1044:
of trade by facilitating increased interconnectedness between nations. International business thrives on the principle of comparative advantage, wherein countries specialize in producing goods and services they can produce most efficiently. This specialization fosters efficiency, leading to optimal resource allocation and higher overall productivity. Moreover, international business fosters cultural exchange and understanding by promoting interactions between people of diverse backgrounds. However, it also poses challenges, such as navigating complex regulatory frameworks, cultural differences, and geopolitical tensions. Effective international business strategies require astute market analysis, risk assessment, and adaptation to local customs and preferences. The role of technology cannot be overstated, as advancements in communication and transportation have drastically reduced barriers to entry and expanded market reach. Additionally, international business plays a crucial role in sustainable development, as companies increasingly prioritize ethical practices, environmental responsibility, and social impact. Collaboration between governments, businesses, and international organizations is essential to address issues like climate change, labor rights, and economic inequality. In essence, international business is a dynamic force driving economic growth, fostering global cooperation, and shaping the future of commerce on a worldwide scale.
1833:
international business." Moreover, it can be a risk for a company to operate in a country and they may experience an unexpected economic crisis after establishing the subsidiary. Economic risks is the likelihood that economic management will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. In practice, the biggest problem arising from economic mismanagement has been inflation. Historically many governments have expanded their domestic money supplying misguided attempts to stimulate economic activity.
1087:(MNE) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets, production and/or operations in several countries. Well-known MNEs include fast-food companies such as: McDonald's (MCD), YUM (YUM), Starbucks Coffee Company (SBUX), etc. Other industrial MNEs leaders include vehicle manufacturers such as: Ford Motor Company, and General Motors (GMC). Some consumer electronics producers such as Samsung, LG and Sony, and energy companies such as Exxon Mobil, and British Petroleum (BP) are also multinational enterprises.
1736:, vandalism of physical property due to instability of country; etc. There are also cultural risks when entering a foreign market. Lack of research and understanding of local customs can lead to alienation of locals and brand dissociation. Strategic risks can be defined as the uncertainties and untapped opportunities embedded in your strategic intent and how well they are executed. As such, they are key matters for the board and impinge on the whole business, rather than just an isolated unit.
1818:. This may cause aggravation to the people living there, which in turn can lead to a conflict. People want to live in a clean and quiet environment, without pollution or unnecessary noise. If a conflict arises, this may lead to a negative change in customer's perception of the company. Actual or potential threat of adverse effects on living organisms and environment by effluents, emissions, wastes,
1939:
979:
1330:. However, the success of firms that extend internationally depends on the goods or services sold and on the firm's core competencies (Skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily match or imitate). For a firm to be successful, the firm's strategy must be consistent with the environment in which the firm operates. Therefore, the firm needs to change its
2633:
underline the trend of greater globalization. The first is falling of barriers to make cross-border trade easier such as the free flow of goods and services, and capital. The second factor is technological change, particularly the developments in communication, information processing, and transportation technologies. Usually,
1732:, and cultural research, will give a firm appropriate tools to reduce risk of failure abroad. Risks that arise from poor planning include: large expenses in marketing, administration and product development (with no sales); disadvantages derived from local or federal laws of a foreign country, lack of popularity because of a
1454:: As of 2018, the fastest growing export sector. The majority of the companies create a product that requires installation, repairs, and troubleshooting, Service exports is simply a resident of one country providing a service to another country. A cloud software platform used by people or companies outside the home country.
2173:
is defined as the amount of variation one language has from another. For example, French, and
Spanish are both languages derived from Latin. When evaluating dialogue in these languages, you will discover many similarities. However, languages such as English and Chinese or English and Arabic vary much
1918:
is the act of receiving or soliciting of any items or services of value to influence the actions of a party with public or legal obligations. This is considered to an unethical form of practicing business and can have legal repercussions. Firm that want to operate legally should instruct employees to
1079:
As commerce evolved with the advent of firms engaging in substantial direct investments across borders, newer terms to encapsulate the changing landscape. The mid-19th century marked the rise of companies owning and controlling production facilities in various countries, a departure from the earlier
1391:
The second entry mode is a turnkey project. In a turnkey project, an independent contractor is hired by the company to oversee all of the preparation for entering a foreign market. Once the preparation is complete and the end of the contract is reached, the plant is turned over to the company fully
1090:
Multinational enterprises range from any kind of business activity or market, from consumer goods to machinery manufacture; a company can become an international business. Therefore, to conduct business overseas, companies should be aware of all the factors that might affect any business activities,
1043:
International business encompasses a myriad of crucial elements vital for global economic integration and growth. At its core, it involves the exchange of goods, services, and capital across national borders. One of its pivotal aspects is globalization, which has significantly altered the landscape
1773:
or any unexpected political event can change a country's situation and put a firm in an awkward position. Political risks are the likelihood that political forces will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. Political
1643:
International business media encompasses a diverse range of channels that facilitate the dissemination of information and communication among businesses operating across borders. These channels play a crucial role in keeping stakeholders informed about global market trends, emerging opportunities,
1035:
of goods and services between two or more countries. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, and people for the purpose of the international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, and construction. International business is also known as
2632:
International
Business can also be referred as globalization. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent economy In order to conduct business overseas, multinational companies need to separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Two macro factors
1746:
A company has to be conscious about the production costs to not waste time and money. If the expenditures and costs are controlled, it will create an efficient production and help the internationalization. Operational risk is the prospect of loss resulting from inadequate or failed procedures,
1832:
These are the economic risks explained by
Professor Okolo: "This comes from the inability of a country to meet its financial obligations. The changing of foreign-investment or/and domestic fiscal or monetary policies. The effect of exchange-rate and interest rate make it difficult to conduct
1667:
In addition to traditional media, there are also a number of social media channels that focus on international business. These channels can be a good way to stay up-to-date on the latest news and developments, and they can also be a valuable platform for connecting with other businesses and
1075:
The discourse surrounding international business has a transition in terminology over the years, reflecting shifts in understanding and the expanding scope of cross-border commerce. Initially, phrases such as "foreign trade" and "foreign exchange" were prevalent, embodying a static view of
1252:). Dunning was widely known for his research in economics of international direct investment and the multinational enterprise. His OLI paradigm, in particular, remains as the predominant theoretical contribution to study international business topics. Hymer and Dunning are considered
1630:
Global strategic motivations: other factors beyond entry mode that are the basic reasons for corporate expansion into an additional market. These are strategic reasons that may include establishing a foreign outpost for expansion, developing sourcing sites among other strategic
1080:
norm where firms held minor or passive ("portfolio") investments abroad. This paradigm shift necessitated a fresh nomenclature, leading to the introduction of the term "multinational enterprise" (MNE), referring to entities with substantial operations in multiple nations.
1822:, etc., arising out of an organization's activities is considered to be risks of the environment. As new business leaders come to fruition in their careers, it will be increasingly important to curb business activities and externalizations that may hurt the environment.
2096:. Without knowledge of a host country's culture, corporate strategizing is more difficult and error-prone when entering foreign markets compared with the home country's market and culture. This can create a "blind spot" during the decision making process and result in
1919:
not involve themselves or the company in such activities. Companies should avoid doing business in countries where unstable forms of government exist as it could bring unfair advantages against domestic business and/or harm the social fabric of the citizens.
2142:
In many cases, it plays a crucial role. It is truly impossible to gain an understanding of a culture's buying habits without first taking the time to understand the culture. Examples of the benefit of understanding local culture include the following:
1905:, sales declining due to frightened consumers and governments issuing public safety restrictions. Firms engaging in international business will find it difficult to operate in a country that has an uncertain assurance of safety from these attacks.
1855:
that a company has to pay might be advantageous or not. It might be higher or lower in the host countries. Then "the risk that a government will indiscriminately change the laws, regulations, or contracts governing an investment—or will fail to
1185:
and direct business purposes, calling this
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By analyzing the two types of investments, Hymer distinguished financial investment from direct investment. The main distinguishing feature was control.
2248:, only fifty percent of its employees are Japanese. Business people with an education in international business also had a significantly higher chance of being sent abroad to work under the international operations of a firm.
1769:; and may have a negative image around the globe. A firm's reputation can change if it operates in a country controlled by that type of government. Also, an unstable political situation can be a risk for multinational firms.
1221:
Hymer's second phase is his neoclassical article in 1968 that includes a theory of internationalization and explains the direction of growth of the international expansion of firms. In a later stage, Hymer went to a more
2116:
delved into the impact of language barriers on trade. The findings suggest that fluency in the local language can significantly enhance trade interactions. Advantages of being an international businessperson who is
1399:
to grant the rights to an intangible property to the licensee for a specified period of time for a royalty fee. Franchising, on the other hand, is a specialized form of licensing in which the "franchisor" sells the
2178:
of these languages are also different. The larger the linguistic distance there, the wider language barriers to cross. These differences can reflect on transaction costs and make foreign business operations more
1800:... the fact that this new technology may fail, and, when all of these are coupled with the outdated existing technology, the result may create a dangerous effect in doing business in the international arena."
1209:
which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably, used in the foreign country. The second determinant is the removal of control where Hymer wrote: "When firms are interconnected, they
1702:
Behavioural factors: in a foreign environment, the related disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, and sociology are helpful for managers to get a better understanding of values, attitudes, and beliefs.
2091:
To maintain and achieve successful business operations in foreign nations, persons must understand how variations in culture and traditions across nations affect business practices. This idea is known as
1268:
The conduct of international operations depends on a company's objectives and the means with which they carry them out. The operations affect and are affected by the physical and societal factors and the
1653:
Financial News
Outlets:* Global media organizations that report on financial markets, economic developments, and business performance, offering insights into investment opportunities and economic trends.
2243:
holders felt that the training received through education were very practical in the working environment. Increasingly, companies are sourcing their human resource requirement globally. For example, at
1778:. When political risk is high, there is a high probability that a change will occur in the country's political environment that will endanger foreign firms there. Corrupt foreign governments may also
1648:
Industry-Specific
Publications:* Specialized magazines, journals, and newsletters that focus on particular industries or sectors, providing in-depth analysis, expert commentary, and industry news.
1623:
Global synergies: the reuse or sharing of resources by a corporation and may include marketing departments or other inputs that can be used in multiple markets. This includes, among other things,
1663:
Online
Business Resources:* Websites, blogs, and social media platforms that provide news, analysis, and commentary on international business, often catering to specific regions or industries.
1877:
is a voluntary act of violence towards a group(s) of people. In most cases, acts of terrorism is derived from hatred of religious, political and cultural beliefs. An example was the infamous
1444:
Merchandise imports: The physical good or product that is imported into the respective country. Countries import products or goods that their country lacks in. An example of this is that
1341:
that are associated with it. The firm must decide which mode is most appropriately aligned with the company's goals and objectives. The six different modes of entry are exporting,
1658:
Business
Television Networks:* Broadcast and online channels dedicated to business news, featuring interviews with CEOs, market analysis, and reports on global business events.
1380:
through exporting. There are two primary advantages to exporting: avoiding high costs of establishing manufacturing in a host country (when these are higher) and gaining an
1076:
cross-border interactions. However, the term "foreign" often evoked notions of remoteness or strangeness, failing to capture the dynamic essence of international engagements.
2100:. Education about international business introduces the student to new concepts that can be applicable in international strategy in topics such as marketing and operations.
1724:
To achieve success in penetrating a foreign market and remaining profitable, efforts must be directed towards the planning and execution of Phase I. The use of conventional
1009:
1810:
Companies that establish a subsidiary or factory abroad need to be conscious about the externalizations they will produce, as some may have negative effects such as
1214:
in selling in the same market or one of the firms may sell to the other," and because of this "it may be profitable to substitute centralized decision-making for
2649:
1028:
refers to the trade of Goods and service goods, services, technology, capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale.
1337:
Once a firm decides to enter a foreign market, it must decide on a mode of entry. There are six different modes to enter a foreign market, and each mode has
2692:
1368:. Exporting is the sale of a product in a different national market than a centralized hub of manufacturing. In this way, a firm may realize a substantial
1677:
Geographical influences: There are many different geographic factors that affect international business. These factors are: the geographical size, the
2035:
1864:
is what we call 'policy risk.'" Exchange rates can fluctuate rapidly for a variety of reasons, including economic instability and diplomatic issues.
1377:
1288:
when engaging in international trade transactions. To accomplish this goal, each firm must develop its individual strategy and approach to maximize
1226:
approach where he explains that MNC as agents of an international capitalist system causing conflict and contradictions, causing among other things
1051:
into one global marketplace. There are two macro-scale factors that underline the trend of greater globalization. The first consists of eliminating
2231:
There is an increasing amount of demand for business people with an education in international business. A survey conducted by Thomas
Patrick from
1147:. Each of these factors may require changes in how companies operate from one country to another. Each factor makes a difference and a connection.
2824:
2957:
1882:
1002:
78:
2198:
understanding the global business environment—that is, the interconnections of cultural, political, legal, economic, and ethical systems;
1747:
systems or policies; employee errors, systems failure, fraud or other criminal activity, or any event that disrupts business processes.
2989:
2617:
706:
2928:
1843:
According to
Professor Okolo: "This area is affected by the currency exchange rate, government flexibility in allowing the firms to
1234:
in the world. Hymer is the "father of the theory of MNEs", and explains the motivations for companies doing direct business abroad.
563:
1897:. Terrorism not only affects civilians, but it also damages corporations and other businesses. These effects may include: physical
1326:(information systems, logistics, human resources). All of these activities must be managed effectively and be consistent with the
2973:
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2018). International Business: environment and operations, 16th edition. Prentice Hall.
995:
612:
1198:
abroad. So, the traditional theory of investment based on differential interest rates does not explain the motivations for FDI.
3040:
1460:
Exports and Imports of products, goods or services are usually a country's most important international economic transactions.
2108:
A considerable advantage in international business is gained through the knowledge and use of language, thereby mitigating a
1851:
and inflation will also affect the firm's ability to operate at an efficient capacity and still be stable." Furthermore, the
1946:
1692:
Social factors: Political policies: political disputes, particularly those that result in the military confrontation, can
1215:
1083:"International business" is also defined as the study of the internationalization process of multinational enterprises. A
983:
728:
638:
289:
1886:
1373:
846:
632:
460:
2657:
836:
723:
673:
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Technological improvements bring many benefits, but some disadvantages as well. Some of these risks include "lack of
2719:
2391:
Burleigh, Thomas D. (1968). "The Indian Tree Pipit (Anthus hodgsoni) Recorded for the First Time in North America".
1060:
866:
2228:. These are tools that would help future business people bridge the economic and political gap between countries.
1699:
Legal policies: domestic and international laws play a big role in determining how a company can operate overseas.
1616:
Global concentration: many MNEs share and overlap markets with a limited number of other corporations in the same
2192:
raising awareness of the inter-relatedness of one country's political policies and economic practices on another;
1797:
1605:
1155:
871:
650:
592:
294:
126:
2637:
undertake transactions for profit; governments undertake such transactions for profit and for political reasons.
3024:
2232:
1381:
1331:
1315:
1169:
and opens up a new area of international production. At first, Hymer started analyzing neoclassical theory and
1104:
1084:
886:
861:
597:
307:
241:
211:
2679:
1150:
One of the first scholars to engage in developing a theory of multinational companies was Canadian economist
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Daniels, John D., Lee H. Radebaugh, and Daniel P. Sullivan. Globalization and business. Prentice Hall, 2002.
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1902:
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876:
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30:
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Licensing and franchising are two additional entry modes that are similar in operation. Licensing allows a
2854:
1407:
Lastly, a joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary are two more entry modes in international business. A
1253:
1238:
1182:
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1116:
1108:
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266:
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101:
1284:
All firms that want to go international have one goal in common; the desire to increase their respective
2202:
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818:
700:
688:
580:
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303:
51:
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1612:. These variables are global concentration, global synergies, and global strategic motivations of MNC.
1181:. After this analysis, Hymer analyzed the characteristics of foreign investment by large companies for
2881:
1055:
to make cross-border trade easier (e.g. free flow of goods and services, and capital, referred to as "
2799:
2769:
2236:
1878:
1793:
1617:
1285:
1187:
1178:
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1162:
881:
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553:
455:
397:
159:
56:
3014:
2169:
2056:
2007:
1401:
1227:
1100:
963:
946:
931:
781:
758:
743:
663:
627:
602:
558:
430:
420:
402:
270:
226:
141:
121:
2195:
learning to improve international business relations through appropriate communication strategies;
1334:
to reflect changes in the setting in which they are operating and the strategy they are pursuing.
2408:
1819:
1686:
1470:
1369:
1327:
1273:
1242:
1191:
1048:
926:
801:
786:
753:
748:
738:
733:
683:
607:
515:
480:
171:
2240:
1411:
is when a firm created is jointly owned by two or more companies (Most joint venture are 50-50
2985:
2953:
2924:
2901:
2744:
2634:
2623:
2613:
2225:
2153:
Understanding the time structure of an area. Some societies are more focused on timeliness ("
2093:
2077:
1733:
1396:
1289:
1245:
1223:
1064:
906:
813:
769:
695:
568:
475:
445:
382:
176:
2147:
Being able to provide marketing techniques that are specifically tailored to the local market
2893:
2458:
2435:
2400:
2252:
2109:
2003:
1861:
1693:
1682:
1338:
1319:
1202:
1174:
1096:
958:
776:
718:
543:
538:
500:
337:
332:
91:
1415:). This is in contrast with a wholly owned subsidiary, when a firm owns 100 percent of the
1404:
to the franchisee, and also requires the franchisee operate as dictated by the franchisor.
3018:
2132:
Understanding the manner of speaking within business in the local area to improve overall
1890:
1811:
1766:
1729:
1705:
1624:
1609:
1342:
1136:
1092:
911:
763:
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520:
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357:
254:
221:
186:
106:
86:
2138:
Gaining respect of customers and employees from speaking with them in their native tongue
1022:
Trade of goods, services, technology, capital's and/or knowledge at a transnational scale
1292:, lower costs, and increase profits. A firm's value creation is the difference between
2606:
2175:
2158:
2122:
2085:
1978:
1974:
1678:
1307:
1257:
1047:
To conduct business overseas, multinational companies need to bridge separate national
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231:
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17:
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and potential risks. Here are some of the key types of international business media:
1416:
1354:
1151:
1052:
1037:
916:
352:
199:
2455:
The international operations of national firms, a study of direct foreign investment
1708:: economics explains country differences in costs, currency values, and market size.
1059:"). The second is technological change, particularly developments in communication,
2682:. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(1), 29. Accessed 30 September 2015.
2586:
2133:
1990:
1844:
1237:
Among modern economic theories of multinationals and foreign direct investment are
495:
372:
362:
74:
2897:
2503:
2439:
1419:
of a company in a foreign country because it has either set up a new operation or
2150:
Knowing how other businesses operate and what might or might not be social taboos
2154:
2013:
1984:
1857:
1848:
1412:
1350:
1270:
951:
490:
131:
116:
111:
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including, but not limited to: difference in legal systems, political systems,
3008:
ITC is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations
2426:
Buckley, Peter J. (April 2006). "Stephen Hymer: Three phases, one approach?".
2206:
1970:
1762:
1758:
1451:
1384:. Some possible disadvantages to exporting are high transport costs and high
1056:
44:
2905:
1154:. Throughout his academic life, he developed theories that sought to explain
2627:
2217:
2210:
2029:
2019:
1898:
1874:
1815:
1770:
1365:
1144:
425:
327:
320:
1264:
Physical and social factors of competitive business and social environment
978:
2023:
1996:
1445:
261:
216:
2463:
2412:
2129:
Having the ability to directly communicate with employees and customers
2118:
2063:
1915:
1346:
1231:
1140:
1112:
96:
2088:
disciplines and how they affect different functional business fields.
2070:
1435:
1431:
1385:
1201:
According to Hymer, there are two main determinants of FDI; where an
1132:
1128:
1124:
2404:
2276:
People interested in management careers with multinational companies
2311:
3–5 years in addition to master's or other foundational coursework
2224:
By focusing on these, students will gain a better understanding of
1194:, whereas in foreign direct investment a firm has control over the
1165:
according to Hymer's work. In this thesis, the author departs from
2980:
S. Tamer Cavusgil; Gary Knight; John Riesenberger (January 2011).
2612:(11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
899:
61:
2245:
1993:
provide services to ease the conduct of international business.
1761:) can affect the operations of a firm. The government might be
2604:
Daniels, John; Radebaugh, Lee H.; Sullivan, Daniel P. (2007).
2355:
Bachelor's degree and work experience, quantitative expertise
1933:
1852:
505:
2188:
The international business standards focus on the following:
1457:"Tourism and transportation, service performance, asset use".
3005:
2950:
International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace
2358:
Bachelor's or master's degree in business or related field
2285:
Common career paths (with approximate median annual salary)
1889:
and the global economy stemming from the animosity towards
1441:
Merchandise exports: goods exported—not including services.
2279:
People who are interested in academic or research careers
2164:
Associating with people who do not know several languages.
3012:
The U.S. Government's export promotion and finance portal
3011:
2330:
Most (or all) of the master's degree requirements, plus:
1448:
must import cars since there is no Colombian car company.
2770:"What is operational risk? - Definition from WhatIs.com"
1604:
Strategic variables affect the choice of entry mode for
1950:
2855:"These Are Four Risks of Doing International Business"
2174:
more strongly and contain far fewer similarities. The
2680:
Global strategy and multinationals' entry mode choice
2048:
Most companies are either international companies or
2825:"What is environmental risk? definition and meaning"
1190:
is a more passive approach, and the main purpose is
2810:
2808:
2608:
International Business: Environments and Operations
2084:Managers in international business must understand
1774:risk tends to be greater in countries experiencing
1372:from its global sales revenue. As an example, many
2720:"Global Business: Risks in International Business"
2650:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
2605:
2062:The best way of conducting business may differ by
2589:. The Law Dictionary. Accessed 30 September 2015.
1987:are removing international business restrictions.
2167:Language barriers can affect transaction costs.
1931:in recent decades due to the following factors.
1304:(the cost of production per each product sold).
2802:. Harvard Business Review. Accessed 9 May 2015.
1205:structure is the key element. The first is the
2291:- General or operations managers ($ 95,000)*
2043:Importance of international business education
1600:Choice of entry mode in international business
1357:with a host-country firm, or setting up a new
2295:- University business professors ($ 75,000)*
2251:The following table provides descriptions of
2184:Importance of studying international business
2022:relationships have improved among some major
1003:
8:
2255:in international business and its benefits.
2157:") while others focus on doing business at "
1250:ownership, location and internationalization
2104:Importance of language and cultural studies
2332:- At least 12 more graduate level courses
1847:profits or funds outside the country. The
1298:(the value of the product being sold) and
1256:of international business as a specialist
1158:(FDI) and why firms become multinational.
1010:
996:
26:
2982:International Business: The New Realities
2794:
2792:
2790:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2462:
2220:and international business opportunities.
2036:Cross-national cooperation and agreements
1860:them—in a way that reduces an investor's
3027:- a government resource for UK exporters
3021:A government resource for U.S. exporters
2798:J. Henisz, W. and A. Zelner, B. (2010).
2257:
2059:may differ from those used domestically.
1475:
2383:
2321:- Roughly 15-20 graduate level courses
2076:An understanding helps one decide what
2069:An understanding helps one make better
2032:cooperate more on transnational issues.
1685:available on a specific territory, the
29:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2338:- Dissertation prospectus (proposal)
2323:- Internship or study abroad program
1780:take over the company without warning
1423:an established firm in that country.
7:
2882:"Do language barriers affect trade?"
2678:Kim, W. C., & Hwang, P. (1992).
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2489:
2477:
2201:exploring basic concepts underlying
1757:How a government governs a country (
1681:happening throughout the world, the
1465:Top imports and exports in the world
2693:The Physical/Geographic Environment
2052:with other international companies.
1794:security in electronic transactions
1318:, production, marketing and sales,
2502:Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-19).
1881:, labeled as terrorism due to the
25:
1798:cost of developing new technology
984:Business and economics portal
2880:Lohmann, Johannes (2011-02-01).
2800:Hidden Risks in Emerging Markets
2289:- Chief executives ($ 167,000)*
1937:
977:
2984:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
2859:Business Navigational Solutions
2724:Globalpaarisite.blogspot.com.es
2326:- Foreign language requirement
2112:. A study by Lohmann (2011) in
3006:The International Trade Centre
2923:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
2317:Common graduation requirements
2216:identifying forms of business
1:
2898:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.10.023
2695:. Accessed 30 September 2015.
2440:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.03.008
2428:International Business Review
1923:Factors towards globalization
1640:International Business Media
1216:decentralized decision-making
639:management information system
290:Chief human resources officer
2948:Hill, Charles W. L. (2014).
2587:What is Merchandised Exports
1973:is expanding, especially in
1179:difference in interest rates
1173:, where the main reason for
633:Enterprise resource planning
461:Financial statement analysis
1672:Physical and social factors
1161:There were three phases of
3057:
2453:Hymer, Stephen H. (1960).
2213:, and trade relations; and
3025:UK Trade & Investment
2952:. McGraw-Hill Education.
2297:- Economists ($ 91,000)*
1927:There has been growth in
1606:multinational corporation
1491:Export partner share (%)
1488:Import partner share (%)
1156:foreign direct investment
1031:It involves cross-border
295:Chief information officer
127:Limited liability company
2743:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
2335:- Ph.D. qualifier exams
2233:University of Notre Dame
1782:, as seen in Venezuela.
1364:The first entry mode is
1332:organizational structure
1316:research and development
1207:firm-specific advantages
1121:foreign-exchange markets
1085:multinational enterprise
308:Chief technology officer
242:Mergers and acquisitions
212:Constitutional documents
37:Management of a business
2344:- Teaching requirement
2272:Who is this degree for?
2125:include the following:
2016:has become more global.
1903:destruction of property
1687:population distribution
1608:expansion beyond their
1485:Import (US$ thousand)
1482:Export (US$ thousand)
1359:wholly owned subsidiary
1310:can be categorized as:
1109:environmental standards
368:Environmental economics
348:International economics
299:Chief marketing officer
285:Chief financial officer
280:Chief operating officer
276:Chief executive officer
237:International trade law
31:Business administration
3041:International business
2921:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
2829:BusinessDictionary.com
1895:radical Islamic groups
1625:brand name recognition
1376:made inroads into the
1239:internalization theory
1061:information processing
1026:International business
937:International business
922:Business judgment rule
267:Chief business officer
167:Annual general meeting
147:State-owned enterprise
137:Privately held company
18:International Business
2203:international finance
2078:governmental policies
1696:trade and investment.
1392:ready for operation.
1361:in the host country.
613:Customer relationship
549:Business intelligence
511:Financial institution
486:International finance
436:Cash conversion cycle
343:Development economics
304:Chief product officer
52:Management accounting
2835:on 19 September 2020
1951:adding missing items
1473:, compiled in 2017:
1188:Portfolio investment
1171:financial investment
1163:internationalization
1107:, living standards,
1101:accounting standards
554:Business development
398:Economic development
160:Corporate governance
57:Financial accounting
2919:ASWATHAPPA (2003).
2577:, pp. 457–458.
2565:, pp. 456–457.
2553:, pp. 454–455.
2529:, pp. 453–454.
2364:Online availability
2308:1–2 years full-time
2304:Time for completion
2170:Linguistic distance
1999:want to know about
1679:climatic challenges
1636:Means of businesses
1427:Types of operations
1402:intangible property
1374:Japanese automakers
1167:neoclassical theory
964:Business statistics
947:International trade
932:Business operations
628:Electronic business
533:Types of management
421:Financial statement
403:Economic statistics
271:Chief brand officer
227:Corporate liability
142:Sole proprietorship
122:Joint-stock company
3017:2006-12-28 at the
1949:; you can help by
1820:resource depletion
1805:Environmental risk
1787:Technological risk
1689:in a country, etc.
1502:14,748,663,389.75
1499:14,639,041,733.88
1471:CIA World Factbook
1370:scale of economies
1324:support activities
1312:primary activities
1117:corporate cultures
927:Consumer behaviour
729:Product life-cycle
516:Capital management
481:Managerial finance
172:Board of directors
2959:978-0-07-811277-5
2886:Economics Letters
2691:Witiger, (2012).
2635:private companies
2375:
2374:
2237:bachelor's degree
2226:Political economy
2114:Economics Letters
2094:cultural literacy
1967:
1966:
1862:financial returns
1683:natural resources
1597:
1596:
1553:1,145,973,941.19
1519:1,292,436,125.64
1469:Data is from the
1020:
1019:
907:Business analysis
476:Corporate finance
446:Capital budgeting
383:Knowledge economy
177:Supervisory board
16:(Redirected from
3048:
2995:
2963:
2935:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2831:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:Charles H.L Hill
2812:
2803:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2660:on June 13, 2007
2656:. Archived from
2646:
2640:
2639:
2611:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2388:
2258:
2253:higher education
2246:Sony Corporation
2110:language barrier
1962:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1887:American society
1741:Operational risk
1734:saturated market
1610:domestic markets
1476:
1382:experience curve
1343:turnkey projects
1320:customer service
1303:
1297:
1203:imperfect market
1175:capital movement
1137:trade agreements
1012:
1005:
998:
982:
981:
959:Business process
501:Financial market
338:Labour economics
333:Public economics
92:Corporation sole
27:
21:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3019:Wayback Machine
3002:
2992:
2979:
2970:
2968:Further reading
2960:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2861:. 27 March 2022
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2718:Okolo, Sydney.
2717:
2716:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2620:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2405:10.2307/4083598
2390:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2341:- Dissertation
2241:master's degree
2235:concluded that
2186:
2176:writing systems
2106:
2045:
2038:have increased.
1963:
1957:
1954:
1938:
1925:
1891:Western culture
1883:massive damages
1730:market research
1719:Faulty Planning
1715:
1706:Economic forces
1674:
1668:professionals.
1638:
1602:
1587:359,480,074.29
1581:United Kingdom
1570:488,825,071.86
1536:661,678,484.03
1467:
1452:Service exports
1429:
1386:tariff barriers
1353:, establishing
1299:
1293:
1286:economic values
1282:
1266:
1105:labor standards
1093:economic policy
1073:
1023:
1016:
976:
969:
968:
912:Business ethics
902:
892:
891:
832:
824:
823:
534:
526:
525:
521:Venture capital
451:Commercial bank
441:Insider dealing
416:
408:
407:
358:Planned economy
323:
313:
312:
257:
255:Corporate title
247:
246:
222:Corporate crime
202:
192:
191:
187:Audit committee
162:
152:
151:
107:Holding company
87:Corporate group
82:
75:Business entity
67:
66:
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3009:
3001:
3000:External links
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:978-0136090984
2990:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2911:
2892:(2): 159–162.
2872:
2846:
2816:
2804:
2786:
2774:techtarget.com
2761:
2735:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2641:
2619:978-0131869424
2618:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 454.
2531:
2519:
2494:
2492:, p. 383.
2482:
2480:, p. 382.
2470:
2445:
2434:(2): 140–147.
2418:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
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2319:
2313:
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2309:
2306:
2300:
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2281:
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2222:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2162:
2159:the right time
2151:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2123:local language
2105:
2102:
2086:social science
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1979:communications
1975:transportation
1965:
1964:
1944:
1942:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1872:
1871:
1841:
1840:
1838:Financial risk
1830:
1829:
1808:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1765:, hostile, or
1755:
1754:
1752:Political risk
1744:
1743:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1673:
1670:
1665:
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1655:
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1628:
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1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:1,322,000,000
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:1,456,000,000
1514:
1513:United States
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1428:
1425:
1355:joint ventures
1308:Value creation
1281:
1278:
1265:
1262:
1258:field of study
1248:(standing for
1243:John Dunning's
1192:financial gain
1113:local cultures
1072:
1069:
1067:technologies.
1065:transportation
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
971:
970:
967:
966:
961:
956:
955:
954:
944:
942:Business model
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
773:
772:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
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721:
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711:
710:
709:
698:
693:
692:
691:
681:
676:
671:
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661:
660:
659:
651:Human resource
648:
643:
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641:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Communications
590:
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588:
578:
577:
576:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Public finance
468:
466:Financial risk
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:Macroeconomics
390:
388:Microeconomics
385:
380:
378:Market economy
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
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324:
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292:
287:
282:
273:
264:
258:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
232:Insolvency law
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Commercial law
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
182:Advisory board
179:
174:
169:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:9781259051166
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Prerequisites
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:being on time
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2098:ethnocentrism
2095:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1958:November 2018
1952:
1948:
1945:This list is
1943:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:globalization
1922:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:inflicted on
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:Economic risk
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:social unrest
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:SWOT analysis
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
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1671:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
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1651:
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1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
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1991:Institutions
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1879:9/11 attacks
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1567:507,000,000
1533:634,900,000
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837:Architecture
831:Organization
797:Supply chain
623:Earned value
496:Stock market
373:Open economy
363:Econometrics
102:Conglomerate
2664:26 November
2654:www.cia.gov
2080:to support.
2014:Competition
1985:Governments
1849:devaluation
1378:U.S. market
1351:franchising
1274:environment
1271:competitive
952:Trade route
867:Engineering
862:Development
714:Performance
657:development
618:Distributed
491:Liquidation
132:Partnership
117:Corporation
112:Cooperative
2729:2024-05-13
2513:2018-11-22
2457:(Thesis).
2399:(2): 323.
2378:References
2266:Doctorate
2207:management
2179:expensive.
2073:decisions.
1971:Technology
1947:incomplete
1845:repatriate
1759:governance
1280:Operations
1228:inequality
1196:operations
1183:production
1057:free trade
819:Technology
701:Operations
581:Commercial
574:innovation
564:Capability
456:Derivative
45:Accounting
2906:0165-1765
2575:Hill 2014
2563:Hill 2014
2551:Hill 2014
2539:Hill 2014
2527:Hill 2014
2490:Hill 2014
2478:Hill 2014
2218:ownership
2211:marketing
2057:operation
2055:Modes of
2030:Countries
2020:Political
1997:Consumers
1899:vandalism
1875:Terrorism
1869:Terrorism
1816:pollution
1771:Elections
1366:exporting
1347:licensing
1322:) and as
1145:education
887:Structure
872:Hierarchy
792:Strategic
679:Materials
669:Knowledge
646:Financial
586:Marketing
431:Factoring
426:Insurance
328:Commodity
321:Economics
3035:Category
3015:Archived
2839:27 March
2779:27 March
2754:27 March
2628:61864254
2504:"Export"
2371:Limited
2024:economic
2008:services
1893:by some
1631:reasons.
1618:industry
1547:Germany
1446:Colombia
1421:acquires
1397:licensor
1254:founders
1097:language
1071:Overview
1053:barriers
877:Patterns
857:Conflict
842:Behavior
782:Security
759:Resource
744:Property
707:services
664:Incident
603:Conflict
559:Capacity
262:Chairman
217:Contract
2942:Sources
2413:4083598
2393:The Auk
2263:Masters
2121:in the
2064:country
2050:compete
2026:powers.
2001:foreign
1916:Bribery
1910:Bribery
1858:enforce
1763:corrupt
1694:disrupt
1564:France
1508:100.00
1505:100.00
1432:Exports
1232:poverty
1224:Marxist
1212:compete
1177:is the
1141:climate
1125:tariffs
1049:markets
852:Culture
802:Systems
787:Service
766:
754:Records
749:Quality
739:Project
734:Product
724:Process
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608:Content
415:Finance
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2071:career
1796:, the
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1525:13.29
1496:World
1436:import
1143:, and
1133:export
1129:import
1063:, and
814:Talent
770:crisis
696:Office
569:Change
2865:3 May
2409:JSTOR
2004:goods
1853:taxes
1812:noise
1713:Risks
1593:4.17
1590:2.44
1576:3.68
1573:3.31
1559:6.26
1556:7.77
1542:3.20
1539:4.49
1522:8.76
1417:stock
1290:value
900:Trade
882:Space
777:Sales
719:Power
674:Legal
544:Brand
539:Asset
62:Audit
2986:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2902:ISSN
2867:2022
2841:2018
2781:2018
2756:2018
2666:2017
2624:OCLC
2614:ISBN
2239:and
2006:and
1977:and
1434:and
1241:and
1230:and
1131:and
764:Risk
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2894:doi
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