329:, a technique by which the BIOS would simulate a fictitious CHS geometry at the INT 13h interface, while communicating with the ATA drive using its native logical CHS geometry. (By the time the 504 MB barrier was being approached, ATA disks had long before ceased to present their real physical geometry parameters at the external ATA interface.) Translation allows the BIOS, still using CHS addressing, to effectively address ATA disks with sizes up to 8064 MB, the native capacity of the BIOS CHS interface alone. (The ATA interface has a much larger native CHS addressing capacity, so once the "interference" of the CHS limits of BIOS and ATA was resolved by addressing, only the smaller limitation of the BIOS was significant.)
337:, but that is actually a misnomer since by the time of this BIOS development, ATA CHS addresses were already logical, not physical. The 8064 MB limit originates from a combination of the register value based calling convention used in the INT 13h interface and the goal of maintaining backward compatibility—dictating that the format or size of CHS addresses passed to INT 13h could not be changed to add more bits to one of the fields, e.g. the Cylinder-number field. This limit uses 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, 63 sectors, and 512 byte blocks, allowing exactly 7.875 GiB of addressing (1024
322:(CHS) address given in the INT 13h call, and transferred it directly to the hardware interface. A lesser limit, about 504 MB, was imposed by the combination of CHS addressing limits used by the BIOS and those used by ATA hard disks, which are dissimilar. When the CHS addressing limits of both the BIOS and ATA are combined (i.e. when they are applied simultaneously), the number of 512-byte sectors that can be addressed represent a total of about 504 MB.
36:
406:
of information rather than the register based calling convention of the original INT 13h interface. This packet is a very simple data structure that contains an interface version, data size, and LBAs. For software backward-compatibility, the extended functions are implemented alongside the original
352:). There were briefly a number of BIOSes that offered incompatible versions of this interface—for example, AWARD AT BIOS and AMI 386sx BIOS have been extended to handle up to 4096 cylinders by placing bits 10 and 11 of the cylinder number into bits 6 and 7 of register DH.
1694:
ES = segment = 4F00h BX = offset = 0F00h sum = memory address = 4FF00h would be a good choice because 0F00h + 2000h = 2F00h <= 10000h ES = segment = 4000h BX = offset = FF00h sum = memory address = 4FF00h would
1932:
Notice how we didn't change dl (the drive). That is because when the computer first loads up, dl is set to the number of the drive that was booted, so assuming we want to read from the drive we booted from, there is no need to change dl.
2659:
The only difference between this function and function 02h (see above) is that function 0Ah reads 516 bytes per sector instead of only 512. The last 4 bytes contains the Error
Correction Code (ECC), a checksum of sector data.
306:
devices) attached to the system; when a protected-mode OS boots, it may use that information from the BIOS to enumerate disk hardware so that it (the OS) can load and configure appropriate disk I/O drivers.
414:
is bypassed by directly issuing INT 13h from applications. A dummy read via INT 13h can be used as one of several methods to force cache flushing for unknown caches (e.g. before rebooting).
407:
CHS functions, and calls to functions from both sets can be intermixed, even for the same drive, with the caveat that the CHS functions cannot reach past the first 8064 MB of the disk.
248:, which would carry out physical sector-based disk read or write operations for the program. In DOS, it serves as the low-level interface for the built-in block device drivers for
177:(CHS) addressing. Modern PC BIOSes also include INT 13h extension functions, originated by IBM and Microsoft in 1992, that provide those same disk access services using 64-bit
1702:
Function 02h of interrupt 13h may only read sectors of the first 16,450,560 sectors of your hard drive, to read sectors beyond the 8 GB limit you should use function 42h of
302:. Besides performing low-level disk access, INT 13h calls and related BIOS data structures also provide information about the types and capacities of disks (or other
367:) have a bug which prevents booting disk drives with 256 heads (register value 0xFF), so many modern BIOSes provide CHS translation mappings with at most 255 (0xFE)
3184:
optional pointer to
Enhanced Disk Drive (EDD) configuration parameters which may be used for subsequent interrupt 13h Extension calls (if supported)
3768:
3685:"BIOS Types, CHS Translation, LBA and Other Good Stuff, See BIOS Type 6 The Phoenix Enhanced Disk Drive Specification. (registration required)"
211:
1495:, possible values are 0 to 1023) and the sector number (6 bits, possible values are 1 to 63). Cylinder and Sector bits are numbered below:
421:
3629:"The x86 Interrupt List (v61 original text) archive: "inter61a.zip", subfile: "INTERRUP.B", heading: "B-1302" (INT13, 02 Read), Notes"
119:
1929:
After this code section (which the asm file should start with), you may write code and it will be loaded to memory and executed.
310:
The original BIOS real-mode INT 13h interface supports drives of sizes up to about 8 GB using what is commonly referred to as
192:
57:
3568:
386:(EDD). It defines new functions within the INT 13h service, all having function numbers greater than 40h, that use 64-bit
3563:
215:
3804:
3785:
295:
100:
3661:"Enhanced Disk Drive Specification 1.1 -DRAFT- Phoenix Technologies, see 3.0 BIOS Extensions (registration required)"
72:
3739:
3728:
3706:
402:
respectively, assuming a 512-byte sector/block size). This is a "packet" interface, because it uses a pointer to a
214:
functionality that provides the same services and more, with the exception of UEFI Class 3 that completely removes
46:
2883:
387:
231:
219:
181:
addressing; with minor additions, these were quasi-standardized by
Phoenix Technologies and others as the EDD (
178:
79:
53:
256:. This allows INT 25h and INT 26h to provide absolute disk read/write functions for logical sectors to the
3765:
86:
3558:
257:
188:
3553:
379:
368:
319:
279:
174:
68:
3814:
3548:
2867:
segment:offset pointer to the memory buffer to which sectors will be transferred (note that x86 is
1688:
417:
182:
145:
2871:: if declaring the segment and offset separately, the offset must be declared before the segment)
173:
at this vector that provides sector-based hard disk and floppy disk read and write services using
299:
196:
2882:
absolute number of the start of the sectors to be read (1st sector of drive has number 0) using
290:, the OS intercepts the call and passes it to the operating system's native disk I/O mechanism.
2593:
Result register CX contains both cylinders and sector/track values, see remark of function 02h.
170:
3574:
2856:
number of sectors to be read, (some
Phoenix BIOSes are limited to a maximum of 127 sectors)
155:
3628:
3230:
Physical CHS values of function 48h may/should differ from logical values of function 08h.
1498:
CX = ---CH--- ---CL--- cylinder : 76543210 98 sector : 543210
1031:
If the second column is empty then the function may be used both for floppy and hard disk.
3789:
3772:
3684:
3660:
2590:
Logical values of function 08h may/should differ from physical CHS values of function 48h.
249:
3601:
3707:
ctyme.com - Ralf Browns
Interrupt List, Indexed html, DISK - READ SECTOR(S) INTO MEMORY
275:
378:
was introduced by IBM and
Microsoft, then later re-published and slightly extended by
371:, thus reducing the total addressable space to exactly 8032.5 MiB (approx 7.844 GiB).
3809:
3798:
3624:
3597:
2868:
93:
3750:
3647:
1048:
Extensions which were written in the 1990s to support hard drives with more than 8
2561:
logical last index of sectors per track = number_of (because index starts with 1)
260:
253:
204:
150:
35:
364:
291:
394:. (An ATA drive can also support 28-bit or 48-bit LBA which allows up to 128
315:
237:
167:
3782:
1706:
Extensions. Another alternate may be DOS interrupt 25h which reads sectors
3777:
2546:
logical last index of heads = number_of - 1 (because index starts with 0)
2927:
As already stated with int 13h AH=02h, care must be taken to ensure that
1049:
399:
395:
391:
360:
133:
1675:. Otherwise the interrupt may fail with some BIOS or hardware versions.
3543:
268:
264:
17:
2554:
logical last index of cylinders = number_of - 1 (because index starts
263:
driver in the DOS kernel, which handles file-related requests through
429:
425:
356:
287:
218:
thus lacks INT 13h and other interrupts. Typically, UEFI drivers use
3729:
ctyme.com - DISK - GET DRIVE PARAMETERS (PC,XT286,CONV,PS,ESDI,SCSI)
1691:, there are different ways to calculate the register values, e.g.:
244:, calling INT 13h would jump into the computer's ROM-BIOS code for
420:
from around 1990–1991 trash word unaligned buffers. Some DOS and
374:
To support addressing of even larger disks, an interface known as
283:
1684:
303:
163:
3279:
points to an empty structure for result . must be 13h in size
1492:
411:
241:
159:
29:
1687:) and your buffer starts at memory address 4FF00h. Utilizing
1813:; the sector number 2 - second sector (starts from 1, not 0)
1699:
be a good choice because FF00h + 2000h = 11F00h > 10000h
882:
Set Media Type For Format (used by DOS versions >= 3.2)
869:
Set Media Type For Format (used by DOS versions <= 3.1)
410:
Some cache drivers flush their buffers when detecting that
314:. This limit originates from the hardware interface of the
3740:
ctyme.com - IBM/MS INT 13 Extensions - INSTALLATION CHECK
3058:
48h = function number for extended_read_drive_parameters
1081:
Drive (bit 7 set means reset both hard and floppy disks)
2886:(note that the lower half comes before the upper half)
3483:
Initial Boot Image
Segment Starting From 7c0h Segment
282:
derivatives (e.g. NT4, 2000, XP, and Server 2003) and
3444:
Logical Block
Address (LBA) of disk image to emulate
2578:
pointer to drive parameter table (only for floppies)
3648:
Disk size limitations, The 8.4 GB limit (and others)
3457:bit 0: Drive is slave instead of master
3619:
3617:
3074:segment:offset pointer to Result Buffer, see below
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2507:set to 0000h:0000h to work around some buggy BIOS
1141:Bit 7=0 for floppy drive, bit 7=1 for fixed drive
3147:physical number of sectors per track = last index
210:Modern computers come with both BIOS INT 13h and
2491:08h = function number for read_drive_parameters
3472:Segment Of 3K Buffer For Caching CD-ROMs Reads
2929:the complete buffer is inside the given segment
162:-based (IBM PC-descended) computer system. The
3121:physical number of cylinders = last index + 1
2809:segment:offset pointer to the DAP, see below
232:Logical block addressing § Enhanced BIOS
8:
2754:1 – Device Access using the packet structure
1683:Assume you want to read 16 sectors (= 2000h
424:clobber interrupt enabling and registers so
3783:Norton Guide about int 13h, ah = 00h .. 1ah
3592:
3590:
3494:Number Of Sectors (512 bytes long) To Load
3160:absolute number of sectors = last index + 1
2688:41h = function number for extensions check
1888:; to fill this sector and make it bootable:
1663:Addressing of Buffer should guarantee that
432:install their own filters to prevent this.
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3778:Ralf Brown's comprehensive Interrupt List
3134:physical number of heads = last index + 1
2962:43h = function number for extended write
2933:i.e. ( BX + size_of_buffer ) <= 10000h
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3355:
3319:
3284:
3237:
3234:INT 13h AH=4Bh: Get Drive Emulation Type
3193:
3099:size of Result Buffer (set this to 1Eh)
3075:
3040:
3001:
2944:
2895:
2810:
2793:42h = function number for extended read
2775:
2709:
2670:
2627:
2604:
2512:
2476:
2445:
2390:
2359:
2304:
2273:
2215:(applies to PC/XT 286,AT, PS/1 and PS/2)
2210:
2147:
2108:
2045:
2006:
1943:
1451:
1388:
1187:Attempted Write On Write Protected Disk
1153:
1143:
1117:
1086:
1063:
1041:PS/2: for hard disk on PS/2 system only.
555:
443:
3602:"Ralf Browns Interrupt List (v61 html)"
3586:
390:(LBA), which allows addressing up to 8
222:-addressing instead of CHS-addressing.
3505:Cylinder Count Low Byte (From int 8h)
1491:contains both the cylinder number (10
908:Test Whether Extensions Are Available
2760:4 – Enhanced Disk Drive Support (EDD)
2727:Set On Not Present, Clear If Present
298:also bypass BIOS routines when using
7:
3318:Points to a specification structure
2655:AH=0Ah: Read Long Sectors From Drive
1870:; 512bytes from origin address 7c00h
1673:( BX + size_of_buffer ) <= 10000h
1114:: Get Status of Last Drive Operation
422:terminate-and-stay-resident programs
325:The 504 MB limit was overcome using
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3564:DPMI (DOS Protected Mode Interface)
2735:Error Code or Major Version Number
2301:: Format Track Set Bad Sector Flags
1323:Drive timed out, assumed not ready
1275:Control data address mark detected
583:Get Status of Last Drive Operation
27:BIOS interrupt call for disk access
2996:segment:offset pointer to the DAP
2772:: Extended Read Sectors From Drive
2570:drive type (only AT/PS2 floppies)
1235:Attempt to DMA over 64kb boundary
648:Format Track Set Bad Sector Flags
25:
3271:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
3066:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2988:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2941:: Extended Write Sectors to Drive
2801:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2696:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
2601:: Init Drive Pair Characteristics
2499:drive index (e.g. 1st HDD = 80h)
384:BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services
318:disk hardware. The BIOS used the
3302:Set On Error, Clear if No Error
3211:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
3037:: Extended Read Drive Parameters
3019:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2913:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2637:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2522:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2455:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2387:: Format Drive Starting at Track
2369:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2283:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2118:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
2016:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1461:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1375:Set On Error, Clear If No Error
1219:Drive parameter activity failed
34:
3255:4Bh = get drive emulation type
2812:DAP : Disk Address Packet
661:Format Drive starting at Track
475:3rd floppy disk ( "drive C:" )
465:2nd floppy disk ( "drive B:" )
455:1st floppy disk ( "drive A:" )
45:needs additional citations for
3659:Stevens, Curtis (1995-01-26).
3343:Size of packets in byte (13h)
3162:(because index starts with 0)
3149:(because index starts with 1)
3136:(because index starts with 0)
3123:(because index starts with 0)
2834:size of DAP (set this to 10h)
2757:2 – Drive Locking and Ejecting
2134:Actual Sectors Verified Count
1251:Bad cylinder (track) detected
203:is the interrupt number (as a
1:
3766:BIOS Interrupt 13h Extensions
2972:bit 0 = 0: close write check,
2032:Actual Sectors Written Count
700:Read Long Sectors From Drive
2975:bit 0 = 1: open write check,
2268:0=128, 1-256, 2-512, 3-1024
1783:; we want to read 63 sectors
778:Test Whether Drive Is Ready
726:Move Drive Head To Cylinder
713:Write Long Sectors To Drive
333:is sometimes referred to as
3683:Landis, Hale (1995-02-11).
3569:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List
3516:Sector Count (From int 8h)
3422:Drive Number (Drive Index)
3399:Image Contain ATAPI Driver
2751:Interface support bitmask:
2538:number of hard disk drives
2042:: Verify Sectors From Drive
687:Initialize Disk Controller
296:Windows for Workgroups 3.11
278:operating systems, such as
240:operating systems, such as
3831:
3407:Image Contain SCSI Driver
2978:bit 1-7:reserved, set to 0
2667:: Check Extensions Present
1753:; start putting in values:
1735:; make sure ds is set to 0
1477:Actual Sectors Read Count
1267:Invalid number of sectors
1211:Disk change line 'active'
986:Move Drive Head To Sector
535:CD/DVD, or 97th hard disk
229:
131:
3573:BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive
3527:Head Count (From int 8h)
3433:CD-ROM Controller Number
3379:0011b: 2.88M Floppy Disk
3376:0010b: 1.44M Floppy Disk
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3015:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2822:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1885:; jump to the next sector
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1385:: Read Sectors From Drive
1374:
1371:
1299:ECC corrected data error
1179:Cannot Find Address Mark
1152:
1149:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1035:FD: for floppy disk only.
1025:Get Drive Emulation Type
3373:0001b: 1.2M Floppy Disk
3321:Specification Structure
2884:logical block addressing
2165:Sectors To Format Count
2063:Sectors To Verify Count
1940:: Write Sectors To Drive
1798:; from cylinder number 0
1717:
1669:inside the given segment
1505:
1502:Examples of translation:
921:Read Sectors From Drive
596:Read Sectors From Drive
388:logical block addressing
132:Not to be confused with
3354:Boot Media Type :
2845:unused, should be zero
2473:: Read Drive Parameters
2205:Buffer Address Pointer
2103:Buffer Address Pointer
2001:Buffer Address Pointer
1961:Sectors To Write Count
1446:Buffer Address Pointer
1363:Sense operation failed
1038:HD: for hard disk only.
934:Write Sectors To Drive
609:Write Sectors To Drive
312:physical CHS addressing
246:low-level disk services
3751:- LBA in Extended Mode
3460:bits 7-0: LUN and PUN
3455:Device Specification:
1720:; code starts at 7c00h
1406:Sectors To Read Count
999:Read Drive Parameters
830:Controller Diagnostic
765:Controller Write Test
674:Read Drive Parameters
335:logical CHS addressing
3559:INT (x86 instruction)
1259:Media type not found
752:Controller Read Test
207:value) being called.
3554:Cylinder-head-sector
3371:0000b: No Emulation
2212:4-byte address field
1243:Bad sector detected
1012:Detect Media Change
856:Detect Media Change
804:Controller RAM Test
380:Phoenix Technologies
320:cylinder-head-sector
280:Microsoft Windows NT
175:cylinder-head-sector
166:typically sets up a
54:improve this article
3549:BIOS interrupt call
3357:
3322:
3287:
3240:
3196:
3078:
3043:
3004:
2947:
2898:
2813:
2778:
2712:
2673:
2630:
2607:
2515:
2479:
2448:
2393:
2362:
2307:
2276:
2217:
2150:
2111:
2048:
2009:
1946:
1768:; int13h function 2
1689:memory segmentation
1665:the complete buffer
1454:
1391:
1307:Controller failure
1291:CRC/ECC data error
1156:
1146:
1120:
1089:
1066:
1060:: Reset Disk System
558:
446:
185:) BIOS extensions.
183:Enhanced Disk Drive
146:BIOS interrupt call
3805:IBM PC compatibles
3788:2008-06-27 at the
3771:2006-02-06 at the
3356:
3320:
3285:
3238:
3194:
3110:information flags
3076:
3041:
3002:
2945:
2896:
2811:
2776:
2710:
2671:
2628:
2605:
2513:
2477:
2446:
2391:
2360:
2305:
2274:
2211:
2148:
2109:
2046:
2007:
1944:
1452:
1389:
1154:
1144:
1118:
1087:
1064:
960:Lock/Unlock Drive
791:Recalibrate Drive
739:Reset Disk Drives
570:Reset Disk System
556:
490:128th floppy disk
444:
376:INT 13h Extensions
300:32-bit Disk Access
197:software interrupt
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3411:
3410:
3382:0100b: Hard Disk
3283:
3282:
3223:
3222:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3173:bytes per sector
3031:
3030:
3000:
2999:
2925:
2924:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2766:
2765:
2708:
2707:
2649:
2648:
2626:
2625:
2582:
2581:
2511:
2510:
2467:
2466:
2444:
2443:
2381:
2380:
2358:
2357:
2295:
2294:
2272:
2271:
2227:Allowable Values
2209:
2208:
2138:
2137:
2107:
2106:
2036:
2035:
2005:
2004:
1481:
1480:
1450:
1449:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1283:DMA out of range
1195:Sector Not Found
1139:
1138:
1108:
1107:
1085:
1084:
1044:EXT: part of the
1029:
1028:
1019:
554:
553:
171:interrupt handler
144:is shorthand for
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3822:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3594:
3358:
3323:
3288:
3241:
3197:
3079:
3044:
3036:
3005:
2948:
2940:
2899:
2814:
2779:
2771:
2713:
2674:
2666:
2654:
2631:
2608:
2600:
2557:
2516:
2480:
2472:
2449:
2394:
2386:
2363:
2308:
2300:
2277:
2218:
2216:
2151:
2143:
2112:
2049:
2041:
2010:
1947:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:; es should be 0
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1705:
1674:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1455:
1392:
1384:
1339:Undefined error
1331:Drive not ready
1171:Invalid Command
1157:
1147:
1121:
1113:
1090:
1067:
1059:
1047:
1017:
1006:
993:
980:
967:
954:
941:
928:
915:
902:
889:
876:
863:
850:
843:Read Drive Type
837:
824:
811:
798:
785:
772:
759:
746:
733:
720:
707:
694:
681:
668:
655:
642:
629:
616:
603:
590:
577:
564:
559:
550:128th hard disk
547:
532:
517:
507:
497:
487:
472:
462:
452:
447:
439:
355:All versions of
351:
348:
344:
340:
195:that triggers a
156:interrupt vector
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3795:
3794:
3790:Wayback Machine
3773:Wayback Machine
3762:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3540:
3236:
3228:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3039:
3034:
2943:
2938:
2774:
2769:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2559:
2555:
2475:
2470:
2389:
2384:
2303:
2298:
2214:
2213:
2146:
2141:
2044:
2039:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:; head number 0
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1486:
1387:
1382:
1116:
1111:
1062:
1057:
1045:
1004:
991:
978:
965:
952:
947:Verify Sectors
939:
926:
913:
900:
887:
874:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
692:
679:
666:
653:
640:
627:
622:Verify Sectors
614:
601:
588:
575:
562:
557:Function Table
545:
530:
515:
505:
495:
485:
470:
460:
450:
442:
437:
349:
346:
342:
338:
331:CHS translation
327:CHS translation
234:
228:
202:
153:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3775:
3761:
3760:External links
3758:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3732:
3710:
3699:
3675:
3651:
3640:
3627:(2000-07-16).
3625:Brown, Ralf D.
3613:
3600:(2000-07-16).
3598:Brown, Ralf D.
3585:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3077:Result Buffer
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3038:
3035:INT 13h AH=48h
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2942:
2939:INT 13h AH=43h
2936:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2773:
2770:INT 13h AH=42h
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2668:
2665:INT 13h AH=41h
2662:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2602:
2599:INT 13h AH=09h
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2471:INT 13h AH=08h
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2388:
2385:INT 13h AH=07h
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2302:
2299:INT 13h AH=06h
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2145:
2144:: Format Track
2142:INT 13h AH=05h
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2043:
2040:INT 13h AH=04h
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1938:INT 13h AH=03h
1935:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1693:
1680:
1677:
1506:
1497:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1386:
1383:INT 13h AH=02h
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1115:
1112:INT 13h AH=01h
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1058:INT 13h AH=00h
1055:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
968:
962:
961:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
942:
936:
935:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
903:
897:
896:
893:
890:
884:
883:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
812:
806:
805:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
747:
741:
740:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
708:
702:
701:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
643:
637:
636:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
565:
552:
551:
548:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
522:
521:
520:3rd hard disk
518:
512:
511:
510:2nd hard disk
508:
502:
501:
500:1st hard disk
498:
492:
491:
488:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
441:
434:
350:512 bytes
276:protected mode
227:
224:
200:
149:
128:
127:
110:September 2010
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3827:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3575:Specification
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:little-endian
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2640:
2632:
2617:
2609:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2469:
2458:
2450:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2383:
2372:
2364:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2297:
2286:
2278:
2265:Bytes/Sector
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2219:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2140:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2038:
2027:
2019:
2011:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1713:
1711:
1710:a partition.
1709:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:Status error
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:Seek failure
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:Reset Failed
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1110:
1099:
1096:Set on error
1091:
1076:
1068:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
990:
989:
985:
982:
977:
976:
972:
969:
964:
963:
959:
956:
951:
950:
946:
943:
938:
937:
933:
930:
925:
924:
920:
917:
912:
911:
907:
904:
899:
898:
894:
891:
886:
885:
881:
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:
860:
859:
855:
852:
847:
846:
842:
839:
834:
833:
829:
826:
821:
820:
816:
813:
808:
807:
803:
800:
795:
794:
790:
787:
782:
781:
777:
774:
769:
768:
764:
761:
756:
755:
751:
748:
743:
742:
738:
735:
730:
729:
725:
722:
717:
716:
712:
709:
704:
703:
699:
696:
691:
690:
686:
683:
678:
677:
673:
670:
665:
664:
660:
657:
652:
651:
647:
644:
639:
638:
635:Format Track
634:
631:
626:
625:
621:
618:
613:
612:
608:
605:
600:
599:
595:
592:
587:
586:
582:
579:
574:
573:
569:
566:
561:
560:
549:
544:
543:
539:
538:
534:
529:
528:
524:
523:
519:
514:
513:
509:
504:
503:
499:
494:
493:
489:
484:
483:
479:
478:
474:
469:
468:
464:
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
359:, (including
358:
353:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
271:) functions.
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3746:
3735:
3702:
3691:. Retrieved
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3654:
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3605:. Retrieved
3459:
3456:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3332:Description
3329:Size (byte)
3310:Return Code
3294:Description
3247:Description
3229:
3219:Return Code
3203:Description
3088:description
3082:offset range
3050:Description
3027:Return Code
3011:Description
2954:Description
2932:
2928:
2926:
2921:Return Code
2905:Description
2823:description
2817:offset range
2785:Description
2719:Description
2680:Description
2658:
2645:Return Code
2560:
2530:Return Code
2463:Return Code
2377:Return Code
2291:Return Code
2126:Return Code
2024:Return Code
1931:
1928:
1714:Code Example
1707:
1701:
1696:
1682:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1469:Return Code
1347:Write fault
1227:DMA overrun
1155:Return Code
1140:
1104:Return Code
1030:
973:Eject Drive
445:Drive Table
416:
409:
403:
383:
375:
373:
354:
334:
330:
326:
324:
311:
309:
273:
254:floppy disks
245:
235:
209:
187:
141:
140:
138:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3239:Parameters
3042:Parameters
2946:Parameters
2777:Parameters
2672:Parameters
2606:Parameters
2478:Parameters
2408:Interleave
2392:Parameters
2322:Interleave
2306:Parameters
2149:Parameters
2047:Parameters
1945:Parameters
1489:Register CX
1390:Parameters
1119:Parameters
1065:Parameters
895:Park Heads
817:Drive Test
382:as part of
261:file system
205:hexadecimal
193:instruction
154:, the 20th
3815:Interrupts
3799:Categories
3693:2016-11-03
3669:2016-11-03
3634:2016-11-03
3607:2016-11-03
3581:References
3291:Registers
3244:Regsiters
3200:Registers
3047:Registers
3008:Registers
2951:Registers
2902:Registers
2782:Registers
2716:Registers
2677:Registers
2483:Registers
1018:AH = 4Bh
418:AMI BIOSes
365:Windows 95
292:Windows 9x
250:hard disks
230:See also:
191:is an x86
80:newspapers
3391:Reserved
1414:Cylinder
316:IBM PC/XT
238:real mode
168:real mode
69:"INT 13H"
3786:Archived
3769:Archived
3538:See also
3286:Results
3195:Results
3181:4 bytes
3178:1Ah..1Dh
3167:18h..19h
3157:8 bytes
3154:10h..17h
3144:4 bytes
3141:0Ch..0Fh
3131:4 bytes
3128:08h..0Bh
3118:4 bytes
3115:04h..07h
3104:02h..03h
3093:00h..01h
3003:Results
2897:Results
2879:8 bytes
2876:08h..0Fh
2864:4 bytes
2861:04h..07h
2853:2 bytes
2850:02h..03h
2711:Results
2629:Results
2514:Results
2447:Results
2361:Results
2275:Results
2224:Meaning
2110:Results
2008:Results
1580:cylinder
1550:cylinder
1520:cylinder
1453:Results
1163:Success
1145:Results
1088:Results
1005:AH = 49h
992:AH = 48h
979:AH = 47h
966:AH = 46h
953:AH = 45h
940:AH = 44h
927:AH = 43h
914:AH = 42h
901:AH = 41h
888:AH = 19h
875:AH = 18h
862:AH = 17h
849:AH = 16h
836:AH = 15h
823:AH = 14h
810:AH = 13h
797:AH = 12h
784:AH = 11h
771:AH = 10h
758:AH = 0Fh
745:AH = 0Eh
732:AH = 0Dh
719:AH = 0Ch
706:AH = 0Bh
693:AH = 0Ah
680:AH = 09h
667:AH = 08h
654:AH = 07h
641:AH = 06h
628:AH = 05h
615:AH = 04h
602:AH = 03h
589:AH = 02h
576:AH = 01h
563:AH = 00h
546:DL = FFh
531:DL = E0h
516:DL = 82h
506:DL = 81h
496:DL = 80h
486:DL = 7Fh
471:DL = 02h
461:DL = 01h
451:DL = 00h
440:services
436:List of
361:MS-DOS 7
226:Overview
199:, and 13
134:Mode 13h
3544:INT 10H
3326:Offset
3170:2 bytes
3107:2 bytes
3096:2 bytes
2653:INT 13h
2585:Remarks
2424:Sector
2338:Sector
2255:Sector
2181:Sector
2079:Sector
1977:Sector
1704:INT 13h
1679:Example
1671:, i.e.
1484:Remarks
1422:Sector
1046:INT 13h
438:INT 13h
398:or 128
269:INT 21h
265:DOS API
142:INT 13h
94:scholar
18:INT 13h
3368:0 - 3
3315:DS:SI
3276:DS:SI
3226:Remark
3071:DS:SI
2993:DS:SI
2842:1 byte
2831:1 byte
2806:DS:SI
2743:AA55h
2704:55AAh
2622:Drive
2575:ES:DI
2556:with 0
2504:ES:DI
2440:Drive
2416:Track
2354:Drive
2330:Track
2235:Track
2202:ES:BX
2197:Drive
2173:Track
2100:ES:BX
2095:Drive
2071:Track
1998:ES:BX
1993:Drive
1969:Track
1924:0AA55h
1708:within
1643:sector
1598:$ FF00
1574:sector
1443:ES:BX
1438:Drive
1135:Drive
892:
840:
671:
658:
645:
632:
619:
606:
593:
580:
567:
540:. . .
525:. . .
480:. . .
430:MS-DOS
426:PC DOS
404:packet
357:MS-DOS
288:dosemu
274:Under
236:Under
158:in an
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3688:(PDF)
3664:(PDF)
3361:Bits
3085:size
2820:size
2432:Head
2346:Head
2245:Head
2221:Byte
2189:Head
2087:Head
1985:Head
1891:times
1882:7e00h
1867:7e00h
1685:bytes
1430:Head
369:heads
286:with
284:Linux
101:JSTOR
87:books
3810:BIOS
3521:12h
3510:11h
3499:10h
3488:0Eh
3477:0Ch
3466:0Ah
3449:08h
3438:04h
3427:03h
3416:02h
3388:4-5
3348:01h
3337:00h
2614:09h
2400:07h
2314:06h
2157:05h
2055:04h
1953:03h
1909:$ $
1628:$ C0
1493:bits
1398:02h
1360:FFh
1352:E0h
1344:CCh
1336:BBh
1328:AAh
1320:80h
1312:40h
1304:20h
1296:11h
1288:10h
1280:0Fh
1272:0Eh
1264:0Dh
1256:0Ch
1248:0Bh
1240:0Ah
1232:09h
1224:08h
1216:07h
1208:06h
1200:05h
1192:04h
1184:03h
1176:02h
1168:01h
1160:00h
1127:01h
1073:00h
1022:EXT
905:EXT
814:PS/2
801:PS/2
762:PS/2
749:PS/2
428:and
363:and
304:DASD
294:and
252:and
212:UEFI
164:BIOS
73:news
3307:AX
3299:CF
3268:DL
3263:01
3260:AL
3252:AH
3208:CF
3063:DL
3055:AH
3016:CF
2985:DL
2967:AL
2959:AH
2910:CF
2839:01h
2828:00h
2798:DL
2790:AH
2748:CX
2732:AH
2724:CF
2693:DL
2685:AH
2642:AH
2634:CF
2619:DL
2611:AH
2567:BL
2551:CX
2543:DH
2535:DL
2519:CF
2496:DL
2488:AH
2460:AH
2452:CF
2437:DL
2429:DH
2421:CL
2413:CH
2405:AL
2397:AH
2374:AH
2366:CF
2351:DL
2343:DH
2335:CL
2327:CH
2319:AL
2311:AH
2288:AH
2280:CF
2194:DL
2186:DH
2178:CL
2170:CH
2162:AL
2154:AH
2131:AL
2123:AH
2115:CF
2092:DL
2084:DH
2076:CL
2068:CH
2060:AL
2052:AH
2029:AL
2021:AH
2013:CF
1990:DL
1982:DH
1974:CL
1966:CH
1958:AL
1950:AH
1894:510
1879:jmp
1876:13h
1873:int
1858:mov
1843:mov
1831:xor
1816:mov
1801:mov
1786:mov
1771:mov
1756:mov
1750:cld
1738:mov
1723:xor
1697:not
1667:is
1652:and
1634:shl
1625:and
1604:shr
1595:and
1562:shr
1556:768
1553:and
1532:shl
1526:255
1523:and
1474:AL
1466:AH
1458:CF
1435:DL
1427:DH
1419:CL
1411:CH
1403:AL
1395:AH
1372:CF
1150:AH
1132:DL
1124:AH
1101:AH
1093:CF
1078:DL
1070:AH
1009:EXT
996:EXT
983:EXT
970:EXT
957:EXT
944:EXT
931:EXT
918:EXT
879:FD
866:FD
412:DOS
400:PiB
396:GiB
392:ZiB
341:256
258:FAT
242:DOS
220:LBA
216:CSM
201:hex
189:INT
179:LBA
160:x86
151:hex
56:by
3801::
3713:^
3616:^
3589:^
3524:1
3513:1
3502:1
3491:2
3480:2
3469:2
3452:2
3441:4
3430:1
3419:1
3404:7
3396:6
3351:1
3340:1
3216:AH
3024:AH
2931:,
2918:AH
2740:BX
2701:BX
2527:AH
2262:4
2252:3
2242:2
2232:1
1921:dw
1915:db
1903:$
1861:bx
1852:bx
1846:es
1840:bx
1834:bx
1819:dh
1804:cl
1789:ch
1780:63
1774:al
1765:2h
1759:ah
1747:ax
1741:ds
1732:ax
1726:ax
1655:63
1649:CX
1646::=
1622:CX
1613:or
1592:CX
1583::=
1571:or
1541:or
1511::=
1508:CX
1050:GB
853:FD
827:HD
788:HD
775:HD
736:HD
723:HD
710:HD
697:HD
684:HD
347:×
345:63
343:×
339:×
148:13
3696:.
3672:.
3637:.
3610:.
2558:)
1918:0
1912:)
1906:-
1900:(
1897:-
1864:,
1849:,
1837:,
1825:0
1822:,
1810:2
1807:,
1795:0
1792:,
1777:,
1762:,
1744:,
1729:,
1658:;
1640:)
1637:2
1631:)
1619:(
1616:(
1610:)
1607:8
1601:)
1589:(
1586:(
1577:;
1568:)
1565:2
1559:)
1547:(
1544:(
1538:)
1535:8
1529:)
1517:(
1514:(
1052:.
267:(
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
