1677:
manufactured commentaries to "international affairs commentators" and then use other individual, non-official accounts to promote these commentaries. As one example, the PRC Ministry of
Foreign Affairs (MFA) uses a manufactured persona named Yi Fan, often credited as a "Beijing-based international affairs commentator," to deceptively promote pro-Beijing views on a wide variety of topics and regions.
380:. For instance, it will run a Chinese news-agency story on the biolab conspiracy, then get a left-wing student leader to write an article expressing concern about the supposed biolabs. Chinese news agencies will use that to write about how South Africans are worried, thus manufacturing a 'story' out of nothing at all."
1456:
77:
has written. These news organizations may attribute the assertion, but another publication may omit its original source. "That piece of information has now been laundered," Stewart says, and the original assertion, whether or not its source was credible, gains credibility, especially if it is used
1676:
PRC officials sometimes attribute relevant content to specific authors under false names, likely to conceal the PRC's role in producing it and falsely purporting to represent legitimate, organic sentiment in a given region. In addition, PRC officials are known in some cases to attribute such
237:; groups of scholars can form "citation farms" or "citation cartels" to aggrandize each other's work. Self- or co-citation in this way can also contribute to information laundering as it increases the seeming authority of a claim without rigorously investigating its source.
1446:
178:, "are generally supported by cyber capabilities that enhance the spread and amplification of a laundered piece, e.g. through the creation of fake personas and burner accounts, and sophisticated for manipulation of information, e.g. through the distribution of
1225:
221:
Hiding a self-citation by citing someone who has referenced one's own work. (Sometimes also called "stealth citation". Individual self-citation is not to be confused with journal self-citation, commonly known as
1663:
1524:
1491:
288:
92:
flow through social networks, political blogs, and search engines, where they intermix with mainstream ideas, and gradually become washed of their radical origins. According to Klein, "
1557:
1631:
1589:
682:
353:
conspiracy theory, were an example of information laundering, as QAnon hijacked a unifying cause in attempts to attract credulous local television news coverage, according to
151:", and commercial platforms, "designed to keep users online to be served ads, end up privileging engagement over truth or the public interest. What drives engagement is often
475:
229:
Citing a number of more recent works that ultimately all pull their information from one flawed source. This can be intentional disinformation or an accidental lack of rigor.
1278:
1741:
1708:
511:
1423:
1351:
646:
1653:
1201:
2815:
988:
1808:
743:
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712:
326:
that translates as 'mask' or 'masquerade', as a precursor to
Russian information laundering. Despite bans in multiple countries, content from Russian
2103:
1514:
1018:
1479:
1310:
786:
832:
632:
1763:
1374:
1547:
1274:
1612:
1579:
672:
602:
376:
of South Africa "often engages in 'information laundering' designed to make sentiment appear homegrown, says Herman
Wasserman at the
1658:
465:
384:
372:
1447:"With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda, foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign"
233:
Self-citation practices are usually done with the intent of increasing a scholar's research impact in terms of metrics such as the
905:
2820:
2759:
1801:
412:
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2540:
1264:
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404:
308:
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1405:
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refers to a general strategy that purposely alters the information released to adversaries, with the goal of alleviating
1333:
1260:
625:
250:
46:
38:
1223:
Hyland, Ken (February 1, 2003). "Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication".
1189:
2563:
1794:
811:
Dutta, Shiladitya; Uhegbu, Kelechi; Nori, Sathvik; Mashkoor, Sohyb; Taswell, S. Koby; Taswell, Carl (February 2020).
978:
313:
2520:
1881:
1519:
735:
2059:
2054:
1143:
1012:"Using Quantitative Data to Assess Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Colombia: Challenges and Opportunities"
2810:
2784:
2721:
2432:
2369:
2311:
2253:
2243:
1956:
1941:
773:
415:
jointly released an open-source tool for uncovering websites republishing content from
Russian state media.
408:
377:
284:
120:
89:
2437:
2133:
2704:
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2636:
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2545:
2329:
2213:
1197:
1011:
335:
84:'s Adam Klein, who developed the theory, argues that information laundering is similar to how criminals
22:
is the surfacing of news, false or otherwise, from unverified sources into the mainstream. In advancing
767:
2671:
2462:
2412:
2148:
2143:
2113:
1976:
1768:
1269:
1093:
868:
Taswell, S. Koby; Triggle, Christopher; Vayo, June; Dutta, Shiladitya; Taswell, Carl (October 2020).
677:
470:
424:
128:
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2176:
2138:
2034:
1451:
1300:
388:
272:
2742:
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2404:
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2344:
2263:
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2039:
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1817:
1764:"The Russian Propaganda Nesting Doll: How RT is Layered Into the Digital Information Environment"
1695:
1410:
1338:
1170:
1119:
1060:
960:
897:
838:
636:
534:
533:
Wang, Xinran; Xiang, Yu; Gao, Jun; Ding, Jie (2020). "Information
Laundering for Model Privacy".
434:
350:
136:
115:
Digital platforms can be especially vulnerable to information laundering efforts; faked videos (
554:
Klein, Adam (2012). "Slipping Racism into the
Mainstream: A Theory of Information Laundering".
88:
illegal funds into financial institutions. In the case of information laundering, illegitimate
2651:
2588:
2364:
2334:
2296:
2291:
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2191:
2171:
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2014:
1966:
1911:
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93:
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85:
31:
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2153:
2128:
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1936:
1736:
1139:"How much is too much? The difference between research influence and self-citation excess"
354:
331:
152:
81:
249:, which publishes secret information from anonymous sources, was said in a commentary by
1654:"How the People's Republic of China Seeks to Reshape the Global Information Environment"
1097:
391:
of information laundering by using "manufactured personas" such as a fictitious opinion
2661:
2525:
2510:
2472:
2452:
2389:
2228:
2203:
2108:
1991:
1971:
1926:
1904:
869:
311:, an American group that opposes Russian efforts to undermine Western elections, cites
276:
124:
23:
1515:"Russian propaganda 'very likely' stoking 5G health fears in Australia: expert claims"
2804:
2769:
2726:
2535:
2515:
2354:
2098:
1946:
1851:
1618:
1174:
1123:
1064:
964:
901:
842:
569:
466:"Fake news: Jon Stewart says the media has become an 'information-laundering scheme'"
366:
292:
280:
132:
210:"in which ideas are plagiarized and then the plagiarism is hidden in plain sight".
2774:
2694:
2689:
2573:
2417:
2359:
2339:
1846:
1584:
1580:"With #SaveTheChildren Rallies, QAnon Sneaks Into The Offline World | On the Media"
983:
429:
319:
296:
1406:"Russians Again Targeting Americans With Disinformation, Facebook and Twitter Say"
123:), for instance, can create media moments and spread disinformation. According to
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2626:
2477:
2384:
2379:
2248:
2238:
2223:
2049:
2019:
2001:
1866:
327:
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74:
66:
62:
27:
1157:
1138:
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1079:
947:
928:
812:
2747:
2646:
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2568:
2487:
2427:
2321:
2258:
2077:
1961:
1951:
1876:
1861:
1856:
1831:
300:
207:
144:
140:
1704:
1627:
1419:
1347:
1246:
1166:
1056:
956:
893:
813:"DREAM Principles from the PORTAL-DOORS Project and NPDS Cyberinfrastructure"
782:
598:
2467:
2447:
2422:
2301:
2273:
2186:
2123:
2009:
1871:
1841:
824:
392:
261:
246:
160:
1115:
641:
1048:
2598:
2374:
2198:
2181:
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1981:
1899:
1891:
358:
116:
58:
2714:
2699:
2583:
2500:
2218:
1986:
1916:
1305:
1137:
Szomszor, Martin; Pendlebury, David A.; Adams, Jonathan (May 1, 2020).
1010:
Roth, Françoise; Guberek, Tamy; Green, Amelia Hoover (March 22, 2011).
234:
217:
is a colloquial term used to refer to a number of practices including:
179:
156:
105:
101:
1238:
1226:
Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology
303:
using information laundering is also suspected in stoking fears about
104:, which can act as incubators. Then they graduate onto more respected
2641:
1786:
1480:"How Russia And Other Foreign Actors Sow Disinformation In Elections"
1080:"Hundreds of extreme self-citing scientists revealed in new database"
1035:
Roach, Joseph (2017). "The
Serendipity Tango: "Volume 1, Number 1"".
885:
874:
Proceedings of the
Association for Information Science and Technology
175:
97:
34:—the transforming of illicit funds into ostensibly legitimate funds.
817:
2020 IEEE 14th
International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)
539:
395:
named "Yi Fan" to present state narratives as "organic sentiment".
2681:
2281:
346:
1691:"China Uses 'Deceptive' Methods to Sow Disinformation, U.S. Says"
2163:
1017:. Benetech Human Rights Program and Corporación Punto de Vista.
295:. The Russian effort has included a network of fake accounts on
275:
say China and Russia have used information laundering to spread
167:
70:
1790:
1334:"Russian Intelligence Agencies Push Disinformation on Pandemic"
1301:"In Mexico, fake news creators up their game ahead of election"
1078:
Van Noorden, Richard; Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (August 19, 2019).
1552:
1487:
1375:"Anatomy of a conspiracy: With COVID, China took leading role"
147:"pretend to be people they're not and create a false sense of
26:
in such a way that makes it accepted as ostensibly legitimate
585:"To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert'"
673:"To Fight Online Disinformation, Reinvigorate Media Policy"
304:
108:
and political blogs, until sometimes, they're picked up by
1265:"WikiLeaks, journalists and that elusive public interest"
502:"Online Information Laundering: The Role of Social Media"
202:
ideas as knowledge or fact. A 2020 paper used the phrase
1404:
Frenkel, Sheera; Barnes, Julian E. (September 1, 2020).
870:"The hitchhiker's guide to scholarly research integrity"
1732:"US diplomat: 'We're in an undeclared information war'"
736:"The national security implications of idea laundering"
260:
Information laundering was alleged in the spreading of
500:
Meleshevich, Kirill; Schafer, Bret (January 9, 2018).
1332:
Barnes, Julian E.; Sanger, David E. (July 28, 2020).
338:
continues to be laundered through third-party sites.
1548:"This is what Russian propaganda looks like in 2024"
174:
that engage in information laundering, particularly
2735:
2680:
2612:
2554:
2486:
2403:
2320:
2272:
2162:
2073:
2000:
1890:
1824:
1613:"How Russia is trying to win over the global south"
1445:Harris, Shane; Nakashima, Ellen (August 21, 2020).
1611:
766:
709:NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence
137:Rutgers Institute for Information Policy & Law
57:Information laundering, as summarized by American
671:Kornbluh, Karen; Goodman, Ellen (June 13, 2019).
929:"C.R.E.A.M: Citations Rule Everything Around Me"
131:'s Digital Innovation Democracy initiative, and
1802:
1190:"Citation Farms and Circles of Self-citation"
441:Knowledge (XXG):List of citogenesis incidents
8:
1486:(Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish.
1809:
1795:
1787:
624:Smith, Hannah; Mansted, Katherine (2020).
1156:
1105:
946:
640:
538:
1689:Myers, Steven Lee (September 28, 2023).
1037:Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism
1744:from the original on September 30, 2023
1711:from the original on September 29, 2023
1666:from the original on September 28, 2023
1634:from the original on September 24, 2022
765:Boghossian, Peter (November 24, 2019).
605:from the original on September 27, 2017
453:
65:, can happen when relatively reputable
1730:Willemyns, Alex (September 28, 2023).
1459:from the original on November 27, 2022
1426:from the original on December 29, 2022
1354:from the original on February 21, 2021
1024:from the original on January 19, 2023.
789:from the original on February 21, 2023
464:Merelli, Annalisa (December 1, 2016).
1592:from the original on January 19, 2023
1527:from the original on January 19, 2023
1513:Zappone, Chris (September 16, 2019).
1494:from the original on January 19, 2023
1478:Jankowicz, Nina (February 21, 2020).
1399:
1397:
1313:from the original on January 19, 2023
1281:from the original on January 19, 2023
1204:from the original on January 19, 2023
991:from the original on January 19, 2023
908:from the original on January 19, 2023
849:from the original on January 19, 2023
806:
804:
746:from the original on January 19, 2023
685:from the original on January 19, 2023
652:from the original on January 18, 2023
633:Australian Strategic Policy Institute
514:from the original on January 19, 2023
478:from the original on January 19, 2023
78:by outlets known for high standards.
7:
2816:Internet manipulation and propaganda
495:
493:
459:
457:
1373:Kinetz, Erika (February 15, 2021).
1275:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
715:from the original on March 18, 2023
705:"Information Laundering in Germany"
345:" rallies in 2020 by supporters of
30:, information laundering resembles
1560:from the original on June 15, 2024
14:
1659:United States Department of State
583:Ellis, Emma Grey (May 31, 2017).
385:United States Department of State
927:Cranford, Steve (June 3, 2020).
570:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01415.x
413:Institute for Strategic Dialogue
2453:Party platforms (or manifestos)
768:"'Idea Laundering' in Academia"
734:R., John (September 21, 2019).
507:Alliance For Securing Democracy
405:Alliance for Securing Democracy
309:Alliance for Securing Democracy
1546:Bond, Shannon (June 6, 2024).
1188:Hill, Sarah (March 19, 2020).
257:to be information laundering.
1:
2541:Rally 'round the flag effect
39:adversarial machine learning
112:as 'trusted information'."
69:report on something that a
2837:
1158:10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5
1107:10.1038/d41586-019-02479-7
948:10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.025
1882:Manipulation (psychology)
1520:The Sydney Morning Herald
979:"Calculating Body Counts"
166:According to a report by
96:grow in communities like
2060:Criticism of advertising
90:exchanges of information
2821:News media manipulation
2722:Promotional merchandise
2433:Character assassination
2370:Narcotizing dysfunction
2244:Photograph manipulation
1957:Guerrilla communication
825:10.1109/ICSC.2020.00044
774:The Wall Street Journal
409:University of Amsterdam
378:University of Cape Town
264:by social media in the
121:photograph manipulation
110:mainstream news outlets
73:or platform of unknown
2705:Product demonstrations
2134:Historical negationism
1662:. September 28, 2023.
1622:. September 22, 2022.
273:intelligence officials
159:, so this is what the
43:information laundering
20:Information laundering
2637:Reputation management
2556:Psychological warfare
2405:Political campaigning
2214:Firehose of falsehood
1484:All Things Considered
1263:(December 14, 2010).
1198:University of Houston
1049:10.1353/dtc.2017.0007
626:Weaponised deep fakes
266:2018 Mexican election
2672:Corporate propaganda
1769:German Marshall Fund
819:. pp. 211–216.
678:Government Executive
557:Communication Theory
425:Trading up the chain
194:, has described how
143:, fake accounts and
129:German Marshall Fund
2760:Media concentration
2632:Non-apology apology
2622:Cult of personality
2350:Emotive conjugation
2104:Burying of scholars
1452:The Washington Post
1098:2019Natur.572..578V
215:citation laundering
2743:Influence-for-hire
2536:National mythology
2506:Crowd manipulation
2395:Tabloid journalism
2264:Video manipulation
2209:Fictitious entries
1932:Civil disobedience
1818:Media manipulation
1696:The New York Times
1411:The New York Times
1339:The New York Times
435:Circular reporting
389:Chinese government
373:Independent Online
190:A similar phrase,
135:, director of the
127:, director of the
67:news organizations
2798:
2797:
2564:Airborne leaflets
2443:Election promises
2297:Product placement
2172:Alternative facts
1912:Alternative media
1309:. June 29, 2018.
1239:10.1002/asi.10204
1092:(7771): 578–579.
834:978-1-7281-6332-1
437:or "citogenesis"
343:Save the Children
324:military doctrine
285:COVID-19 pandemic
224:coercive citation
16:Propaganda tactic
2828:
2790:Media proprietor
2614:Public relations
2594:Public diplomacy
2579:Information (IT)
2458:Name recognition
2083:Media regulation
2065:Annoyance factor
1922:Call-out culture
1837:Crowd psychology
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
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1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
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1576:
1570:
1569:
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1565:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1475:
1469:
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1466:
1464:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1380:Associated Press
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1261:Holmes, Jonathan
1257:
1251:
1250:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1151:(2): 1119–1147.
1134:
1128:
1127:
1109:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
975:
969:
968:
950:
941:(6): 1343–1347.
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
886:10.1002/pra2.223
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
808:
799:
798:
796:
794:
770:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
711:. October 2020.
701:
695:
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690:
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662:
661:
659:
657:
651:
644:
630:
621:
615:
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551:
545:
544:
542:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
497:
488:
487:
485:
483:
461:
330:outlets such as
61:and commentator
32:money laundering
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2785:Media influence
2780:Media franchise
2765:Media democracy
2731:
2676:
2608:
2550:
2531:Loaded language
2482:
2399:
2316:
2268:
2158:
2087:
2069:
1996:
1937:Culture jamming
1886:
1820:
1815:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1737:Radio Free Asia
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1647:
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1610:
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1605:
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1573:
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1540:
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1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
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1477:
1476:
1472:
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1460:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1331:
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1326:
1316:
1314:
1299:
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1294:
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1259:
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1254:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1187:
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1136:
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1131:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
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992:
977:
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926:
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911:
909:
867:
866:
862:
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850:
835:
810:
809:
802:
792:
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764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
670:
669:
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649:
628:
623:
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608:
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582:
581:
577:
553:
552:
548:
532:
531:
527:
517:
515:
499:
498:
491:
481:
479:
463:
462:
455:
451:
421:
401:
355:Brandy Zadrozny
251:Jonathan Holmes
243:
204:idea laundering
192:idea laundering
188:
186:Similar phrases
82:Pace University
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Disinformation
2803:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2739:
2737:
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2662:Understatement
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2526:Indoctrination
2523:
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2513:
2511:Disinformation
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:Smear campaign
2470:
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2435:
2430:
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2398:
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2390:Sensationalism
2387:
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2362:
2357:
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2330:Agenda-setting
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2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
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2236:
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2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:False document
2201:
2196:
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2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
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2146:
2141:
2136:
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2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Catch and kill
2106:
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2090:
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2074:
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2068:
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2037:
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Demonstrations
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Cancel culture
1924:
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1909:
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1896:
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1879:
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1826:
1822:
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1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1772:. May 30, 2024
1755:
1722:
1681:
1645:
1603:
1571:
1538:
1505:
1470:
1437:
1393:
1365:
1324:
1292:
1252:
1233:(3): 251–259.
1215:
1180:
1144:Scientometrics
1129:
1070:
1043:(2): 141–152.
1027:
1002:
970:
919:
860:
833:
800:
757:
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663:
616:
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564:(4): 427–448.
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443:
432:
427:
420:
417:
400:
397:
349:, an American
289:2020 elections
277:disinformation
242:
239:
231:
230:
227:
200:non-scientific
187:
184:
125:Karen Kornbluh
119:) and images (
54:
51:
47:model stealing
24:disinformation
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2833:
2822:
2819:
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2791:
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2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Media ecology
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:United States
2751:
2750:
2749:
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2744:
2741:
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2728:
2727:Telemarketing
2725:
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2708:
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2519:
2517:
2516:Fearmongering
2514:
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2502:
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2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:False balance
2353:
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2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
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2328:
2327:
2325:
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2319:
2313:
2312:Word of mouth
2310:
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2110:
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2100:
2099:Broadcast law
2097:
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2079:
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2066:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
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1955:
1953:
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1948:
1947:Deplatforming
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
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1925:
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1903:
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1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:False balance
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
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1829:
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1823:
1819:
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1798:
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1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1748:September 29,
1743:
1739:
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1715:September 29,
1710:
1706:
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1698:
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1678:
1670:September 29,
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1638:September 25,
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:The Economist
1614:
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1038:
1031:
1028:
1020:
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1006:
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990:
986:
985:
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974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
935:
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923:
920:
912:September 30,
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
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864:
861:
853:September 30,
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410:
406:
403:In 2024, the
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
383:In 2023, the
381:
379:
375:
374:
369:
368:
367:The Economist
364:According to
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
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306:
305:5G technology
302:
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293:United States
290:
286:
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278:
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269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
255:ABC Australia
252:
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138:
134:
133:Ellen Goodman
130:
126:
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118:
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107:
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76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2775:Media ethics
2695:Door-to-door
2690:Cold calling
2667:Weasel words
2574:Fifth column
2468:Push polling
2418:Astroturfing
2380:Pseudo-event
2360:Infotainment
2335:Broadcasting
2254:Urban legend
2177:April Fools'
2050:Testimonials
2020:Infomercials
1847:Dumbing down
1774:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:
1675:
1668:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1617:
1606:
1596:December 20,
1594:. Retrieved
1585:WNYC Studios
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1551:
1541:
1531:September 5,
1529:. Retrieved
1518:
1508:
1498:September 5,
1496:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1463:September 5,
1461:. Retrieved
1450:
1440:
1430:September 5,
1428:. Retrieved
1409:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1358:September 5,
1356:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1317:September 5,
1315:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1285:September 5,
1283:. Retrieved
1268:
1255:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1194:The Big Idea
1193:
1183:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
984:WNYC Studios
982:
973:
938:
932:
922:
910:. Retrieved
877:
873:
863:
851:. Retrieved
816:
791:. Retrieved
772:
760:
748:. Retrieved
739:
729:
719:December 19,
717:. Retrieved
708:
699:
689:September 6,
687:. Retrieved
676:
666:
654:. Retrieved
619:
609:September 5,
607:. Retrieved
588:
578:
561:
555:
549:
528:
518:September 5,
516:. Retrieved
505:
482:September 5,
480:. Retrieved
469:
430:Astroturfing
402:
387:accused the
382:
371:
365:
363:
340:
312:
297:social media
270:
259:
244:
232:
214:
212:
206:to describe
203:
198:may advance
196:academicians
191:
189:
172:state actors
165:
114:
80:
56:
53:Descriptions
42:
36:
19:
18:
2647:Sound bites
2627:Doublespeak
2478:Wedge issue
2438:Dog whistle
2413:Advertising
2239:Lying press
2224:Gaslighting
2002:Advertising
1977:Occupations
1867:Obfuscation
1857:Half-truths
642:resrep25129
328:state media
213:Similarly,
145:click farms
94:onspiracies
75:credibility
63:Jon Stewart
28:information
2805:Categories
2748:Media bias
2604:Subversion
2569:False flag
2546:Techniques
2488:Propaganda
2448:Lawn signs
2428:Canvassing
2322:News media
2078:Censorship
2010:Billboards
1962:Hacktivism
1952:Grassroots
1877:Persuasion
631:(Report).
540:2009.06112
449:References
411:, and the
314:maskirovka
301:propaganda
299:. Russian
283:about the
262:false news
208:plagiarism
182:letters."
163:rewards."
2710:Promotion
2589:Political
2496:Bandwagon
2423:Attack ad
2302:Publicity
2274:Marketing
2187:Fake news
2149:Religious
2144:Political
2124:Euphemism
2119:Cover-ups
2114:Corporate
1982:Petitions
1872:Orwellian
1842:Deception
1705:0362-4331
1628:0013-0613
1420:0362-4331
1348:0362-4331
1247:1532-2882
1175:215574614
1167:1588-2861
1124:201704279
1065:201777959
1057:2165-2686
965:219915364
957:2590-2393
902:225042076
894:2373-9231
843:212705263
783:0099-9660
599:1059-1028
399:Detection
393:columnist
351:far-right
271:American
247:WikiLeaks
245:In 2013,
170:in 2020,
161:algorithm
149:consensus
117:deepfakes
49:attacks.
2657:Transfer
2599:Sedition
2463:Negative
2375:Newspeak
2365:Managing
2307:Research
2282:Branding
2234:Literary
2199:Fakelore
2192:websites
2182:Deepfake
2139:Internet
2030:Modeling
1987:Protests
1967:Internet
1900:Advocacy
1892:Activism
1776:June 16,
1742:Archived
1709:Archived
1664:Archived
1632:Archived
1590:Archived
1564:June 15,
1558:Archived
1525:Archived
1492:Archived
1457:Archived
1424:Archived
1386:June 19,
1352:Archived
1311:Archived
1279:Archived
1270:ABC News
1208:July 19,
1202:Archived
1116:31455906
1019:Archived
995:July 19,
989:Archived
906:Archived
847:Archived
793:April 8,
787:Archived
750:April 8,
744:Archived
713:Archived
683:Archived
656:June 16,
647:Archived
603:Archived
512:Archived
476:Archived
419:See also
359:NBC News
287:and the
241:Examples
106:websites
59:comedian
2736:Related
2715:Spaving
2700:Pricing
2642:Slogans
2584:Lawfare
2521:Framing
2501:Big lie
2292:Product
2287:Loyalty
2219:Forgery
2164:Hoaxing
2045:Slogans
2025:Mobiles
1917:Boycott
1825:Context
1306:Reuters
1094:Bibcode
341:Local "
336:Sputnik
291:in the
279:in the
235:h-index
157:disgust
153:outrage
102:Twitter
86:launder
2340:Circus
2249:Racial
1703:
1626:
1418:
1346:
1245:
1173:
1165:
1122:
1114:
1085:Nature
1063:
1055:
963:
955:
934:Matter
900:
892:
841:
831:
781:
740:SOFREP
639:
597:
471:Quartz
407:, the
370:, the
320:Soviet
307:. The
180:forged
176:Russia
98:Reddit
2682:Sales
2385:Scrum
2345:Cycle
2259:Virus
2129:Films
2094:Books
2035:Radio
2015:False
1992:Youth
1972:Media
1905:group
1862:Media
1171:S2CID
1120:S2CID
1061:S2CID
1022:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
961:S2CID
898:S2CID
880:(1).
839:S2CID
650:(PDF)
637:JSTOR
629:(PDF)
590:Wired
535:arXiv
347:QAnon
322:-era
2652:Spin
2229:List
2154:Self
1832:Bias
1778:2024
1750:2023
1717:2023
1701:ISSN
1672:2023
1640:2022
1624:ISSN
1598:2020
1566:2024
1533:2020
1500:2020
1465:2020
1432:2020
1416:ISSN
1388:2024
1360:2020
1344:ISSN
1319:2020
1287:2020
1243:ISSN
1210:2022
1163:ISSN
1112:PMID
1053:ISSN
997:2022
953:ISSN
914:2023
890:ISSN
855:2023
829:ISBN
795:2021
779:ISSN
752:2021
721:2020
691:2020
658:2024
611:2020
595:ISSN
520:2020
484:2020
334:and
281:West
168:NATO
155:and
141:bots
71:blog
2040:Sex
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