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rationale for their study: "No matter how attractive a group is to a person it is rarely completely positive, i.e., usually there are some aspects of the group that the individual does not like. If he has undergone an unpleasant initiation to gain admission to the group, his cognition that he has gone through an unpleasant experience for the sake of membership is dissonant with his cognition that there are things about the group that he does not like. He can reduce this dissonance in two ways. He can convince himself that the initiation was not very unpleasant, or he can exaggerate the positive characteristics of the group and minimize its negative aspects. With increasing severity of initiation it becomes more and more difficult to believe that the initiation was not very bad. Thus, a person who has gone through a painful initiation to become a member of a group should tend to reduce his dissonance by over estimating the attractiveness of the group." Those who read the severely embarrassing material perceived the group as more attractive than those who read the mildly embarrassing material or nothing at all. Another study using mathematical subtraction tasks reached the opposite conclusion but research using electrical shocks supported the concept that suffering increased the degree to which participants liked the group.
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and women, and the magico-religious separation between the profane and the sacred." (Earlier the translators used secular for profane.) He refuses credit for being the first to recognize type of rites. In the work he concentrates on groups and rites individuals might normally encounter progressively: pregnancy, childbirth, initiation, betrothal, marriage, funerals and the like. He mentions some others, such as the territorial passage, a crossing of borders into a culturally different region, such as one where a different religion prevails.
1340:
38:
1298:, have often been described as potential rites of passage. Pamela Cushing researched the rites of passage impact upon adolescent youth at the Canadian Outward Bound School and found the rite of passage impact was lessened by the missing reincorporation phase. Bell (2003) presented more evidence of this lacking third stage and described the "Contemporary Adventure Model of a Rites of Passage" as a modern and weaker version of the rites of passage typically used by outdoor adventure programs.
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more potent spiritual world. Initiation rites are "a natural and necessary part of a community, just as arms and legs are natural and necessary extension of the human body". These rites are linked to individual and community development. Dr. Manu Ampim identifies five stages; rite to birth, rite to adulthood, rite to marriage, rite to eldership and rite to ancestorship. In Zulu culture, entering womanhood is celebrated by the
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The rest of Van Gennep's book presents a description of rites of passage and an organization into types, although in the end he despairs of ever capturing them all: "It is but a rough sketch of an immense picture ...." He is able to find some universals, mainly two: "the sexual separation between men
1219:
In the third phase (reaggregation or incorporation) the passage is consummated the ritual subject." Having completed the rite and assumed their "new" identity, one re-enters society with one's new status. Re-incorporation is characterized by elaborate rituals and ceremonies, like debutant balls and
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Initiation rites are seen as fundamental to human growth and development as well as socialization in many
African communities. These rites function by ritually marking the transition of someone to full group membership. It also links individuals to the community and the community to the broader and
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In the first phase, people withdraw from their current status and prepare to move from one place or status to another. "The first phase (of separation) comprises symbolic behavior signifying the detachment of the individual or group ... from an earlier fixed point in the social structure." There is
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Aronson and Mills tested the
Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance by having three groups read either embarrassing material, not very embarrassing material, or nothing at all to a group. Aronson and Mills summarized Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance as such when discussing the
1156:
The population of a society belongs to multiple groups, some more important to the individual than others. Van Gennep uses the metaphor, "as a kind of house divided into rooms and corridors." A passage occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another; in the metaphor, he changes rooms.
1285:
Rites of passage are diverse, and are found throughout many cultures around the world. Many western societal rituals may look like rites of passage but miss some of the important structural and functional components. However, in many Native and
African-American communities, traditional rites of
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typically include a rite of passage prior to the final immunity challenge. Though the specifics of this rite of passage vary based on the customs and traditions of the host country, most rites of passage include a lengthy walk to the final challenge along which the remaining castaways pass the
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often a detachment or "cutting away" from the former self in this phase, which is signified in symbolic actions and rituals. For example, the cutting of the hair for a person who has just joined the army. He or she is "cutting away" the former self: the civilian.
2320:; it is sometimes also a contest, with the winners usually earning the right to organize the next event. Fraternities and sororities, like other private societies, often have codified initiation ceremonies as ritual separating candidates from members.
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college graduation, and by outward symbols of new ties: thus "in rites of incorporation there is widespread use of the 'sacred bond', the 'sacred cord', the knot, and of analogous forms such as the belt, the ring, the bracelet and the crown."
2899:
Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and
Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere
2438:
torches of every eliminated contestant from that season. There have been variations on this walk, such as seasons in which the remaining contestants paddle a boat to the final challenge and drop the torches into the ocean along the way.
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Van Gennep further distinguishes between "the secular" and "the sacred sphere." Theorizing that civilizations are arranged on a scale, implying that the lower levels represent "the simplest level of development," he hypothesizes that
2312:, a mild form of hazing (usually without physical and sexual abuse), is practiced in some Hungarian secondary schools. First-year junior students are publicly humiliated through embarrassing clothing and senior students
3038:
Keating, C. F.; Pomerantz, J.; Pommer, S. D.; Ritt, S. J. H.; Miller, L. M.; McCormick, J. (2005). "Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates".
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Coptic
Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.
3078:
Lodewijkx, H. F. M.; van
Zomeren, M.; Syroit, J. E. M. M. (2005). "The anticipation of a severe initiation: Gender differences in effects on affiliation tendency and group attraction".
3195:. Routledge Library Editions Anthropology and Ethnography. Translated by Vizedom, Monika B; Caffee, Gabrielle L (Paperback Reprint ed.). Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
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during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as group attraction, initiations can also produce
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1189:
Rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation, as van Gennep described. "I propose to call the rites of separation from a previous world,
1208:
The transition (liminal) phase is the period between stages, during which one has left one place or state but has not yet entered or joined the next. "The attributes of
1152:"Each larger society contains within it several distinctly separate groupings. ... In addition, all these groups break down into still smaller societies in subgroups."
3125:
2933:
Aronson, E. & Mills, J. (1959) "The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group." 'Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology', pp. 177â181.
1169:
foundations." Many groups in modern industrial society practice customs that can be traced to an earlier sacred phase. Passage between these groups requires a
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manufacture stress as a form of training. In
Turkish Armed Forces recruits have an oath taking ceremony as a passage from civilian to military members.
73:
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are rites of passage from civilian to military life. In the United States Navy's
Officer Candidate School and the United States Marine Corps,
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1140:. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature and popular cultures of many modern languages.
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3246:, New Series, Vol. 46, No. 2 (1996), pp. 279â281, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
2409:
player's first goal (The puck used to score said goal may be retrieved, labeled, and given to the player as a keepsake.)
3235:
Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B., "Macedonian Cults" (as "Cultes et rites de passage en Macédoine"), Athens & Paris, 1994
1632:
1113:
of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of
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The first day of school, whether the first overall or the first in a specific phase prior to postsecondary education
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Bell, B.J. (2003). "The rites of passage and outdoor education: Critical concerns for effective programming".
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for non-religious youngsters who want a rite of passage comparable to the religious rituals like confirmation
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1939:
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2966:
Cushing, P.J. (1998). "Competing the cycle of transformation: Lessons from the rites of passage model".
2656:"The Initiation Ceremony Experiments: Simon Oxenham Looks Back at Some Studies in the Wake of 'Piggate'"
2399:
2112:
2062:
1752:
1118:
1064:
846:
683:
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37:
2762:"Traditional Muslim Male Circumcision: Performed by Arabs, Turkish, Malaysian and Others of this faith"
2270:
officers in pilot training are hosed down with water and ordered to do push-ups after completing their
2515:
chaque sociĂ©tĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rale peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme une sorte de maison divisĂ©e en chambres et couloirs
2655:
2264:, is a ceremony in which a naval officer throws a party for his shipmates upon receiving a promotion.
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among new members. Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of
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2356:: Second-year students must pass the competition to continue in the school of architecture at
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among initiates after the experience, arising from internal justification of the effort used.
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Kamau, C (2012). "What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards".
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player's first hit (The ball is retrieved, labeled, and given to the player as a keepsake.)
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3133:
Turner, Victor (1967). "Betwixt and between: the liminal period in rites de passage".
2700:
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2007:
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1439:, which may be the crowning of a long and complex preparation, sometimes in retreat.
1414:
1295:
1290:. Typically the missing piece is the societal recognition and reincorporation phase.
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3283:"'Talk Doesn't Cook the Soup': Reflections on a Collegiate Rites of Passage Program"
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Some academic circles such as dorms, fraternities, teams and other clubs practice
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are known for their custom of "bull jumping", which initiates a boy into manhood.
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Student pilots will have their shirt back cut off after their first solo flight.
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3214:. Translated by ——; —— (Reprint ed.). Routledge.
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traditionally gets drenched with water and has his or her shirt tail cut off.
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2979:
Festinger, L (1961). "The psychological effects of insufficient rewards".
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Worldmark
Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations
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Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death, and Kindred Occasions among the Semites
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passage programs are conducted by community-based organizations such as
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In English, Van Gennep's first sentence of his first chapter begins:
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42:
3251:"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"
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Laboratory experiments have shown that severe initiations produce
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327:
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50:
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36:
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332:
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2793:
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia Volume 10: Religions and Beliefs
1332:
is a rite of passage for boys of the South Pacific island of
2101:
Diving for the Cross, in some Orthodox Christian churches
1197:, and the ceremonies of incorporation into the new world
2968:
Pathways: The Ontario Journal of Experiential Education
2526:
2484:
2428:, among various cultures of Africa, Asia and Oceania.
53:, each subgroup having its customs and expectations.
2120:Bible presentation ceremony in several branches of
1232:. It is theorized that such dissonance heightens
1216:("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous."
3135:Forest of symbols: aspects of the Ndembu ritual
2662:. The British Psychological Society. 6 Oct 2015
1193:, those executed during the transitional stage
3041:Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
3287:Murmurations: Emergence, Equity and Education
1986:
1082:
78:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru
8:
2881:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
1604:, here depicted in a Catholic cathedral; a
1457:, when an infant is put into boy's clothing
1381:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3124:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2472:
2363:A student pilot successfully completing a
1993:
1979:
1611:
1089:
1075:
56:
3298:
3052:
2431:Earlier seasons of the television series
1401:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Ritual reflecting change of social status
2344:The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
597:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
2701:The Five Major African Initiation Rites
2465:
2250:, a training period for young Athenians
2117:Siddur presentation ceremony in Judaism
1625:
1461:Coming of Age in Unitarian Universalism
1431:âgenerally gender-separatedâ(unlike an
64:
3117:
3002:Death and religion in a changing world
3137:. Ithaca: Cornell UP. pp. 23â59.
2939:The Journal of Experiential Education
2527:Van Gennep, Vizedom & Caffee 2010
2485:Van Gennep, Vizedom & Caffee 2010
1560:and various other physical endurances
7:
1379:adding citations to reliable sources
286:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
45:. The ritual marks the passage from
3011:International Journal of Psychology
2820:"Christianity: Coptic Christianity"
2497:Journet, Nicolas (1 January 2001).
1608:commemorates this on New Year's Day
2919:. Columbia University Press. 2011.
416:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
3170:The American Journal of Sociology
3155:(in French). Paris: Ămile Nourry.
1125:, a French term innovated by the
1121:the term is the Anglicisation of
3249:Padilla, Mark William (editor),
2487:, I. The Classification of Rites
2422:in some sects and special castes
2358:Florida International University
2175:in some Native American cultures
1631:
1564:Secular coming of age ceremonies
1351:
1165:in such a society likewise have
72:
32:Rite of passage (disambiguation)
3000:Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2006).
129:Evolutionary origin of religion
3160:Frederick Starr (March 1910).
2849:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
2088:Consecration in Reform Judaism
284:Treatise on the Apparitions of
1:
2736:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
2454:Seclusion of girls at puberty
2138:, or hair cutting in Hinduism
1857:List of magical organizations
1572:in Burmese Buddhist community
1492:Seclusion of girls at puberty
734:Traditional African religions
279:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
41:Initiation ritual of boys in
3023:10.1080/00207594.2012.663957
2244:regime of Spartan education.
1195:liminal (or threshold) rites
3151:Van Gennep, Arnold (1909).
2098:and some streams of Judaism
3349:
3240:"Review: Macedonian Cults"
3142:Turner, Victor W. (1969).
2951:10.1177/105382590302600107
2879:N. Stearns, Peter (2008).
2789:"Islamic Rites of Passage"
1531:in Shan Buddhist community
1412:
29:
3063:10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.104
2682:"African Culture Complex"
2636:Aronson & Mills 1959.
2583:Aronson & Mills 1959.
2340:in medicine and pharmacy.
2234:, a rite involving young
2078:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
1427:societies, entry into an
812:Armenian Apostolic Church
3323:Anthropology of religion
3210:—— (2010) .
3191:—— (1977) .
3092:10.1177/1046496404272381
2210:Officer Candidate School
2082:Eritrean Orthodox Church
704:Native American religion
359:Revitalization movements
214:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
66:Anthropology of religion
3166:. By Arnold Van Gennep"
2885:Oxford University Press
2847:DeMello, Margo (2007).
2324:Vocational/professional
1600:Jesus underwent Jewish
618:The Journal of Religion
239:Theories about religion
3281:McCray, Kenja (2018).
2787:Hamid, Ismail (2005).
2738:. 2013. Archived from
2499:"Les rites de passage"
2407:National Hockey League
2333:
2225:Line-crossing ceremony
1609:
1344:
1336:
1322:
1269:
1175:ritual rite of passage
1154:
664:Alaska Native religion
659:Afro-American religion
254:Veneration of the dead
54:
3300:10.31946/meee.v1i1.28
2981:American Psychologist
2917:Columbia Encyclopedia
2818:Thomas Riggs (2006).
2400:Major League Baseball
2331:
1753:Esoteric transmission
1599:
1342:
1328:
1310:Jewish boy reading a
1309:
1263:
1224:Psychological effects
1150:
1119:cultural anthropology
1065:cultural anthropology
684:Chinese folk religion
576:Anthony F. C. Wallace
571:Daniel Martin Varisco
496:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
398:of the Religious Life
40:
3244:The Classical Review
3212:The Rites of Passage
3193:The Rites of Passage
3164:Les rites de passage
3153:Les rites de passage
3080:Small Group Research
2574:van Gennep 1977: 166
2360:in the United States
2346:, also known as the
1375:improve this section
1230:cognitive dissonance
1138:The Rites of Passage
1134:Les rites de passage
719:Shamanism in Siberia
566:Edward Burnett Tylor
396:The Elementary Forms
164:Magic (supernatural)
114:Comparative religion
30:For other uses, see
3255:Bucknell University
3108:Morgenstern, Julian
2538:van Gennep 1977: 21
2511:10.3917/sh.112.0031
2338:White coat ceremony
2074:Coptic Christianity
2035:Bar and Bat Mitzvah
1920:Hermes Trismegistus
1793:Ritual purification
1653:Eastern esotericism
1648:Western esotericism
1450:Bar and Bat Mitzvah
1292:Adventure education
1144:Original conception
901:Hindu denominations
842:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
611:The Hibbert Journal
521:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
506:Fustel de Coulanges
60:Part of a series on
3144:The Ritual Process
2732:"Rites of Passage"
2334:
2168:Theravada Buddhism
1810:Esoteric societies
1610:
1435:) is marked by an
1345:
1337:
1323:
1294:programs, such as
1281:Types and examples
1270:
955:Non-denominational
867:Oriental Orthodoxy
421:Poles in mythology
154:Laying on of hands
55:
3277:at Dictionary.com
3221:978-0-415-61156-5
3202:978-0-7100-8744-7
2833:978-0-7876-6612-5
2721:Morgenstern 1966.
2503:Sciences Humaines
2365:first solo flight
2316:their faces with
2272:first solo flight
2268:Turkish Air Force
2214:Drill Instructors
2003:
2002:
1736:Astral projection
1693:Mystical theology
1443:Acquisition of a
1411:
1410:
1403:
1343:KarajĂ statuettes
1199:postliminal rites
1130:Arnold van Gennep
1115:status in society
1099:
1098:
887:Russian Orthodoxy
837:Eastern Orthodoxy
486:Arnold van Gennep
405:Purity and Danger
16:(Redirected from
3340:
3318:Rites of passage
3304:
3302:
3275:Rites of Passage
3225:
3206:
3185:
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3147:
3138:
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2993:10.1037/h0045112
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2826:. Thomson Gale.
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2795:. Archived from
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2751:
2749:
2747:
2742:on April 2, 2015
2728:
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2710:
2704:
2703:Prof. Manu Ampim
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2669:
2667:
2660:The Psychologist
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:Turner 1969: 80.
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2529:, X. Conclusions
2524:
2518:
2517:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2193:Latter-day Saint
1995:
1988:
1981:
1635:
1612:
1606:liturgical feast
1524:Philippine debut
1406:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1355:
1347:
1234:group attraction
1191:preliminal rites
1167:magico-religious
1091:
1084:
1077:
832:Coptic Orthodoxy
546:Marshall Sahlins
388:Related articles
76:
57:
21:
18:Initiation rites
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3308:
3307:
3280:
3271:
3232:
3230:Further reading
3222:
3209:
3203:
3190:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3116:
3106:
3077:
3054:10.1.1.611.2494
3037:
3008:
2999:
2978:
2965:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2895:
2887:. p. 179.
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2799:on 30 June 2013
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2645:Festinger 1961,
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:Festinger 1961.
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:Turner 1969: 80
2564:
2560:
2556:Turner 1969: 95
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:Van Gennep 1909
2471:
2467:
2462:
2445:
2426:Dental evulsion
2416:
2389:in martial arts
2374:
2326:
2281:
2202:
2105:First Communion
1999:
1970:
1969:
1870:
1869:Notable figures
1862:
1861:
1852:Typhonian Order
1843:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1788:Rite of passage
1731:
1723:
1722:
1643:
1594:
1467:toilet training
1445:drivers license
1437:initiation rite
1417:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1372:
1356:
1304:
1283:
1258:
1226:
1187:
1146:
1123:rite de passage
1103:rite of passage
1095:
1055:
1054:
847:Greek Orthodoxy
827:Catholic Church
643:
642:
631:
630:
591:
590:
581:
580:
556:Stanley Tambiah
511:Clifford Geertz
466:Joseph Campbell
451:Augustin Calmet
446:
445:
444:Major theorists
436:
435:
411:Myth and ritual
397:
390:
389:
380:
379:
285:
269:
268:
259:
258:
209:Sacred language
199:Rite of passage
124:Divine language
89:
88:
79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3278:
3270:
3269:External links
3267:
3266:
3265:
3247:
3238:Devine, A.M.,
3236:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3182:10.1086/211834
3176:(5): 707â709.
3148:
3139:
3130:
3104:
3086:(2): 237â262.
3075:
3047:(2): 104â126.
3035:
3017:(3): 399â406.
3006:
2997:
2976:
2963:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2913:"Circumcision"
2904:
2893:
2871:
2861:
2855:. p. 66.
2839:
2832:
2810:
2779:
2753:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2693:
2673:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2519:
2489:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2395:in fox hunting
2390:
2384:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2325:
2322:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2238:, part of the
2227:
2222:
2217:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2159:
2151:, a series of
2144:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2099:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2059:
2041:
2032:
2022:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1841:Rosicrucianism
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1730:Esoteric rites
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:Traditionalism
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1479:
1474:
1472:DĂ©butante ball
1469:
1465:Completion of
1463:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1413:Main article:
1409:
1408:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1314:scroll at his
1303:
1300:
1282:
1279:
1257:
1254:
1225:
1222:
1212:or of liminal
1186:
1183:
1145:
1142:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
989:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
935:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
896:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
872:Pentecostalism
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
797:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
743:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
654:
652:folk religions
644:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
592:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Ămile Durkheim
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:Akbar S. Ahmed
453:
447:
443:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
431:Elite religion
428:
426:Lived religion
423:
418:
413:
408:
401:
391:
387:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
298:
294:
293:
288:
281:
275:
274:
270:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:Basic concepts
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:0-8387-5418-X
3260:
3257:Press, 1999.
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3114:. Cincinnati.
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:9780195176322
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2862:9780313336959
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2712:Cushing 1998.
2709:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:, Lay Summary
2474:
2469:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:Walk on Water
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:SzecskĂĄztatĂĄs
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Protestantism
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:Amrit Sanchar
2005:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:Body of light
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Sweet Sixteen
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:Scarification
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:Poy Sang Long
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:Coming of age
1405:
1402:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:This section
1358:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1302:Coming of age
1301:
1299:
1297:
1296:Outward Bound
1293:
1289:
1288:Man Up Global
1280:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:social groups
1158:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Protestantism
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
739:
738:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
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3004:. ME Sharpe.
3001:
2984:
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2971:
2967:
2945:(1): 41â50.
2942:
2938:
2928:Bibliography
2916:
2907:
2898:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2848:
2842:
2823:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
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2254:Wetting-down
2239:
2229:
2173:Vision quest
2161:
2146:
2096:Christianity
2092:Confirmation
2061:
2044:Circumcision
2019:Annaprashana
2017:
2006:
1787:
1783:Propitiation
1642:Key concepts
1617:
1602:circumcision
1548:Russefeiring
1546:
1534:
1518:West African
1496:
1483:menstruation
1418:
1397:
1388:
1373:Please help
1361:
1287:
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1147:
1137:
1133:
1132:in his work
1127:ethnographer
1122:
1102:
1100:
994:Conservative
862:Nestorianism
795:Christianity
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
541:Saba Mahmood
516:Robin Horton
501:James Frazer
471:Mary Douglas
403:
394:
291:Neo-Paganism
267:Case studies
234:Superstition
229:Soul dualism
198:
139:Great Spirit
2987:(1): 1â11.
2768:. 1992â2013
2601:Kamau 2012.
2505:(112): 31.
2318:marker pens
2220:Blood wings
2136:Chudakarana
2094:in Western
2049:Zeved habat
2029:Christening
1831:Golden Dawn
1826:Freemasonry
1688:Metaphysics
1673:Hermeticism
1626:Esotericism
1536:Quinceañera
1516:in several
1419:In various
1330:Land diving
1316:Bar Mitzvah
1246:affiliation
921:Vaishnavism
852:Lutheranism
807:Anglicanism
491:René Girard
370:Ghost Dance
249:Transtheism
219:Sacred site
179:Nympholepsy
3333:Initiation
3328:Ceremonies
3312:Categories
3146:. Penguin.
2974:(5): 7â12.
2900:countries.
2687:2011-10-04
2623:Lodewijkx
2460:References
2449:Pilgrimage
2420:Castration
2387:Black belt
2287:Graduation
2262:Royal Navy
2153:sacraments
2142:Rumspringa
2113:Confession
2111:and First
1950:Pythagoras
1945:Paracelsus
1821:Ălus CoĂ«ns
1778:Meditation
1773:Invocation
1768:Initiation
1748:Divination
1542:Retirement
1509:Graduation
1497:Sevapuneru
1318:, using a
1242:conformity
1210:liminality
1043:ĆvetÄmbara
679:Böö mörgöl
461:Talal Asad
365:Cargo cult
194:Polytheism
189:Pilgrimage
174:Monotheism
159:Liminality
149:Initiation
144:Henotheism
119:Divination
109:Communitas
3120:cite book
3100:146168269
3049:CiteSeerX
2959:143370636
2378:Batizados
2348:Iron Ring
2258:U.S. Navy
2256:. In the
2206:Boot Camp
2195:tradition
2189:Endowment
2179:Wiccaning
2109:Eucharist
1925:Ibn Arabi
1910:Gurdjieff
1895:Dionysius
1875:Blavatsky
1836:Martinism
1798:Sacrifice
1758:Evocation
1713:Theosophy
1698:Mysticism
1663:Astrology
1592:Religious
1586:Walkabout
1477:Dokimasia
1455:Breeching
1429:age grade
1425:developed
1391:June 2018
1362:does not
1334:Pentecost
1038:Digambara
980:YazdĂąnism
960:Quranists
940:Ahmadiyya
926:Ayyavazhi
857:Methodism
822:Calvinism
802:Adventism
783:Vajrayana
768:Theravada
758:Pure Land
640:Religions
313:Bobohizan
224:Shamanism
134:Fetishism
94:Afterlife
3110:(1966).
3071:43240412
3031:22512542
2853:ABC-Clio
2766:CIRCLIST
2610:Keating
2443:See also
2434:Survivor
2393:Blooding
2382:Capoeira
2350:Ceremony
2314:branding
2279:Academic
2248:Ephebeia
2236:Spartans
2231:Krypteia
2200:Military
2157:Hinduism
2148:Sanskara
2107:, First
2080:and the
1763:Exorcism
1678:Kabbalah
1618:a series
1615:Part of
1503:ceremony
1501:Turmeric
1487:menarche
1275:Umhlanga
1256:Cultural
1214:personae
1171:ceremony
1107:ceremony
1019:Orthodox
1009:Haymanot
950:Mahdavia
916:Smartism
911:Shaktism
906:Shaivism
894:Hinduism
817:Baptists
753:Nichiren
748:Mahayana
741:Buddhism
729:Tengrism
604:Folklore
589:Journals
348:Slametan
308:Babaylan
303:Angakkuq
2306:fagging
2302:ragging
2191:in the
2187:Temple
2163:Shinbyu
2057:Judaism
2039:Judaism
2025:Baptism
2013:Sikhism
1960:Steiner
1940:Mathers
1885:Crowley
1708:Thelema
1658:Alchemy
1581:Wedding
1570:Shinbyu
1520:nations
1485:, i.e.
1433:age set
1383:removed
1368:sources
1238:Rewards
1050:Sikhism
1031:Jainism
1014:Karaite
1004:Hasidic
987:Judaism
882:Quakers
778:Tibetan
773:Tiantai
763:Shingon
699:KejawĂšn
625:Oceania
99:Animism
3261:
3218:
3199:
3098:
3069:
3051:
3029:
2957:
2891:
2859:
2830:
2803:27 May
2772:27 May
2746:27 May
2666:12 Jun
2625:et al.
2612:et al.
2372:Sports
2298:hazing
2291:Matura
2076:, the
2063:Khitan
1955:Schuon
1905:Guénon
1847:Tariqa
1703:Occult
1668:Gnosis
1553:Norway
1481:First
1421:tribal
1185:Stages
1111:ritual
1061:Social
1024:Reform
999:Haredi
970:Sufism
724:Shinto
714:Shindo
709:Noaidi
689:Hanitu
648:Ethnic
343:Pawang
338:JhÄkri
297:Ritual
204:Ritual
184:Oracle
104:Augury
43:Malawi
3096:S2CID
3067:S2CID
2955:S2CID
2627:2005.
2614:2005.
2414:Other
2241:agoge
2183:Wicca
2131:Islam
2068:Islam
1965:Waite
1900:Evola
1880:Böhme
1683:Magic
1514:Okuyi
1312:Torah
1266:Hamar
1173:, or
1117:. In
1105:is a
975:Sunni
945:Ibadi
933:Islam
694:Hausa
669:Anito
328:Dukun
318:Bomoh
273:Magic
244:Totem
51:adult
47:child
3259:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3126:link
3027:PMID
2889:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2805:2013
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1423:and
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674:Atua
650:and
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323:Bora
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