89:
system to have a response or problems that can arise from an organism's own immune response on itself. There are certain problems or faults in the immune system that can lead to more serious illness or disease. These diseases can come from one of the following problems. The first would be
Hypersensitivity reactions, where there would be a stronger immune response than normal. There are four different types (type one, two, three and four), all with varying types and degrees of an immune response. The problems that arise from each type vary from small allergic reactions to more serious illnesses such as tuberculosis or arthritis. The second kind of complication in the immune system is Autoimmunity, where the immune system would attack itself rather than the antigen. Inflammation is a prime example of autoimmunity, as the immune cells used are self-reactive. A few examples of autoimmune diseases are Type 1 diabetes, Addison's disease and Celiac disease. The third and final type of complication with the immune system is Immunodeficiency, where the immune system lacks the ability to fight off a certain disease. The immune system's ability to combat it is either hindered or completely absent. The two types are Primary Immunodeficiency, where the immune system is either missing a key component or does not function properly, and Secondary Immunodeficiency, where disease is obtained from an outside source, like radiation or heat, and therefore cannot function properly. Diseases that can cause immunodeficiency include HIV, AIDS and leukemia.
71:
to hours. It is composed of physical blockades such as the skin, but also contains nonspecific immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and basophils. The second form of immunity is
Adaptive immunity. This form of immunity requires recognition of the foreign antigen before a response is produced. Once the antigen is recognized, a specific response is produced in order to destroy the specific antigen. Because of its tailored response characteristic, adaptive immunity is considered to be specific immunity. A key part of adaptive immunity that separates it from innate is the use of memory to combat the antigen in the future. When the antigen is originally introduced, the organism does not have any receptors for the antigen so it must generate them from the first time the antigen is present. The immune system then builds a memory of that antigen, which enables it to recognize the antigen quicker in the future and be able to combat it quicker and more efficiently. The more the system is exposed to the antigen, the quicker it will build up its responsiveness. Nested within Adaptive immunity are the Primary and Secondary Immune Responses.
75:
which produce antibodies that specifically target the pathogen. The
Secondary Immune Response occurs upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. During the Primary Immune Response, memory cells are generated that remember the specific pathogen and how to target it. When the same pathogen enters the body again, the memory cells are quickly activated, leading to a faster and more efficacious response compared to the primary immune response. This results in more effective elimination of the pathogen.
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However, cancer cells can evade immune surveillance and escape destruction by the immune system through various mechanisms, including downregulating antigen presentation, producing immunosuppressive molecules, and inhibiting T cell function. This can lead to the development and progression of cancer.
105:
Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is more specific and targeted. It involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which can recognize and attack cancer cells that have specific antigens on their surface. T cells can directly kill cancer cells or help activate other immune cells to attack cancer
70:
In all vertebrates, there are two different kinds of immunities: Innate and
Adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is used to fight off non-changing antigens and is therefore considered nonspecific. It is usually a more immediate response than the adaptive immune system, usually responding within minutes
115:
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that aims to harness and enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. Some examples of immunotherapies include checkpoint inhibitors, which block molecules that inhibit T cell activation, and CAR-T cell therapy, which involves
74:
The
Primary Immune Response refers to the first exposure and subsequent response of the immune system to a pathogen. During this initial response, the immune system identifies and targets the pathogen through various mechanisms, including the activation of immune cells such as T cells and B cells,
88:
When a foreign antigen enters the body, there is either an antigen specific or nonspecific response to it. These responses are the immune system fighting off the foreign antigens, whether they are deadly or not. A possible definition of
Immunopathology is how the foreign antigens cause the immune
101:
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against cancer. It consists of non-specific immune cells that can recognize and destroy abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages are some examples of innate immune cells that can detect and
329:
Sottile, Rosa; Tannazi, Milad; Johansson, Maria H.; Cristiani, Costanza Maria; Calabró, Luana; Ventura, Valeria; Cutaia, Ornella; Chiarucci, Carla; Covre, Alessia; Garofalo, Cinzia; Pontén, Victor; Tallerico, Rossana; Frumento, Paolo; Micke, Patrick; Maio, Michele (2019-10-15).
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Shimoda, Shinji; Hisamoto, Satomi; Harada, Kenichi; Iwasaka, Sho; Chong, Yong; Nakamura, Minoru; Bekki, Yuki; Yoshizumi, Tomoharu; Shirabe, Ken; Ikegami, Toru; Maehara, Yoshihiko; He, Xiao-Song; Gershwin, M. Eric; Akashi, Koichi (December 2015).
79:
serve to activate the
Primary Immune Response through exposure to weakened or less dangerous antigens, preparing the body's memory cells for the purpose of the immune system being more equipped to handle the equivalent full scale antigen.
54:, it refers to damage caused to an organism by its own immune response, as a result of an infection. It could be due to mismatch between pathogen and host species, and often occurs when an animal pathogen infects a human (e.g.
97:
The immune system plays an important role in protecting the body against cancer. The immune response to cancer can be categorized into the two main categories as discussed above: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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707:
675:
808:
332:"NK- and T-cell subsets in malignant mesothelioma patients: Baseline pattern and changes in the context of anti-CTLA-4 therapy"
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Sallusto, Federica; Lanzavecchia, Antonio; Araki, Koichi; Ahmed, Rafi (October 2010).
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655:
468:
47:
269:"Natural killer cells regulate T cell immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis"
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cells. B cells can produce antibodies that recognize and neutralize cancer cells.
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modifying T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells more efficiently.
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which contributes to the increased mortality rate).
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34:that deals with immune responses associated with
38:. It includes the study of the pathology of an
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8:
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174:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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50:, immunity, and immune responses. In
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168:Chaplin, David D. (February 2010).
708:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
219:"From Vaccines to Memory and Back"
25:
170:"Overview of the immune response"
46:, or disease with respect to the
676:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
336:International Journal of Cancer
1:
235:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.008
835:
186:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980
84:Improper Immune Responses
102:eliminate cancer cells.
783:Microbiological culture
413:Principles of pathology
132:Us D (April 2008). "".
809:Branches of immunology
746:Diagnostic immunology
571:Programmed cell death
539:Liquefactive necrosis
134:Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni
741:Medical microbiology
736:Transfusion medicine
693:Immunohistochemistry
643:Anatomical pathology
534:Coagulative necrosis
698:Electron microscopy
666:Molecular pathology
544:Gangrenous necrosis
476:Cellular adaptation
814:Clinical pathology
726:Clinical chemistry
718:Clinical pathology
703:Immunofluorescence
671:Forensic pathology
651:Surgical pathology
559:Fibrinoid necrosis
796:
795:
763:Mass spectrometry
349:10.1002/ijc.32363
285:10.1002/hep.28122
66:Types of Immunity
18:Immunopathologist
16:(Redirected from
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683:Gross processing
549:Caseous necrosis
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342:(8): 2238–2248.
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279:(6): 1817–1827.
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751:Immunopathology
731:Hematopathology
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30:is a branch of
28:Immunopathology
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688:Histopathology
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229:(4): 451–463.
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140:(2): 365–380.
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60:cytokine storm
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656:Cytopathology
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180:(2): S3–S23.
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48:immune system
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41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
758:Enzyme assay
750:
604:
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588:Karyorrhexis
564:Myocytolysis
554:Fat necrosis
459:Inflammation
447:Hemodynamics
440:Pathogenesis
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44:organ system
27:
26:
612:Hemosiderin
493:Hyperplasia
488:Hypertrophy
464:Cell damage
58:leads to a
803:Categories
778:Blood bank
621:Lipofuscin
617:Lipochrome
593:Karyolysis
522:Cell death
503:Metaplasia
273:Hepatology
120:References
819:Pathology
633:Steatosis
576:Apoptosis
513:Glandular
498:Dysplasia
430:Neoplasia
425:Infection
406:Pathology
358:0020-7136
293:0270-9139
56:avian flu
788:Serology
583:Pyknosis
529:Necrosis
508:Squamous
452:Ischemia
366:31018250
311:26264889
253:21029957
223:Immunity
204:20176265
146:18697437
77:Vaccines
40:organism
32:medicine
661:Autopsy
626:Melanin
606:pigment
483:Atrophy
420:Disease
302:4681684
244:3760154
195:2923430
52:biology
36:disease
364:
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309:
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93:Cancer
435:Cause
362:PMID
354:ISSN
307:PMID
289:ISSN
249:PMID
200:PMID
142:PMID
344:doi
340:145
297:PMC
281:doi
239:PMC
231:doi
190:PMC
182:doi
178:125
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154:^
138:42
136:.
42:,
619:/
398:e
391:t
384:v
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233::
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184::
148:.
20:)
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