinder : 76543210 98 sector : 543210
1020:
If the second column is empty then the function may be used both for floppy and hard disk.
3778:
3761:
3673:
3649:
2579:
Logical values of function 08h may/should differ from physical CHS values of function 48h.
238:
3590:
3696:
ctyme.com - Ralf Browns
Interrupt List, Indexed html, DISK - READ SECTOR(S) INTO MEMORY
264:
367:
was introduced by IBM and
Microsoft, then later re-published and slightly extended by
360:, thus reducing the total addressable space to exactly 8032.5 MiB (approx 7.844 GiB).
3798:
3787:
3613:
3586:
2857:
82:
3739:
3636:
1037:
Extensions which were written in the 1990s to support hard drives with more than 8
2550:
logical last index of sectors per track = number_of (because index starts with 1)
249:
242:
193:
139:
24:
353:
280:
383:. (An ATA drive can also support 28-bit or 48-bit LBA which allows up to 128
304:
226:
156:
3771:
1695:
Extensions. Another alternate may be DOS interrupt 25h which reads sectors
3766:
2535:
logical last index of heads = number_of - 1 (because index starts with 0)
2916:
As already stated with int 13h AH=02h, care must be taken to ensure that
1038:
388:
384:
380:
349:
122:
1664:. Otherwise the interrupt may fail with some BIOS or hardware versions.
3532:
257:
253:
2543:
logical last index of cylinders = number_of - 1 (because index starts
252:
driver in the DOS kernel, which handles file-related requests through
418:
414:
345:
276:
207:
thus lacks INT 13h and other interrupts. Typically, UEFI drivers use
3718:
ctyme.com - DISK - GET DRIVE PARAMETERS (PC,XT286,CONV,PS,ESDI,SCSI)
1680:, there are different ways to calculate the register values, e.g.:
233:, calling INT 13h would jump into the computer's ROM-BIOS code for
409:
from around 1990–1991 trash word unaligned buffers. Some DOS and
363:
To support addressing of even larger disks, an interface known as
272:
1673:
292:
152:
3268:
points to an empty structure for result . must be 13h in size
1481:
400:
230:
148:
18:
1676:) and your buffer starts at memory address 4FF00h. Utilizing
1802:; the sector number 2 - second sector (starts from 1, not 0)
1688:
be a good choice because FF00h + 2000h = 11F00h > 10000h
871:
Set Media Type For Format (used by DOS versions >= 3.2)
858:
Set Media Type For Format (used by DOS versions <= 3.1)
399:
Some cache drivers flush their buffers when detecting that
303:. This limit originates from the hardware interface of the
3729:
ctyme.com - IBM/MS INT 13 Extensions - INSTALLATION CHECK
3047:
48h = function number for extended_read_drive_parameters
1070:
Drive (bit 7 set means reset both hard and floppy disks)
2875:(note that the lower half comes before the upper half)
3472:
Initial Boot Image
Segment Starting From 7c0h Segment
271:
derivatives (e.g. NT4, 2000, XP, and Server 2003) and
3433:
Logical Block
Address (LBA) of disk image to emulate
2567:
pointer to drive parameter table (only for floppies)
3637:
Disk size limitations, The 8.4 GB limit (and others)
3446:bit 0: Drive is slave instead of master
3608:
3606:
3063:segment:offset pointer to Result Buffer, see below
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2496:set to 0000h:0000h to work around some buggy BIOS
1130:Bit 7=0 for floppy drive, bit 7=1 for fixed drive
3136:physical number of sectors per track = last index
199:Modern computers come with both BIOS INT 13h and
2480:08h = function number for read_drive_parameters
3461:Segment Of 3K Buffer For Caching CD-ROMs Reads
2918:the complete buffer is inside the given segment
151:-based (IBM PC-descended) computer system. The
3110:physical number of cylinders = last index + 1
2798:segment:offset pointer to the DAP, see below
221:Logical block addressing § Enhanced BIOS
8:
2743:1 – Device Access using the packet structure
1672:Assume you want to read 16 sectors (= 2000h
413:clobber interrupt enabling and registers so
3772:Norton Guide about int 13h, ah = 00h .. 1ah
3581:
3579:
3483:Number Of Sectors (512 bytes long) To Load
3149:absolute number of sectors = last index + 1
2677:41h = function number for extensions check
1877:; to fill this sector and make it bootable:
1652:Addressing of Buffer should guarantee that
421:install their own filters to prevent this.
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3767:Ralf Brown's comprehensive Interrupt List
3123:physical number of heads = last index + 1
2951:43h = function number for extended write
2922:i.e. ( BX + size_of_buffer ) <= 10000h
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3344:
3308:
3273:
3226:
3223:INT 13h AH=4Bh: Get Drive Emulation Type
3182:
3088:size of Result Buffer (set this to 1Eh)
3064:
3029:
2990:
2933:
2884:
2799:
2782:42h = function number for extended read
2764:
2698:
2659:
2616:
2593:
2501:
2465:
2434:
2379:
2348:
2293:
2262:
2204:(applies to PC/XT 286,AT, PS/1 and PS/2)
2199:
2136:
2097:
2034:
1995:
1932:
1440:
1377:
1176:Attempted Write On Write Protected Disk
1142:
1132:
1106:
1075:
1052:
1030:PS/2: for hard disk on PS/2 system only.
544:
432:
3591:"Ralf Browns Interrupt List (v61 html)"
3575:
379:(LBA), which allows addressing up to 8
211:-addressing instead of CHS-addressing.
3494:Cylinder Count Low Byte (From int 8h)
1480:contains both the cylinder number (10
897:Test Whether Extensions Are Available
2749:4 – Enhanced Disk Drive Support (EDD)
2716:Set On Not Present, Clear If Present
287:also bypass BIOS routines when using
7:
3307:Points to a specification structure
2644:AH=0Ah: Read Long Sectors From Drive
1859:; 512bytes from origin address 7c00h
1662:( BX + size_of_buffer ) <= 10000h
1103:: Get Status of Last Drive Operation
411:terminate-and-stay-resident programs
314:The 504 MB limit was overcome using
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3553:DPMI (DOS Protected Mode Interface)
2724:Error Code or Major Version Number
2290:: Format Track Set Bad Sector Flags
1312:Drive timed out, assumed not ready
1264:Control data address mark detected
572:Get Status of Last Drive Operation
16:BIOS interrupt call for disk access
2985:segment:offset pointer to the DAP
2761:: Extended Read Sectors From Drive
2559:drive type (only AT/PS2 floppies)
1224:Attempt to DMA over 64kb boundary
637:Format Track Set Bad Sector Flags
14:
3260:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
3055:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2977:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2930:: Extended Write Sectors to Drive
2790:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2685:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2590:: Init Drive Pair Characteristics
2488:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
373:BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services
307:disk hardware. The BIOS used the
3291:Set On Error, Clear if No Error
3200:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
3026:: Extended Read Drive Parameters
3008:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2902:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2626:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2511:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2444:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2376:: Format Drive Starting at Track
2358:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2272:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2107:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2005:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1450:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1364:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1208:Drive parameter activity failed
23:
3244:4Bh = get drive emulation type
2801:DAP : Disk Address Packet
650:Format Drive starting at Track
464:3rd floppy disk ( "drive C:" )
454:2nd floppy disk ( "drive B:" )
444:1st floppy disk ( "drive A:" )
34:needs additional citations for
3648:Stevens, Curtis (1995-01-26).
3332:Size of packets in byte (13h)
3151:(because index starts with 0)
3138:(because index starts with 1)
3125:(because index starts with 0)
3112:(because index starts with 0)
2823:size of DAP (set this to 10h)
2746:2 – Drive Locking and Ejecting
2123:Actual Sectors Verified Count
1240:Bad cylinder (track) detected
192:is the interrupt number (as a
1:
3755:BIOS Interrupt 13h Extensions
2961:bit 0 = 0: close write check,
2021:Actual Sectors Written Count
689:Read Long Sectors From Drive
2964:bit 0 = 1: open write check,
2257:0=128, 1-256, 2-512, 3-1024
1772:; we want to read 63 sectors
767:Test Whether Drive Is Ready
715:Move Drive Head To Cylinder
702:Write Long Sectors To Drive
322:is sometimes referred to as
3672:Landis, Hale (1995-02-11).
3558:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List
3505:Sector Count (From int 8h)
3411:Drive Number (Drive Index)
3388:Image Contain ATAPI Driver
2740:Interface support bitmask:
2527:number of hard disk drives
2031:: Verify Sectors From Drive
676:Initialize Disk Controller
285:Windows for Workgroups 3.11
267:operating systems, such as
229:operating systems, such as
3820:
3396:Image Contain SCSI Driver
2967:bit 1-7:reserved, set to 0
2656:: Check Extensions Present
1742:; start putting in values:
1724:; make sure ds is set to 0
1466:Actual Sectors Read Count
1256:Invalid number of sectors
1200:Disk change line 'active'
975:Move Drive Head To Sector
524:CD/DVD, or 97th hard disk
218:
120:
3562:BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive
3516:Head Count (From int 8h)
3422:CD-ROM Controller Number
3368:0011b: 2.88M Floppy Disk
3365:0010b: 1.44M Floppy Disk
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2811:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1874:; jump to the next sector
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1374:: Read Sectors From Drive
1363:
1360:
1288:ECC corrected data error
1168:Cannot Find Address Mark
1141:
1138:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1024:FD: for floppy disk only.
1014:Get Drive Emulation Type
3362:0001b: 1.2M Floppy Disk
3310:Specification Structure
2873:logical block addressing
2154:Sectors To Format Count
2052:Sectors To Verify Count
1929:: Write Sectors To Drive
1787:; from cylinder number 0
1706:
1658:inside the given segment
1494:
1491:Examples of translation:
910:Read Sectors From Drive
585:Read Sectors From Drive
377:logical block addressing
121:Not to be confused with
3343:Boot Media Type :
2834:unused, should be zero
2462:: Read Drive Parameters
2194:Buffer Address Pointer
2092:Buffer Address Pointer
1990:Buffer Address Pointer
1950:Sectors To Write Count
1435:Buffer Address Pointer
1352:Sense operation failed
1027:HD: for hard disk only.
923:Write Sectors To Drive
598:Write Sectors To Drive
301:physical CHS addressing
235:low-level disk services
3740:- LBA in Extended Mode
3449:bits 7-0: LUN and PUN
3444:Device Specification:
1709:; code starts at 7c00h
1395:Sectors To Read Count
988:Read Drive Parameters
819:Controller Diagnostic
754:Controller Write Test
663:Read Drive Parameters
324:logical CHS addressing
3548:INT (x86 instruction)
1248:Media type not found
741:Controller Read Test
196:value) being called.
3543:Cylinder-head-sector
3360:0000b: No Emulation
2201:4-byte address field
1232:Bad sector detected
1001:Detect Media Change
845:Detect Media Change
793:Controller RAM Test
369:Phoenix Technologies
309:cylinder-head-sector
269:Microsoft Windows NT
164:cylinder-head-sector
155:typically sets up a
43:improve this article
3538:BIOS interrupt call
3346:
3311:
3276:
3229:
3185:
3067:
3032:
2993:
2936:
2887:
2802:
2767:
2701:
2662:
2619:
2596:
2504:
2468:
2437:
2382:
2351:
2296:
2265:
2206:
2139:
2100:
2037:
1998:
1935:
1757:; int13h function 2
1678:memory segmentation
1654:the complete buffer
1443:
1380:
1296:Controller failure
1280:CRC/ECC data error
1145:
1135:
1109:
1078:
1055:
1049:: Reset Disk System
547:
435:
174:) BIOS extensions.
172:Enhanced Disk Drive
135:BIOS interrupt call
3794:IBM PC compatibles
3777:2008-06-27 at the
3760:2006-02-06 at the
3345:
3309:
3274:
3227:
3183:
3099:information flags
3065:
3030:
2991:
2934:
2885:
2800:
2765:
2699:
2660:
2617:
2594:
2502:
2466:
2435:
2380:
2349:
2294:
2263:
2200:
2137:
2098:
2035:
1996:
1933:
1441:
1378:
1143:
1133:
1107:
1076:
1053:
949:Lock/Unlock Drive
780:Recalibrate Drive
728:Reset Disk Drives
559:Reset Disk System
545:
479:128th floppy disk
433:
365:INT 13h Extensions
289:32-bit Disk Access
186:software interrupt
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3400:
3399:
3371:0100b: Hard Disk
3272:
3271:
3212:
3211:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3162:bytes per sector
3020:
3019:
2989:
2988:
2914:
2913:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2755:
2754:
2697:
2696:
2638:
2637:
2615:
2614:
2571:
2570:
2500:
2499:
2456:
2455:
2433:
2432:
2370:
2369:
2347:
2346:
2284:
2283:
2261:
2260:
2216:Allowable Values
2198:
2197:
2127:
2126:
2096:
2095:
2025:
2024:
1994:
1993:
1470:
1469:
1439:
1438:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1272:DMA out of range
1184:Sector Not Found
1128:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1074:
1073:
1033:EXT: part of the
1018:
1017:
1008:
543:
542:
160:interrupt handler
133:is shorthand for
119:
118:
111:
93:
3811:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3583:
3347:
3312:
3277:
3230:
3186:
3068:
3033:
3025:
2994:
2937:
2929:
2888:
2803:
2768:
2760:
2702:
2663:
2655:
2643:
2620:
2597:
2589:
2546:
2505:
2469:
2461:
2438:
2383:
2375:
2352:
2297:
2289:
2266:
2207:
2205:
2140:
2132:
2101:
2038:
2030:
1999:
1936:
1928:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:; es should be 0
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1694:
1663:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1444:
1381:
1373:
1328:Undefined error
1320:Drive not ready
1160:Invalid Command
1146:
1136:
1110:
1102:
1079:
1056:
1048:
1036:
1006:
995:
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
839:
832:Read Drive Type
826:
813:
800:
787:
774:
761:
748:
735:
722:
709:
696:
683:
670:
657:
644:
631:
618:
605:
592:
579:
566:
553:
548:
539:128th hard disk
536:
521:
506:
496:
486:
476:
461:
451:
441:
436:
428:
344:All versions of
340:
337:
333:
329:
184:that triggers a
145:interrupt vector
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3784:
3783:
3779:Wayback Machine
3762:Wayback Machine
3751:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3529:
3225:
3217:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3028:
3023:
2932:
2927:
2763:
2758:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2592:
2587:
2576:
2548:
2544:
2464:
2459:
2378:
2373:
2292:
2287:
2203:
2202:
2135:
2130:
2033:
2028:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:; head number 0
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1689:
1670:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1475:
1376:
1371:
1105:
1100:
1051:
1046:
1034:
993:
980:
967:
954:
941:
936:Verify Sectors
928:
915:
902:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
798:
785:
772:
759:
746:
733:
720:
707:
694:
681:
668:
655:
642:
629:
616:
611:Verify Sectors
603:
590:
577:
564:
551:
546:Function Table
534:
519:
504:
494:
484:
474:
459:
449:
439:
431:
426:
338:
335:
331:
327:
320:CHS translation
316:CHS translation
223:
217:
191:
142:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3764:
3750:
3749:External links
3747:
3744:
3743:
3732:
3721:
3699:
3688:
3664:
3640:
3629:
3616:(2000-07-16).
3614:Brown, Ralf D.
3602:
3589:(2000-07-16).
3587:Brown, Ralf D.
3574:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3066:Result Buffer
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3027:
3024:INT 13h AH=48h
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2931:
2928:INT 13h AH=43h
2925:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2762:
2759:INT 13h AH=42h
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2657:
2654:INT 13h AH=41h
2651:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2591:
2588:INT 13h AH=09h
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2460:INT 13h AH=08h
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2377:
2374:INT 13h AH=07h
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2291:
2288:INT 13h AH=06h
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2133:: Format Track
2131:INT 13h AH=05h
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2029:INT 13h AH=04h
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1930:
1927:INT 13h AH=03h
1924:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1682:
1669:
1666:
1495:
1486:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1375:
1372:INT 13h AH=02h
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1104:
1101:INT 13h AH=01h
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1050:
1047:INT 13h AH=00h
1044:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
990:
989:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
918:
912:
911:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
853:
847:
846:
843:
840:
834:
833:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
788:
782:
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
593:
587:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
554:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:3rd hard disk
507:
501:
500:
499:2nd hard disk
497:
491:
490:
489:1st hard disk
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
430:
423:
339:512 bytes
265:protected mode
216:
213:
189:
138:
117:
116:
99:September 2010
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3816:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3564:Specification
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:little-endian
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2629:
2621:
2606:
2598:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2458:
2447:
2439:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2372:
2361:
2353:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2267:
2254:Bytes/Sector
2249:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2208:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2129:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2027:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1702:
1700:
1699:a partition.
1698:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1370:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:Status error
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:Seek failure
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:Reset Failed
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1119:
1111:
1099:
1088:
1085:Set on error
1080:
1065:
1057:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
991:
987:
984:
979:
978:
974:
971:
966:
965:
961:
958:
953:
952:
948:
945:
940:
939:
935:
932:
927:
926:
922:
919:
914:
913:
909:
906:
901:
900:
896:
893:
888:
887:
883:
880:
875:
874:
870:
867:
862:
861:
857:
854:
849:
848:
844:
841:
836:
835:
831:
828:
823:
822:
818:
815:
810:
809:
805:
802:
797:
796:
792:
789:
784:
783:
779:
776:
771:
770:
766:
763:
758:
757:
753:
750:
745:
744:
740:
737:
732:
731:
727:
724:
719:
718:
714:
711:
706:
705:
701:
698:
693:
692:
688:
685:
680:
679:
675:
672:
667:
666:
662:
659:
654:
653:
649:
646:
641:
640:
636:
633:
628:
627:
624:Format Track
623:
620:
615:
614:
610:
607:
602:
601:
597:
594:
589:
588:
584:
581:
576:
575:
571:
568:
563:
562:
558:
555:
550:
549:
538:
533:
532:
528:
527:
523:
518:
517:
513:
512:
508:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
467:
463:
458:
457:
453:
448:
447:
443:
438:
437:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
348:, (including
347:
342:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
260:) functions.
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3735:
3724:
3691:
3680:. Retrieved
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3643:
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3594:. Retrieved
3448:
3445:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3321:Description
3318:Size (byte)
3299:Return Code
3283:Description
3236:Description
3218:
3208:Return Code
3192:Description
3077:description
3071:offset range
3039:Description
3016:Return Code
3000:Description
2943:Description
2921:
2917:
2915:
2910:Return Code
2894:Description
2812:description
2806:offset range
2774:Description
2708:Description
2669:Description
2647:
2634:Return Code
2549:
2519:Return Code
2452:Return Code
2366:Return Code
2280:Return Code
2115:Return Code
2013:Return Code
1920:
1917:
1703:Code Example
1696:
1690:
1685:
1671:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1458:Return Code
1336:Write fault
1216:DMA overrun
1144:Return Code
1129:
1093:Return Code
1019:
962:Eject Drive
434:Drive Table
405:
398:
392:
372:
364:
362:
343:
323:
319:
315:
313:
300:
298:
262:
243:floppy disks
234:
224:
198:
176:
130:
129:
127:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3228:Parameters
3031:Parameters
2935:Parameters
2766:Parameters
2661:Parameters
2595:Parameters
2467:Parameters
2397:Interleave
2381:Parameters
2311:Interleave
2295:Parameters
2138:Parameters
2036:Parameters
1934:Parameters
1478:Register CX
1379:Parameters
1108:Parameters
1054:Parameters
884:Park Heads
806:Drive Test
371:as part of
250:file system
194:hexadecimal
182:instruction
143:, the 20th
3804:Interrupts
3788:Categories
3682:2016-11-03
3658:2016-11-03
3623:2016-11-03
3596:2016-11-03
3570:References
3280:Registers
3233:Regsiters
3189:Registers
3036:Registers
2997:Registers
2940:Registers
2891:Registers
2771:Registers
2705:Registers
2666:Registers
2472:Registers
1007:AH = 4Bh
407:AMI BIOSes
354:Windows 95
281:Windows 9x
239:hard disks
219:See also:
180:is an x86
69:newspapers
3380:Reserved
1403:Cylinder
305:IBM PC/XT
227:real mode
157:real mode
58:"INT 13H"
3775:Archived
3758:Archived
3527:See also
3275:Results
3184:Results
3170:4 bytes
3167:1Ah..1Dh
3156:18h..19h
3146:8 bytes
3143:10h..17h
3133:4 bytes
3130:0Ch..0Fh
3120:4 bytes
3117:08h..0Bh
3107:4 bytes
3104:04h..07h
3093:02h..03h
3082:00h..01h
2992:Results
2886:Results
2868:8 bytes
2865:08h..0Fh
2853:4 bytes
2850:04h..07h
2842:2 bytes
2839:02h..03h
2700:Results
2618:Results
2503:Results
2436:Results
2350:Results
2264:Results
2213:Meaning
2099:Results
1997:Results
1569:cylinder
1539:cylinder
1509:cylinder
1442:Results
1152:Success
1134:Results
1077:Results
994:AH = 49h
981:AH = 48h
968:AH = 47h
955:AH = 46h
942:AH = 45h
929:AH = 44h
916:AH = 43h
903:AH = 42h
890:AH = 41h
877:AH = 19h
864:AH = 18h
851:AH = 17h
838:AH = 16h
825:AH = 15h
812:AH = 14h
799:AH = 13h
786:AH = 12h
773:AH = 11h
760:AH = 10h
747:AH = 0Fh
734:AH = 0Eh
721:AH = 0Dh
708:AH = 0Ch
695:AH = 0Bh
682:AH = 0Ah
669:AH = 09h
656:AH = 08h
643:AH = 07h
630:AH = 06h
617:AH = 05h
604:AH = 04h
591:AH = 03h
578:AH = 02h
565:AH = 01h
552:AH = 00h
535:DL = FFh
520:DL = E0h
505:DL = 82h
495:DL = 81h
485:DL = 80h
475:DL = 7Fh
460:DL = 02h
450:DL = 01h
440:DL = 00h
429:services
425:List of
350:MS-DOS 7
215:Overview
188:, and 13
123:Mode 13h
3533:INT 10H
3315:Offset
3159:2 bytes
3096:2 bytes
3085:2 bytes
2642:INT 13h
2574:Remarks
2413:Sector
2327:Sector
2244:Sector
2170:Sector
2068:Sector
1966:Sector
1693:INT 13h
1668:Example
1660:, i.e.
1473:Remarks
1411:Sector
1035:INT 13h
427:INT 13h
387:or 128
258:INT 21h
254:DOS API
131:INT 13h
83:scholar
3357:0 - 3
3304:DS:SI
3265:DS:SI
3215:Remark
3060:DS:SI
2982:DS:SI
2831:1 byte
2820:1 byte
2795:DS:SI
2732:AA55h
2693:55AAh
2611:Drive
2564:ES:DI
2545:with 0
2493:ES:DI
2429:Drive
2405:Track
2343:Drive
2319:Track
2224:Track
2191:ES:BX
2186:Drive
2162:Track
2089:ES:BX
2084:Drive
2060:Track
1987:ES:BX
1982:Drive
1958:Track
1913:0AA55h
1697:within
1632:sector
1587:$ FF00
1563:sector
1432:ES:BX
1427:Drive
1124:Drive
881:
829:
660:
647:
634:
621:
608:
595:
582:
569:
556:
529:. . .
514:. . .
469:. . .
419:MS-DOS
415:PC DOS
393:packet
346:MS-DOS
277:dosemu
263:Under
225:Under
147:in an
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3677:(PDF)
3653:(PDF)
3350:Bits
3074:size
2809:size
2421:Head
2335:Head
2234:Head
2210:Byte
2178:Head
2076:Head
1974:Head
1880:times
1871:7e00h
1856:7e00h
1674:bytes
1419:Head
358:heads
275:with
273:Linux
90:JSTOR
76:books
3799:BIOS
3510:12h
3499:11h
3488:10h
3477:0Eh
3466:0Ch
3455:0Ah
3438:08h
3427:04h
3416:03h
3405:02h
3377:4-5
3337:01h
3326:00h
2603:09h
2389:07h
2303:06h
2146:05h
2044:04h
1942:03h
1898:$ $
1617:$ C0
1482:bits
1387:02h
1349:FFh
1341:E0h
1333:CCh
1325:BBh
1317:AAh
1309:80h
1301:40h
1293:20h
1285:11h
1277:10h
1269:0Fh
1261:0Eh
1253:0Dh
1245:0Ch
1237:0Bh
1229:0Ah
1221:09h
1213:08h
1205:07h
1197:06h
1189:05h
1181:04h
1173:03h
1165:02h
1157:01h
1149:00h
1116:01h
1062:00h
1011:EXT
894:EXT
803:PS/2
790:PS/2
751:PS/2
738:PS/2
417:and
352:and
293:DASD
283:and
241:and
201:UEFI
153:BIOS
62:news
3296:AX
3288:CF
3257:DL
3252:01
3249:AL
3241:AH
3197:CF
3052:DL
3044:AH
3005:CF
2974:DL
2956:AL
2948:AH
2899:CF
2828:01h
2817:00h
2787:DL
2779:AH
2737:CX
2721:AH
2713:CF
2682:DL
2674:AH
2631:AH
2623:CF
2608:DL
2600:AH
2556:BL
2540:CX
2532:DH
2524:DL
2508:CF
2485:DL
2477:AH
2449:AH
2441:CF
2426:DL
2418:DH
2410:CL
2402:CH
2394:AL
2386:AH
2363:AH
2355:CF
2340:DL
2332:DH
2324:CL
2316:CH
2308:AL
2300:AH
2277:AH
2269:CF
2183:DL
2175:DH
2167:CL
2159:CH
2151:AL
2143:AH
2120:AL
2112:AH
2104:CF
2081:DL
2073:DH
2065:CL
2057:CH
2049:AL
2041:AH
2018:AL
2010:AH
2002:CF
1979:DL
1971:DH
1963:CL
1955:CH
1947:AL
1939:AH
1883:510
1868:jmp
1865:13h
1862:int
1847:mov
1832:mov
1820:xor
1805:mov
1790:mov
1775:mov
1760:mov
1745:mov
1739:cld
1727:mov
1712:xor
1686:not
1656:is
1641:and
1623:shl
1614:and
1593:shr
1584:and
1551:shr
1545:768
1542:and
1521:shl
1515:255
1512:and
1463:AL
1455:AH
1447:CF
1424:DL
1416:DH
1408:CL
1400:CH
1392:AL
1384:AH
1361:CF
1139:AH
1121:DL
1113:AH
1090:AH
1082:CF
1067:DL
1059:AH
998:EXT
985:EXT
972:EXT
959:EXT
946:EXT
933:EXT
920:EXT
907:EXT
868:FD
855:FD
401:DOS
389:PiB
385:GiB
381:ZiB
330:256
247:FAT
231:DOS
209:LBA
205:CSM
190:hex
178:INT
168:LBA
149:x86
140:hex
45:by
3790::
3702:^
3605:^
3578:^
3513:1
3502:1
3491:1
3480:2
3469:2
3458:2
3441:2
3430:4
3419:1
3408:1
3393:7
3385:6
3340:1
3329:1
3205:AH
3013:AH
2920:,
2907:AH
2729:BX
2690:BX
2516:AH
2251:4
2241:3
2231:2
2221:1
1910:dw
1904:db
1892:$
1850:bx
1841:bx
1835:es
1829:bx
1823:bx
1808:dh
1793:cl
1778:ch
1769:63
1763:al
1754:2h
1748:ah
1736:ax
1730:ds
1721:ax
1715:ax
1644:63
1638:CX
1635::=
1611:CX
1602:or
1581:CX
1572::=
1560:or
1530:or
1500::=
1497:CX
1039:GB
842:FD
816:HD
777:HD
764:HD
725:HD
712:HD
699:HD
686:HD
673:HD
336:×
334:63
332:×
328:×
137:13
3685:.
3661:.
3626:.
3599:.
2547:)
1907:0
1901:)
1895:-
1889:(
1886:-
1853:,
1838:,
1826:,
1814:0
1811:,
1799:2
1796:,
1784:0
1781:,
1766:,
1751:,
1733:,
1718:,
1647:;
1629:)
1626:2
1620:)
1608:(
1605:(
1599:)
1596:8
1590:)
1578:(
1575:(
1566:;
1557:)
1554:2
1548:)
1536:(
1533:(
1527:)
1524:8
1518:)
1506:(
1503:(
1041:.
256:(
125:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
