811:. These ten groups of nobility were called panacas. The panacas had a vital role to Incan society in Cusco because they were in charge of worship for the deities. All of the religious aspects that took place around the city were organized and arranged by this special group of nobility. The members of these ten groups were said to have a first royal ancestor that had conquered the valley. The panacas were decided through mother's rank, fraternal succession, choice, and the success and honor of the individual on the battlefield. These ten groups were then divided into two smaller groups, one representing Hanan who lived north of the valley river and also Hurin who lived south of the valley river. The Hanan and Hurin each consisted of five groups of nobility. It is known that the first group of each of the Panacas dedicated all their sacrifices to the sun. The remaining four were in charge of dedicating their sacrifices to Moon, Thunder, Virachoa, and the Earth. These groups of nobility made up the uppermost tier of society, and they were highly revered and respected throughout the empire.
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had life begin at Lake
Titicaca. The story has the Creator god Wiraqocha Pachayachachic form giants to see if humans would work well at that size. When he found that they did not, he made them of his own size. These humans were hubristic and greedy, and thus were turned to stone or other forms and some were engulfed by the stone or sea. The Creator then summoned a great flood to destroy the land and all life on it except for three men, who would later help create humans again. At a later point at Lake Titicaca, the Creator made the sun, moon, and stars. The moon shone brighter than the sun, and being filled with jealousy, the sun threw ashes in her face to dim her shine. The Creator then spread out with two servants to call forth the people of every nation, from every mountain, crevice, cave and lake before walking over the water into the west.
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origin stories of other pre-Incan Andean peoples. There are vastly more versions and stories that predate and play into the Incan stories. Inca origin and religion draws from many local and ancestral traditions. The official tradition of the Inca Empire was the cult of the Sun, but the Incas allowed locals to worship their existing beings. Many people thought that their founding ancestor arose from an exact spot, a paqarisqa. These locals worshiped their gods through pilgrimages, offerings, and other rites that allowed them to keep true to tradition while still providing necessary sacrifices and offerings to the Sun god.
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between beings and forces. This disparity is the foundation of reality and which causes things to happen. Throughout Andean thought, this asymmetrical dualism can be seen in the dispersion of life force or vitality throughout the land. Camac is the life force that inhabits everything in reality. It does not distinguish between living and dead and inhabits things in different quantities. This life force permeating different places at different times gives recognition to certain places or objects. These places and objects were regarded as holding special energy and were collected under the title of
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Wiraqutra and is considered the creator of civilization. He is one of the most, if not the most, powerful gods in Incan mythology. The sacrifices to
Virachoa represent how much the Incans relied on outside forces to explain events in their daily lives. The sacrifices to Thunder represent the handling of transitions in life and society. The sacrifices to Earth and Moon show the fertility of the Earth and nature. All ten groups of nobilities had the responsibility to explain and account for all the occurrences of the natural world in and outside of the Incan empire.
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445:): The Inca rain god extended beyond its agricultural significance to encompass its role in spiritual beliefs and rituals. This god was perceived as a divine entity capable of both providing life-giving rains and unleashing destructive floods, highlighting the complex relationship between the Inca people and the forces of nature. Integrated into broader cosmological beliefs, reflecting the interconnectedness of water, life, and spirituality in Inca culture
461:, or Incan queen was considered to be the daughter of Mamaquilla and leader of moon worship. All of the Inca society recognized this deity as female who was also seen as a silver disk with a face in the middle. She was the wife of the deity Inti and was also in control of calendars. This god was in charge of calendars because of the moon's cycle which the Inca could track. All the temples that worshiped Mamaquilla were worked on by priestesses.
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themselves of disease. Then four groups of 100 people left with sacrificial ashes along the four roads out of Cuzco, the roads of
Kollasuyu, Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu, and Cuntisuyu. The runners took the ashes along these roads and passed them off to people of lesser social status who continued the carrying of the burden. When they reached a designated area, they would bathe in a river, ridding Cuzco and its peoples of impurities.
417:(a.k.a. The Golden Enclosure), which was one of the most important temples for the Inca people. Inside Coricancha was a miniature field of corn and the corn was made out of gold. Annually, the emperor would "farm" this as a tradition. Viracocha did not start out as the top deity in Inca religion, Inti was the first original and most powerful god. The transition from Inti to Virachocha has a couple of theories including: 1. The
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Inca thought they were god like because of their similarities in appearance with
Viracocha. Viracocha is often depicted as one of a triad of gods with Inti and Inti-Illapa. Not to be confused as a trinity (as later Christians would do), the three gods had multiple, overlapping personalities. There does not seem to be any major ceremonies devoted to him as well, as a small priesthood and only a few shrines dedicated to him.
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advisors in times of distress. Originally kept on royal estates, the descendants eventually thought that by staying in his own house, a mummy could be better served and watched over. The mummies played such an important role in politics that there are instances of mummies being married. One such story is that
Washkar had his mother marry his father's mummy in order for him to receive a legitimate ruling claim.
30:
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493:, an example would be "Urcuchillay, which is known to western astronomers as Lira, was thought to protect llamas and alpacas." Another important stellar deity was Qollqa (Pleiades). This constellation was honored because she was the mother of all other stellar deities. When the constellation appeared after not being visible for 37 days, the start of the agricultural year was marked.
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reflected in the principal idol of Inti that was created by
Pachakuti. Named Punchao, this idol bridged the expanse between the Sun and humanity, as Inca rulers’ vital organs were burned, and the ash stored inside the statue. The Inca believed the sun was a key element for agriculture by protecting and helping with the growth of their crops. The temple dedicated to Inti was the
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eyelash. They were dressed as if they had been in life, with
Ilautus (royal headbands) on their heads... their hands were crossed across their breast.”. The mummies were afterwards sent to the viceroy for him to see them and then afterwards they were brought back to Cuzco and thought to be secretly buried. The viceroy stored the mummies in the Hospital of San Andres in
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through the use of oracles, and even gave advice to the protection and ruling of the land. The ruling Inca was expected to seek advice from the mummies of his ancestors for important issues. Not all Inca mummies were glorified, however, as in one case Topa Inca
Yupanqui's mummified body was torched and his bloodline all killed as they sided with
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and a powerful deity. Pachamama is portrayed as a source of fertility and abundance in
Bolivian indigenous belief systems, influencing agricultural practices and environmental administration. Pachamama embodies the interconnectedness of life and nature, serving as a central figure in rituals and ceremonies that honor the earth and its resources.
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to combine their deities with conquered ones in ways that raised the status of their own. One example of this is
Pachamama, the goddess of Earth, who was worshiped long before the rise of the Inca. In the Inca mythology Pachamama having been integrated was placed below the Moon who the Inca believed ruled over all female gods.
791:. Within Cusco, a highly complicated and organized calendar controlled the state religion's festivals and holy days. This calendar was responsible for almost all of the religious ceremonies that took place throughout the empire. Within the city of Cusco, there were also over three hundred and twenty eight
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were located throughout the empire with most of them happening to be around the capital city. Within the capital city there was also a quipa. The quipa described all the sacred places and how they are to be used during ceremonies and sacrifices. Each sacred place or huaca was organized into forty-one
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The Incas had an immense number of origin stories that historians and scholars have trouble deciphering and sorting out. These stories often contradict themselves, seeming to retell the story at a later point to include information and events that had occurred. Many of the origin stories of the Incas
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The name of this god means thunder and controls things like weather, rain, and lightning. The Inca valued this god because Illapa was in control of the weather and the growth of their crops. Many of the Inca society saw the image of this deity as a man wearing a sling. Every time that Illapa used the
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Archaeological remains confirm such human sacrificial practices, according to Reinhard and Ceruti: "Archaeological evidence found on distant mountain summits has established that the burial of offerings was a common practice among the Incas and that human sacrifice took place at several of the sites.
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Religious traditions in the Andes tended to vary among different ayllus. While the Inca generally allowed or even incorporated local deities and heroes of the ayllus they conquered, they did bring their gods to those peoples by incorporating them in law such as required sacrifice. The Inca attempted
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Asymmetrical dualism is especially important in Andean worldview. Asymmetrical dualism is the idea that reality is built by forces that are different and compromised but need each other to be complete. Additionally, one force is slightly larger or more powerful than the other, leading to a disparity
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Inca mummies were seen as possessing agency, not really alive nor dead, more of an animated death. Terence D'Altroy said that, “royal mummies ate, drank, visited one another, sat at council, and judged weighty questions.” Mummies participated in ceremonial roles that allowed them to be consulted as
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The origin stories of the Incas reflect an attitude of change, where the past could be changed to better situate the present. This allowed for the possibility of new peoples and lands being discovered having been present from the very beginning. The origins of the Incas however do not represent the
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The name of this god translates to Earth Mother and is known as a female among the Inca society. The Inca saw her as a protector of their crops/fields and a god of fertility to help their crops grow. Pachamama embodies a gendered understanding of nature, representing both a maternal nurturing force
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Inti Raymi, perhaps the second most important festival, occurred during the month with June's solstice. Like the Qhapag Raymi, the Inti Raymi focused on celebrating the Sun god, with day-long chanting that escalated at noon and diminished till sunset. The festival lasted eight or nine days and was
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Anything, including people, places, and objects, in the world that the Inca believed had a supernatural spirit, were called Huacas. The size of the Huaca determined how much power it had. For example, mountains were considered some of the more powerful Huacas. The Inca worshiped and cared for them
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on the border between modern Peru and Bolivia and taught people how to live, assigning them tribal dress and customs and determining where they should live." After this occurred, Viracocha gave control over humanity to lower gods then disappeared. When the Spaniards came to the Inca territory, the
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in secret so that they would not be uncovered and worshipped again. Garcilaso de la Vega visited Ondegardo's house and was shown an assembly of embalmed kings and attested to the degree of their preservation: “The bodies were perfectly preserved without the loss of hair of the head or brow or an
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stated that “It was customary for the dead to visit one another, and they held great dances and debaucheries, and sometimes the dead went to the house of the living, and sometimes the living came to the house of the dead”. The kings were thought to have been able to speak back to the worshippers
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Inti was one of the most important gods to the Inca people and known as the sun god. He is typically viewed as a boy from the Inca society and was also known as a golden disk with fire-like rays coming and a face in the middle. The image of Inti as a boy with sun rays protruding from his head is
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These fives gods or entities that received the majority of sacrifices in Cusco represent the most vital aspects of Incan life. The Sun God represented the institutional organization of the society because everything in Incan life revolved around the Sun. Virachoa is also known as Apu Qun Tiqsi
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In the month of Qoya Raymi the Situa, a ceremony of purification, was performed that started in Cuzco and expanded out in the four directions. Performed in the rainy season, due to a higher number of illnesses, residents of Cuzco beat each other with torches and shook clothing outside to rid
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religion has been lost. Many historians rely on the religious customs of conquered Incan subjects to gather information about Incan beliefs. The Incans adopted most if not all of their religious beliefs from three main groups that lived around Peru. These groups were the
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The Qhapaq Raymi was the first and biggest festival of the year. During this festival, Inca boys went through their puberty rites as they entered adulthood. Additionally, public events of drinking, dancing, and eating llama blood cakes occurred to venerate the Sun god.
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The Inca calendar had 12 months of 30 days, with each month having its own festival, and a five-day feast at the end, before the new year began. The Incan year started in December, and began with Qhapaq Raymi, the magnificent festival.
650:. They remained in a hospital for around 80 years before their whereabouts became unknown. The Inca used to mummify their kings and several times a year they would be aligned in accordance to when they chronologically ruled in
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and people developed intellectually and started to question Inti's power. They questioned why an all-powerful god did the same thing every day. 2. The society moved forward and they started going more towards
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The excellent preservation of the bodies and other material in the cold and dry environment of the high Andes provides revealing details about the rituals that were performed at these ceremonial complexes."
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Divination was essential before taking any action. Nearly every religious rite was accompanied by sacrifices. These were usually maize beer, food or llamas, but were occasionally of virgins or children.
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398:: He was typically personified as a human male, and known as the creator of humanity and everything else in the world. In Inca Water Worship and Religion, it states, "He created humanity on an island in
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was a deific entity which resided in natural objects such as mountains, boulders, streams, battle fields, other meeting places, and any type of place that was connected with past Incan rulers. A
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The meaning of this god's name from the Inca language is Mother of Lakes and is widely known as a female. The job of this deity is to keep the world strong and provide sources of water.
784:. With the combination of all three of these ancestral societies’ religions, the Incas were able to create a religious system that dominated almost every aspect of life in the empire.
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and the sun were major elements in pre-Conquest religion, and divination, the worship of sacred mountains and the bringing retribution against enemies were important ritual practices.
626:, were often mummified upon the time of their death, allowing for their bodies to be worshipped within the palaces. These worshipping events were intercepted by the Spaniards under
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because he was “a major benefactor of it”. Since the hospital was solely for the Spanish residents, they were likely on display for the citizens to view, away from the natives.
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In addition to the communally worshiped deities, Incan families sometimes worshiped household gods via their representation as miniature figurines most commonly referred to as
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for the public to pay their respects. In the other parts of the year, the mummies were returned to the Cuzco palaces and were worshipped privately by groups of visitors.
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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1057/s41305-018-0100-4?casa_token=RbiNU2-WBfEAAAAA%3A4_1mANk13u4-j-B-F3eS4vHjw1TcdSZ1gAWyzd_HUUBKTkDrUupdIFDTYvgJj_Ip9PKyLIUMYzU
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The Incas were profoundly religious, and so it makes sense that their religious structure was very complicated. The religion was centralized in the capital city of
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could also be an inanimate object such as pottery which was believed to be a deity-carrying vessel. Spiritual leaders in a community would use
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These are deities formed using constellations or other cosmology features and are mostly believed to be of animals or activities. In the book
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Bauer, Brian S.; Rodriguez, Antonio C. (2007). "The Hospital of San Andrés (Lima, Peru) and the Search for the Royal Mummies of the Incas".
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Teresa Vergara (2000). «Tahuantinsuyo: El mundo de los Incas». "Historia del Perú" – Incanato y conquista. Barcelona: Lexus (Spanish)
598:. Divination was used to inform people in the city of social events, predict battle outcomes, and ask for metaphysical intervention.
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A theme in Inca mythology is the duality of the Cosmos. The realms were separated into the upper and lower realms, the
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Reinhard, Johan; Ceruti, Constanza (2005). "Sacred Mountains, Ceremonial Sites, and Human Sacrifice Among the Incas".
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were the realms of Pachamama, the earth mother, and the ancestors and heroes of the Inca or other ayllus.
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sins”, mainly by locating the mummified bodies of late Inca kings and sending them to the viceroy in
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different directions called ceques. These ceques started from the central temple of the Sun called
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started to hide the bodies of the kings and become more secretive with their worship, as stated by
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There were ten groups of Incan nobility that were in charge of being priests within the city of
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in 1559, when it was under Spanish control. Ondegardo conducted a massive effort to prevent the
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1233:. Bauer, Brian S., Smith-Oka, Vania, 1975– (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
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1526:"Symbolic Communication and the Notion of "Pachamama" in the "Quechua" and "Aimara" Cultures"
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D’Altroy, Terence. The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Wiley Blackwell, second edition, 2015. pp. 257
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Eerdman's Handbook to the World's Religions, 1982, Lion Publishing, Herts, England, page 55
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for advice or assistance. Human sacrifice was part of Incan rituals in which they usually
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was manifested in every aspect of his life, work, festivities, ceremonies, etc. They were
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Divination was an important part of Inca religion, as reflected in the following quote:
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The native elements are more obvious in the case of the sunrise divination. Apachetas,
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were often natural or carved stone objects that resembled crops or livestock, such as
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1624:]. Translated by L. Clark Keating. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 28–30.
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D’Altroy, Terence. The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Wiley Blackwell, second edition, 2015.
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The name of this god in the Inca language can be translated into Mother Moon. The
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Mays, Larry W., and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Ancient gods and goddesses of water."
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346:) or a slave. The Incan people thought it was an honor to die as an offering.
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Idolatry and Its Enemies: Colonial Andean Religion and Extirpation, 1640–1750
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Feast of the Sun and the great festival in honour of the sun for the harvest
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426:. Since Viracocha was seen as a human, they saw this as being more powerful.
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sling, it would create the thunder heard by the Inca people.
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were spread around the Inca Empire. In Andean mythology a
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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1974:
1902:
1646:
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1371:
1369:
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1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
243:and there were local, regional and pan-regional
1808:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Press, 1991.
1683:Rowe, John H. (1946). Julian H. Steward (ed.).
1563:. Princeton University Press. pp. 75–100.
1496:Evolution of WatEr Supply through thE MillEnnia
1338:Gibaja Oviedo, Arminda M.; et al. (2016).
953:Chahua-huarquiz, Chacra Ricuichi or Chacra Cona
607:
3598:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3583:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1590:. Princeton University Press. pp. 60–63.
2176:
1880:
200:
8:
1480:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1396:Incan mythology and other myths of the Andes
3691:Religion in South America by former country
1749:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
735:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
383:, the outer earth realm, where humans live.
3566:
2183:
2169:
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1887:
1873:
1865:
1851:Inca Religion – World History Encyclopedia
207:
193:
53:
3588:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1398:(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Central.
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
2192:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
853:
358:Inca deities occupied the three realms:
1132:
966:Yapaquis, Chacra Ayaqui or Capac Siquis
622:Rulers in Peru, such as the Inca ruler
135:
72:
56:
1801:. New York and Londo: Continuum, 1997.
1473:
1305:
1617:Extirpacion de l'IdolatrĂa en el PerĂş
1439:
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1433:
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670:Upon the arrival of the Spanish, the
291:. The realms were represented by the
7:
3686:History of religion in South America
1831:Intrepid Dudettes of the Inca Empire
1389:
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733:adding citations to reliable sources
332:and offerings to communicate with a
2616:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1622:The Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru
1229:Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (2007).
3608:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
2587:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
25:
2599:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
2570:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1164:Journal of Archaeological Science
367:, the celestial realm in the sky.
3640:
2592:Archaeological sites in Colombia
2565:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1965:
1075:
1061:
705:
388:Deities of the official pantheon
227:evolving from pre-Inca times to
64:
2575:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1340:Inca Water Worship and Religion
491:Inca Water Worship and Religion
1812:"pre-Columbian civilizations."
1645:Steele, Paul Richar d (2004).
1584:Andrew James Hamilton (2018).
1444:N., D'Altroy, Terence (2002).
1282:Gods, goddesses, and mythology
1:
3519:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
2580:Archaeological sites in Chile
630:, who was newly appointed as
503:similar to the other deities.
314:Sacred sites or things named
3613:Mesoamerican writing systems
2609:Archaeological sites in Peru
1452:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
3509:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1649:Handbook of World Mythology
910:Ayrihua or Camay Inca Raymi
804:or "the golden enclosure".
680:
556:
550:
540:
534:
528:
522:
3707:
3535:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3438:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
1773:. New York: Dorset Press.
1771:Everyday life of the Incas
923:Aymoray qu or Hatun Cuzqui
516:Caullama conopa, 1470–1532
3636:
3578:
3569:
2933:
2760:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1963:
1176:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009
1043:filled with offerings of
3647:Civilizations portal
2604:Cultural periods of Peru
1231:The history of the Incas
1106:Spanish conquest of Peru
375:, the inner earth realm.
3541:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2387:Mesoamerican chronology
1816:Encyclopædia Britannica
1797:Sullivan, E. Lawrence.
1745:Palma, Ricardo (2004).
1612:Pablo Joseph de Arriaga
642:from committing their “
2244:Archaeological periods
1712:Fieldiana Anthropology
1555:Kenneth Mills (2012).
1312:: CS1 maint: others (
1003:Month of crop watching
999:K'antaray or Uma Raymi
847:
835:
634:(Chief Magistrate) of
615:
517:
51:
3547:List of Conquistadors
3434:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
2845:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2264:Caddoan Mississippian
1860:University of Cumbria
1806:Religion in the Andes
1769:Kendall, Ann (1989).
1557:"Chancas and Conopas"
1542:10.22161/ijels.4.2.47
1111:HuarochirĂ Manuscript
990:Purification festival
875:Fasting and Penitence
841:
826:
515:
430:Illapa (Inti-Illapa):
32:
3514:Francisco de Montejo
3442:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
2555:Andean civilizations
2482:Shaft tomb tradition
1822:Conrad, Geoffrey W.
1804:MacCormack, Sabine.
1511:118.1 (2018): 25-40.
1394:Greg., Roza (2008).
1069:Civilizations portal
1031:Magnificent festival
1017:Festival of the dead
986:Festival of the Moon
957:The Harvest Festival
914:Festival of the Inca
729:improve this section
594:The Incas also used
47:, representation of
3480:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2785:Manteño-Huancavilca
2254:Ancestral Puebloans
1747:Peruvian Traditions
1587:Scale and the Incas
842:Inti Raymi, Cusco,
795:or sacred objects.
581:Religious expansion
225:mythological system
3603:Columbian exchange
3593:Portal:Mesoamerica
2745:La Tolita (Tumaco)
2560:Indigenous peoples
2299:Hopewell tradition
2226:Indigenous peoples
848:
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663:in the civil war.
518:
338:sacrificed a child
299:(outer earth) and
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3628:Pre-Columbian art
3564:
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3558:Francisco Pizarro
3524:Pedro de Alvarado
2840:Pucará de Tilcara
2158:
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1937:Invasion of Chile
1036:
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765:
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757:
656:Francisco Pizarro
628:Polo de Ondegardo
554:for potatoes and
217:
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166:Invasion of Chile
16:(Redirected from
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3494:Spanish Conquest
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2034:Inca agriculture
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1947:Spanish conquest
1927:History of Cusco
1917:Kingdom of Cusco
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146:Kingdom of Cusco
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1083:Religion portal
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1984:Inca education
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3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:
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2751:
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2726:
2723:
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2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
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2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
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2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
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2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
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2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:South America
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
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2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2369:Weeden Island
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Poverty Point
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Mississippian
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:North America
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Paleo-Indians
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2054:Inca religion
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:9781005592318
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:9780880293501
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1687:
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1676:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1631:9780813163338
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1597:9781400890194
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1570:9780691155487
1566:
1562:
1558:
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1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:
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1477:
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1401:
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1372:
1370:
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1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:9780784414163
1345:
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1326:
1324:
1320:
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1240:9780292714137
1236:
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1177:
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1007:
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783:
779:
775:
770:
759:
756:
748:
738:
734:
730:
724:
723:
719:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
702:
696:
694:
692:
687:
682:
677:
673:
668:
664:
662:
657:
653:
652:Cuzco's plaza
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:Mummification
617:
614:
612:
606:
603:
599:
597:
589:
587:
580:
578:
574:
567:
565:
563:
558:
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469:
467:
463:
460:
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451:
447:
444:
440:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:Lake Titicaca
397:
396:
392:
391:
387:
382:
381:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
365:
361:
360:
359:
353:
351:
347:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:
312:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Inca religion
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
138:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
19:
18:Inca Religion
3638:
3571:
3421:Moctezuma II
3378:Inca history
3303:Andean Music
3247:Architecture
3242:Architecture
3237:Architecture
3232:Architecture
3228:Architecture
3222:Gender Roles
3078:
2967:Tenochtitlan
2890:Timoto–Cuica
2885:Tierradentro
2670:Casma–Sechin
2402:Chalcatzingo
2122:Willka Raymi
2053:
2039:Inca cuisine
1976:Inca society
1830:
1829:Pugh, Helen
1823:
1814:
1805:
1798:
1792:Reading list
1770:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1715:
1711:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1653:. ABC-CLIO.
1648:
1640:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1586:
1579:
1560:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1447:
1395:
1339:
1281:
1230:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1101:Inca cuisine
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1015:
1002:
989:
985:
970:Sowing month
969:
956:
943:
926:
913:
900:
897:Pacha-puchuy
887:
874:
863:Translation
849:
827:Inti Raymi,
813:
806:
786:
766:
751:
742:
727:Please help
715:
669:
665:
624:Huayna Capac
621:
608:
604:
600:
593:
584:
575:
571:
551:papap conopa
541:zarap conopa
519:
499:
496:
490:
483:
474:
464:
454:
448:
442:
437:
429:
419:Inca society
406:
393:
378:
370:
362:
357:
348:
343:qhapaq hucha
341:
333:
325:
321:
315:
313:
308:
305:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
237:Tawantinsuyu
236:
220:
218:
137:Inca history
122:
93:Architecture
74:Inca society
26:
3484:TĂşpac Amaru
3468:Manco Cápac
3417:Moctezuma I
3328:Agriculture
3323:Agriculture
3318:Agriculture
3309:Agriculture
3252:Road System
3141:Mathematics
3006:Muysc Cubun
2860:San AgustĂn
2810:Monte Verde
2487:Teotihuacan
2379:Mesoamerica
2274:Coles Creek
2259:Anishinaabe
2216:Archaeology
2107:Urcuchillay
2097:Pacha Kamaq
2082:Manco Cápac
1952:Ransom Room
1922:Inca Empire
1896:Inca Empire
1091:Inca Empire
1027:Capac Raymi
884:Hatun-pucuy
829:Saksaywaman
745:August 2021
364:hanan pacha
285:hanan pacha
269:Hanan pacha
257:hanan pacha
241:polytheists
229:Inca Empire
151:Inca Empire
113:Engineering
88:Agriculture
58:Inca Empire
43:inside the
3681:Polytheism
3665:Categories
3455:Tisquesusa
3429:Cuauhtémoc
3425:Cuitláhuac
2755:Lauricocha
2725:Gran Chaco
2715:Cupisnique
2700:Chinchorro
2675:Chachapoya
2665:Caral–Supe
2507:Tlaxcaltec
2497:Teuchitlán
2412:ChupĂcuaro
2339:Plum Bayou
2334:Plaquemine
2304:Marksville
2269:Chichimeca
2127:Inti Raymi
2077:Mama Killa
2072:Coricancha
2024:Warachikuy
1498:(2019): 1.
1459:1405116765
1291:0761475656
1127:References
939:Inti Raymi
928:Harvesting
860:Inca month
844:Huacaypata
802:Coricancha
644:idolatrous
632:Corregidor
596:divination
590:Divination
476:Mama Cocha
452:(Kilyamama
450:Mamaquilla
424:Henotheism
415:Coricancha
372:ukhu pacha
289:ukhu pacha
277:urin pacha
273:ukhu pacha
265:urin pacha
261:ukhu pacha
245:divinities
45:Coricancha
37:worshiping
3476:Atahualpa
3472:Pachacuti
3447:Nemequene
3313:Chinampas
3135:Astronomy
3124:Astronomy
3104:Mythology
3099:Mythology
3094:Mythology
3089:Mythology
3085:Mythology
2915:Wankarani
2905:Tuncahuán
2795:Marajoara
2750:Las Vegas
2636:Atacameño
2532:Xochipala
2472:Purépecha
2432:Epi-Olmec
2422:Cuicuilco
2364:Troyville
2354:St. Johns
2117:Viracocha
2102:Pariacaca
2029:Inca army
1912:Sapa Inca
1732:162909245
1614:(2015) .
1476:cite book
1448:The Incas
1308:cite book
1300:708564500
1249:156911932
1211:0190-9940
1184:0305-4403
976:September
819:Festivals
716:does not
466:Pachamama
395:Viracocha
380:kay pacha
281:Kay pacha
176:Civil War
118:Mythology
108:Education
34:Pachacuti
3572:See also
3490:Conquest
3463:Zoratama
3130:Calendar
3119:Calendar
3114:Calendar
3110:Calendar
3079:Religion
3074:Religion
3063:Religion
3052:Religion
3048:Religion
3037:Numerals
3031:Numerals
2992:Language
2972:Multiple
2910:Valdivia
2895:Tiwanaku
2855:Saladoid
2850:Quimbaya
2740:Kuhikugu
2720:Diaguita
2710:Chorrera
2527:Veraguas
2522:Veracruz
2502:Tlatilco
2314:Mogollon
2221:Cultures
2199:Americas
1833:. 2020.
1718:: 1–31.
1468:46449340
1414:62805010
1121:Yanantin
1055:See also
1024:December
1012:Ayamarca
1009:November
881:February
780:and the
697:In Cusco
557:caullama
259:and the
123:Religion
3459:Tundama
3388:Peoples
3373:History
3368:History
3363:History
3359:History
3353:Cuisine
3348:Cuisine
3343:Cuisine
3338:Cuisine
3334:Cuisine
3192:Warfare
3187:Warfare
3182:Warfare
3178:Warfare
3172:Society
3167:Economy
3156:Society
3151:Society
3147:Society
3017:Writing
3011:Quechua
2996:Nahuatl
2963:Capital
2900:Toyopán
2880:Tairona
2790:Mapuche
2705:Chiripa
2680:Chancay
2651:Cañaris
2626:Amotape
2621:El Abra
2537:Zapotec
2517:Totonac
2492:Tepanec
2477:Quelepa
2447:Mezcala
2437:Huastec
2407:Cholula
2397:Capacha
2392:Acolhua
2349:Sinagua
2324:Patayan
2294:Hohokam
2284:Fremont
2112:Vichama
2019:Panakas
2004:Chasqui
1904:History
996:October
868:January
737:removed
722:sources
681:huaques
661:Huascar
529:conopas
523:chancas
354:Deities
251:Duality
235:in the
103:Cuisine
3402:Muisca
3397:Mayans
3392:Aztecs
3026:Script
3021:Script
2981:Bacatá
2952:Muisca
2835:Pucará
2830:Piaroa
2825:Paiján
2820:Omagua
2775:Lupaca
2770:Lokono
2735:Kalina
2730:Huetar
2690:ChavĂn
2685:Chango
2660:Nariño
2656:CapulĂ
2646:Calima
2641:Aymara
2631:Arawak
2512:Toltec
2462:Olmecs
2457:Nicoya
2452:Mixtec
2427:Diquis
2329:Picosa
2319:Oshara
2289:Glades
2279:Dorset
2150:Yupana
1994:Amauta
1837:
1777:
1730:
1657:
1628:
1594:
1567:
1466:
1456:
1412:
1402:
1346:
1298:
1288:
1247:
1237:
1209:
1182:
1045:chicha
963:August
846:, 2005
797:Huacas
793:huacas
778:Chavin
776:, the
568:Origin
562:llamas
535:Conopa
497:Huacas
330:prayer
293:condor
3407:Incas
3298:Music
3293:Music
3288:Music
3284:Music
3217:Women
3212:Women
3207:Women
3203:Women
3161:Trade
3042:Quipu
2986:Cusco
2977:Hunza
2942:Aztec
2875:TaĂno
2870:Sican
2865:Shuar
2815:Nazca
2805:Mollo
2800:Moche
2780:Luzia
2695:ChimĂş
2467:Pipil
2442:Izapa
2417:Coclé
2359:Thule
2249:Adena
2145:Quipu
2092:Supay
2014:Ă‘usta
2009:Mitma
1999:Ayllu
1989:Aclla
1728:S2CID
1690:(PDF)
1620:[
1205:: 2.
981:Situa
907:April
894:March
871:Camay
833:Cusco
809:Cuzco
789:Cusco
782:Nazca
769:Incan
686:Cuzco
636:Cuzco
546:maize
443:Wakon
334:wak'a
326:wak'a
322:wak'a
317:wak'a
309:wak’a
301:snake
233:Faith
128:Roads
98:Ayllu
3197:Army
2979:and
2957:Inca
2947:Maya
2925:ZenĂş
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