33:
77:
219:
52:
632:
872:
858:
490:
The Native peoples of
Florida used the hollowed-out shells of Lightning Whelks (Busycon contrarium), a kind of sea snail found on the east and west coasts of Florida, as drinking vessels in their black drink ceremonies.
288:, 6–15 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, glossy dark green, entire or with a few small spines near the apex of the leaf. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed corolla. The fruit is a red
1070:
1122:
1264:
676:
1018:
713:
390:
is indigenous to the southeastern coast of North
America and the Caribbean, growing along the margins of waterways and swamps from Virginia to the
1083:
1031:
577:
568:
1184:
773:
783:
608:
1279:
633:"Diversity of Methylxanthine Content in Ilex cassine L. and Ilex vomitoria Ait.: Assessing Sources of the North American Stimulant Cassina"
801:"Ilex cassine (Cassine, Cassine Holly, Dahoon, Dahoon Holly, Narrowleaf Dahoon Holly) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
1304:
1274:
700:
32:
409:
for the attractive bright red berries set against the glossy green leaves. It is known to grow as high as 12 meters (39 ft).
1236:
487:
does not contain significant amounts of theobromine), but the stimulant effect of theobromine is just 10% of that of caffeine.
1057:
399:
246:
808:
738:
1088:
1299:
1289:
573:
956:
1197:
1127:
1284:
673:
651:
440:), and there has been confusion in the literature as to which species was commonly used to brew the drink, but
1202:
862:
76:
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899:
391:
242:
717:
193:
1036:
559:
971:
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992:
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41:
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71:
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937:
876:
1145:
1101:
979:
779:
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604:
467:
253:, Mexico, and in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas in the Caribbean. It is commonly known as
1150:
647:
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406:
320:
264:
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448:
300:
218:
114:
1176:
509:
1171:
461:
269:
101:
1269:
1258:
1096:
775:
The
Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants : Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications
518:
209:
61:
56:
1228:
984:
800:
150:
961:
241:
native to the southeastern coast of North
America that grows from Virginia to the
598:
1109:
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931:
884:
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429:
308:
303:
with separate male and female plants. Only the females have berries, and a male
922:
871:
948:
831:
375:
304:
659:
1005:
402:, and in the Caribbean on the coasts of Cuba, the Bahamas, and Puerto Rico.
285:
1215:
857:
444:
provides more caffeine and was probably the usual ingredient in cassena.
1210:
916:
455:
leaves have about 20% (by dry weight) of the amount of caffeine found in
425:
395:
250:
140:
127:
1023:
432:. The leaves of both species may have been used in the Native American
1049:
832:"Pre-Columbian Trade in Eastern United States as Viewed from Florida"
893:
1010:
289:
277:
238:
170:
160:
88:
1062:
293:
281:
997:
897:
778:. Rochester, Vt. : Park Street Press. pp. 284–287.
652:
10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0275:DOMCII]2.0.CO;2
885:
Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North
Carolina: Dahoon (
451:
in the leaves used in various stimulant drinks found that
394:
in Texas, with subspecies growing southward as far as
906:
631:Edwards, Adam L.; Bennett, Bradley C. (June 2005).
626:
624:
622:
620:
245:in Texas, with subspecies growing southward on the
284:growing to 12 meters (39 ft). The leaves are
533:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T20678718A20695061.en
672:Florida Department of Environmental Protection:
424:, contain measurable amounts of the stimulants
8:
508:Rhodes, L.; Maxted, N.; Stritch, L. (2018).
292:, 5–6 mm in diameter, containing four
894:
405:It is cultivated in warmer climates as an
217:
50:
31:
20:
531:
420:leaves, like those of its sister species
578:United States Department of Agriculture
569:Germplasm Resources Information Network
500:
554:
552:
550:
7:
1138:a0beaffe-6490-41de-8134-5a433310b8cf
830:Bullen, Ripley P. (September 1978).
1265:IUCN Red List least concern species
519:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
369:is a naturally occurring hybrid of
811:from the original on 8 August 2020
465:, and about 3% of the caffeine in
14:
475:has twice as much theobromine as
307:must be within range for bees to
870:
856:
75:
1203:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83134-1
693:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
603:. CRC Press. pp. 590–591.
226:Natural range in United States
807:. N.C. Cooperative Extension.
263:, the latter derived from the
1:
574:Agricultural Research Service
447:An analysis of the levels of
383:Natural range and cultivation
299:As with other hollies, it is
1280:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
753:. Missouri Botanical Garden
1321:
836:The Florida Anthropologist
772:Rätsch, Christian (2005).
597:Austin, Daniel F. (2004).
334:(United States, Caribbean)
1305:Trees of Northern America
714:"Ilex cassine Fact Sheet"
225:
216:
199:
192:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1275:Plants described in 1753
691:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
526:: e.T20678718A20695061.
479:and 20% of the level in
1300:Trees of Puerto Rico
1290:Trees of the Bahamas
867:at Wikimedia Commons
805:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
600:Florida Ethnobotany
42:Conservation status
679:2010-02-09 at the
1252:
1251:
1146:Open Tree of Life
900:Taxon identifiers
861:Media related to
785:978-0-89281-978-2
674:Florida's Hollies
610:978-0-8493-2332-4
468:Camellia sinensis
359:
346:
230:
229:
65:
1312:
1285:Ornamental trees
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875:Data related to
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789:
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716:. Archived from
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585:
584:
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540:
535:
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459:, 8% of that in
407:ornamental plant
366:Ilex × attenuata
357:
344:
319:There are three
221:
205:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
16:Species of holly
1320:
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732:
723:
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690:
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681:Wayback Machine
671:
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640:Economic Botany
635:
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629:
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596:
595:
591:
582:
580:
558:
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538:
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507:
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449:methylxanthines
415:
385:
347:(United States)
317:
212:
207:
201:
188:
185:I. cassine
74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1229:wfo-0000729281
1220:
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904:
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898:
892:
891:
882:
881:at Wikispecies
868:
852:
851:External links
849:
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462:Coffea arabica
414:
411:
392:Colorado River
384:
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361:
358:(Turcz.) Loes.
348:
335:
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276:It is a large
243:Colorado River
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1295:Trees of Cuba
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720:on 2008-05-06
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194:Binomial name
191:
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161:Aquifoliaceae
159:
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63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1164:Ilex cassine
938:Ilex cassine
908:Ilex cassine
907:
887:Ilex cassine
886:
878:Ilex cassine
877:
864:Ilex cassine
863:
839:
835:
825:
813:. Retrieved
804:
799:NCCE Staff.
794:
774:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:Plant Finder
750:
744:
740:
733:
722:. Retrieved
718:the original
708:
695:. Macmillan
692:
687:
668:
643:
639:
599:
592:
581:. Retrieved
567:
562:Ilex cassine
561:
537:. Retrieved
523:
517:
512:Ilex cassine
511:
503:
489:
484:
480:
477:I. vomitoria
476:
472:
466:
460:
457:I. vomitoria
456:
452:
446:
442:I. vomitoria
441:
433:
422:I. vomitoria
421:
418:Ilex cassine
417:
416:
404:
388:Ilex cassine
387:
386:
374:
371:Ilex cassine
370:
364:
363:
354:
351:Ilex cassine
350:
342:angustifolia
341:
338:Ilex cassine
337:
331:
328:Ilex cassine
327:
318:
298:
275:
270:I. vomitoria
268:
259:
258:
255:dahoon holly
254:
234:Ilex cassine
233:
232:
231:
203:Ilex cassine
202:
200:
184:
183:
171:
151:Aquifoliales
134:
121:
108:
95:
25:Ilex cassine
24:
18:
1177:kew-2860502
1110:NatureServe
1045:iNaturalist
932:Wikispecies
842:(3): 94–95.
539:19 November
481:C. sinensis
438:Black drink
430:theobromine
115:Angiosperms
1259:Categories
1172:Plant List
757:6 December
747:'Fosteri'"
724:2008-05-07
646:(3): 277.
583:2011-09-20
495:References
485:C. arabica
473:I. cassine
453:I. cassine
400:Gulf Coast
376:Ilex opaca
305:pollenizer
249:as far as
247:Gulf Coast
745:attenuata
660:0013-0001
413:Stimulant
321:varieties
315:Varieties
309:pollinate
301:dioecious
286:evergreen
280:or small
267:name for
179:Species:
85:Kingdom:
1211:Tropicos
1115:2.146609
1102:20678718
1076:11101677
923:Q3141413
917:Wikidata
809:Archived
677:Archived
426:caffeine
396:Veracruz
360:(Mexico)
355:mexicana
251:Veracruz
157:Family:
141:Asterids
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
1216:2000321
1063:83134-1
1024:5414255
972:159-1-5
483:Kunze (
471:Kunze.
434:cassena
398:on the
332:cassine
265:Timucua
260:cassena
167:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1242:418772
1185:PLANTS
1151:468907
1135:NZOR:
1128:146503
1050:164035
998:582647
969:APSA:
962:194685
815:18 May
782:
699:
658:
607:
345:Aiton.
311:them.
1237:WoRMS
1089:27992
1071:IRMNG
1037:19681
1011:ILECA
985:3PF9M
946:APA:
636:(PDF)
436:(the
353:var.
340:var.
330:var.
294:seeds
290:drupe
278:shrub
239:holly
237:is a
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1270:Ilex
1198:POWO
1190:ILCA
1159:PfaF
1123:NCBI
1097:IUCN
1084:ITIS
1058:IPNI
1032:GRIN
1019:GBIF
1006:EPPO
957:APNI
817:2024
780:ISBN
759:2020
741:Ilex
697:ISBN
656:ISSN
605:ISBN
541:2021
524:2018
428:and
373:and
282:tree
172:Ilex
1224:WFO
993:EoL
980:CoL
949:422
648:doi
528:doi
257:or
1261::
1239::
1226::
1213::
1200::
1187::
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1148::
1125::
1112::
1099::
1086::
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1060::
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1034::
1021::
1008::
995::
982::
959::
934::
919::
840:31
838:.
834:.
803:.
749:.
743:×
654:.
644:59
642:.
638:.
619:^
576:,
572:.
566:.
549:^
522:.
516:.
379:.
323::
296:.
273:.
210:L.
137::
124::
111::
98::
889:)
819:.
788:.
761:.
739:"
727:.
703:.
662:.
650::
613:.
586:.
564:"
560:"
543:.
530::
514:"
510:"
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
