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cold chain is treated, from raw materials to the final product at our home. Refrigeration plays an essential role for perishable products. While the estimated capacity of refrigerated warehouses was over 500 million cubic meters worldwide in 2014, in some countries global food losses due to the lack of a cold chain are still very important and can reach as much as 20% of the global food supply. At the same time, in heavily industrialised countries, the use of commercial and domestic refrigerators accounts for up to 6% of global electricity consumption.
415:
for the cooling of biological specimens and living tissues for preservation or treatment which require implementing cryogenic processes. Section A consists of a panel of multidisciplinary professionals and experts in sciences and technologies such as thermodynamics, condensed matter physics, materials science, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, vacuum and leak-tightness, instrumentation and process control, applied to the low-temperature domain.
125:
527:
cryoprecipitation, partial or total crystallisation). The work focuses on establishing a model for the transfer of heat and matter during refrigeration treatments, on the effects of refrigeration on food products, and on the evolution kinetics of products kept in cold storage. The work deals with the impact of the integrity of the cold chain on the quality of food, including in warm climate countries.
38:
461:
Refrigerating
Equipment covers all kinds of refrigeration technology. Section B is a key player in most of the IIR international conferences; except for the International Conference of Refrigeration (ICR) organised every four years for all 10 IIR Commissions, where approximately 50% of all presentations are related to Section B topics.
642:
of an air-conditioning plant for longer periods. The demand of heating is nevertheless significant and the most efficient system to provide heating is undoubtedly the heat pump. No other technology can provide net primary energy savings, economic benefits to users and reduced climate impact at the same time.
832:
Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge and give recommendations in these spheres. In order to achieve these objectives, they hold conferences and workshops, write publications and provide recommendations. Members of WGs are IIR members from industry, academia, national administrations
641:
Air-conditioning is a subject that is now more frequently addressed due to both better comfort in an increasing number of countries and the effects of global warming. Now, even countries where demand for air-conditioning during summer months was limited, due to a cooler climate, require the operation
892:
According to their annual financial contributions to the IIR, these member countries are divided into six category levels and this determines the services they receive and their level of voting power within the IIR. Member
Countries take part in IIR activities via their delegates and their nominated
645:
Also providing a cooling effect, the heat pump is expected to be the most common solution in the future for all year round operations. The combination of these technologies, with heat recovery capable buildings or industrial plants, cooling and heating requirements can be meet in the most efficient,
522:
Commission C1 Cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products is particularly focused on the application of refrigeration technologies on various branches of medicine: cryosurgery and oncology, cryotherapy, blood, organs and tissue preservation, health products (especially vaccines and thermosensitive
510:
Commission B2 Refrigerating
Equipment participates in many IIR activities aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigeration technologies and their applications worldwide. It is a key Commission for most IIR activities synergizing with other Commissions. The Commission is very active in various IIR
414:
Section A also maintains and develops relations with other
Sections of the IIR, mainly Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes in the field of thermodynamics and transfer processes, essential tools of the cryogenic engineer, and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products
291:
every four years since its inauguration and has now expanded its event portfolio to ten conference series covering a vast variety of refrigeration topics. Working alongside governments, today the IIR remains committed to promoting knowledge on refrigeration for sustainable development, and continues
656:
Commission E1 on Air
Conditioning often collaborates with Commission E2 on Heat pumps and Energy Recovery as they have at least one common aspect, the compressor. Both Commissions frequently work with the same equipment which is adapted according to the seasons, alternating between air conditioners
545:
This commission is truly active and participates in the various workshop series on cryoprocessing of biopharmaceuticals and biomaterials, as well as establishing innovative e-training actions concerning the commission's multidisciplinary needs as well as the interdisciplinary needs of the following
447:
The work of
Commission A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases reflects world-wide activities in the domain of separation of gases and liquefaction. Apart from the personal involvement of Commission members in various projects, the commission is present at conferences, workshops and
603:
Commission D1 on
Refrigerated Storage deals with the storage of all products which require temperature control, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Industrial, commercial and residential storage are also taken into account so that, in cooperation with Commission D2 Refrigerated Transport, the entire
406:
Section A comprises two
Commissions, A1 Cryophysics and Cryoengineering, and A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases. Commission A1 deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium
660:
The commission is involved in various aspects of air conditioning from equipment to systems. In the last years it developed a particular focus on energy saving and sustainability, whilst maintaining good conditions of thermal comfort ranging from topics such as free cooling, solar cooling or long
664:
The expertise of the
Commission members on the use of new refrigerants in air conditioning systems, annual comparative studies of innovative and renewable energy systems, opportunities of part load operation on air conditioning systems to limit penalties or even to gain efficiency, and on other
622:
Every year, Commission D2 CERTE test engineers meet in a
European country to discuss refrigerated transport technology and testing issues. This group subsequently advises the United Nations working party on transport of perishable foodstuffs held each year in Geneva. Commission D2 is currently
460:
Section B on Thermodynamics, Equipment and Systems of the IIR focuses on the technological and scientific fundamentals of classical refrigeration, excluding cryogenic temperatures. The fundamentals are represented by its Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes whereas Commission B2
679:
The aim of commission E2 on Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery is to promote and enhance scientific and technological knowledge in heat pump and energy recovery fields thanks to various activities such as the organization or co-sponsoring of international conferences, or the publication of books and
567:
Commission C2 on Food Science and Engineering focuses on research and breakthrough technologies related to food science and engineering. The commission is key in hosting the IIR Sustainability and the Cold Chain Conference (ICCC), held internationally since 2010. In addition to the Cold Chain
499:
Active in IIR conferences and congresses, Commission B1 similarly organises workshops in various fields such as refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems. Initiatives and opportunities, such as the phase-down of high-GWP refrigerants, energy-efficient buildings and cars, transport
607:
As a result, the Commission faces important issues in order to promote widespread, energy efficient and environmentally friendly storage systems. New refrigerants, synergies to save or exchange energy with other systems and new technologies are the main focus of its activity. One of the most
491:
The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes. The Commission B1 has been extremely active in IIR Working Groups, sub-commissions, IIR
804:
of the IIR is a flagship event that converges industry and research. Covering all fields of refrigeration, the Congress, which takes place every four years, reunites key international stakeholders and provides perspectives on the future of the industry in line with sustainable development.
589:
The Section is involved in warehouse and platform equipment, devices for temperature-controlled transport, coolants or cool packs, small coolers and refrigerated containers, chillers, refrigerated furnishings, refrigerated cabinets, climate chambers, refrigerators and freezers, but also to
526:
Commission C2 food science and engineering is focused more particularly on the application of refrigeration technologies in the area of food sciences: preservation (refrigeration, freezing); hygiene and safety in its microbiological aspect; process (lyophilisation, cryoconcentration,
1110:
468:
Refrigeration Technologies; or conferences on Thermodynamic Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, on Compressors and Coolants, and on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
708:
The IIR has over 200 publications available on refrigeration technologies and applications: reference documents, guides, technical books, conference and congress papers and proceedings, tables and diagrams comprising the thermophysical properties of refrigerants.
363:
The Science and Technology Council (STC) coordinates the scientific and technical activities of the IIR. The Science and Technology Council includes five distinct Sections that are in turn divided into ten Commissions. The Science and Technology Council includes:
893:
commission members. The delegates and commission members determine IIR priorities and take part in the IIR scientific activities and Working Groups, and develop recommendations. Member countries are entitled to host several IIR conferences and meetings per year.
579:
Section D ON Storage and Transport of the IIR is involved in the controlled-temperature logistics and distribution of temperature-sensitive products, from foodstuffs to health products (medicines, vaccines, blood products, organs ...) from artwork to chemicals.
472:
A number of Working Groups, where emerging topics in refrigeration are discussed by IIR experts with the aim of publishing results in handbooks or other forms publications, are organised within the scope of Section B. Main topics include mitigation of direct
398:
and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of
407:
cryogenics. Commission A2 essentially covers the liquefied gas industry, including air separation and LNG technology, two mature domains with high economic stakes and ongoing developments addressing important societal issues such as energy efficiency and
861:: The main scope of the project is to support the EU farm to fork sustainable strategy by providing technical, financial, and political tools and solutions to reduce GHG emissions (by 2030) and achieve carbon neutrality (by 2050) in the food industry.
1198:
675:
Commission members are proposed by member countries then appointed by the STC following proposals from Presidents of commissions. These commission members comprise industry, university, and research-centre specialists or refrigeration practitioners.
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The IIR's Commission D2 on Refrigerated Transport is extremely active. In addition to the IIR's four yearly congress, Commission D2 participates in the IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, held out of synchronisation to the congress.
735:
is the reference journal in the refrigeration field. It is practical for all those wanting to keep abreast of research and industrial news in all fields of refrigeration including air-conditioning, heat-pump, refrigerated storage and transport.
523:
preparations). On the one hand, the work focusses on the biological and biochemical aspects of the effects of refrigeration on organs, tissues and treated products, and on the other hand on the applied refrigeration techniques and technologies.
451:
The commission is close to academia, industry and end users of separated and liquefied gases. Commission members work closely with Commission A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products.
568:
conferences and the IIR Congress, Commission C2 has also co-sponsored four other conferences in Macedonia, Spain, Croatia and Germany, and continues to reinforce its leading role at the heart of developments in food science and engineering.
623:
addressing the “Cold Chain for Pharmaceutical Products” and will add this to regular transport discussion and advisory topics. Commission D2 also helps to produce Informatory Notes to assist in areas of technical or regulatory difficulty.
1122:
Benefactor and corporate members can be companies, universities, national, regional or international organizations, laboratories, associations or any other structure active in or connected to the refrigeration industry or IIR activities.
881:: SophiA enables African countries to pursue sustainable pathways of development through a low-carbon, climate resilient and green growth trajectory, leapfrogging fossil fuels and high global warming potential refrigerant technologies.
495:
As well as being involved in IIR Working Groups on the mitigation of direct emissions of greenhouse gases in refrigeration, the commission is equally involved in the Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) Evaluation.
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The Executive Committee of the IIR handles the administrative and financial aspects of the daily running of the IIR, and meets once per year. It includes one delegate per member country, a president and three to six vice-presidents.
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A large number of the documents referenced in FRIDOC are scientific and technical. FRIDOC also contains many review articles, documents on economic data and statistics, articles dealing with regulations and standardization, etc.
429:
Commission A1 on Cryophysics and Cryoengineering deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics.
283:
The IIR status as an international organisation were defined by an International Agreement signed on December 1, 1954, and General Regulations for the Application of the International Agreements signed on November 20, 1956.
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The role of the IIR is well recognized, and in particular, the expertise of the members of Commission D2 makes an important contribution to refrigerated transport issues: reducing food wastage and minimizing emissions.
2508:
1131:
Private members include individuals such as researchers, scientists, industrial practitioners, journalists or professors with extensive expertise, passion or active in fields related to the refrigeration sector.
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Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products have clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.
1205:
500:
refrigeration, food preservation, the economic importance of the refrigeration sector, the involvement of the younger generation and identifying industrial needs are all at the heart of Commission B1.
324:
The General Conference of the IIR defines the general policy of the IIR and convenes once every four years during its international congress. It includes representatives appointed by member countries.
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Independently, and together with other Sections, Section B hosts a multitude of conferences such as the Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids and the Ohrid Conference on Ammonia and CO
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Section D thus covers the issues of storage, transportation by land, air or water, packaging, distribution and delivery of these products to the consumer, and the traceability of the cold chain.
1170:
744:
The IIR produces an electronic monthly newsletter that features news and updates on the refrigeration sector: regulation, events, economic data, monitoring, technological progress, etc.
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Since then, the IIR has been operating at its headquarters based in Paris and is now an international organisation for expertise on refrigeration. The institute has continued to run the
2458:
2634:
2488:
201:
The early 19th century witnessed a sharp increase in the demand for natural ice during the summer months, particularly among breweries producing lager. Thanks to the advent of
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477:
in refrigeration, refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems, magnetic cooling, life cycle climate performance evaluation, and refrigerant system safety.
263:- The rapidly growing, global industry and scientific quest for absolute zero lead to the 1st International Congress of Refrigeration held in Paris, France, at the
164:
and associated technologies and applications on a global scale that improve quality of life in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner, including:
279:- The association was reorganised and officially titled as the International Institute of Refrigeration – IIR (Institut International du Froid – IIF, in French).
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is the most comprehensive database in the world dedicated to refrigeration. It contains over 110,000 references to documents in all domains of refrigeration.
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It addresses all issues of equipment and solutions for a durable cold chain from the production or manufacture, to the consumption or use of these products.
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The scientific activities of the IIR are organised into five Sections, each of which is divided into two Commissions; there are thus 10 Commissions:
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commissions: A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering, A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases and finally C1 Cryobiology, Cyomedicine and Health Products.
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The core activities and interests of both Commissions are strongly connected resulting in tight collaborate and jointly organised conferences.
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The commission is involved in various IIR Working Groups and innovative projects linked to the development of the food chain across the globe.
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to provide key services to disseminate information on associated technologies to all stakeholders (companies, universities, professionals...).
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2303:
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It provides a detailed overview of the general developments within the sector worldwide and as acts a regular information tool for readers.
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seminars: LNG International Exhibition and Conference, GASTECH, Cryogenics, Cryogen Expos, European Cryogenic Course and others.
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209:, natural ice came onto the market. In order to meet demand, suppliers began looking for alternative ways of producing ice artificially.
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term energy storage. The general importance of the themes addressed by the Commission results in relevant International Conferences.
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The Management Committee is responsible for the general management of the IIR in between Executive Committee meetings. It includes:
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up-to-date research fields, is valuable, not only to the scientific community but also to the multitude of air conditioning users.
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IIR Working Groups operate on a temporary basis, bringing together specialists, to work on projects arising from current issues.
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273:- From this first Congress, the International Association of Refrigeration was born, formed by delegates from 35 countries.
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1956:
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This absorption machine was later replaced by a much simpler vapour-compression refrigerator, invented by French engineer
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Its scientific and technical activities are coordinated by ten commissions which are divided into five distinct sections.
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The activities of Section C deal with the application of refrigeration technologies to life sciences and food sciences.
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technologies and in view of the economic development potential they represented, the IIR was created in several stages:
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IIR Section E co-ordinates the work of the both Commissions E1 Air-Conditioning and E2 Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery.
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160:(IIF)), is an independent intergovernmental science and technology-based organization which promotes knowledge of
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The cold chain involves many temperature ranges, both positive and negative, from -80 °C to + 63 °C.
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In 1855, the first compression machines that proved to be successful on an industrial scale were developed by
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The IIR is a bilingual organization that works in both English and French and operates thanks to:
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Books in the refrigeration field published by other publishers are also available for purchase.
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Today, the IIR has 59 member countries representing over two-thirds of the global population.
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The General Conference elects the president and vice-presidents of the executive committee.
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2011:
1941:
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1163:"IIF - Institut International du Froid / IIR - International Institute of Refrigeration"
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1986:
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The IIR holds international conferences and congresses on key themes which include:
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the activities of its international network comprising over 300 Commission members
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three members elected every four years by the Science and Technology Council
223:, an American working in England, who first patented a machine based on the
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conferences and co-sponsored conferences and commission business meetings.
1149:"Working Party on Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs (WP.11) | UNECE"
821:, which lists over 300 international experts in the refrigeration sector.
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Funded by the European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
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important themes in these days for this commission is energy efficiency
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59 member countries, over 300 experts in all fields of refrigeration
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Thus, entrepreneurs begin research on the means of producing ice.
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three members elected every four years by the Executive Committee
1991:
1911:
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238:
invented the absorption device in 1859, then came the model of
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he European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
817:, which lists more than 300 laboratories in 55 countries; an
511:
Working Groups on Magnetic Cooling and Refrigeration Safety.
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reliable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
631:
Section E: Air Conditioning, Heat pumps and Energy Recovery
1185:"Elsevier page on International Journal of Refrigeration"
139:
177:
Low temperature technology and liquefied gas technology
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the annual contributions from its 59 member countries.
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thermophysical properties and transfer processes of
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1704:
1390:
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55:
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813:The IIR publishes two professional Directories: a
901:The following countries are members of the IIR:
456:Section B: Thermodynamics, Equipment and Systems
70:Air conditioning, heat pumps and energy recovery
59:All refrigeration technologies and applications
1230:
670:Commission E2: Heat pumps and Energy Recovery
307:its benefactor, corporate and private members
168:Food quality and safety from farm to consumer
8:
219:was the first to document the cycle, it was
30:
2635:International organizations based in France
2630:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1997:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1246:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1237:
1223:
1215:
51:Independent intergovernmental organization
36:
29:
390:Section A: Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases
267:, which welcomed over 5,000 participants.
171:Comfort in homes and commercial buildings
2645:Scientific organizations based in France
2431:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
903:
590:thermometers and temperature recorders.
348:the President of the Executive Committee
154:International Institute of Refrigeration
31:International Institute of Refrigeration
1140:
802:International Congress of Refrigeration
796:International Congress of Refrigeration
289:International Congress of Refrigeration
252:In order to support the development of
875:4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
855:4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
733:International Journal of Refrigeration
722:International Journal of Refrigeration
716:International Journal of Refrigeration
515:Section C: Biology and Food Technology
505:Commission B2: Refrigerating Equipment
18:International Journal of Refrigeration
2304:Programmable communicating thermostat
613:Commission D2: Refrigerated Transport
156:(IIR) (also known, in French, as the
63:Thermodynamics, equipment and systems
7:
2426:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
377:one congress liaison contact person.
598:Commission D1: Refrigerated Storage
249:in 1885, that is still used today.
185:Use of non-ozone-depleting and low
2287:Minimum efficiency reporting value
536:, Cryomedicine and Health Products
93:177 boulevard Malesherbes, 75017,
25:
2329:Standard temperature and pressure
2042:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1578:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1307:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
720:The Institute produces a monthly
1398:Absorption-compression heat pump
1118:Benefactor and corporate members
575:Section D: Storage and Transport
2293:Normal temperature and pressure
1673:Vapor-compression refrigeration
158:Institut International du Froid
651:Commission E1 Air Conditioning
359:Science and Technology Council
240:vapor compression refrigerator
189:refrigerants in a safe manner.
61:Cryogenics and liquefied gases
1:
2441:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2385:Building information modeling
2380:Building services engineering
1957:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1485:Demand controlled ventilation
1433:Building insulation materials
475:emissions of greenhouse gases
2640:Organizations based in Paris
2002:High-pressure cut-off switch
1553:Ice storage air conditioning
1474:Dedicated outdoor air system
174:Health products and services
2345:Thermostatic radiator valve
2147:Thermostatic radiator valve
1658:Underfloor air distribution
1593:Radiant heating and cooling
1511:Energy recovery ventilation
1423:Automobile air conditioning
1287:Domestic energy consumption
65:Biology and food technology
2666:
2494:Institute of Refrigeration
2375:Architectural technologist
1847:Electrostatic precipitator
751:Conferences and Congresses
2547:Volatile organic compound
2406:Environmental engineering
2370:Architectural engineering
2172:Ultra-low particulate air
1757:Automatic balancing valve
1685:Variable refrigerant flow
1537:Heat recovery ventilation
1480:Deep water source cooling
1199:"Chargement en cours ..."
374:ten Commission Presidents
265:Paris-Sorbonne University
35:
2594:Template:Home automation
2416:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2112:Solar-assisted heat pump
1712:Air conditioner inverter
1491:Displacement ventilation
1382:Vapour pressure of water
1367:Thermal destratification
809:Professional Directories
800:First held in 1908, the
225:vapour-compression cycle
2589:World Refrigeration Day
2436:Refrigerant reclamation
2365:Architectural acoustics
2309:Programmable thermostat
2241:Clean air delivery rate
2137:Thermal expansion valve
2052:Pressurisation ductwork
1962:Ground source heat pump
1403:Absorption refrigerator
684:Activities and Services
2579:Glossary of HVAC terms
2541:Sick building syndrome
2421:Mechanical engineering
2132:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1563:Mixed-mode ventilation
1114:
780:phase-change materials
769:magnetic refrigeration
486:and Transfer Processes
129:
2599:Template:Solar energy
2277:Intelligent buildings
2236:Carbon dioxide sensor
1623:Room air distribution
1443:Central solar heating
1112:
1089:United Arab Emirates
724:that is published by
127:
67:Storage and transport
2401:Duct leakage testing
2391:Deep energy retrofit
2335:Thermographic camera
2272:Infrared thermometer
1747:Air source heat pump
1696:Water heat recycling
1262:Air changes per hour
1113:IIR Member Countries
815:Laboratory Directory
759:natural refrigerants
409:carbon sequestration
340:Management Committee
128:IIR Member Countries
2267:HVAC control system
2257:Home energy monitor
2231:Building automation
2017:Inverter compressor
1679:Variable air volume
1588:Passive ventilation
1558:Kitchen ventilation
1458:Constant air volume
1428:Autonomous building
905:
819:Expertise Directory
680:Informatory Notes.
441:Separation of Gases
424:and Cryoengineering
371:six Vice-presidents
331:Executive committee
32:
2620:Cooling technology
2530:Indoor air quality
2474:ASTM International
2411:Hydronic balancing
2188:Wood-burning stove
2067:Radiator reflector
1852:Evaporative cooler
1663:Underfloor heating
1648:Thermal insulation
1115:
904:
401:liquid natural gas
320:General Conference
261:October 5–10, 1908
130:
42:IIR corporate logo
2625:Food preservation
2607:
2606:
2523:Health and safety
2102:Scroll compressor
2057:Process duct work
1812:Convection heater
1807:Condensing boiler
1737:Air-mixing plenum
1633:Solar combisystem
1469:Cross ventilation
1272:Building envelope
1107:
1106:
837:Research Projects
181:Energy efficiency
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
2657:
2569:Building science
2324:Smart thermostat
2319:Room temperature
1902:Fireplace insert
1608:Radon mitigation
1506:Electric heating
1501:District heating
1496:District cooling
1413:Air conditioning
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1058:Slovak Republic
1032:North Macedonia
906:
897:Member Countries
791:new technologies
657:and heat pumps.
315:Statutory bodies
271:January 25, 1909
146:
143:
141:
85:
83:
40:
33:
21:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2564:ASHRAE Handbook
2552:
2536:Passive smoking
2518:
2451:
2445:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2203:
2197:
2178:Whole-house fan
2092:Run-around coil
2087:Reversing valve
2032:Mechanical room
2022:Kerosene heater
2012:Infrared heater
1942:Gasoline heater
1882:Fan filter unit
1797:Condensate pump
1782:Centrifugal fan
1700:
1603:Radiant heating
1598:Radiant cooling
1573:Passive cooling
1568:Microgeneration
1438:Central heating
1386:
1362:Thermal comfort
1254:
1248:
1243:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:Private members
1120:
1092:United Kingdom
955:Czech Republic
944:Congo Republic
899:
887:
867:
844:
839:
827:
811:
798:
753:
742:
718:
706:
691:
689:FRIDOC Database
686:
633:
577:
554:
532:Commission C1:
517:
482:Commission B1:
467:
458:
435:Commission A2:
420:Commission A1:
392:
384:
361:
342:
333:
322:
317:
298:
247:Charles Tellier
236:Ferdinand Carré
199:
138:
111:
104:
98:
81:
79:
68:
66:
64:
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2650:Thermodynamics
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:Psychrometrics
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Air flow meter
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Heating system
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Heat exchanger
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Gas compressor
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Expansion tank
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Ceramic heater
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Solar air heat
1625:
1620:
1618:Renewable heat
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1527:Forced-air gas
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:Thermodynamics
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Psychrometrics
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:Gas compressor
1299:
1297:Fluid dynamics
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1208:on 2011-07-13.
1202:www.iifiir.org
1190:
1176:
1173:on 2011-10-06.
1167:www.iifiir.org
1154:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:United States
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
898:
895:
886:
883:
866:
863:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:and research.
826:
825:Working Groups
823:
810:
807:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
783:
777:
774:
771:
766:
760:
752:
749:
741:
738:
717:
714:
705:
702:
690:
687:
685:
682:
673:
672:
654:
653:
632:
629:
616:
615:
601:
600:
576:
573:
565:
564:
552:
539:
538:
516:
513:
508:
507:
489:
488:
484:Thermodynamics
465:
457:
454:
445:
444:
427:
426:
391:
388:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
349:
341:
338:
332:
329:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
305:
297:
294:
281:
280:
274:
268:
232:James Harrison
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:global warming
183:
178:
175:
172:
169:
148:
147:
136:
132:
131:
120:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
94:
91:
87:
86:
76:
72:
71:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2662:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:organizations
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Duct cleaning
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Control valve
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Turning vanes
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Thermal wheel
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Solar chimney
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Fan coil unit
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Cooling tower
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Vapor barrier
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Solar heating
1641:
1639:
1638:Solar cooling
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Refrigeration
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Passive house
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Chilled water
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Sensible heat
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Noise control
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Heat transfer
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:Saudi Arabia
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:Burkina Faso
928:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
907:
902:
896:
894:
890:
884:
882:
880:
876:
874:
870:
864:
862:
860:
856:
854:
850:
848:
841:
836:
834:
830:
824:
822:
820:
816:
808:
806:
803:
795:
790:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
750:
748:
745:
739:
737:
734:
729:
727:
723:
715:
713:
710:
703:
701:
697:
695:
688:
683:
681:
677:
671:
668:
667:
666:
662:
658:
652:
649:
648:
647:
643:
639:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
611:
610:
609:
605:
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
587:
584:
581:
574:
572:
569:
563:
562:
558:
549:
548:
547:
543:
537:
535:
530:
529:
528:
524:
520:
514:
512:
506:
503:
502:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
480:
479:
478:
476:
470:
462:
455:
453:
449:
443:
442:
438:
433:
432:
431:
425:
423:
418:
417:
416:
412:
410:
404:
402:
397:
394:Section A on
389:
387:
381:
376:
373:
370:
368:one President
367:
366:
365:
358:
353:
350:
347:
346:
345:
339:
337:
330:
328:
325:
319:
314:
309:
306:
303:
302:
301:
295:
293:
290:
285:
278:
277:June 21, 1920
275:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
255:
254:refrigeration
250:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
221:Jacob Perkins
218:
213:
210:
208:
204:
196:
194:
188:
184:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
165:
163:
162:refrigeration
159:
155:
145:
137:
133:
126:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
92:
88:
77:
73:
69:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
2574:Fireproofing
2498:
2358:and services
2354:Professions,
2252:Gas detector
2152:Trickle vent
2127:Smoke damper
2122:Smoke canopy
2117:Space heater
2047:Plenum space
1982:Heating film
1862:Exhaust hood
1832:Dehumidifier
1772:Blast damper
1767:Barrier pipe
1742:Air purifier
1653:Thermosiphon
1532:Free cooling
1448:Chilled beam
1372:Thermal mass
1357:Stack effect
1342:Particulates
1322:Infiltration
1253:Fundamental
1206:the original
1201:
1193:
1179:
1171:the original
1166:
1157:
1143:
1130:
1121:
1064:South Korea
1024:New Zealand
1021:Netherlands
995:Ivory Coast
900:
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871:
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857:
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787:refrigerants
782:and slurries
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704:Publications
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557:Food Science
551:Commission C
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437:Liquefaction
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296:Organization
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217:Oliver Evans
214:
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153:
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90:Headquarters
60:
48:Company type
2584:Warm Spaces
2226:Blower door
2204:and control
2202:Measurement
2183:Windcatcher
2157:Trombe wall
2097:Sail switch
2077:Refrigerant
2072:Recuperator
1947:Grease duct
1907:Freeze stat
1892:Fire damper
1762:Back boiler
1732:Air ionizer
1727:Air handler
1691:Ventilation
1543:Hybrid heat
1408:Air barrier
1327:Latent heat
1098:Uzbekistan
1009:Madagascar
885:IIR Network
847:Funded by t
776:compressors
561:Engineering
534:Cryobiology
422:Cryophysics
382:Commissions
207:steam ships
110:Area served
2614:Categories
2340:Thermostat
2262:Humidistat
2193:Zone valve
2162:TurboSwing
2037:Oil heater
2007:Humidifier
1937:Gas heater
1887:Fan heater
1857:Evaporator
1842:Economizer
1817:Compressor
1722:Air filter
1705:Components
1522:Forced-air
1418:Antifreeze
1391:Technology
1337:Outgassing
1277:Convection
1136:References
912:Australia
773:cryogenics
764:cold chain
740:Newsletter
396:Cryogenics
2450:Industry
2299:OpenTherm
1977:Heat pump
1972:Heat pipe
1922:Fume hood
1897:Fireplace
1802:Condenser
1752:Attic fan
1548:Hydronics
1061:Slovenia
1012:Malaysia
932:Cameroon
924:Bulgaria
879:Objective
873:Duration:
859:Objective
853:Duration:
227:in 1835.
215:Although
114:Worldwide
2557:See also
2282:LonWorks
2216:Aquastat
2082:Register
2062:Radiator
1717:Air door
1517:Firestop
1317:Humidity
1292:Enthalpy
1282:Dilution
1267:Bake-out
1255:concepts
1101:Vietnam
1081:Tunisia
1044:Romania
1018:Morocco
1004:Lebanon
984:Ireland
978:Hungary
972:Germany
961:Finland
949:Croatia
918:Belgium
915:Austria
909:Algeria
726:Elsevier
203:railways
56:Industry
2356:trades,
1927:Furnace
1792:Chiller
1464:Coolant
1084:Turkey
1075:Sweden
1055:Serbia
1049:Russia
1038:Poland
1035:Norway
1001:Jordan
989:Israel
975:Guinea
964:France
935:Canada
403:(LNG).
197:History
142:.iifiir
135:Website
119:Members
80: (
75:Founded
27:Company
2509:SMACNA
2469:ASHRAE
2289:(MERV)
2243:(CADR)
2221:BACnet
2174:(ULPA)
2027:Louver
1952:Grille
1827:Damper
1777:Boiler
1675:(VCRS)
1476:(DOAS)
1072:Sudan
1069:Spain
1041:Qatar
1029:Niger
998:Japan
992:Italy
981:India
969:Gabon
958:Egypt
941:China
921:Benin
865:SophiA
842:ENOUGH
694:FRIDOC
102:France
2549:(VOC)
2543:(SBS)
2532:(IAQ)
2489:CIBSE
2484:BSRIA
2387:(BIM)
2331:(STP)
2295:(NTP)
1917:Freon
1687:(VRF)
1681:(VAV)
1539:(HRV)
1513:(ERV)
1487:(DCV)
1460:(CAV)
1078:Togo
1015:Mali
952:Cuba
938:Chad
96:Paris
2504:LEED
2464:AMCA
2459:AHRI
1992:HEPA
1912:Flue
1837:Duct
762:the
731:The
559:and
439:and
205:and
152:The
144:.org
82:1908
78:1908
2514:UMC
2499:IIR
2479:BRE
1872:Fan
140:www
2616::
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1238:e
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20:)
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