180:, that half of the known species of birds have to learn how to sing and learning is a hallmark of intelligence. He claims that, when in a trance, shamans communicate using their minds with animals and plants, drawing parallels with similar behaviour exhibited in religion. He then suggests that scientists and shamans should collaborate to "understand the minds of birds and other animals." Narby also claims that shamans communicate with some entity to negotiate the exploitation of natural resources and that the entity protects plants and animals from reckless and greedy humans.
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content as this is more effective in binding the toxins than other clay. Narby then speculates on whether this is a sign of intelligence, instinct or evolutionary adaptive behaviour, noting that humans are identified as "smart" when they consume the clay, while birds are identified as "instinctive"
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points out that some of Narby's observations about mold and plants are not new information, but also notes they are "nicely summarised". The review is critical of Narby for mixing up modern science with mysticism and rituals.
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and assesses that while Narby asks good questions, there is a lack of answers provided. Gopalananda also notes that Narby is an anthropologist not trained in scientific enquiry.
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in the region that consumed clay which binds to the toxic alkaloids in the seeds that form part of the macaw's diet. Munn notes that the birds choose clay which is higher in
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and present's his hypotheses about intelligence in flora and fauna, and the ability of different species to communicate, including at the molecular level.
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