82:
228:
487:
57:
33:
649:
usage by colonists for tea making and for medicinal uses in the
Carolinas is documented by the early 18th century. In the English-speaking colonies, it was known variously as cassina, yaupon tea, Indian tea, Carolina tea, and Appalachian tea. Recently, the process of drying the leaves for consumption
665:
is a common landscape plant in the
Southeastern United States. The most common cultivars are slow-growing shrubs popular for their dense, evergreen foliage and their adaptability to pruning into
1806:
893:
Edwards, Adam L.; Bennett, Bradley C. (2005). "Diversity of
Methylxanthine Content in Ilex cassine L. and Ilex vomitoria Ait.: Assessing Sources of the North American Stimulant Cassina".
1103:
1548:
1623:
1781:
1496:
1561:
1509:
1290:
820:
811:
1688:
324:). The Latin name comes from an observation by early Europeans that the ingestion of the plant was followed by vomiting in certain ceremonies.
1801:
1349:
1128:
877:
603:
332:
411:
4β6 mm diameter containing four pits, which are dispersed by birds eating the fruit. The species may be distinguished from the similar
1269:
1811:
935:
Folch C. Ceremony, Medicine, Caffeinated Tea: Unearthing the
Forgotten Faces of the North American Stimulant Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria).
328:
1791:
1228:
1203:
1000:
1753:
1535:
1821:
1592:
361:, commonly known as dahoon holly. Recently, the plant has begun to be harvested for making commercial tea once again in the
1566:
1316:
816:
395:
or coarsely serrated margin, 1β4.5 cm long and 1β2 cm broad, glossy dark green above, slightly paler below. The
1029:
732:
458:. It generally occurs in coastal areas in well-drained sandy soils, and can be found on the upper edges of brackish and
1714:
1701:
642:; the vomiting may have resulted from the great quantities in which they drank the beverage, coupled with fasting.
1628:
1587:
981:
906:
1706:
682:'Pride of Houston' β female clone similar to type but featuring improvements in form, fruiting, and foliage.
81:
1488:
1008:. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Technical Report EL-97-16. Archived from
1483:
1367:
556:
351:
among natives and "Carolina Tea", or "South Seas Tea" among colonists. It is only one of two known plants
685:'Schilling's Dwarf'/'Stokes Dwarf' β dwarf male clone that grows no more than 0.6 m tall and 1.2 m wide.
560:
447:
198:
1514:
802:
1758:
1475:
1447:
552:
1662:
1405:
777:
564:
508:
46:
1615:
1058:
1740:
1097:
918:
910:
296:
76:
1693:
1553:
1796:
1649:
1434:
1345:
1224:
1199:
1177:
1124:
1118:
873:
580:
463:
1816:
1667:
1654:
1167:
1157:
902:
772:
540:
528:
492:
400:
315:
253:
1579:
1636:
1216:
227:
214:
119:
1009:
1680:
1416:
1244:
1675:
1172:
1145:
615:
544:
520:
486:
106:
610:, commonly called black drink. Historically the ceremonial consumption often included
1786:
1775:
1574:
763:
754:
702:
651:
536:
516:
512:
427:
362:
288:
218:
66:
61:
956:
922:
840:
1745:
1439:
716:
639:
548:
504:
357:
320:
155:
1719:
1339:
867:
1610:
1522:
1399:
635:
597:
524:
388:
344:
1390:
1426:
623:
607:
474:, maritime forests, nontidal forested wetlands, well-drained forests and pine
459:
348:
1221:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
1037:
679:'Nana'/'Compacta' β dwarf female clone usually remaining below 1 m in height.
1460:
1162:
720:
or guayusa β a caffeinated holly native to the
Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest.
532:
467:
392:
377:
32:
1181:
355:
to North
America that produce caffeine. The other (containing 80% less) is
1732:
1641:
1727:
1602:
1384:
1144:
Crown PL, Emerson TE, Gu J, Hurst WJ, Pauketat TR, Ward T (August 2012).
631:
611:
568:
475:
471:
439:
431:
340:
336:
145:
132:
1501:
1270:"Texas' Only Caffeinated Plant Makes a Buzzworthy Tea - Texas Highways"
914:
735:- a former town and current neighborhood of Oak Island, North Carolina.
627:
572:
455:
435:
352:
1527:
391:
is alternate, with leaves ovate to elliptical and a rounded apex with
723:
451:
396:
1361:
1465:
666:
576:
485:
443:
408:
404:
387:
tall, with smooth, light gray bark and slender, hairy shoots. The
384:
380:
284:
175:
165:
93:
1540:
1002:
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual
869:
O Brave New Words!: Native
American Loanwords in Current English
691:'Pendula' β "weeping" variety. Has the highest caffeine content.
645:
Native
Americans may have also used the infusion as a laxative.
368:
Yaupon is also widely used for landscaping in its native range.
1452:
1365:
688:'Will Fleming' β male clone featuring a columnar growth habit.
262:
1291:"Here's The Buzz On America's Forgotten Native 'Tea' Plant"
907:
10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0275:DOMCII]2.0.CO;2
712:β a caffeinated holly native to subtropical South America.
503:
The fruit are an important food for many birds, including
268:
995:
Martin, C.O.; Mott, S.P. (1997). "Section 7.5.10 Yaupon (
614:, and Europeans deduced that yaupon caused it (hence the
259:
872:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 10, 163, 215.
676:'Grey's Littleleaf'/'Grey's Weeping' β weeping cultivar
407:
is a small round, shiny, and red (occasionally yellow)
415:
by its smaller leaves with a rounded, not acute apex.
1344:(2 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 282β283.
622:). The active ingredients, like those of the related
271:
399:
are 5β5.5 mm diameter, with a white four-lobed
265:
1807:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1374:
939:. 2021;63(2):464-498. doi:10.1017/S0010417521000116
256:
984:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
1317:"Yaupon: The rebirth of America's forgotten tea"
778:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62390A47600649.en
606:tribes brew the leaves and stems to create an
347:. This drink went by different names, such as
707:
8:
1102:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1036:. Oklahoma Biological Survey. Archived from
654:, and yaupon is now commercially available.
1146:"Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia"
1362:
1341:Landscape Plants for Eastern North America
937:Comparative Studies in Society and History
226:
55:
31:
20:
1171:
1161:
776:
821:United States Department of Agriculture
812:Germplasm Resources Information Network
745:
579:. The foliage and twigs are browsed by
1095:
1024:
1022:
951:
949:
947:
945:
797:
795:
495:eating the bright red berries from an
559:. Mammals that eat the fruit include
349:cassina, beloved drink or white drink
7:
327:The plant was traditionally used by
318:(despite this, it usually refers to
1782:IUCN Red List least concern species
764:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
673:'Folsom Weeping' β weeping cultivar
1090:Black Drink: A Native American Tea
669:of various shapes. These include:
14:
845:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
1315:Stirn, Matt (24 February 2021).
1198:. University of Tennessee Press
252:
80:
1707:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83863-1
287:that is native to southeastern
1338:Flint, Harrison Leigh (1997).
1219:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
1092:. University of Georgia Press.
1:
1245:"Like Yerba MatΓ©? Try Yaupon"
817:Agricultural Research Service
726:β a Chinese tisane made from
1802:Herbal and fungal stimulants
1150:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
733:Yaupon Beach, North Carolina
310:leaf. Another common name,
1194:Hudson, Charles M. (1976).
1117:Q. Ping Dou (24 May 2019).
1088:Hudson, Charles, M (1979).
866:Cutler, Charles L. (2000).
650:has been adopted by modern
383:or small tree reaching 5β9
1838:
595:
470:, inner-dune depressions,
430:from the Eastern Shore of
1812:Trees of Northern America
1120:Tea in Health and Disease
234:
225:
204:
197:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1792:Plants described in 1789
1196:The Southeastern Indians
1163:10.1073/pnas.1208404109
1069:. Vanderbilt University
333:Euro-American colonists
1223:. Knopf. p. 338.
847:. Merriam-Webster, Inc
708:
557:white-throated sparrow
500:
1822:Plants used in bonsai
1123:. MDPI. p. 103.
771:: e.T62390A47600649.
561:nine-banded armadillo
489:
295:was derived from the
753:Stritch, L. (2018).
587:Cultivation and uses
553:northern mockingbird
314:, was borrowed from
246:, commonly known as
1289:Carpenter, Murray.
1217:Niering, William A.
982:"Florida's Hollies"
703:Ilex paraguariensis
565:American black bear
509:American black duck
448:disjunct population
376:Yaupon holly is an
47:Conservation status
501:
283:, is a species of
40:Foliage and fruit
1769:
1768:
1650:Open Tree of Life
1368:Taxon identifiers
1351:978-0-471-59919-7
1268:Highways, Texas.
1130:978-3-03897-986-9
879:978-0-8061-3246-4
592:Human consumption
581:white-tailed deer
419:Habitat and range
239:
238:
190:I. vomitoria
70:
1829:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1697:
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1684:
1683:
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1265:
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1241:
1235:
1234:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
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1141:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1108:
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1101:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1007:
992:
986:
985:
978:
972:
971:
968:USDA Plant Guide
965:
953:
940:
933:
927:
926:
890:
884:
883:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
799:
790:
789:
787:
785:
780:
750:
711:
541:eastern bluebird
529:northern flicker
493:eastern bluebird
389:leaf arrangement
329:Native Americans
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
230:
210:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
35:
21:
16:Species of holly
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
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1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
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1653:
1648:
1640:
1637:Observation.org
1635:
1627:
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1398:
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1337:
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1332:
1322:
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1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
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1287:
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1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1189:
1156:(35): 13944β9.
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1028:
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1012:
1005:
994:
993:
989:
980:
979:
975:
963:
955:
954:
943:
934:
930:
895:Economic Botany
892:
891:
887:
880:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
825:
823:
801:
800:
793:
783:
781:
752:
751:
747:
742:
698:
660:
604:Native American
600:
594:
589:
499:
484:
421:
374:
255:
251:
221:
212:
206:
193:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1750:
1746:wfo-0000729937
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1668:Ilex vomitoria
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1603:Ilex_vomitoria
1597:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1406:Ilex vomitoria
1396:
1380:
1378:
1376:Ilex vomitoria
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1330:
1307:
1281:
1260:
1236:
1229:
1208:
1187:
1136:
1129:
1109:
1080:
1061:Ilex vomitoria
1050:
1032:Ilex vomitoria
1018:
1015:on 2007-06-11.
997:Ilex vomitoria
987:
973:
959:Ilex vomitoria
941:
928:
901:(3): 275β285.
885:
878:
858:
832:
805:Ilex vomitoria
791:
757:Ilex vomitoria
744:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
730:
721:
713:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
663:Ilex vomitoria
659:
656:
647:Ilex vomitoria
620:Ilex vomitoria
593:
590:
588:
585:
545:American robin
521:bobwhite quail
497:Ilex vomitoria
490:
483:
480:
450:occurs in the
426:occurs in the
420:
417:
373:
370:
243:Ilex vomitoria
237:
236:
235:Natural range
232:
231:
223:
222:
213:
208:Ilex vomitoria
202:
201:
195:
194:
187:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
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143:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Ilex vomitoria
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1834:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
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1598:
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1524:
1520:
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1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1250:
1249:Atlas Obscura
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:0-394-50432-1
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:0-87049-248-9
1201:
1197:
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1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
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1113:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1040:on 2008-10-16
1039:
1035:
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1019:
1011:
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1003:
998:
991:
988:
983:
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904:
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896:
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886:
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846:
842:
836:
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822:
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779:
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766:
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758:
749:
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739:
734:
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719:
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672:
671:
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664:
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648:
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629:
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621:
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586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:cedar waxwing
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:ruffed grouse
514:
513:mourning dove
510:
506:
498:
494:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
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429:
428:United States
425:
418:
416:
414:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
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386:
382:
379:
371:
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363:United States
360:
359:
354:
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346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
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317:
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309:
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289:North America
286:
282:
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249:
245:
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233:
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211:
209:
203:
200:
199:Binomial name
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Aquifoliaceae
164:
161:
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138:
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128:
125:
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