40:
72:
84:
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In 1964, the Groote
Eylandt Mining Company was given a lease over the island, in exchange for royalty payments to the Church Missionary Society. The first shipments of manganese ore left in 1966, and as of 2015, the mine was producing over 3 million tonnes of manganese a year, over 15% of total world
294:
The establishment of the mine caused upheavals in traditional land sensibilities since the
Indigenous people were forcibly dislocated and compelled to live in close proximity to one another. As a consequence, two clans, the Mamarika and Amagula, have been feuding for some decades, perhaps reflecting
449:
Anindilyakwa surnames were adopted in the 1950s to comply with government regulations. Many of the surnames are derived from one of the clan's totems, i.e. Mamarika 'Southeast wind'. Before the last names had been adopted, Anindilyakwa referred to themselves as people from a certain area or of a
165:
Although they have a strong sense of identity, the fourteen clans on Groote
Eylandt and the surrounding islands did not have a collective name that they referred to themselves. They have been called the Warnindilyakwa in the past. However, this term refers to a specific clan from the Dilyakburra
414:
There are 14 clan groups on Groote
Eylandt with their territories distributed all over the archipelago. The Warnindilyakwa people have been around for 8,000 years. From the mid-18th century onwards, through marriage and migration, many Nunggubuyu people from the adjacent mainland community of
229:. Pobasso had made at least 6 voyages to the Australian coast over 20 years. Macassans would continue coming to northern Australia for trade until 1907. The Australian government introduced taxes in the 1880s leading to its decline and the Macassan trade was effectively halted by the
214:, beeswax, ironwood and pearls, which they brought back to supply the southern Chinese market, where, in particular, trepang was highly sought after as a delicacy. In exchange, they provided beads, metal, canoe technologies, sails, ceramics, earthenware pots and fishing hooks.
656:
is a 2011 award-winning short film written and directed by David Hansen. It is filmed mainly in the
Anindilyakwa language and follows the experiences of one family dealing with the effects of alcohol addiction. The film won Best Indigenous Resource at the
1470:
629:
is a 2017 award-winning short film written and directed by
Nikolas Lachajczak and told entirely in the Anindilyakwa language. It follows the story of Anindilyakwa man, Steve 'Bakala' Wurramara, who is afflicted with
509:
exist in
Anindilyakwa culture, where certain people are required to avoid family members or clan. Specific behaviours are necessary, such as no direct communication, facing each other, or proximity.
1347:
1463:
406:, is reported to have been generally avoided, except as a "hard time food". But the Anindilyakwa have several methods of making it edible, by leaching it in running water for several days.
344:) nouns, adjectives, personal and demonstrative adjectives, and words are characteristically lengthy, ranging from two to as many as fourteen syllables. An eyelash, for example, is
2513:
2455:
1456:
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340:
in place of laminodentals, and a stronger pitch. Anindilyakwa is characterised by prefixation for number, person and gender with regard to all (an exception concerns
2483:
206:
traded with the
Anindilyakwa people long before the arrival of Europeans. Each December, taking advantage of the monsoonal winds, the Macassans would sail down in
2448:
372:. There are three Indigenous communities in the Groote Archipelago: Angurugu and Umbakumba on Groote Eylandt, and Milyakburra located on Bickerton Island.
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333:, which contains most Australian languages. It shares similar grammatical structures with Wubuy, though the two differ in basic vocabulary.
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951:
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Wurringkilyangba (Wurragwagwa), Warnungangwurrkwurrikba (Yantarrnga), Wurrumaminyamanja (Maminyamanja), Warnungwamadada (Lalara),
273:
and
Umbakumba, run by a church group called the Church Missionary Society. However, their lives would be drastically altered when
1171:
322:
199:
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1371:
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623:, local Anindilyakwa men Nandjiwarra Amagula, Walter, Roy Bara, Cedrick Lalara, and Morris Lalara portray the men on trial.
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270:
991:"SAFETY BEFORE SANCTIONS, SANCTIONS BEFORE BARRIERS: DIGITAL ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR ANINDILYAKWA PEOPLE OF GROOTE EYLANDT"
704:
for
Anindilyakwa. The coin was designed by Aleksandra Stokic in consultation with Indigenous language custodian groups.
485:
Warnindilyakwa (Mamarika), Warnungwamakwula (Amagula), Warnungangkwurrakba (Wurramara), Warnungwamulangwa (Bara Bara),
434:. Unlike other Aboriginal people on the mainland, these moieties are not named. Anindilyakwa people use the egocentric
2090:
1207:
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1094:"International Year of Indigenous Languages commemorated with new coins launched by Royal Australian Mint and AIATSIS"
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is her son-in-law (daughter's husband) or the son of her mother's mother's brother. For a man, his poison cousin or
1410:
1255:
975:
151:
364:
Anindilyakwa land extends some 1,000 square miles (2,600 km) encompassing three islands, Groote Eylandt,
1368:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
1479:
230:
476:
Wurnungawerrikba (Wurrawilya), Warnungwijarrakba (Jaragba), Warnungwadarrbulangwa (Wurrabadalamba, Bara)
446:('Their Moiety') when referring to the other. In English, they are referred to as Moiety 1 and Moiety 2.
691:
314:
308:
253:
159:
119:
101:
1294:
The Grammar of Inalienability: A Typological Perspective on Body Part Terms and the Part-whole Relation
1915:
1279:
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565:
326:
177:
135:
1438:"If governments can't close the gap, Groote Eylandt leaders want the autonomy to do it themselves"
155:
1985:
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639:
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89:
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Groote Eylandt has a variety of habitats: dense stands on monsoon forests rising behind coastal
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which features 14 different words for 'money' from Australian Indigenous languages including
487:
Wurraliliyanga (Wurramarrba), Warnungwamakarjirrakba (Wurramarrba), Durila (Durila, Wanambi)
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1999:
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There is a dialect variant, spoken mainly by members of the Umbakumba community, which uses
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127:
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ancestor who carried the disease. Several Macassan words, mostly nouns such as dambakwa '
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is his mother-in-law (wife's mother) or the daughter of his mother's mother's brother.
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45:
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2027:
2013:
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318:
131:
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2336:
2139:
2006:
1971:
1964:
1943:
1831:
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1537:
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1502:
746:
Classification of Plants and Animals from a Groote Eylandt Aboriginal Point of View
612:
601:
217:
The trade network was extensive. On his 1803 voyage mapping Australia's coastline,
211:
2378:
1407:
Shared Wealth and Symbol: Food, Culture, and Society in Oceania and Southeast Asia
295:
a longer historical enmity, and on occasion eruptions of violence, involving also
2420:
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2280:
2231:
2153:
1978:
1775:
1628:
1351:
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Other noteworthy bands include Mambali from Numbulwar, Groote Eylandt Band from
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where they are all related to each other and bound by ceremonial participation.
419:
settled on the islands, amalgamating the two cultures. They are connected by a
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1950:
1936:
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production. The mine was expected to continue production until at least 2027.
1209:
Winds of Change: an archaeology of contact in the Groorte Eylandt archipelago
771:
615:
lawyer represents a group of Aboriginal men accused of murder. Also starring
564:
and a highly respected song man and dancer. The band performs their music in
17:
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The legacy of the Macassan traders are still evident today. They introduced
77:
325:", a distinction it has come to share with the nearby mainland language of
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2181:
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2020:
1957:
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748:. Australian National University North Australia Research Unit Monograph.
634:(MJD), a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that results in a lack of
569:
388:
380:
341:
252:', anija 'alcohol', and dumbala 'cloth', have been incorporated into the
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203:
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1992:
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1403:"Classification of Food from a Groote Eylandt Aboriginal point of view"
384:
296:
249:
222:
321:, Anindilyakwa displayed perhaps "the most complicated grammar of any
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1852:
1817:
1705:
1649:
1607:
1565:
1523:
1123:
616:
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2174:
1803:
1185:
Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences
1348:"Little-known island of riches wants to become a tourist hotspot"
1317:"Harvesting the memory: Open Beaches in Makasser and Arnhem Land"
166:
peninsula on the southeastern part of the island. Anthropologist
1077:
542:
226:
221:
came across one expedition, led by a Macassan naval chief named
207:
1452:
680:
which translate to 'kicking a tree to get something off of it.'
269:
By the 1950s, the Anindilyakwa had moved into settlements like
1275:"Groote Eylandt deaths: Machetes, spears used as dozens riot"
1251:
Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker
154:
of the Groote archipelago are the Anindilyakwa people or
1007:
Nally, Alicia (6 July 2017). "Carving her own pathway".
329:, also known as Wubuy. Anindilyakwa is unrelated to the
1273:
La Canna, Xavier; Breen, Jacqueline (7 November 2016).
1145:
Names and Substance in the Australian Subsection System
1183:. In Clark, Marshall Alexander; May, Sally K. (eds.).
808:
806:
804:
440:('Our Moiety') when referring to their own moiety and
560:. Lead vocalist Grant Nundhirribala is a master of
545:-nominated Anindilyakwa singer and songwriter from
95:
63:
53:
1292:. In Chappell, Hilary; McGregory, William (eds.).
1181:"Understanding the Macassans: A regional approach"
699:
675:
519:
513:
500:
499:Like other Aboriginal cultures, 'poison cousins' (
441:
435:
351:
345:
976:"Traditional Culture - Anindilyakwa Land Council"
171:
1168:"2016 Census QuickStats: Anindilyakwa (Groote)"
947:Anindilyakwa Land Council Annual Report 2019-20
44:Anindilyakwa men and boys in a bush shelter in
1179:Clark, Marshall Alexander; May, Sally (2013).
1464:
860:
670:, an Indigenous Australian languages show on
8:
2514:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory
466:Clan names (Ngakwurra-langwa ngarnimikirra)
402:which, although containing the deadly toxin
32:
1290:"Body parts and possession in Anindilyakwa"
1471:
1457:
1449:
696:International Year of Indigenous Languages
674:. The show featured the Anindilyakwa word
244:in 4 families is thought to derive from a
38:
31:
848:
836:
824:
225:, involving some 1,000 sailors across 60
795:
457:
391:provide excellent niches for shellfish.
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
719:
694:issued a 50 cent coin to celebrate the
240:to the island. The genetic presence of
1444:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
962:
952:Creative Commons 3.0 Australia licence
758:
726:
588:Film and television about Anindilyakwa
1040:film review; 16 November 1977, p. 21.
872:
812:
549:. She writes and sings songs in both
7:
1189:Australian National University Press
739:
737:
735:
356:('human male possessing body fat').
64:Regions with significant populations
1329:University of New South Wales Press
772:"A Voyage to Terra Australis Vol 2"
1436:Bardon, Jane (26 September 2021).
1346:McCulloch, Daniel (21 June 2016).
1227:Aboriginal People and Their Plants
945:Anindilyakwa Land Council (2020).
512:For a woman, her poison cousin or
25:
313:The Anindilyakwa are speakers of
350:('eye's plumage'), and a man is
180:word for Groote Eylandt people.
82:
70:
1172:Australian Bureau of Statistics
195:Makassan contact with Australia
1405:. In Manderson, Lenore (ed.).
1372:Australian National University
277:was discovered on the island.
1:
664:Anindilyakwa was featured in
1394:East Arnhem Regional Council
1315:Macknight, Campbell (2008).
659:Australian Teachers of Media
331:Pama–Nyungan language family
1224:Clarke, Philip A.. (2011).
1206:Clarke, Anna Fiona (1994).
1150:University of Chicago Press
1126:. Anindilyakwa Land Council
150:The accepted names for the
2530:
1411:Cambridge University Press
1288:Leeding, Velma J. (1996).
1256:Cambridge University Press
306:
192:
2437:
1490:
861:La Canna & Breen 2016
430:and are divided into two
387:. Sandstone outcrops and
104:(written in various ways)
100:
68:
58:
37:
1230:. Rosenberg Publishers.
579:and Salt Lake Band from
260:European colonialisation
1360:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1323:; Neale, Margo (eds.).
1140:von Brandenstein, C. G.
1092:mhones (8 April 2019).
700:
676:
600:) is a 1977 Australian
596:(released in the US as
520:
514:
507:avoidance relationships
501:
442:
436:
352:
347:mwamwitjingwila mwanpwa
346:
172:
1325:Strangers on the Shore
661:(ATOM) Awards in 2011.
632:Machado-Joseph Disease
556:Yilila is a band from
533:Anindilyakwa musicians
421:complex kinship system
265:Church Mission Society
242:Machado–Joseph disease
231:White Australia policy
158:('True People' in the
2443:By state or territory
1401:Waddy, Julie (1986).
744:Waddy, Julie (1988).
692:Royal Australian Mint
309:Anindilyakwa language
254:Anindilyakwa language
160:Anindilyakwa language
120:Aboriginal Australian
102:Anindilyakwa language
1916:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
1413:. pp. 144–164.
1331:. pp. 133–147.
1300:. pp. 193–249.
796:Clark & May 2013
210:to trade for native
1217:ANU doctoral thesis
899:, pp. 193–194.
459:
379:, alternating with
360:Country and ecology
323:Australian language
299:, have broken out.
136:Gulf of Carpentaria
34:
2456:Northern Territory
1484:Northern Territory
1319:. In Veth, Peter;
1053:. Creative Spirits
677:ngarrarndirrarjena
672:The Disney Channel
570:Maccassan language
528:In popular culture
458:
450:particular totem.
152:Traditional Owners
140:Northern Territory
90:Northern Territory
2501:
2500:
2491:Western Australia
1420:978-0-521-32354-3
1381:978-0-708-10741-6
1338:978-1-876-94488-9
1307:978-3-110-12804-8
1298:Walter de Gruyter
1265:978-1-108-02504-1
1237:978-1-921-71973-8
1198:978-1-922-14497-3
1191:. pp. 1–17.
1159:978-0-226-86481-5
1098:www.ramint.gov.au
648:lower extremities
562:traditional music
553:and Anindilyakwa.
492:
491:
394:The fruit of the
317:. In the view of
122:people living on
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16:(Redirected from
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776:gutenberg.net.au
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568:, Anindilyakwa,
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445:
439:
426:These clans are
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281:Manganese mining
219:Matthew Flinders
189:Macassan traders
175:
170:previously used
128:Bickerton Island
87:
86:
85:
75:
74:
73:
54:Total population
42:
35:
21:
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2449:New South Wales
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2379:Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
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1482:peoples in the
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1432:
1430:Further reading
1427:
1421:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1314:
1308:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1246:Dixon, R. M. W.
1244:
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1212:
1205:
1199:
1178:
1166:
1160:
1138:
1129:
1127:
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1118:
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1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1073:"Bakala (2017)"
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1051:"The Last Wave"
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:Nathan, David.
988:
987:
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835:
831:
827:, pp. 141.
823:
819:
811:
802:
798:, pp. 1–2.
794:
790:
780:
778:
770:
769:
765:
761:, pp. 1–2.
757:
753:
743:
742:
733:
725:
721:
716:
711:
687:
667:Spread the Word
590:
539:Emily Wurramara
535:
530:
497:
456:
443:Wurrenikbaburra
437:Yirrenikbaburra
412:
362:
311:
305:
292:
283:
267:
262:
197:
191:
186:
148:
83:
81:
80:
71:
69:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2197:Pitjantjatjara
2193:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2042:Murngin=Yolgnu
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
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1695:
1688:
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1674:
1667:
1660:
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1625:
1618:
1611:
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1597:
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1583:
1576:
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1506:
1499:
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1478:
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1468:
1461:
1453:
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1431:
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1426:
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1419:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1356:
1343:
1337:
1312:
1306:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1242:
1236:
1221:
1203:
1197:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1136:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1084:
1064:
1042:
1028:
1014:
999:
981:
967:
955:
937:
935:, p. 226.
925:
923:, p. 208.
913:
911:, p. 215.
901:
889:
887:, p. 193.
877:
865:
853:
849:McCulloch 2016
841:
837:Umbakumba 2015
829:
825:Macknight 2008
817:
815:, p. 149.
800:
788:
763:
751:
731:
718:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
686:
683:
682:
681:
662:
651:
636:muscle control
624:
621:David Gulpilil
589:
586:
585:
584:
573:
554:
547:Groote Eylandt
534:
531:
529:
526:
496:
495:Poison cousins
493:
490:
489:
483:
479:
478:
472:
468:
467:
464:
455:
452:
411:
410:Kinship system
408:
361:
358:
338:laminopalatals
307:Main article:
304:
301:
291:
288:
282:
279:
266:
263:
261:
258:
233:by 1906–1907.
193:Main article:
190:
187:
185:
182:
168:Norman Tindale
147:
144:
142:of Australia.
124:Groote Eylandt
106:
105:
98:
97:
93:
92:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:Groote Eylandt
43:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2526:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2488:
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2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
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2446:
2441:
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2436:
2429:
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2422:
2418:
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2411:
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2404:
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2376:
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2355:
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2299:
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2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
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2240:
2236:
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2222:
2219:
2215:
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2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
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2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:Ngaanyatjarra
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:Nanggikorongo
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:Murrinh-Patha
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:Mulluk-Mulluk
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:Menhdheyangal
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:Garrwa/Karawa
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:"Ingura (NT)"
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Sutton, Peter
1318:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1000:
992:
985:
982:
977:
971:
968:
965:, p. 90.
964:
959:
956:
953:
948:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
881:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
777:
773:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
747:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
713:
708:
702:
697:
693:
689:
688:
685:Commemoration
684:
678:
673:
669:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
594:The Last Wave
592:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
536:
532:
527:
525:
522:
516:
510:
508:
503:
494:
488:
484:
481:
480:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
453:
451:
447:
444:
438:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
359:
357:
354:
353:nanimwamwalya
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Arthur Capell
316:
310:
302:
300:
298:
289:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
264:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
188:
183:
181:
179:
174:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
132:Woodah Island
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Warnumamalya)
113:
103:
99:
94:
91:
79:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
27:
19:
18:Ingura people
2400:Yindjilandji
2140:Ngolokwangga
1944:Marimanindji
1832:Karrangpurru
1545:Anindilyakwa
1544:
1538:Andakerebina
1441:
1406:
1367:
1324:
1293:
1278:
1250:
1226:
1208:
1184:
1144:
1128:. Retrieved
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1031:
1017:
1008:
1002:
984:
970:
958:
940:
933:Tindale 1974
928:
921:Leeding 1996
916:
909:Leeding 1996
904:
897:Leeding 1996
892:
885:Leeding 1996
880:
875:, p. 7.
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:
766:
754:
745:
722:
690:In 2019 the
665:
653:
640:coordination
626:
607:directed by
597:
593:
572:and English.
511:
498:
486:
475:
448:
425:
413:
403:
399:
393:
374:
363:
335:
315:Anindilyakwa
312:
293:
284:
268:
235:
216:
198:
164:
156:Warnumamalya
149:
115:
112:Anindilyakwa
111:
109:
59:1,596 (2016)
33:Anindilyakwa
29:Ethnic group
26:
2154:Norweilemil
1986:Marrithiyal
1979:Marranunggu
1776:Gungorogone
1390:"Umbakumba"
1352:News.com.au
1009:Cairns Post
963:Clarke 2011
759:Clarke 1994
727:Census 2016
502:wurrudajiya
428:patrilineal
290:Present-day
2463:Queensland
2351:Wongkamala
2323:Warndarang
2218:Rembarrnga
2204:Pongaponga
2168:Nunggubuyu
2098:Ngaliwurru
2070:Nangiomeri
1951:Marinunggo
1937:Maridjabin
1860:Kungarakan
1811:Jamindjung
1720:Emmiyangal
1685:Djerimanga
1601:Bingongina
1552:Anmatyerre
1480:Aboriginal
1124:"About Us"
1103:2 November
873:Dixon 2011
813:Waddy 1986
781:3 February
609:Peter Weir
605:drama film
598:Black Rain
404:macrozamin
396:Zamia palm
377:sand dunes
327:Nunggubuyu
178:Nunggubuyu
2344:Wilingura
2330:Warumungu
2309:Warlmanpa
2260:Wadjiginy
2119:Ngarinman
2084:Ngalakgan
2035:Muringura
2000:Matuntara
1909:Mangarayi
1895:Madngella
1881:Kwarandji
1874:Kunwinjku
1867:Kunibidji
1783:Gunindiri
1748:Gambalang
1741:Gadjerong
1713:Doolboong
1664:Djalakuru
1587:Bilingara
1580:Beriguruk
1531:Amijangal
1517:Alyawarre
949:(Report).
714:Citations
581:Umbakumba
558:Numbulwar
417:Numbulwar
400:burrawang
366:Bickerton
342:loanwords
275:manganese
238:tamarinds
200:Macassans
96:Languages
78:Australia
2508:Category
2484:Victoria
2477:Tasmania
2393:Yaroinga
2358:Wulwulam
2316:Warlpiri
2302:Wardaman
2295:Wandjira
2211:Puneitja
2182:Perrakee
2147:Ngormbur
2021:Mudburra
1958:Marijedi
1888:Larrakia
1839:Kaytetye
1790:Gurindji
1762:Giimbiyu
1727:Gaagudju
1594:Binbinga
1559:Arrernte
1442:ABC News
1362:(1974).
1280:ABC News
1248:(2011).
1142:(1982).
1057:15 April
1023:"Yilila"
611:where a
577:Angurugu
454:Moieties
432:moieties
389:laterite
385:mudflats
381:mangrove
303:Language
297:machetes
271:Angurugu
246:Makassar
204:Sulawesi
114:people (
2428:Yunggor
2386:Yanyuwa
2372:Yangman
2365:Wurango
2288:Wambaya
2267:Wagoman
2190:Pintupi
2161:Nungali
2126:Ngarnka
2112:Ngardok
1993:Mati Ke
1930:Maridan
1923:Mariamo
1846:Kukatja
1825:Jingili
1797:Iwaidja
1769:Gudanji
1692:Djinang
1678:Djerait
1657:Dhuwala
1636:Dalabon
1622:Dagoman
1615:Burarra
1573:Awinmul
1496:Airiman
1396:. 2015.
1174:. 2016.
1116:Sources
1037:Variety
701:awarnda
642:of the
602:mystery
551:English
463:Moiety
398:called
250:tobacco
223:Pobasso
212:trepang
184:History
138:in the
134:in the
2407:Yolngu
2274:Wakaya
2253:Wadere
2246:Waanyi
2133:Ngarti
2105:Ngandi
2091:Ngalia
2056:Nagara
1853:Kunapa
1818:Jawoyn
1706:Djowei
1699:Djinba
1650:Dhuwal
1608:Bininj
1566:Awarai
1524:Amarak
1417:
1378:
1335:
1304:
1262:
1234:
1195:
1156:
627:Bakala
617:Yolngu
541:is an
521:dadija
515:nadija
370:Woodah
368:, and
176:, the
173:Ingura
130:, and
88:
76:
48:, 1933
2414:Yukul
2337:Watta
2239:Tjial
2175:Oitbi
2007:Maung
1972:Marra
1965:Mariu
1804:Jaako
1734:Gaari
1671:Djaŋu
1643:Dangu
1510:Alura
1503:Alawa
1213:(PDF)
1130:2 May
994:(PDF)
709:Notes
654:Anija
644:upper
613:white
566:Wubuy
505:) or
227:praus
208:praus
202:from
146:Names
2421:Yumu
2281:Walu
2232:Tiwi
1629:Daii
1415:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1132:2018
1105:2020
1078:IMDb
1059:2013
783:2024
646:and
638:and
619:man
543:ARIA
383:and
118:are
110:The
162:).
2510::
1440:.
1409:.
1392:.
1374:.
1370:.
1366:.
1350:.
1327:.
1296:.
1277:.
1258:.
1254:.
1215:.
1187:.
1170:.
1152:.
1148:.
1096:.
1075:.
803:^
774:.
734:^
482:2
471:1
256:.
126:,
2184:?
1472:e
1465:t
1458:v
1423:.
1384:.
1354:.
1341:.
1310:.
1283:.
1268:.
1240:.
1219:.
1201:.
1162:.
1134:.
1107:.
1081:.
1061:.
1025:.
1011:.
996:.
978:.
863:.
851:.
839:.
785:.
729:.
650:.
583:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
