Incineration - Knowledge (XXG)

2316: 5493:"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2486 of 27 June 2023 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing the technical screening criteria for determining the conditions under which an economic activity qualifies as contributing substantially to the sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources, to the transition to a circular economy, to pollution prevention and control, or to the protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems and for determining whether that economic activity causes no significant harm to any of the other environmental objectives and amending Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 as regards specific public disclosures for those economic activities" 73: 3045: 2476: 2901: 54: 2420: 2158: 3100: 2530: 1963:

the atmosphere, or may remain in the ash where it can be leached down into groundwater when rain falls on the ash pile. Fortunately, dioxin and furan compounds bond very strongly to solid surfaces and are not dissolved by water, so leaching processes are limited to the first few millimeters below the ash pile. The gas-phase dioxins can be substantially destroyed using catalysts, some of which can be present as part of the fabric filter bag structure.

1612: 292: 1769:, still allowed in some rural areas, generates 580 grams (20 oz) of dioxins annually. Studies conducted by the US-EPA demonstrated that one family using a burn barrel produced more emissions than an incineration plant disposing of 200 metric tons (220 short tons) of waste per day by 1997 and five times that by 2007 due to increased chemicals in household trash and decreased emission by municipal incinerators using better technology. 261: 2759: 596:

as sacrificial layer to protect the kiln structure. This refractory layer needs to be replaced from time to time. Movement of the cylinder on its axis facilitates movement of waste. In the primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion reactions. The secondary chamber is necessary to complete gas phase combustion reactions.

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settle down into the barrel. The exhaust grating helps to prevent the spread of burning embers. Typically steel 55-US-gallon (210 L) drums are used as burn barrels, with air vent holes cut or drilled around the base for air intake. Over time, the very high heat of incineration causes the metal to oxidize and rust, and eventually the barrel itself is consumed by the heat and must be replaced.

1902: 1787: 407: 2246:. The efficiency of removal will depend on the specific equipment, the chemical composition of the waste, the design of the plant, the chemistry of reagents, and the ability of engineers to optimize these conditions, which may conflict for different pollutants. For example, mercury removal by wet scrubbers is considered coincidental and may be less than 50%. Basic scrubbers remove 1624: 199:, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler 673: 2916:

the electricity generated from waste is deemed to be from a 'Renewable Energy Source' (RES) and is thus eligible for tax credits if privately operated. Also, some incinerators in Europe are equipped with waste recovery, allowing the reuse of ferrous and non-ferrous materials found in the burned waste. A prominent example is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant, Amsterdam.

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such as New York, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have laws or regulations either banning or strictly regulating open burning due to health and nuisance effects. People intending to burn waste may be required to contact a state agency in advance to check current fire risk and conditions, and to alert officials of the controlled fire that will occur.

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on the surface of the ash. For a large volume air chamber, too brief an exposure may also result in only some of the exhaust gases reaching the full breakdown temperature. For this reason there is also a time element to the temperature exposure to ensure heating completely through the thickness of the fly ash and the volume of waste gases.

2489:. Even though approximately 40% of the incinerated waste in Denmark was incinerated at plants with no baghouse filters, estimates based on measurements by the Danish Environmental Research Institute showed that incinerators were only responsible for approximately 0.3% of the total domestic emissions of particulate smaller than 2.5 3088:. Companies such as Inciner8, a UK based company, are a good example of mobile incinerator manufacturers with their I8-M50 and I8-M70 models. Small incinerators can be quickly deployed to remote areas where an outbreak has occurred to dispose of infected animals quickly and without the risk of cross contamination. 2965:. This legislation is designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by landfills through the use of alternative methods of waste treatment. It is the UK Government's position that incineration will play an increasingly large role in the treatment of municipal waste and supply of energy in the UK. 165:. While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy produced from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery. 2847:

in New York. In 1949, Robert C. Ross founded one of the first hazardous waste management companies in the U.S. He began Robert Ross Industrial Disposal because he saw an opportunity to meet the hazardous waste management needs of companies in northern Ohio. In 1958, the company built one of the first

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Modern municipal incinerator designs include a high-temperature zone, where the flue gas is sustained at a temperature above 850 °C (1,560 °F) for at least 2 seconds before it is cooled down. They are equipped with auxiliary heaters to ensure this at all times. These are often fueled by oil

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The breakdown of dioxin requires exposure of the molecular ring to a sufficiently high temperature so as to trigger thermal breakdown of the strong molecular bonds holding it together. Small pieces of fly ash may be somewhat thick, and too brief an exposure to high temperature may only degrade dioxin

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emissions. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. The EPA announced in 2012 that the safe limit for human oral consumption is 0.7 picograms Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) per kilogram bodyweight per day, which works out to 17 billionths of a gram for a 150 lb person per

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in order to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can be produced per tonne municipal waste is about 2/3 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. Thus, incinerating about 600 metric tons (660 short tons) per day of waste will produce about 400 MWh of electrical

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Due to increasing targets for municipal solid waste recycling in the EU, at least 55% by 2025 up to 65% by 2035, several traditional incineration countries are at risk of not meeting them, since at most 35% will remain available for thermal treatment and disposal. Denmark has since decided to reduce

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In Sweden, about 50% of the generated waste is burned in waste-to-energy facilities, producing electricity and supplying local cities' district heating systems. The importance of waste in Sweden's electricity generation scheme is reflected on their 2,700,000 tons of waste imported per year (in 2014)

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In Europe, as a result of a ban on landfilling untreated waste, many incinerators have been built in the last decade, with more under construction. Recently, a number of municipal governments have begun the process of contracting for the construction and operation of incinerators. In Europe, some of

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The reduced levels of emissions from municipal waste incinerators and waste to energy plants from historical peaks are largely the product of the proficient use of emission control technology. Emission controls add to the initial and operational expenses. It should not be assumed that all new plants

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technology combinations for treating residual mixed waste. The authors found that CHP incinerator technology without waste recycling ranked 19 out of 24 combinations (where all alternatives to incineration were combined with advanced waste recycling plants); being 228% less efficient than the ranked

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just as is the case when coal is combusted. The total amount of ash produced by municipal solid waste incineration ranges from 4 to 10% by volume and 15–20% by weight of the original quantity of waste, and the fly ash amounts to about 10–20% of the total ash. The fly ash, by far, constitutes more of

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There are trade-offs between increasing either the temperature or exposure time. Generally where the molecular breakdown temperature is higher, the exposure time for heating can be shorter, but excessively high temperatures can also cause wear and damage to other parts of the incineration equipment.

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reach a temperature of at least 850 °C (1,560 °F) for 2 seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of toxic organic substances. In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into the boiler in case

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Burn piles can and have spread uncontrolled fires, for example, if the wind blows burning material off the pile into surrounding combustible grasses or onto buildings. As interior structures of the pile are consumed, the pile can shift and collapse, spreading the burn area. Even in a situation of no

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Contagious animal disease has cost governments and industry $ 200 billion over 20 years to 2012 and is responsible for over 65% of infectious disease outbreaks worldwide in the past sixty years. One-third of global meat exports (approx 6 million tonnes) is affected by trade restrictions at any time

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in 2004. Projects to add capacity to existing plants are underway, and municipalities are once again evaluating the option of building incineration plants rather than continue landfilling municipal wastes. However, many of these projects have faced continued political opposition in spite of renewed

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Volume of combusted waste is reduced by approximately 90%, increasing the life of landfills. Ash from modern incinerators is vitrified at temperatures of 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) to 1,100 °C (2,010 °F), reducing the leachability and toxicity of residue. As a result, special landfills

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counted as recycling in European targets. The recovery of glass, stone and ceramic materials reused in construction, as well as ferrous and in some cases non-ferrous metals recovered from combustion residue thus adds further to the actual recycled amounts. Metals recovered from ash would typically

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is controversial. The debate over incinerators typically involves business interests (representing both waste generators and incinerator firms), government regulators, environmental activists and local citizens who must weigh the economic appeal of local industrial activity with their concerns over

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of previous research identified a number of symptoms and diseases related to incinerator pollution exposure. These include neoplasia, respiratory issues, congenital anomalies, and infant deaths or miscarriages. Populations near old, inadequately maintained incinerators experience a higher degree of

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The temperatures needed to break down dioxin are typically not reached when burning plastics outdoors in a burn barrel or garbage pit, causing high dioxin emissions as mentioned above. While plastic does usually burn in an open-air fire, the dioxins remain after combustion and either float off into

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is created and fuel and waste can now be introduced. The sand with the pre-treated waste and/or fuel is kept suspended on pumped air currents and takes on a fluid-like character. The bed is thereby violently mixed and agitated keeping small inert particles and air in a fluid-like state. This allows

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incinerator is used by municipalities and by large industrial plants. This design of incinerator has two chambers: a primary chamber and secondary chamber. The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consists of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube. The inner refractory lining serves

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As of 2006 in the United States, private rural household or farm waste incineration of small quantities was typically permitted so long as it is not a nuisance to others, does not pose a risk of fire such as in dry conditions, and the fire does not produce dense, noxious smoke. A handful of states,

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Several old generation incinerators have been closed; of the 186 MSW incinerators in 1990, only 89 remained by 2007, and of the 6200 medical waste incinerators in 1988, only 115 remained in 2003. No new incinerators were built between 1996 and 2007. The main reasons for lack of activity have been:

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The Scottish Protection Agency's (SEPA) comprehensive health effects research concluded "inconclusively" on health effects in October 2009. The authors stress, that even though no conclusive evidence of non-occupational health effects from incinerators were found in the existing literature, "small

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as well as small amounts of dioxins and furans. The bottom ash seldom contain significant levels of heavy metals. At present although some historic samples tested by the incinerator operators' group would meet the being ecotoxic criteria at present the EA say "we have agreed" to regard incinerator

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Emergency incineration systems exist for the urgent and biosecure disposal of animals and their by-products following a mass mortality or disease outbreak. An increase in regulation and enforcement from governments and institutions worldwide has been forced through public pressure and significant

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in Baltimore, Maryland, has been investigated due to increased rates of asthma in its neighboring community, which is predominantly occupied by low-income, people of color. Community-led efforts have suggested a need for future research to address a lack of real-time pollution data. These sources

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The burn barrel is a somewhat more controlled form of private waste incineration, containing the burning material inside a metal barrel, with a metal grating over the exhaust. The barrel prevents the spread of burning material in windy conditions, and as the combustibles are reduced they can only

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Most municipalities that operate incineration facilities have higher recycling rates than neighboring cities and countries that do not send their waste to incinerators.. In a country overview from 2016 by the European Environmental Agency the top recycling performing countries are also the ones

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Although dioxins and furans may be destroyed by combustion, their reformation by a process known as 'de novo synthesis' as the emission gases cool is a probable source of the dioxins measured in emission stack tests from plants that have high combustion temperatures held at long residence times.

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There are several environmental or waste management corporations that transport ultimately to an incinerator or cement kiln treatment center. Currently (2009), there are three main businesses that incinerate waste: Clean Harbours, WTI-Heritage, and Ross Incineration Services. Clean Harbours has

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Many communities have advocated for the improvement or removal of waste incinerator technology. Specific pollutant exposures, such as high levels of nitrogen dioxide, have been cited in community-led complaints relating to increased emergency room visits for respiratory issues. Potential health

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Most of the improvement in U.S. dioxin emissions has been for large-scale municipal waste incinerators. As of 2000, although small-scale incinerators (those with a daily capacity of less than 250 tons) processed only 9% of the total waste combusted, these produced 83% of the dioxins and furans

2824:. The merits of incineration are inevitably judged in relation to the alternatives available. Since the 1970s, recycling and other prevention measures have changed the context for such judgements. Since the 1990s alternative waste treatment technologies have been maturing and becoming viable. 2671:

levels. Several European doctors associations (including cross discipline experts such as physicians, environmental chemists and toxicologists) in June 2008 representing over 33,000 doctors wrote a keynote statement directly to the European Parliament citing widespread concerns on incinerator

2667:, even though they are repeatedly correlated spatially to infant mortality in the UK (M. Ryan's ONS data based maps around the EfW/CHP waste incinerators at Edmonton, Coventry, Chineham, Kirklees and Sheffield). Under WID there is no requirement to monitor stack top or downwind incinerator PM 1758:

In 1987, before the governmental regulations required the use of emission controls, there was a total of 8,905.1 grams (314.12 oz) Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin emissions from US municipal waste combustors. Today, the total emissions from the plants are 83.8 grams (2.96 oz) TEQ

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The private burning of dry cellulosic/paper products is generally clean-burning, producing no visible smoke, but plastics in the household waste can cause private burning to create a public nuisance, generating acrid odors and fumes that make eyes burn and water. A two-layered design enables

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Scientific researchers have investigated the human health effects of pollutants produced by waste incineration. Many studies have examined health impacts from exposure to pollutants utilizing U.S. EPA modeling guidelines. Exposure through inhalation, ingestion, soil, and dermal contact are

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is a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tons (39 short tons) of waste per hour, and can operate

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Containerised incinerators are a unique type of incinerator that are specifically designed to function in remote locations where traditional infrastructure may not be available. These incinerators are typically built within a shipping container for easy transport and installation.

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Furniture factory sawdust incinerators need much attention as these have to handle resin powder and many flammable substances. Controlled combustion, burn back prevention systems are essential as dust when suspended resembles the fire catch phenomenon of any liquid petroleum gas.

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Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are also water-cooled internally.

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pollution can be a problem with old-style incinerators, but odors and dust are extremely well controlled in newer incineration plants. They receive and store the waste in an enclosed area with a negative pressure with the airflow being routed through the boiler which prevents

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or natural gas, and are normally only active for a very small fraction of the time. Further, most modern incinerators utilize fabric filters (often with Teflon membranes to enhance collection of sub-micron particles) which can capture dioxins present in or on solid particles.

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concluded in 2009 that "Modern, well managed incinerators make only a small contribution to local concentrations of air pollutants. It is possible that such small additions could have an impact on health but such effects, if they exist, are likely to be very small and not

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neutral. A study by Eunomia Research and Consulting in 2008 on potential waste treatment technologies in London demonstrated that by applying several of these (according to the authors) unusual assumptions the average existing incineration plants performed poorly for

2464:. The E.U. considers energy generated from biogenic waste (waste with biological origin) by incinerators as non-fossil renewable energy under its emissions caps. These greenhouse gas reductions are in addition to those generated by the avoidance of landfill methane. 2049:

that would have been emitted by incineration. Since this study, the global warming potential estimate for methane has been increased from 21 to 35, which alone would increase this estimate to almost the triple GWP effect compared to incineration of the same waste.

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Likewise the breakdown temperature can be lowered to some degree but then the exhaust gases would require a greater lingering period of perhaps several minutes, which would require large/long treatment chambers that take up a great deal of treatment plant space.

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Erection of incinerators compete with the development and introduction of other emerging technologies. A UK government WRAP report, August 2008 found that in the UK median incinerator costs per ton were generally higher than those for MBT treatments by £18 per

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Building and operating waste processing plants such as incinerators requires long contract periods to recover initial investment costs, causing a long-term lock-in. Incinerator lifetimes normally range from 25 to 30 years. This was highlighted by Peter Jones,

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In 2005, the Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that "...whereas in 1990 one third of all dioxin emissions in Germany came from incineration plants, for the year 2000 the figure was less than 1%.

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Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan, Singapore and the Netherlands, where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders by using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century, in localised

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are collected. Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant. In the US it was estimated that the global warming potential of the emitted landfill gas in 1999 was approximately 32% higher than the amount of

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schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of the electricity consumption and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular

3340: 1751:, the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal 2079:

footprint of incineration can be reached with different assumptions. Local conditions (such as limited local district heating demand, no fossil fuel generated electricity to replace or high levels of aluminium in the waste stream) can decrease the

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in 2006, the average particulate emissions per energy content of incinerated waste from 16 Danish incinerators were below 2.02 g/GJ (grams per energy content of the incinerated waste). Detailed measurements of fine particles with sizes below

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is low. Often, incineration plants consist of several separate 'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste can continue to be received at one boiler line while the others are undergoing maintenance, repair, or upgrading.

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materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity.

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If reusable waste fractions are handled in waste processing plants such as incinerators in developing nations, it would cut out viable work for local economies. It is estimated that there are 1 million people making a livelihood off collecting

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are generally no longer required for incinerator ash from municipal waste streams, and existing landfills can see their life dramatically increased by combusting waste, reducing the need for municipalities to site and construct new landfills.

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health issues. Some studies also identified possible cancer risk. However, difficulties in separating incinerator pollution exposure from combined industry, motor vehicle, and agriculture pollution limits these conclusions on health risks.

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Large-scale incineration systems are available from niche suppliers and are often bought by governments as a safety net in case of contagious outbreak. Many are mobile and can be quickly deployed to locations requiring biosecure disposal.

2203:) were performed on three of the incinerators: One incinerator equipped with an ESP for particle filtration emitted 5.3 g/GJ fine particles, while two incinerators equipped with baghouse filters emitted 0.002 and 0.013 g/GJ PM 574:

The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called

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secondary combustion, reducing smoke. Most urban communities ban burn barrels and certain rural communities may have prohibitions on open burning, especially those home to many residents not familiar with this common rural practice.

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to transport municipal waste to the incinerator. Due to this reason, most incinerators are located in industrial areas. This problem can be avoided to an extent through the transport of waste by rail from transfer stations.

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Economics. With the increase in the number of large inexpensive regional landfills and, up until recently, the relatively low price of electricity, incinerators were not able to compete for the 'fuel', i.e., waste in the

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Under a new plan in June 2012, a DEFRA-backed grant scheme (The Farming and Forestry Improvement Scheme) was set up to encourage the use of low-capacity incinerators on agricultural sites to improve their bio security.

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be difficult or impossible to recycle through conventional means, as the removal of attached combustible material through incineration provides an alternative to labor- or energy-intensive mechanical separation methods.

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particle emissions and the absence of specific fine and ultrafine particle size monitoring or in depth industry/government epidemiological studies of these minute and invisible incinerator particle size emissions.

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grid, and steam supply for industrial customers. Incinerators and other waste-to-energy plants generate at least partially biomass-based renewable energy that offsets greenhouse gas pollution from coal-, oil- and

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Municipal solid waste in the furnace of a moving grate incinerator capable of handling 15 metric tons (17 short tons) of waste per hour. The holes in the grate supplying the primary combustion air are visible.

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produced a lesser summary in September 2009. Many toxicologists criticise and dispute this report as not being comprehensive epidemiologically, thin on peer review and the effects of fine particle effects on

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The bottom ash residue remaining after combustion has been shown to be a non-hazardous solid waste that can be safely put into landfills or recycled as construction aggregate. Samples are tested for ecotoxic

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can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

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and reheating, or by increasing the flue gas exit temperature well above its dew point. Flue-gas condensation allows the latent heat of vaporization of the water to be recovered, subsequently increasing the

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emissions have been significantly lessened by advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations that have resulted in large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans

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for better mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen. In multiple/stepped hearth incinerators, the secondary combustion air is introduced in a separate chamber downstream the primary combustion chamber.

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incorporated in these models. Research studies have also assessed exposure to pollutants through blood or urine samples of residents and workers who live near waste incinerators. Findings from a

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A strong airflow is forced through a sandbed. The air seeps through the sand until a point is reached where the sand particles separate to let the air through and mixing and churning occurs, thus a

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Incineration is a key process in the treatment of hazardous wastes and clinical wastes. It is often imperative that medical waste be subjected to the high temperatures of incineration to destroy

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acquired many of the smaller, independently run facilities, accumulating 5–7 incinerators in the process across the U.S. WTI-Heritage has one incinerator, located in the southeastern corner of

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but important effects might be virtually impossible to detect". The report highlights epidemiological deficiencies in previous UK health studies and suggests areas for future studies. The U.K.

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Tait, Peter W.; Brew, James; Che, Angelina; Costanzo, Adam; Danyluk, Andrew; Davis, Meg; Khalaf, Ahmed; McMahon, Kathryn; Watson, Alastair; Rowcliff, Kirsten; Bowles, Devin (February 2020).

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is one of the simplest and earliest forms of waste disposal, essentially consisting of a mound of combustible materials piled on the open ground and set on fire, leading to pollution.

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and as such the focus of Governments, public bodies and commercial operators is on cleaner, safer and more robust methods of animal carcass disposal to contain and control disease.

195:) by 95–96%, depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace 5335: 376:, and waft through the air into grasses or onto buildings, igniting them. Burn piles often do not result in full combustion of waste and therefore produce particulate pollution. 3854: 2976: 2129:

is a major concern due to its toxicity and high volatility, as essentially all mercury in the municipal waste stream may exit in emissions if not removed by emission controls.

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through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is removed through a water lock.

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having the highest penetration of incineration, even though all material recovery from waste sent to incineration (e.g. metals and construction aggregate) is per definition

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8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as

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For very small municipal incinerators, the required temperature for thermal breakdown of dioxin may be reached using a high-temperature electrical heating element, plus a

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In a study from 1997, Delaware Solid Waste Authority found that, for same amount of produced energy, incineration plants emitted fewer particles, hydrocarbons and less SO

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There has been renewed interest in incineration and other waste-to-energy technologies in the U.S. and Canada. In the U.S., incineration was granted qualification for

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Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete combustion of the flue gases by introducing

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Fabricius, Anne-Lena; Renner, Monika; Voss, Marieke; Funk, Michael; Perfoll, Anton; Gehring, Florian; Graf, Roberta; Fromm, Stephan; Duester, Lars (December 2020).

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effects of waste incineration technology have been publicized, notably when located in communities already facing disproportionate health burdens. For example, the

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Incinerators produce fine particles in the furnace. Even with modern particle filtering of the flue gases, a small part of these is emitted to the atmosphere. PM

5238: 5022: 3662: 3641: 2408: 1755:; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory. 1748: 1714:, waste incinerators reduce the amount of some atmospheric pollutants by substituting power produced by coal-fired plants with power from waste-fired plants. 72: 3486: 4972: 4624: 3770:

Chang, MB, Jen CH, Wu, HT, Lin HY (2003). "Investigation on the emission factors and removal efficiencies of heavy metals from MSW incinerators in Taiwan".

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Mattiello, Amalia; Chiodini, Paolo; Bianco, Elvira; Forgione, Nunzia; Flammia, Incoronata; Gallo, Ciro; Pizzuti, Renato; Panico, Salvatore (October 2013).

1654: 1342: 5582: 5549: 4225:"Health effects associated with the disposal of solid waste in landfills and incinerators in populations living in surrounding areas: a systematic review" 3303: 2945:

The technology employed in the UK waste management industry has been greatly lagging behind that of Europe due to the wide availability of landfills. The

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from escaping into the atmosphere. A study found that the strongest odor at an incineration facility in Eastern China occurred at its waste tipping port.

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The first full-scale, municipally operated incineration facility in the U.S. was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant built in 1975 in

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due to concerns about harming the circularity agenda, effectively stopping future EU funding to the municipal solid waste incineration sector.

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The most publicized concerns about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of

1561: 5083: 4757:Šyc, Michal; Simon, Franz Georg; Hykš, Jiri; Braga, Roberto; Biganzoli, Laura; Costa, Giulia; Funari, Valerio; Grosso, Mario (5 July 2020). 3728: 2168:

The quantity of pollutants in the flue gas from incineration plants may or may not be reduced by several processes, depending on the plant.

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Incineration plants can generate electricity and heat that can substitute power plants powered by other fuels at the regional electric and

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and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants."

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In 2008, plans for potential incinerator locations exists for approximately 100 sites. These have been interactively mapped by UK NGO's.

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of methane is 34 and the weight of 62 cubic meters of methane at 25 degrees Celsius is 40.7 kg, this is equivalent to 1.38 ton of CO

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emissions from old incinerators; especially during start up and shut down, or where filter bypass is required continue to be a problem.

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a potential health hazard than does the bottom ash because the fly ash often contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as lead,

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In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities about the environmental effect of incinerators (see

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on hold as it investigates a series of explosions in 2009. Recovery of useful metals from ash is a new but even less mature approach.

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have also cited a need for academic, government, and non-profit partnerships to better determine the health impacts of incineration.

5391: 4927: 4486: 3267: 2962: 2799: 2293: 1949: 1885: 1834: 1412: 1317: 454: 5531: 4832: 3892: 3284: 5808: 134:

carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the

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Local communities are often opposed to the idea of locating waste processing plants such as incinerators in their vicinity (the

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from landfills occurring at a later date may be neglected or given less weight, or biodegradable waste may not be considered CO

2084:

benefits of incineration. The methodology and other assumptions may also influence the results significantly. For example, the

2053:

In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO

2013: 1647: 1357: 1120: 702: 4895: 3543: 3380: 348:

gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design: moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-kiln, and fluidised bed.

5790: 2940: 2583: 2436: 1927: 1812: 1728: 1684: 1676: 432: 299: 131: 3455: 3442:"An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the U.S. for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000" 310: 295: 3577: 2859:

that is sent to local power plants for fuel. The first commercially successful incineration plant in the U.S. was built in

2507:. Every ton of MSW incinerated, prevents about one ton of carbon dioxide equivalents from being released to the atmosphere. 1699:. If plants have inadequate flue gas cleaning, these outputs may add a significant pollution component to stack emissions. 95:) per hour of household waste. To the left of the main stack, a new identical oven line is under construction (March 2007). 3963:

Guo, Hanwen; Duan, Zhenhan; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Yanjun; Mustafa, Muhammad Farooq; Lu, Wenjing; Wang, Hongtao (1 August 2017).

3398: 3210: 3203: 2534: 2289: 1971: 1923: 1881: 1808: 1592: 1042: 428: 4478: 3167: 2888: 2664: 2640:(PGP), which is incineration using electrically produced extreme high temperatures, or combinations of these treatments. 1855:

A side effect of breaking the strong molecular bonds of dioxin is the potential for breaking the bonds of nitrogen gas (

1130: 982: 957: 752: 515: 5649: 2883:

Tax policies. Tax credits for plants producing electricity from waste were rescinded in the U.S. between 1990 and 2004.

2726:

1 Advanced MBT maturation technology; or 211% less efficient than plasma gasification/autoclaving combination ranked 2.

538:, where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically 400 °C (752 °F) at a pressure of 40 5834: 3839: 3525: 2479:

The Maishima waste treatment center in Osaka, designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, uses heat for power generation.

2475: 1241: 992: 76: 66: 45: 5801: 5557: 3309: 1912: 1797: 417: 5288: 2900: 2176: 2162: 1640: 997: 847: 176: 2744:

even decades and centuries later, and recycled with future technologies – which is not the case with incineration.

2064:

Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate incineration of biodegradable waste as

1931: 1916: 1880:

if they were released directly into the local environment. These reactive oxides must be further neutralized with

1816: 1801: 436: 421: 191:

Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume (already compressed somewhat in

53: 5844: 4980: 4631: 4462:"Environmental and Health Risks Associated with the Use of Processed Incinerator Bottom Ash in Road Construction" 3147: 2633: 1372: 1337: 1297: 950: 917: 767: 110:

of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as

3871: 3080:

Small-scale incinerators exist for special purposes. For example, mobile small-scale incinerators are aimed for

2892:

arguments for the greenhouse gas benefits of incineration and improved air pollution control and ash recycling.

2419: 599:

The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue-gas stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed

4417: 2544: 2448: 2387: 2364: 2265: 2157: 2029: 1367: 987: 922: 859: 5705: 4656: 4151:"A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants" 3099: 2729:

Some incinerators are visually undesirable. In many countries they require a visually intrusive chimney stack.

4421: 3921: 2975:

A permit has recently been granted for what would be the UK's largest waste incinerator in the centre of the

5610: 3204:"An Overview of Incineration and EFW Technology as Applied to the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)" 2637: 2243: 2118: 2069: 1397: 1352: 972: 236: 5755: 3749:

Hogg, Dominic; Baddeley, Adam; Gibbs, Adrian; North, Jessica; Curry, Robin; Maguire, Cathy (January 2008).

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Beychok, Milton R. (January 1987). "A data base for dioxin and furan emissions from refuse incinerators".

2680: 2564: 1989:

As for other complete combustion processes, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as CO

1535: 1022: 550:. At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C (392 °F), and is passed to the 119: 4026: 5829: 3949: 3815: 3706: 2860: 2813: 2461: 2141: 1994: 1762: 1505: 1347: 1213: 1125: 822: 543: 484: 5492: 5234: 4443: 2710:

and separation beyond particular levels, and that waste resources are sacrificed for energy production.

5442:

Analysis of Nordic regulatory framework and its effect on waste prevention and recycling in the region

5046: 4708:"Municipal waste incineration fly ashes: from a multi-element approach to market potential evaluation" 2713:

A 2008 Eunomia report found that under some circumstances and assumptions, incineration causes less CO

2471:

In densely populated areas, finding space for additional landfills is becoming increasingly difficult.

642:

of electrical power continuously for 24 hours) and 1200 MWh of district heating energy each day.

5553: 5120: 5090: 4957: 4770: 3976: 3779: 3611: 3085: 1047: 780: 4534: 4461: 633:

The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive a

5413: 4578: 3940: 3137: 3127: 2856: 2625: 2425: 2285: 2025: 2021: 1382: 1327: 1292: 1218: 1145: 1095: 1090: 1075: 732: 162: 5195: 3732: 2991:, the Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor will become a major incineration hub in the UK. 5094: 4814: 4260: 4198: 4102: 4008: 3803: 2946: 2687: 2146: 1616: 1377: 1253: 1015: 797: 737: 707: 654: 5277:"WTERT Award nominees – Acknowledging major contributors to global waste-to-energy developments" 2529: 5321: 5013: 4289:"Health effects of exposure to waste incinerator emissions:a review of epidemiological studies" 5454: 5153: 4998: 4806: 4798: 4739: 4308: 4300: 4252: 4244: 4190: 4182: 4094: 4086: 4000: 3992: 3795: 3263: 3162: 3019: 2954: 2781: 2610: 2378: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2126: 2114: 2097:

balance compared to the theoretical potential of other emerging waste treatment technologies.

2085: 2068:. The rest – mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products – is generally treated as 1696: 1265: 1188: 1181: 1135: 1002: 792: 787: 697: 115: 114:

facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "

5365: 4896:"Maximum and minimum Infant Mortality Rates 2003–06 in Coventry's electoral wards (ONS data)" 4689: 4556: 3441: 5446: 5439:

Papineschi, Joe; Hogg, Dominic; Chowdhury, Tanzir; Durrant, Camilla; Thomson, Alice (2019).

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Incineration has a number of outputs such as the ash and the emission to the atmosphere of

5732: 4837: 4685: 3848: 3177: 2984: 2927:

Incineration of non-hazardous waste was not included as a form of green investment in the

2741: 2699: 2357: 2106: 1310: 1270: 1140: 1105: 1037: 977: 905: 842: 742: 576: 325: 291: 219: 150: 146: 31: 4935: 2261:

Waste water from scrubbers must subsequently pass through a waste water treatment plant.

2136:

content in the flue may produce visible fume from the stack, which can be perceived as a

1710:

than coal-fired power plants, but more than natural gas–fired power plants. According to

5124: 4774: 4121: 3980: 3922:"Waste-to-Energy: Less Environmental Impact than Almost Any Other Source of Electricity" 3899: 3783: 3615: 3365: 3018:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

5577: 4759:"Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments" 4734: 4707: 4530: 2950: 2482: 2247: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2122: 2110: 1692: 1628: 1432: 1332: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1032: 727: 600: 579:. Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by 215: 139: 5812: 5132: 2575:

explosion due to the aluminum content. The UK Highway Authority put the use of IBA in

260: 5823: 5673:. Centre for Renewable Energy, Appropriate Technology and Environment. Archived from 5217: 4818: 4224: 4202: 4106: 4012: 3623: 2576: 2304: 2255: 1752: 1447: 937: 932: 927: 685: 612: 524: 192: 175:

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a

5775: 4264: 3807: 3402: 2040:

which would have been produced by incineration. In some countries, large amounts of

2016:), 1 ton of MSW would produce approximately 62 cubic metres (2,200 cu ft) 616:

all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand to be fully circulated through the furnace.

138:. In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to generate 4902: 3838:

Nielsen, Malene; Illerup, Jytte Boll; Fogh, Christian Lange; Johansen, Lars Peter.

3547: 3132: 2980: 2958: 2722: 2572: 2223: 2041: 1856: 1766: 1680: 1480: 1442: 1427: 1258: 1223: 1168: 887: 747: 211: 154: 5794: 4783: 4758: 4386:"CBF Study: Baltimore Incinerator Causes $ 55 Million in Health Problems Per Year" 4167: 4150: 3072: 5147: 4327:"60 organizations sign on to move Maryland from trash incineration to zero waste" 3637: 3463: 2863:, in October 1975 by Wheelabrator Technologies, and is still in operation today. 4149:

Campo, Laura; Bechtold, Petra; Borsari, Lucia; Fustinoni, Silvia (3 July 2019).

3655: 3333:"Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" 2629: 2231: 2193: 2001:

itself (27%), so incineration of 1 ton of MSW produces approximately 1 ton of CO

1901: 1786: 1402: 1100: 1080: 717: 592: 561:, scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for 558: 535: 496: 406: 207: 180: 5252: 4724: 3791: 3214: 2411:

and a great many local and national air quality regulatory agencies worldwide.

2363:

An issue that affects community relationships is the increased road traffic of

2061:

emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more.

5191: 5064: 4240: 3988: 3567:"Waste incineration – A potential danger? Bidding farewell to dioxin spouting" 3240: 3182: 2852: 2703: 2645: 2560: 2490: 2331: 1452: 1208: 712: 539: 507: 471:

Control room of a typical moving grate incinerator overseeing two boiler lines

373: 306: 245: 135: 107: 4802: 4304: 4248: 4186: 4090: 3996: 5316: 5149:

American alchemy: the history of solid waste management in the United States

4071: 4054: 3964: 3152: 3122: 2707: 2706:

consider incinerators and other waste treatment technologies as barriers to

2695: 2598: 2559:

component. This ash must be stored in specialized landfills. The less toxic

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typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the CO

1877: 1520: 1475: 1437: 1387: 1322: 1228: 692: 672: 662: 580: 313:

in 1874 to a design patented by Alfred Fryer. They were originally known as

158: 127: 92: 4810: 4743: 4312: 4288: 4287:

Franchini, Michela; Rial, Michela; Buiatti, Eva; Bianchi, Fabrizio (2004).

4256: 4194: 4098: 4004: 3942:

Behaviour of metals in MSW fly ash during roasting with chlorinating agents

3799: 3529: 3004: 2407:

People and organizations professionally involved in this issue include the

206:

Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain

17: 4460:

Abbott, John; Coleman, Peter; Howlett, Lucy; Wheeler, Pat (October 2003).

2105:

Other gaseous emissions in the flue gas from incinerator furnaces include

3676: 3476:

World Bank Technical Guidance Report. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration.

3117: 2828: 2817: 2737:

will employ the best available control technology if not required by law.

2602: 2594: 2568: 2552: 2486: 2009: 1668: 892: 639: 531: 519: 365: 223: 196: 123: 80: 5605: 5440: 5312:"Making the most of waste: gold, power and more from Amsterdam's refuse" 4793: 3656:"Evaluation of Emissions from the Burning of Household Waste in Barrels" 3574:

Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

475: 467: 5450: 5111:

Medina, M. (2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America".

4177: 4081: 3244: 3081: 2988: 2909: 2905: 2614: 2606: 2556: 2504: 2344:

bottom ash as "non-hazardous" until the testing programme is complete.

2336: 2327: 2017: 1741: 634: 547: 62: 5254:

Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste

3544:"Waste-to-Energy Compared to Fossil Fuels for Equal Amounts of Energy" 2683:

correlated 10% property devaluations with close incinerator proximity.

2292:, SCR) or by a high-temperature reaction with ammonia in the furnace ( 356: 2300: 2272: 2251: 1863: 1688: 1530: 1510: 1417: 1407: 1115: 344:. Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as 84: 58: 3016:

about internal technology; how cleanly do they burn medical plastic.

2983:. Following the construction of a large incinerator at Greatmoor in 5709: 2215:

from the ESP plant, while emissions of 0.000 and 0.008 g/GJ PM

5550:"New map shows over 100 communities threatened by rubbish-burners" 3925: 3872:"Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme" 3098: 3071: 3043: 2899: 2832: 2698:

of waste should all be preferred to incineration according to the

2691: 2676: 2648:; and £27 per metric ton for most modern (post 2000) incinerators. 2587: 2528: 2494: 2474: 2440: 2418: 2314: 2197: 2156: 2133: 1732: 1540: 1485: 877: 474: 466: 355: 341: 290: 227: 130:

constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or

88: 71: 52: 4352: 4350: 4348: 2620:

Alternative technologies are available or in development such as

372:

wind, small lightweight ignited embers can lift off the pile via

2868: 2352: 2340: 1515: 762: 757: 722: 345: 329: 271: with: more data and additional citations. You can help by 5506: 4055:"The health impacts of waste incineration: a systematic review" 5045:. Recycling Council of Alberta Conference 2006. Archived from 2998: 2752: 2718: 2278: 2219:

were measured from the plants equipped with baghouse filters.

1895: 1870: 1780: 527:

of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone.

400: 255: 5717: 3417:"Smokeless Burn Barrel Makes Your Backyard Fire Much Cleaner" 1997:

contains approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO

5414:"Many EU Member States risk missing waste recycling targets" 5336:"Is burning garbage green? In Sweden, there's little debate" 2503:

Incineration of municipal solid waste avoids the release of

5697: 5671:"Healthcare Waste Management for primary health facilities" 5392:"Open data to track progress in the EU's recycling targets" 4501:"Municipal waste management across European countries 2016" 3638:"EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity" 2656:, the Mayor of London's waste representative in April 2009. 2284:

is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a

305:

The first UK incinerators for waste disposal were built in

118:". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into 2816:(MSW) incineration is linked intimately to the history of 518:, incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the 5731:. British Society for Ecological Medicine. Archived from 4649:"Construction - Safety alert – Foamed concrete explosion" 4593:"Incineration of Waste and Reported Human Health Effects" 3510:

the Technical Association of Refractories, Japan (1998).

3308:. Danish Energy Authority. 9 January 2007. Archived from 2593:

Incinerators emit varying levels of heavy metals such as

2183:. The latter are generally very efficient for collecting 30:

For other forms of waste plant that produces energy, see

4679:"Interim advice note 127/09: The use of foamed concrete" 1876:

in the flue gas, which can result in smog formation and

5811:. International Solid Waste Association. Archived from 3924:. Integrated Waste Services Association. Archived from 3751:"Greenhouse Gas Balances of Waste Management Scenarios" 3526:"Air Pollution Control and Incineration Systems photos" 3103:

An example of a containerised waste incinerator-Incinco

2843:

The first incinerator in the U.S. was built in 1885 on

2777: 2140:. It may be avoided by decreasing the steam content by 272: 5573:"30 new rubbish incinerator plants planned for the UK" 2953:

led to the Government of the United Kingdom imposing

3855:

National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark

3699:"An overview of the global waste-to-energy industry" 2485:

can be efficiently removed from the flue gases with

4059:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

3381:"Možnosti Energetického Využití Komunálního Odpadu" 2307:powder, which is collected by particle filtration. 169: 4598:. Health Protection Scotland. 2009. Archived from 4358:"COMBINED-FINAL-EIP-NOx-RACT-MWC-Comments_5.9.pdf" 2275:into the flue gas before the particle filtration. 203:is a common practice for compaction at landfills. 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3866: 3864: 3744: 3742: 3692: 3690: 3561: 3559: 3557: 44:"Incinerate" redirects here. For other uses, see 4027:"Superfund Risk Assessment: Human Health Topics" 3833: 3831: 3546:. Delaware Solid Waste Authority. Archived from 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3260:Introduction to Instrumentation in Life Sciences 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3076:An example of a low capacity, mobile incinerator 2904:The Tarastejärvi Incineration Plant in Taraste, 5188:"Resource Recovery: A Division of Public Works" 2855:. The plant is still in operation and produces 2571:as a building material, but there is a risk of 5706:"Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives" 5066:Energy from Waste: Part 1 – The Myths Debunked 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 3731:. Renewable Energy Association. Archived from 2537:from 1978. It was demolished by February 2009. 320:The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on 5532:"Map launched of all planned UK incinerators" 5239:United States Environmental Protection Agency 5023:United States Environmental Protection Agency 4144: 4142: 3765: 3763: 3663:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3642:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3487:"HTT rotary kiln solid waste disposal system" 3258:Bisen, Prakash Singh; Sharma, Anjana (2012). 2766:The examples and perspective in this section 2555:heavy metals from waste into ash, mostly the 1749:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1648: 8: 5420:. European Environmental Agency. 8 June 2023 4833:"Costs compared for waste treatment options" 4437:"Letter to Committee on Energy and Commerce" 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 3969:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 3893:"Kraftvärmeverket: avfall blir el och värme" 3820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3456:"Burning Permits – It's Your Responsibility" 2987:, and plans to construct a further one near 2740:Waste that has been deposited on a landfill 2663:is not separately regulated in the European 2977:Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor 2617:, which can be toxic at very minute levels. 2012:without prior stabilization (typically via 1930:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1815:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1675:, if installed, the flue gases may contain 435:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5726:"The Health Effects of Waste Incinerators" 5275:Themelis, Nickolas J. (July–August 2008). 4950:"Suffolk Together says no to incinerators" 4408: 4406: 3948:(Ph.D.). Chemical Engineering Department, 3697:Themelis, Nickolas J. (July–August 2003). 3337:Chartered Institution of Wastes Management 3286:100 Years of Waste Incineration in Denmark 3143:List of solid waste treatment technologies 3048:Mobile incineration unit for emergency use 2924:its incineration capacity by 30% by 2030. 2871:across the Ohio River from West Virginia. 2784:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2264:Sulfur dioxide may also be removed by dry 1655: 1641: 1545: 671: 649: 126:and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the 5606:"Defra Grants Available for Incinerators" 5063:Connett, Paul et al. (21 May 2007). 5021:. Economic Analysis and Land Use Policy. 4792: 4782: 4733: 4723: 4625:"Hazardous Waste: Treatment and Landfill" 4442:. Energy Recovery Council. Archived from 4176: 4166: 4080: 4070: 3898:(in Swedish). SYSAV. 2003. Archived from 3460:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2848:hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S. 2800:Learn how and when to remove this message 1950:Learn how and when to remove this message 1835:Learn how and when to remove this message 455:Learn how and when to remove this message 5235:"Renewable Energy Production Incentives" 5211:"Waste Incineration: A Dying Technology" 4414:"HPA position statement on incinerators" 4293:Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 2435:The concerns over the health effects of 546:) for the electricity generation in the 340:An incinerator is a furnace for burning 248:, the Netherlands, Germany, and France. 3194: 2889:renewable energy production tax credits 1777:Dioxin cracking methods and limitations 1773:emitted by municipal waste combustion. 1584: 1548: 661: 324:in New York, NY. The first facility in 4229:International Journal of Public Health 3879:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark 3840:"PM Emission from CHP Plants < 25MW 3813: 3528:. Crown Andersen. 1998. Archived from 2929:EU taxonomy for sustainable activities 2920:to supply waste-to-energy facilities. 2319:Operation of an incinerator aboard an 2211:), the numbers were 4.889 g/GJ PM 2189:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark 1672: 551: 360:A typical small burn pile in a garden. 5012:Shi-Ling Hsu, ed. (2 December 1999). 4971:van Steenis, Dick (31 January 2005). 3379:Lapčík; et al. (December 2012). 3366:"Energy Recovery - Basic Information" 3283:Kleis, Heron; Dalager, Søren (2004). 3084:safe destruction of medical waste in 2551:Combustion produces ash concentrates 1712:Germany's Ministry of the Environment 7: 5791:"EU Directive on waste incineration" 5475:"Denmark's 'devilish' waste dilemma" 4901:. UK Health Research. Archived from 4575:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3040:Incineration units for emergency use 2409:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2036:, which is more than the 1 ton of CO 1928:adding citations to reliable sources 1813:adding citations to reliable sources 433:adding citations to reliable sources 5310:Mehdudia, Sujay (30 January 2009). 5036:Connett, Paul (20 September 2006). 3492:. HiTemp Technology. Archived from 3462:. 21 September 2009. Archived from 3383:(in Czech). GeoScience Engineering. 883:Radium and radon in the environment 483:The typical incineration plant for 5366:"THE SWEDISH RECYCLING REVOLUTION" 4420:. 2 September 2009. Archived from 490:municipal solid waste incinerators 25: 5708:. www.no-burn.org. Archived from 5698:"UK Without Incineration Network" 5445:. TemaNord. Nordisk Ministerråd. 5342:. 17 October 2013. Archived from 4487:Energy Information Administration 2963:Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme 2294:selective non-catalytic reduction 1886:selective non-catalytic reduction 5320:. Chennai, India. Archived from 5146:Hickmann, H. Lanier Jr. (2003). 5039:Zero Waste: A Global Perspective 3576:. September 2005. Archived from 3003: 2757: 1900: 1785: 1622: 1610: 405: 259: 5774:. mindfully.org. Archived from 5511:UK Without Incineration Network 5194:City Government. Archived from 5015:Brownfields and Property Values 4630:. Grundon. 2004. Archived from 4435:Michaels, Ted (21 April 2009). 3772:Waste Management & Research 3095:Containerised incinerator units 2622:mechanical biological treatment 2404:health and environmental risk. 703:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 311:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 296:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 5840:Occupational safety and health 5604:Clarke, James (26 June 2012). 5556:. 22 July 2008. Archived from 5507:"Household Waste Incinerators" 5257:, vol. OJ L, 16 July 1999 4763:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4688:. October 2009. Archived from 4365:www.environmentalintegrity.org 4155:Critical Reviews in Toxicology 4122:"Human Health Risk Assessment" 3202:Knox, Andrew (February 2005). 2941:List of incinerators in the UK 2717:reduction than other emerging 2525:Arguments against incineration 2207:. For ultra fine particles (PM 1759:annually, a reduction of 99%. 1572:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 300:Cambridge Museum of Technology 170:arguments against incineration 1: 5209:Tangri, Neil (14 July 2003). 5133:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9 5084:"Main EU Directives on Waste" 4784:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433 4712:Environmental Sciences Europe 4553:Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 4505:European Environmental Agency 4168:10.1080/10408444.2019.1630362 3401:. 13 May 2009. Archived from 3399:Oregon Department of Forestry 3305:Danish Energy Statistics 2005 3211:University of Western Ontario 2535:Kwai Chung Incineration Plant 2290:selective catalytic reduction 2187:. In an investigation by the 2028:part of the waste. Since the 1972:selective catalytic reduction 1882:selective catalytic reduction 1043:Electrical resistance heating 495:The waste is introduced by a 5571:Clarke, Tom (21 July 2008). 4120:US EPA, ORD (21 July 2014). 3939:Chan, Chris Chi-Yet (1997). 3624:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90267-8 3241:"Waste to Energy in Denmark" 3168:Waste Incineration Directive 2665:Waste Incineration Directive 2500:) to the atmosphere in 2006. 2171:Particulate is collected by 2075:Different results for the CO 753:Persistent organic pollutant 677:Air pollution from a factory 516:Waste Incineration Directive 37:For the cause of death, see 4973:"Incinerators – are WMD's?" 4479:"Using & Saving Energy" 3368:. US EPA. 15 November 2016. 2835:contamination it contains. 2780:, discuss the issue on the 2567:, IBA) can be encased into 2424:Kehrichtverbrennungsanlage 2177:electrostatic precipitators 1892:Dioxin cracking in practice 1753:wastewater treatment sludge 298:1894 destructor furnace at 67:Friedensreich Hundertwasser 46:Incinerate (disambiguation) 5866: 5850:Waste treatment technology 5718:"Burn Barrel Organization" 4725:10.1186/s12302-020-00365-y 3792:10.1177/0734242x0302100305 3262:. CRC Press. p. 283. 2938: 2822:waste treatment technology 2415:Arguments for incineration 2163:electrostatic precipitator 514:According to the European 57:The incineration plant in 43: 36: 29: 5650:"Millbrook Power project" 5340:www.midwestenergynews.com 4241:10.1007/s00038-013-0496-8 3989:10.1007/s11356-017-9376-8 3148:Plasma arc waste disposal 2749:Trends in incinerator use 2634:mechanical heat treatment 2365:waste collection vehicles 1298:War and environmental law 918:Health effects from noise 768:Volatile organic compound 87:, capable of handling 25 5802:BREF Drafts & Papers 5752:"Burn barrel Fact Sheet" 5691:Anti-incineration groups 5626:"Permit No EPR/WP3234DY" 4870:"UKWIN AGM, Peter Jones" 4418:Health Protection Agency 2679:phenomenon). Studies in 2545:Health Protection Agency 2449:Health Protection Agency 2399:Use of incinerators for 2388:Wheelabrator Incinerator 2030:global warming potential 1673:flue gas cleaning system 923:Marine mammals and sonar 638:energy per day (17 552:flue gas cleaning system 5772:"Emissions Information" 4571:"Municipal Solid Waste" 4072:10.1111/1753-6405.12939 3705:: 40–47. Archived from 3604:Atmospheric Environment 3331:Herbert, Lewis (2007). 3068:Small incinerator units 2638:plasma arc gasification 2299:Heavy metals are often 2125:. Of the heavy metals, 1763:Backyard barrel burning 1398:Freshwater salinization 1318:Agricultural wastewater 620:Specialized incinerator 534:are then cooled in the 237:combined heat and power 104:waste treatment process 27:Waste treatment process 5611:Addfield Environmental 5281:Waste Management World 5216:. GAIA. Archived from 4894:Ryan, Michael (2008). 3703:Waste Management World 3104: 3077: 3049: 3014:is missing information 2912: 2681:Andover, Massachusetts 2582:The health effects of 2565:incinerator bottom ash 2538: 2480: 2462:gas-fired power plants 2431: 2430:in Hinwil, Switzerland 2348:Other pollution issues 2326:Incineration produces 2323: 2165: 1617:Environment portal 480: 472: 361: 302: 239:facilities supporting 96: 79:incineration plant in 69: 5754:. EPA. Archived from 5223:on 27 September 2007. 5176:. Ross Environmental. 3950:University of Toronto 3512:Refractories Handbook 3444:. EPA. November 2006. 3395:"Safe Debris Burning" 3102: 3075: 3047: 2935:In the United Kingdom 2903: 2861:Saugus, Massachusetts 2814:municipal solid waste 2636:(MHT) using steam or 2532: 2478: 2422: 2318: 2160: 2142:flue-gas condensation 2024:decomposition of the 1358:Industrial wastewater 1126:Municipal solid waste 1048:Soil guideline values 485:municipal solid waste 478: 470: 364:The burn pile or the 359: 328:was built in 1905 in 294: 179:to remove hazardous, 153:technologies such as 75: 56: 5815:on 20 December 2009. 5554:Friends of the Earth 5481:. 17 September 2020. 5241:. 25 September 2008. 5091:Friends of the Earth 4938:on 28 December 2008. 4928:"Capel Action Group" 4537:on 27 December 2008. 3905:on 20 February 2012. 3086:developing countries 2778:improve this section 2768:may not represent a 1924:improve this section 1809:improve this section 1567:Most polluted cities 1219:Overhead power lines 429:improve this section 177:materials separation 5712:on 31 January 2016. 5585:on 18 November 2008 5324:on 2 February 2009. 5287:(4). Archived from 5125:2000RCR....31...51M 4908:on 20 November 2008 4775:2020JHzM..39322433S 4659:on 27 February 2022 4029:. 2 September 2015. 3981:2017ESPR...2418383G 3975:(22): 18383–18391. 3784:2003WMR....21..218C 3735:on 3 November 2011. 3729:"Energy From Waste" 3616:1987AtmEn..21...29B 3346:on 26 November 2018 3220:on 5 December 2008. 3138:Incinerating toilet 3128:Exposure assessment 3053:economic exposure. 2995:Mobile incinerators 2857:refuse-derived fuel 2677:Not in My Back Yard 2626:anaerobic digestion 2286:catalytic converter 2226:are used to remove 2173:particle filtration 2014:anaerobic digestion 1993:to the atmosphere. 1383:Ocean acidification 1293:Unexploded ordnance 1214:Advertising clutter 1146:Post-consumer waste 1091:Foam food container 1076:Biodegradable waste 733:Global distillation 163:anaerobic digestion 5835:English inventions 5758:on 30 October 2014 5677:on 5 January 2016. 5451:10.6027/TN2019-522 5394:. 4 September 2023 5291:on 5 February 2013 5198:on 11 August 2007. 5100:on 7 October 2007. 4507:. 15 November 2016 4333:. 17 February 2020 4331:Clean Water Action 3709:on 6 February 2014 3583:on 25 October 2018 3532:on 5 January 2016. 3466:on 25 August 2012. 3423:. 21 October 2021. 3405:on 5 January 2016. 3105: 3078: 3050: 2947:Landfill Directive 2913: 2688:waste minimisation 2539: 2481: 2432: 2324: 2166: 2161:Electrodes inside 2147:thermal efficiency 1862:) and oxygen gas ( 1677:particulate matter 1629:Ecology portal 1254:Herbicidal warfare 798:Introduced species 738:Indoor air quality 708:Chlorofluorocarbon 481: 473: 362: 303: 149:is one of several 145:Incineration with 106:that involves the 97: 70: 5809:"position papers" 5720:. burnbarrel.org. 5560:on 1 August 2012. 5552:(Press release). 5460:978-92-893-6104-0 5418:www.eea.europa.eu 5159:978-0-9707687-2-8 5152:. ForesterPress. 4841:. 15 August 2008. 4527:"Covanta Fairfax" 3550:on 18 March 2006. 3163:Thermal treatment 3037: 3036: 2955:waste legislation 2810: 2809: 2802: 2379:systematic review 2254:by reaction with 2242:, lead and other 2236:hydrofluoric acid 2228:hydrochloric acid 2153:Flue-gas cleaning 2115:hydrochloric acid 2086:methane emissions 2008:If the waste was 1960: 1959: 1952: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1765:of household and 1747:According to the 1723:Dioxin and furans 1718:Gaseous emissions 1697:hydrochloric acid 1665: 1664: 1600: 1599: 1266:Nuclear holocaust 1189:Urban heat island 1003:Radioactive waste 788:Biological hazard 698:Air quality index 465: 464: 457: 289: 288: 116:thermal treatment 16:(Redirected from 5857: 5845:Waste management 5816: 5798: 5793:. Archived from 5779: 5778:on 4 March 2016. 5767: 5765: 5763: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5738:on 9 August 2017 5737: 5730: 5721: 5713: 5701: 5679: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5581:. Archived from 5568: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5370:sweden.se/nature 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5346:on 16 March 2015 5332: 5326: 5325: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5093:. Archived from 5088: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5052:on 6 April 2008. 5051: 5044: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5001:on 27 June 2009. 4997:. Archived from 4991: 4985: 4984: 4983:on 4 March 2016. 4979:. Archived from 4968: 4962: 4961: 4960:on 27 June 2009. 4956:. Archived from 4954:Suffolk Together 4946: 4940: 4939: 4934:. Archived from 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4796: 4786: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4727: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4695:on 4 March 2016. 4694: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4655:. Archived from 4645: 4639: 4638: 4637:on 2 March 2013. 4636: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4605:on 17 March 2011 4604: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4577:. Archived from 4567: 4561: 4560: 4555:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4533:. Archived from 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4449:on 3 March 2016. 4448: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4424:on 14 July 2014. 4410: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4284: 4269: 4268: 4220: 4207: 4206: 4180: 4170: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4084: 4074: 4050: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3928:on 25 June 2008. 3918: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3665:. November 1997. 3660: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3644:. February 2012. 3634: 3628: 3627: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3499:on 28 June 2007. 3498: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3339:. Archived from 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3237: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3213:. Archived from 3208: 3199: 3173:Waste management 3158:Thermal oxidizer 3032: 3029: 3023: 3007: 2999: 2949:set down by the 2845:Governors Island 2839:In North America 2805: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2702:. Supporters of 2487:baghouse filters 2457:district heating 2426:Zürcher Oberland 2401:waste management 2358:unpleasant odors 2321:aircraft carrier 2181:baghouse filters 2138:visual pollution 2066:renewable energy 1955: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1904: 1896: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1789: 1781: 1706:, HCl, CO and NO 1657: 1650: 1643: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1614: 1546: 1249:Chemical warfare 1151:Waste management 1111:Industrial waste 1086:Electronic waste 1071:Advertising mail 1053:Phytoremediation 1028:Land degradation 968:Depleted uranium 853:Overillumination 803:Invasive species 675: 665: 650: 581:waste compactors 563:district heating 460: 453: 449: 446: 440: 409: 401: 322:Governors Island 284: 281: 263: 256: 241:district heating 220:hazardous wastes 201:waste compaction 39:Death by burning 21: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5804:, eippcb.jrc.es 5797:on 17 May 2016. 5789: 5786: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5704: 5700:. ukwin.org.uk. 5696: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5538:. 22 July 2008. 5536:letsrecycle.com 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5495:. 27 June 2023. 5491: 5490: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5372:. 16 March 2015 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5258: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4838:letsrecycle.com 4831: 4830: 4826: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4686:Highways Agency 4681: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4581:on 14 May 2009. 4569: 4568: 4564: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4372: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4286: 4285: 4272: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4052: 4051: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4020: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3945: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3812: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3677:"Talking trash" 3675: 3674: 3670: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3555: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3225: 3217: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3178:Waste-to-energy 3114: 3097: 3091: 3070: 3064: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3017: 3008: 2997: 2985:Buckinghamshire 2943: 2937: 2898: 2841: 2812:The history of 2806: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2716: 2700:waste hierarchy 2670: 2662: 2533:Decommissioned 2527: 2498: 2417: 2397: 2374: 2350: 2313: 2282: 2266:desulfurisation 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2155: 2107:nitrogen oxides 2103: 2101:Other emissions 2096: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1956: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1921: 1905: 1894: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1841: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1806: 1790: 1779: 1725: 1720: 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5641: 5617: 5596: 5578:Channel 4 News 5563: 5541: 5523: 5498: 5484: 5466: 5459: 5431: 5405: 5383: 5357: 5327: 5302: 5267: 5244: 5226: 5201: 5179: 5165: 5158: 5138: 5103: 5075: 5055: 5028: 5004: 4986: 4977:Country Doctor 4963: 4941: 4919: 4886: 4861: 4844: 4824: 4749: 4698: 4670: 4653:www.hse.gov.uk 4640: 4616: 4584: 4562: 4559:on 9 May 2013. 4540: 4531:Covanta Energy 4518: 4492: 4470: 4452: 4427: 4402: 4370: 4344: 4318: 4299:(1): 101–115. 4270: 4235:(5): 725–735. 4208: 4161:(6): 479–519. 4138: 4112: 4032: 4018: 3955: 3931: 3908: 3884: 3860: 3841: 3827: 3778:(3): 218–224. 3759: 3738: 3720: 3686: 3683:. 2 June 2012. 3668: 3647: 3629: 3594: 3553: 3535: 3517: 3502: 3478: 3469: 3447: 3426: 3408: 3386: 3371: 3357: 3323: 3312:on 9 July 2012 3295: 3275: 3268: 3250: 3223: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3096: 3093: 3069: 3066: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3011: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2957:including the 2951:European Union 2939:Main article: 2936: 2933: 2897: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2840: 2837: 2808: 2807: 2772:of the subject 2770:worldwide view 2765: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2714: 2711: 2684: 2673: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2649: 2641: 2618: 2591: 2580: 2549: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2483:Fine particles 2472: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2445: 2416: 2413: 2396: 2393: 2373: 2372:Health effects 2370: 2349: 2346: 2312: 2309: 2280: 2248:sulfur dioxide 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2185:fine particles 2154: 2151: 2149:of the plant. 2123:fine particles 2111:sulfur dioxide 2102: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2076: 2070:non-renewables 2058: 2054: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1958: 1957: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1843: 1842: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1693:sulfur dioxide 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1645: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1619: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1562:Law by country 1559: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Surface runoff 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333:Eutrophication 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1288:Scorched earth 1285: 1284: 1283: 1281:Nuclear winter 1278: 1276:Nuclear famine 1273: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1033:Bioremediation 1030: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 963:Bioremediation 960: 954: 949: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 913:Transportation 909: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 860:Radio spectrum 857: 856: 855: 850: 839: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 806: 805: 795: 790: 784: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 728:Global dimming 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 689: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 668: 667: 659: 658: 647: 644: 630: 627: 621: 618: 608: 605: 588: 585: 571: 568: 463: 462: 413: 411: 404: 398: 395: 381: 378: 353: 350: 337: 334: 287: 286: 266: 264: 253: 250: 214:areas such as 193:garbage trucks 140:electric power 65:, designed by 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5862: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 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4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4854: 4853:"Wrap.org.uk" 4848: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3877:(in Danish). 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3845: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3681:The Economist 3678: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3269:9781466512412 3265: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3012:This section 3010: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2801: 2793: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2577:foam concrete 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2339:, copper and 2338: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2311:Solid outputs 2310: 2308: 2306: 2305:active carbon 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268:by injection 2267: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179:(ESP) and/or 2178: 2175:, most often 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2087: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2051: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2026:biodegradable 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1996: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1951: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1909:This section 1907: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1888:(see below). 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1828: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1794:This section 1792: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1767:garden wastes 1764: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671:. Before the 1670: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1448:Water quality 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224:Traffic signs 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131:Nanomaterials 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 993:Radioactivity 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 952: 947: 946: 939: 938:Soundproofing 936: 934: 933:Noise control 931: 929: 928:Noise barrier 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 907: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 869: 868: 861: 858: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 832: 831: 824: 821: 820: 814: 813: 804: 801: 800: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 776: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 682: 681: 674: 670: 669: 666: 660: 656: 652: 651: 645: 643: 641: 636: 628: 626: 619: 617: 614: 613:fluidized bed 607:Fluidized bed 606: 604: 602: 597: 594: 586: 584: 582: 578: 569: 567: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 525:heating value 521: 517: 512: 509: 504: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 477: 469: 459: 456: 448: 438: 434: 430: 424: 423: 419: 414:This section 412: 408: 403: 402: 396: 394: 390: 386: 379: 377: 375: 369: 367: 358: 351: 349: 347: 343: 335: 333: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 301: 297: 293: 283: 274: 270: 267:This section 265: 262: 258: 257: 251: 249: 247: 242: 238: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 68: 64: 60: 55: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 5830:Incineration 5813:the original 5795:the original 5776:the original 5760:. 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Retrieved 3310:the original 3304: 3298: 3285: 3278: 3259: 3253: 3215:the original 3197: 3133:Gasification 3106: 3090: 3082:hygienically 3079: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3025: 3013: 2981:Bedfordshire 2974: 2970: 2967: 2959:landfill tax 2944: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2886: 2873: 2865: 2850: 2842: 2826: 2811: 2796: 2787: 2767: 2742:can be mined 2686:Prevention, 2573:hydrogen gas 2512: 2452:detectable." 2423: 2406: 2398: 2384: 2375: 2362: 2351: 2325: 2303:on injected 2298: 2277: 2263: 2260: 2244:heavy metals 2221: 2170: 2167: 2131: 2119:heavy metals 2104: 2074: 2063: 2052: 2042:landfill gas 2007: 1988: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1946: 1940:January 2015 1937: 1922:Please help 1910: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1831: 1825:January 2015 1822: 1807:Please help 1795: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1746: 1738: 1726: 1701: 1681:heavy metals 1666: 1536:Point source 1481:Heavy metals 1443:Urban runoff 1428:Sulfur water 1403:Septic tanks 1259:Agent Orange 1169:Space debris 1023:Agricultural 888:Volcanic ash 748:Particulates 632: 623: 610: 598: 590: 573: 556: 536:superheaters 529: 513: 505: 501: 494: 489: 482: 451: 445:January 2015 442: 427:Please help 415: 397:Moving grate 391: 387: 383: 370: 363: 339: 319: 314: 304: 280:January 2015 277: 273:adding to it 268: 233: 218:and certain 205: 190: 174: 167: 155:gasification 144: 132:particulates 111: 100:Incineration 99: 98: 50: 5762:28 December 5742:28 December 5516:11 February 5295:23 November 4932:Mole Valley 4663:27 February 4511:21 November 4483:Energy Kids 4390:www.cbf.org 4178:2434/675727 4082:1885/217337 3350:29 November 3316:25 November 2790:August 2022 2630:autoclaving 2613:, lead and 2491:micrometres 2232:nitric acid 2194:micrometres 1506:Area source 1348:Groundwater 1101:Green waste 1081:Brown waste 1065:Solid waste 823:Information 718:Exhaust gas 629:Use of heat 593:rotary-kiln 587:Rotary-kiln 570:Fixed grate 559:Scandinavia 497:waste crane 380:Burn barrel 315:destructors 208:waste types 197:landfilling 18:Incinerated 5824:Categories 5655:27 January 5634:27 January 5174:"About us" 5072:. YouTube. 4879:31 January 4769:: 122433. 4609:3 February 4395:9 November 4337:9 November 4131:9 November 3756:. Eunomia. 3587:21 October 3189:References 3183:Zero waste 2853:Ames, Iowa 2820:and other 2704:zero waste 2646:metric ton 2628:(MBT/AD), 2605:, nickel, 2561:bottom ash 2444:emissions. 2332:bottom ash 2250:, forming 2010:landfilled 1593:By country 1585:Categories 1476:Pollutants 1453:Wastewater 1423:Stagnation 1368:Monitoring 1343:Freshwater 1209:Air travel 1096:Food waste 1038:Defecation 848:Ecological 781:Biological 713:Combustion 653:Part of a 542:(580 532:flue gases 520:flue gases 508:turbulence 374:convection 336:Technology 307:Nottingham 246:Luxembourg 185:recyclable 136:atmosphere 108:combustion 93:short tons 5317:The Hindu 5261:15 August 5113:Resources 4819:212622735 4803:0304-3894 4718:(1): 88. 4549:"Welcome" 4467:. 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