International response to the Spanish Civil War

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under colonial rule when the Spanish Civil War broke out. Additionally, Arabic names were commonly misspelled and therefore registered multiple times. Roughly half of the Arabs who volunteered in Spain were Algerian, with 493 joining the Republican forces, of which 332 survived. Alongside those there were 211 Moroccans, 11 Syrians, four Palestinians including Palestinian journalist Najati Sidqi, three Egyptians, two Iraqis and one Lebanese man also took up arms for the International Brigades.The motivations behind Arab participation in the Spanish Civil War are varied. However, most likely they saw that a Republican victory in Spain would lead to the decolonisation of the Arab world in the longer term.

1472: 107:. The German position was that such a declaration was not needed. A similar approach was made to the Soviet Union. On 6 August, Ciano confirmed Italian support in principle. The Soviet government similarly agreed in principle if Portugal was included and Germany and Italy stopped aid immediately. On 7 August, France unilaterally declared its non-intervention. Draft declarations had been put to German and Italian governments. Such a declaration had already been accepted by the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union and required renouncing all traffic in war 2023: 809:) fought for Franco although never as a national unit. For the whole war, Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with a vital logistical organisation and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalists that crossed the borders of the Iberian countries. The Nationalists even referred to Lisbon as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognised Franco's regime and soon after the war signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact, the 1493:, who actively participated in combat for the Republicans. Other countries aided the Republicans by selling weapons and providing volunteer military units. Throughout the war, the efforts of the Republican government to resist the Nationalists, and their foreign supporters were hampered by Franco-British "non-intervention", the long supply lines and the intermittent availability of weapons of widely-variable quality. The Franco-British naval embargo allowed Germany and Italy to reinforce their armies in Spain and hampered only Soviet efforts to arm the Republicans. 1872: 836: 452: 1731:; were camouflaged at a deserted island; and, with changed flags, they proceeded officially to ports in Mexico. It is known that sales continued from August 1936 to at least November 1938. The exact number of shipments is unknown but remained significant since by November 1937, 34 Greek ships were declared to be non-compliant with the non-intervention agreement, and the Nationalist Navy seized 21 vessels in 1938 alone. Details of sales to the Nationalists are unclear, but they were known to be by far fewer. 1806:) sympathised more or less openly with the Nationalists. However, Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms since the French border was closed, and the German, Italian and Portuguese dictators remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and a quantity of weapons that went far beyond the power of Mexico, which could furnish only $ 2,000,000 in aid. Mexico provided only some material assistance, which included rifles, food and a few American-made aircraft, such as the 777: 1315: 202:, as the British wanted, or to fail to do, as the French wanted. That was subsumed by the news that the Italian and German governments had recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain. The League of Nations condemned intervention, urged its council's members to support non-intervention and commended mediation. It then closed discussion on Spain and left it to the committee. A mediation plan, however, was soon dropped. 1334:'s followers went to Spain to fight on Franco's side. O'Duffy's Irish Brigade, whose legionnaires considered their primary role in Spain to be fighting against communism and defending Catholicism, quickly became disenchanted with the Nationalist cause, in part due to the brutality of its tactics. As a result, Franco never dispatched a transport ship for 600 additional volunteers whom O'Duffy had recruited. In February 1937, 261:

recognise the Nationalists as belligerents, once significant progress had been made, was finally accepted. The Nationalists accepted on 20 November and the Republicans on 1 December. On 27 June, Maisky agreed to send two commissions to Spain to enumerate foreign volunteer forces and to bring about their withdrawal. The Nationalists, wishing to prevent the fall of the sympathetic British government, led by

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the side of the rebels and defined the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as "martyrs of the faith". It selectively ignored the many believing Catholic Spaniards who remained loyal to the Republic and even those who were later killed during the persecution and the massacres of Republicans. The devout Catholics who supported the Republic included high-ranking officers of the

285: 5941: 2127:". A legionnaire officer emphasised that the war was one "of Spaniards against Russians!" Francoist propaganda presented the enemy as an invading army or the puppet of foreign powers. The involvement of Moorish troops in a Catholic crusade was explained by the Nationalists as that of defenders of religion in the face of the godless, anticlerical, anti- 418:, hoped that a general outbreak of war in Europe would help his cause by compelling Britain and France to help the Republic at last. Ultimately, however, neither Britain nor France intervened to any significant extent. The British supplied food and medicine to the Republic but actively discouraged Blum and his French government from supplying weapons. 758:. The training provided to Nationalist forces by the Germans would prove at least as valuable as direct actions. Perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers were trained by various German detachments in Spain, which were technically proficient and covered infantry, tanks and anti-tank units; air and anti-aircraft forces; and those trained in naval warfare. 2123:(fatherland) and its Catholic essence, which stated to be under the threat of becoming a "Russian colony", the fault being of traitors and "international agents". "Anti-Spain" was embodied by liberalism, atheism, freemasonry, international Jewry and regional separatism. The communist invader was a dehumanised foreigner, the "wolves of the Russian 2108:

international mob of criminals and thieves. Cartoons in the Republican press often depicted the rebel army as a multinational gang of foreign mercenaries. The presence of Moorish troops was exploited from the outbreak of the conflict, and they were presented as black-faced, barefoot, hungry and eager to steal and kill: "The

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German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($ 215,000,000) in 1939 prices. That was broken down in expenditure to 15.5% for salaries and expenses, 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain and 62.6% for the Condor Legion. No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found.

422:, the US ambassador to Spain, was one of the few ambassadors who was friendly to the Republic. He later condemned the Non-Intervention Committee by saying that each of its moves had been made to serve the cause of the rebellion: "This committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known". 565: 2099:

world coalition". The "true" Spain was represented by the lower classes. Outside the "nation in arms" were bourgeois traitors, fascists, clergymen and "false revolutionaries" (dissident communists, radicals, anarchists etc.), who were "serving fascism". With the exception of the anti-Stalinist communists of the

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The International Brigades included 9,000 Frenchmen, of whom 1,000 died; 5,000 Germans and Austrians, of whom 2,000 died; The third-highest number was from Italy with 3,350 men. Then came Poland, with about 3,000 men. Then the United States (2,800 men with 900 killed and 1,500 wounded) and the United

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After the withdrawal of Germany and Italy from patrols, the French considered abandoning border controls or perhaps leaving non-intervention. However, the French were reliant on the British, who wished to continue with the patrols. Britain and France thus continued to labour over non-intervention and

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on 15 and 18 June made Germany and Italy once again withdraw from patrols but not from the committee. That prompted the Portuguese government to remove British observers on the Spanish-Portuguese border. The United Kingdom and France offered to replace Germany and Italy, which, however, believed that

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The instrumental use of nationalism by the Republicans came from the communists. The heroic Spanish people were said to be rising against foreign invaders, who were directed by traitors belonging to the upper classes, the clergy and the army, which were now at the service of the "fascist-imperialist

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Forsaken by the Western European powers, the Republicans depended mainly on Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the Nationalists, who portrayed the Republic as a "Marxist" and godless state in Francoist propaganda. Its only other official support was from the anti-Catholic and

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Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly conservative traditionalists and monarchists, the religious persecution was squarely blamed on the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the propaganda of the rebel faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took

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initially ruled out US interference publicly with these words: " no expectation that the United States would ever again send troops or warships or floods of munitions and money to Europe". However, he privately supported the Republicans and was concerned that a Nationalist victory would lead to more

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was mined and told British shipping to keep clear of the area, but it was badly discredited when a British vessel ignored the advice, sailed into the city and found that the river was unmined, just as the Republicans had claimed. However, the British government discouraged activity from its ordinary

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The Soviets met the request to ban volunteers on 27 December, followed by Portugal on 5 January and Germany and Italy on 7 January. On 20 January, Italy put a moratorium on volunteers since it believed that supplies to the Nationalists were now sufficient. Non-intervention would have left both sides

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On 15 August, the United Kingdom banned exports of war material to Spain. Italy agreed to the pact and signing on 21 August. That there was a surprising reversal of views has been put down to the growing belief that countries could not or indeed would not abide by the agreement anyway. On 24 August,

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The total worth of Greek sales is unknown. One author claims that in 1937 alone, GPCC shipments amounted to $ 10.9 million for the Republicans and $ 2.7 million for the Nationalists and that in late 1937 Bodosakis signed another contract with the Republicans for £2.1 million (around $ 10 million),

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The Republic also made poor choices in buying ammunition. The arms trade has a standard that with every rifle, 1,000 rounds of ammunition are included; with every machine gun, 10,000 rounds are included; and with every artillery piece, 2,400 shells are included to prevent the hardware from becoming

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That culminated in a period during 1937 during which all of the powers were prepared to give up on non-intervention. By the end of July, the committee was in deadlock, and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely for the Republic. Unrestricted Italian submarine

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soon extended to other left-wing and Republican literature. Republican propaganda made use of pre-existing icons that depicted foreigners in certain ways. The Italians were presented as effeminate, cowardly and presumptuous and the Germans as arrogant. The Foreign Legionnaires were presented as an

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The involvement in the war helped to increase Mussolini's popularity. The Italian military aid to Nationalists against the anticlerical and anti-Catholic atrocities committed by the Republicans was exploited by Italian propaganda targeting Catholics. On July 27, 1936, the first squadron of Italian

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since foreign intervention was a state of war in Spain. Hull continued to doubt the extent of German and Italian operations, despite evidence to the contrary. In 1938, as the tide had turned against the Loyalists, Roosevelt attempted to bypass the embargo and ship American aircraft to the Republic

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were identified. Most hardware were obsolete and worn-out second-rate but some modern arms were also delivered; all were 20-30% overpriced. Polish sales amounted to $ 40 million and constituted some 5-7% of the overall Republican military spendings, but in terms of quantity certain categories of

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was an independent protectorate and so the Moroccans were not Spanish citizens. They were feared by the enemy and the local civilian population because they spared no one and "killed everyone", according to an interview with a Moroccan veteran. According to Professor Balfour, "The Moroccan troops

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Initially, the Vatican refrained from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, but it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a "Crusade". Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics

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It has been estimated that there were around 16,000 German citizens who fought in the conflict, mostly as pilots, ground crew, artillery and tank crew and military advisers and instructors. About 10,000 Germans were in Spain at the peak, with perhaps as many as 300 of whom being killed in action.

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The embargo did not apply to nonmilitary supplies, such as oil, gas, or trucks. The US government could thus ship food to Spain as a humanitarian cause, which benefited mostly the Loyalists. The Republicans spent almost $ 1 million a month on tires, cars, and machine tools from American companies

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publicly maintained the official policy of non-intervention but privately expressed his preference for a Nationalist victory. Eden also testified that his government "preferred a Rebel victory to a Republican victory"., he even professed an admiration for the self-proclaimed fascist Calvo Sotelo.

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The British government proclaimed neutrality, and its foreign policy was to prevent a major war by appeasement of Italy and Germany. British leaders believed that the Spanish Republican government was the puppet of extreme-left socialists and communists. Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a

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Historians debate the presence of 1000 Arab volunteers. However, the Catalan historian Andreu Castells, who has conducted extensive research into the topic, found 716 recorded cases. Many of the Arabs who volunteered were registered as French citizens, as many North African countries were still

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by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them... In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective

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and to attack any suspicious submarines. Also, warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked. Eden claimed that non-intervention had stopped a European war. The League of Nations reported on the Spanish situation by noting the "failure of non-intervention". On 6 November, the plan to

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fighter aircraft were sent from 7 August to December 1936 to Republican forces. The French also sent pilots and engineers to the Republicans. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they had been bought in other countries. In total, France delivered 70

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The Condor Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly in the air dominance from 1937 onward; 300 victories were claimed, as opposed to some 900 claimed by Italian forces. Spain provided a proving ground for German tank tactics as well as aircraft tactics, the latter being only

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to be used by both the Republicans and the Nationalists to replace naval patrols. A British plan suggested naval patrols to be replaced by observers in ports and ships, with land control measures being resumed. Belligerent rights would not be granted until substantial progress was made on the

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It was then that the Non-Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement, but the double dealing of both the Soviet Union and Germany had already become apparent. The ostensible purpose of the committee was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties, as with the

1409:, proposed to Franco to develop a Russian Volunteer Unit (which would have encouraged the recruitment of more White Russians), but Franco rejected the proposal because there were few Russians in combat, (approximately just over 100 White Russians). Russian anti-communists also fought in the 226:

and showed approval of humanitarian work. Germany and Italy stated that they would withdraw from the committee and from the patrols without guarantees of no further attacks. Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and the patrols. Attacks on the German cruiser

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was arranged by the British for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline, despite appeals by Italy and Germany for the committee to handle piracy and the other issues that the conference was to discuss. It decided for French and British fleets to patrol the areas of sea west of

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but it is not clear whether the ammunition that was contracted was delivered. The arms sold included artillery (such as 30 pieces of 155 mm guns), machine guns (at least 400), cartridges (at least 11 m), bombs (at least 1,500) and explosives (at least 38 tons of TNT).

2042:, 1,500 Canadians, 1,000 Hungarians, and 1,000 Scandinavians (about half of whom were Swedes), 100 Chinese also volunteered, as well as another 800 Swiss, 300 of whom would later be killed. The rest came from a claimed 53 countries About 90 Mexicans participated, and 407:, the socialist leader of the Popular Front, feared that support for the Republic would lead to a civil war and then to a fascist takeover of France. In Britain, part of the reasoning was based on an exaggerated belief of both German and Italian preparedness for war. 47:

in 1936. Although individual sympathy for the plight of the Spanish Republic was widespread in the liberal democracies, pacifism and the fear of a second world war prevented them from selling or giving arms. However, Nationalist pleas were answered within days by

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judged it effective although some 42 ships were estimated to have escaped inspection between April and the end of July. In trying to protect non-intervention in the Anglo-Italian meetings, which he grudgingly did, Eden would end up resigning from his post in the

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Involved were Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.

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Italian pilots flew 135,265 hours during the war, partook in 5,318 air raids, hit 224 Republican and other ships, engaged in 266 aerial combats reported to have shot down 903 Republican and allied planes and lost around 180 pilots and aircrew killed in action.

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labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced it by holding it responsible for anticlerical activities, such as shutting down Catholic schools, killing of priests and nuns by exalted mobs and desecrating religious buildings.

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Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders, and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told to agree to the plan, significant shipments already having taken place. Portugal would not accept observers but agreed to personnel attached to the British embassy in

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had the world's fourth-largest reserve of gold, at about US$ 750 million, despite some assets being frozen by the French and the British governments. The Soviets also sent more than 2,000 personnel and $ 81,000,000 in financial aid, the armory, mainly

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The Franco-British arms embargo allowed the Republican government to receive material aid and purchase arms only from the Soviet Union and Mexico. To pay for the armaments, the Republicans used US$ 500 million in gold reserves. At the start of the war, the

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policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, a covert aim being to avoid any direct or indirect help to the Republic. Public opinion was divided, with a clear majority demanding another major war to be avoided. A large part of the

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followed American neutrality laws and moved quickly to ban arms sales to both sides. On 5 August 1936, the United States had made it known that it would follow a policy of non-intervention but failed to announce it officially. Five days later, the

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criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.

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The Republic sent its gold reserve to the Soviet Union to pay for arms and supplies. The reserve was worth $ 500,000,000 in 1939 prices. In 1956, the Soviet Union announced that Spain still owed it $ 50,000,000. Other estimates of Soviet and

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Also, 91 Italian warships and submarines participated during and after the war, sank about 72,800 tons of shipping and lost 38 sailors killed in action. Italy presented a bill for £80,000,000 ($ 400,000,000) in 1939 prices to the Francoists.

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and the United Kingdom to deal with the day-to-day running of non-intervention. Among them, however, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy dominated, perhaps worryingly so, Soviet non-military aid was revived but not military aid.

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passed a resolution banning the export of arms to Spain. Those against the bill, including American socialists, communists, and even many liberals, suggested that the export of arms to Germany and Italy should be halted as well under the

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Soviet foreign policy considered collective security against German fascism to be a priority, and the Comintern had agreed a similar approach in 1934. It walked a thin line between pleasing France and not being seen to hinder both the

1918:, and many prominent artists and writers entered the Republic's service. As well, it attracted a large number of foreign left-wing working-class men for whom the war offered not only an idealistic adventure but also an escape from 1716:; some German products were later re-exported to Republican Spain. However, GPCC was selling also its own arms, as the company operated a number of factories and partially from Spanish sales, it became the largest Greek company. 472:

enquired whether the government would allow the sale of eight bombers to the Republicans; the response was negative. The United States also confirmed that it would not take part in several mediation attempts, including by the

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for mutual support in exile), although there were also recruits from other organizations or from individual initiative. Many had to cross the border from France to Spain, to end up joining the military units of the Carlist

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did not support any side of the war, but over time, the Polish government increasingly tended to prefer the Nationalists. Sales to the Republicans were motivated exclusively by economic interest. Since Poland was bound by

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Westerlund, Lars: Cirkus Collani : de finländska SS-frivilliga 1941–43 : en sedesskildring baserad på de frivilligas egna berättelser, s. 122. Helsinki: Books on Demand, 2017. ISBN 978-951-568-17196-4-1.

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believed that a significant control effort was the best solution to attacks on British shipping. The committee decided that naval patrols did not justify the expense and would be replaced with observers at ports.

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On 12 November, plans to post observers to Spanish frontiers and ports to prevent breaches of the agreement were ratified. France and the United Kingdom became divided on whether to recognise Franco's forces as a

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Volunteer troops from other countries fought with the Nationalists but are not as well known as the Republican volunteers because only a few fought as national units. Among the latter was the 500-strong French

905:' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the 1704:'s dictatorship sympathised with the Nationalists. Greece joined the non-intervention policy in August 1936, but from the onset, the government connived at arms sales to both sides. The official vendor was 165:, and Portugal, whose presence had been a Soviet requirement, was not represented. The second meeting took place on 14 September. It established a subcommittee to be attended by representatives of Belgium, 193:

replaced Morrison as the British representative. The Conservative member often adjourned meetings to the benefit of the Italians and Germans, and the committee was accused of having an anti-Soviet bias.

584:). The use of the troops supported political goals of the German and Italian fascist leaderships, tested new tactics and provided combat experience so that troops would be prepared for any future war. 75: 88:, which responded to antiwar sentiment. France was also worried that sympathisers of the Nationalists would cause a civil war in France. Non-intervention was part of a policy aimed at preventing a 219:. Zones of patrol were assigned to each of the four nations, and an International Board was set up to administer the scheme. There were assurances by Italy that it would not end non-intervention. 2116:, the centuries-long Spanish struggle against the Moors, was invoked. Only a few appeals during the first months of the war were aimed at convincing the 'Moorish proletarian brother' to desert". 798:

held tense relations with the Republic since it held Portuguese dissidents to his regime. Portugal played a critical role in supplying the Nationalists with ammunition and logistical resources.

1577:. The Republic was continuously swindled and shortchanged in its purchases, and the conduct was characterised by the historian Gerald Howson characterised as "treacherous and indefensible". 1422:

Over 1,000 volunteers from other nations served in the Nationalist forces, including Filipino Mestizos, Britons, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, White Russians, Welsh People, Belgians, and Turks.

1504:. The largest number of Soviets in Spain at any time is believed to have been 700, and the total during the war is thought to have been between 2,000 and 3,000. Estimates for the pilots of 133:

Each movement of the Non-Intervention Committee has been made to serve the cause of the rebellion… This Committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known.

6102: 1393:, as well as another offer to integrate 800 experienced officers into Franco's army (since there was no money to pay for Russian trips to Spain). So they ended up being mostly part of the 1155:

Outside of Ireland (see below), fighting for the Nationalist cause seems not to have held much appeal in the English-speaking world, according to historian Hugh Thomas. British journalist

1667:, Polish governmental officials and the military disguised sales as commercial transactions mediated by international brokers and targeting customers in various countries, principally in 2034:. An estimated 3,000 volunteers fought in other Republican forces during the conflict. Additionally, about 10,000 foreigners participated in medical, nursing and engineering capacities. 2144: 5877: 886:

although the Nationalist flag was still not officially recognised. By 1938, Vatican City had already officially recognised the Nationalists, one of the first countries to do so.

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proving successful in the early stages of the war. Operations gradually expanded to include strike targets, and there was a German contribution to many of the war's battles. The

619:, CTV). Italians also served in the Spanish-Italian Flechas Brigades and Divisions. The airborne component of Aeronautica pilots and ground crew were known as "Aviation Legion" ( 2253: 742:, on 26 April 1937, would be the most controversial event of German involvement, with perhaps 200 to 300 civilians killed. German involvement also included Operation Ursula, a 1072:, including veterans already fighting for Franco, made multiple attempts at creating a separate Russian unit; however, all these motions were reviewed and ultimately rejected. 538:, an undersecretary at the Spanish Foreign Ministry, stated that "without American petroleum and American trucks, and American credit, we could never have won the Civil War". 2043: 1497: 534:

and illegally supplied gasoline on credit to Franco. Despite being fined $ 20,000, the company continued its credit arrangement until the war ended. After the war had ended,

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In May, the committee noted two attacks on the patrol's ships by Republican aircraft. It iterated calls for the withdrawal of volunteers from Spain, condemned the bombing of

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participating in combat and advisory positions. The governments of Italy, Germany and, to a lesser extent, Portugal contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to the

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was also asked to accept but held his hand. On 9 August, French exports were suspended. Portugal accepted the pact on 13 August unless its border was threatened by the war.

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Good basic introduction to the subject in a readable and well-illustrated format. Author made several visits to battlefields and interviewed veterans in the 1980s and 90's.

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also fought in the Nationalist ranks. They were religious Catholics and felt that they were fighting a crusade or a reconquista against atheists, communists and anarchists.

1389:, without greater autonomy. This was due to the fact that there were financial problems in sending their own Russian detachments, of 1000 soldiers, under the flag of the 3876: 1684:, they might have accounted for 50% of all arms delivered. After the Soviet Union, Poland was the second largest arms supplier for the Republic. After the Soviet Union, 1751:

The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the Spanish Republic. Mexico refused to follow the French and British non-intervention proposals. Mexican President

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Anticlericalism and the murder of 4,000 clergy and many more nuns by the Republicans made many Catholic writers and intellectuals cast their lot with Franco, including

1083:), led a group of seven Legionaries who visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement to the Nationalists by presenting a ceremonial sword to survivors of the 1413:

and other units of the National Army. At the end of hostilities, Russian volunteers were discharged with titles and awards, as well as receiving Spanish nationality.

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in 1937 in which both the Nationalist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the

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moderately successful. Ultimately, the air superiority, which allowed certain parts of the Legion to excel, would not be replicated because of the unsuccessful 1940

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Germany signed. The Soviet Union was keen not to be left out, and on 23 August, it agreed to the Non-Intervention Agreement, which was followed by a decree from

1273:(begun 1934) details the anarchist-communist conflict in the years preceding the war; though it is not a Spanish Civil War novel, it is often mistaken for one. 813:. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting Franco, including by insisting to the British government that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's 5526: 428:, who initially was an enthusiastic supporter of non-intervention, later described the workings of the committee as "an elaborate system of official humbug". 5592: 2268: 2039: 35:. Some nations that declared neutrality favored the nationalists indirectly. The governments of the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, Mexico, aided the 5948: 5729: 717: 5773: 2135:

propaganda, which had presented Moors as brutal and savage. The presence of Italian and German troops on the rebels' side was hidden as much as possible.

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involved felt they were fighting a jihad against atheists and communists. Another motivation was money and gaining a foothold in the (Iberian) peninsula".

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they would be too partial. Germany and Italy requested for land controls to be kept and for belligerent rights to be given to the Nationalists to allow

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aid totaled £81,000,000 ($ 405,000,000) at 1939 values. The German military attaché estimated that Soviet and Comintern aid amounted to the following:

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spoke out against the Non-Intervention Agreement and claimed that it put the rebel Nationalists on the same footing as the Republican government. The

69: 443:, criticised the way it had been agreed by calling it "a gross betrayal ... two and a half years of hypocritical pretense of non-intervention". 6079: 5778: 1633: 1142: 190: 146: 5621: 5407:

Tuma, Ali Al (2011). "The Participation of Moorish Troops in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39): Military Value, Motivations, and Religious Aspects".

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was split since it had a strong anticommunist faction. Both the British and the French governments were committed to avoiding a second world war.

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After the war, several American politicians and statesmen identified the US policy of isolation as disastrous. That narrative changed during the

5960: 5795: 705: 559: 36: 1891:, which were organised in close conjunction with the Comintern to aid the Spanish Republicans. Perhaps another 3,000 fought as members of the 5845: 5216: 5197: 5100: 5066: 5031: 5012: 4961: 4940: 4887: 4810: 4756: 4693: 4674: 4644: 4603: 4584: 4560: 4539: 1892: 1653: 1041: 5869: 5833: 588:

airplanes, sent by Mussolini, arrived in Spain. The maximum number of Italians in Spain fighting for the Nationalists, was 50,000 in 1937.

330: 5547: 3822: 324:, believed that a victory for Franco was in Britain's best interests and so worked to support the Nationalists. British Foreign Secretary 96: 3764: 5849: 5828: 5753: 2064:

Approximately a third of Irishmen who fought for Republicans died, primarily socialists, trade unionists, and former IRA members. The "

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was the Soviet Union, and the Nationalists received weapons from Italy mainly and Germany. The last Spanish Republican prime minister,

5972: 5237: 4919: 4622: 2003: 1712:. The company partially took advantage of the earlier Schacht Plan, a German-Greek credit agreement that enabled Greek purchases from 722:

Despite the German signing of a non-intervention agreement in September 1936, various forms of aid and military support were given by

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320,000,000 small arms cartridges, 7,514,537 artillery rounds, 1,414 aircraft motors, 1,672 tons of aircraft bombs and 240,747 rifles.

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Foreign press coverage of the Spanish Civil War was extensive, with around 1000 foreign newspaper correspondents working from Spain.

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Nuñez Seixas, Xose Manoel (15 September 2005). "Nations in arms against the invader". In Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (eds.).

5936: 5854: 1709: 894: 436:. On 17 March 1938, Blum reopened the French border to arms traffic, and Soviet arms flowed in to the Republicans in Barcelona. 6027: 5722: 3910: 3729:

Juusela, Jyrki: Suomalaiset Espanjan sisällissodassa, s. 354–361, 371–372. Helsinki: Atena-kustannus, 2003. ISBN 951-79632-4-6.

2324: 2022: 1471: 941: 474: 396:. The left in France wanted direct aid to the Republicans. The Labour Party would reject non-intervention in October 1937. The 372:. The German chargé d'affaires reported that the British were supplying ammunition to the Republicans. During the fighting for 103:

promised to study it. The British, however, immediately accepted the plan in principle. The next day, it was put to Germany by

6069: 5838: 4261: 4236: 1685: 1102:

Several hundreds of Finns volunteered for the war. The volunteers had usually been involved in fascist activism in Finland:

789: 592: 57: 6017: 5989: 2095:

Patriotism was invoked by both sides, which presented the struggle as one of the Spanish people against foreign invaders.

2011: 801:

Direct military involvement involved "semi-official" endorsement by Salazar of a volunteer force of 8,000 to 12,000; the "

1994:

used a fake report of his death at the battlefront to promote his movies. In the Philippines, a pro-Republican magazine,

439:

Britain and France officially recognized the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939. The leader of the Labour Party,

5808: 1632:. Another NKVD-led operation was the shooting down in December 1936 of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the 1613: 1505: 1496:

According to an official Soviet source, more than 2,000 Soviet citizens served in Spain, many of them being awarded the

60:. Tens of thousands of individual foreign volunteers travelled to Spain to fight, the majority for the Republican side. 1871: 535: 5161:

Stone, Glyn (1997). "Sir Robert Vansittart and Spain, 1931–1941". In Otte, Thomas G.; Pagedas, Constantine A. (eds.).

2366: 2352:

Alpert (1998) p.65 notes that rank-and-file members of the Labour Party may have been opposed to helping the Republic.

1852: 1001: 1107: 104: 4472: 1719:

Most Greek sales went to the Republic. For the Spaniards the deals were negotiated by Grigori Rosenberg, the son of

6049: 5715: 1377: 1347: 969: 389: 362: 44: 1708:, or Greek Powder and Cartridge Company (GPCC), and the key personality behind the deal was the head of the GPCC, 1276:

Even though the Mexican government supported the Republicans, most of the Mexican population, such as the peasant

5758: 3677:

An Anti-Communist on the Eastern Front: The Memoirs of a Russian Officer in the Spanish Blue Division (1941-1942)

145:

Non-Intervention Agreement. The committee first met in London on 9 September 1936. It was chaired by the British

890: 5859: 5818: 2104: 1501: 1319: 1254: 855: 835: 495: 5370:

Tierney, D (2004). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Covert Aid to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39".

1285: 675:

fighters, 70 Romeo 37 fighters, 28 Romeo 41 fighters and 10 other fighter planes and 68 reconnaissance planes;

1879:

Volunteers from many countries fought in Spain, most of them for the Republicans. About 32,000 fought in the

6039: 5965: 5813: 5576: 5487: 2259: 2195: 1958: 1884: 1292:; it led to the deaths of many people as well as the suppression of popular religious Mexican celebrations. 847: 615: 577: 469: 456: 293: 206:

with the possibility of defeat, which Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union in particular were keen to avoid.

40: 1596:

Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (

627: 6012: 5919: 5691: 4953:

Dos siglos de bribones y algún malandrín: Crónica de la corrupción en España desde el SXIX a la actualidad

3720:

André Swanström : Suomalaiset SS-miehet ja sotarikokset, Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura 11.10.2017

2031: 1907:. Around 2,000 Portuguese leftists fought for the Republicans and were spread throughout different units. 1880: 1659: 1625: 1466: 1448: 1410: 926: 794: 731: 660: 656: 451: 433: 354: 289: 229: 162: 123:

banning exports of war matérial to Spain, thereby bringing the Soviets into line with the Western powers.

3877:""Rusos blankos" в Гражданской войне в Испании: судьбы русских эмигрантов в документах испанских архивов" 1621: 1406: 5803: 3936: 2077: 1658:

Polish arms sales to Republican Spain took place between September 1936 and February 1939. Politically,

1641: 1637: 1381: 1369: 906: 397: 345:

favoured the Nationalists during the conflict. As well as permitting Franco to set up a signals base in

1762:

The Mexican government's attitude was an immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since major

1752: 1739:, a Greek aviation company, also sold at least 60 aircraft to the Republican Air Force, consisting of 6062: 5174: 2207: 1998:, had writers, including antifascist Spaniards, Filipino-Spaniards and Filipino progressives such as 1987: 1948: 1361: 1127: 826: 621: 385: 5293:

Alpert, Michael (1999). "The Clash of Spanish Armies: Contrasting Ways of War in Spain, 1936–1939".

6044: 5684: 2286: 2163: 2057:

from various countries. About 200 volunteers were from Palestine (of both Jewish and Arab origin).

1928: 1617: 1338:'s government passed a law prohibiting volunteers from leaving for Spain to fight for either side. 1258: 1227: 1219: 1203: 1163:

battalion for the Nationalists and was wounded. Thomas Krock, son of the famed American journalist

1156: 739: 297: 262: 186: 4973:

Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War

3937:"Shinkarenko, de perder la guerra civil en Rusia a ganarla en España - Jot Down Cultural Magazine" 2119:

Nationalist sentiment was used by the Nationalists to present the struggle as one for the Spanish

2112:

were supposedly wild and cowardly, uncivilized and anxious to rape white women; the memory of the

1911: 1060:

fought for the Nationalists. In 1937, Franco turned down separate offers of national legions from

6057: 6033: 5475: 5424: 5395: 5387: 5358: 5329: 5115: 5041: 4866: 4785: 4722: 2201: 1787: 1756: 1713: 1581:

useless by a lack of ammunition. However, many of the purchases fell far short of that standard.

1368:(a political doctrine to which they were very similar), as well as to continue the international 1033: 985: 851: 830: 633: 519: 507: 478: 393: 252: 235: 1357: 1335: 1069: 776: 223: 5551: 2072:, an Irish socialist leader who had been executed by the British for participating in the 1916 595:

participated in the conflict by a body of volunteers from the ranks of the Italian Royal Army (

5738: 5467: 5252: 5233: 5212: 5193: 5138: 5119: 5096: 5062: 5027: 5008: 4957: 4936: 4915: 4883: 4858: 4806: 4771: 4752: 4708: 4689: 4670: 4640: 4618: 4599: 4580: 4556: 4535: 4257: 4232: 4112: 3888: 3680: 2213: 2176: 2171: 2038:

Kingdom (2,000 with 500 killed and 1,200 wounded). There were also 1,500 Czechoslovaks, 1,500

1999: 1815: 1605: 1250: 1135: 1065: 755: 697: 693: 603: 527: 425: 244: 178: 19: 5230:

FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America

5416: 5379: 5350: 5341:

Sullivan, Brian R. (1995). "Fascist Italy's military involvement in the Spanish Civil War".

5319: 4850: 4102: 2280: 2263: 2007: 1953: 1919: 1740: 1720: 1586: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1111: 1084: 701: 112: 53: 32: 1938:

was loosely inspired by his experiences and those of other members of POUM at the hands of

1314: 664: 361:. The Royal Navy also provided information on Republican shipping to the Nationalists, and 5929: 5600: 4976: 2299: 2065: 1978: 1811: 1807: 1701: 1609: 1601: 1440: 1309: 1207: 1119: 1049: 80:

Non-intervention had been proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of

5685:"Against Fascism – Jews who served in The International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War" 1589:

and communist ideals. It was also the time of the first significant Soviet trials of the

1331: 922: 5527:"Jaime Cortesão e os antifascistas portugueses na Espanha republicana e na guerra civil" 641:, Frank L. Kluckhohn, reported on 18 August that "the presence of the Italian destroyer 2069: 1983: 1904: 1763: 1629: 1590: 1570: 1562: 1402: 1353: 1242: 1199: 1115: 1103: 1087:. In Spain, the Legionaires decided, against the orders that had been given to them in 937: 735: 597: 515: 440: 415: 350: 334: 306: 166: 150: 100: 85: 6096: 5953: 5428: 5420: 5399: 5333: 5081: 4572: 2227: 2073: 1968: 1963: 1923: 1915: 1900: 1860: 1668: 1566: 1481: 1289: 1246: 1149: 1131: 1123: 1025: 945: 727: 483: 419: 321: 314: 310: 120: 5178: 4705:

Podwójna gra : Rzeczpospolita Polska wobec hiszpańskiej wojny domowej 1936-1939

2046:(fighting mostly within the International Brigades). Future Albanian Prime Minister 1593:. The Soviet press and opposition groups were entirely against non-interventionism. 489:

On 6 January 1937, the first opportunity after the winter break, both houses of the

2245: 2219: 2047: 1759:, although Mexican society was divided, with support for each faction in the army. 1724: 1689: 1681: 1281: 1211: 1195: 1191: 1164: 1092: 930: 883: 839: 810: 747: 723: 678:

1,801 artillery pieces, 1,426 heavy and medium mortars, 6,791 trucks and 157 tanks;

609: 530:

rerouted oil tankers headed for the Republic to the Nationalist-controlled port of

464: 325: 182: 49: 5324: 5307: 1946:

within the Popular Front. His experiences also inspired the torture scenes in his

1922:

unemployment. Among the more famous foreigners participating for the Republic was

404: 5090: 5056: 4951: 4930: 4909: 4898: 4821: 4800: 4746: 4664: 4634: 4550: 4529: 2928: 2926: 613:), which were formed into an expeditionary force, the Corps of Volunteer Troops ( 353:, the British allowed the Germans to overfly Gibraltar during the airlift of the 5707: 5508: 4854: 2304: 2113: 1991: 1934: 1779: 1736: 1280:, preferred Franco and the Nationalists. Mexico had suffered from the 1926–1929 1096: 1076: 1053: 993: 973: 490: 411: 199: 158: 154: 108: 4932:

The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

284: 4998:. Madison, Wisconsin, USA; London, England, UK: University of Wisconsin Press. 4107: 2901: 2899: 2809: 2807: 2050:

would also serve as a volunteer for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War.

1973: 1939: 1834:

bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin") by Spanish Republican pilots,

1386: 1373: 1238: 1080: 1037: 672: 648:

Mussolini sent massive material aid to Italian forces in Spain that included:

569: 511: 377: 342: 338: 5471: 5383: 5308:"Fear and Loathing in Spain. Dutch Foreign Fighters in the Spanish Civil War" 5268:

An international affair: non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

4862: 3892: 5914: 5892: 5882: 5650: 5166: 4684:

Church, Clive H.; Head, Randolph C. (2013). "The shocks of war, 1914–1950".

2362: 2239: 2233: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1795: 1775: 1513: 1451:, which fought for the Nationalists, was made up mostly of Spanish citizens. 1436: 1429: 1398: 1277: 1088: 1079:, the Romanian deputy leader of the Legion of the Archangel Michael (or the 1057: 1021: 989: 369: 346: 89: 24: 5630:"From the Cristeros to General Franco: Does the Church Approve of Revolt?" 4900:

Danza de la Muerte: Greek Arms Dealing in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

3711:

Syrjö, Veli-Matti. "Haartman, Carl von (1897 - 1980)". Kansallisbiografia.

2131:

and Jewish supporters of the Republic. Nationalists were forced to ignore

1826:

On 21 August 1936, France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement. However,

1234:, initially supported Franco but later grew disenchanted with both sides. 5977: 5887: 3675:

Kovalevskii, Vladimir (2023). Oleg Beyda and Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (ed.).

1943: 1839: 1830:'s government provided some aircraft to the Republicans by covert means. 1767: 1171: 997: 981: 953: 871: 802: 771: 542: 531: 185:

convinced Monteiro to have Portugal join the Non-Intervention Committee.

5479: 3679:. Yorkshire – Philadelphia: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 14, 18. 1508:

from the Soviet Union who took part in the conflict are given at 1,000.

572:

poster stating, "The claw of the Italian invader intends to enslave us".

403:

France was reliant on British support in general. French Prime Minister

5391: 5362: 2132: 2128: 2124: 1856: 1791: 1728: 1490: 1365: 1175: 1160: 1091:, to join the Spanish Foreign Legion. Within days of joining, Moța and 1061: 1009: 1005: 957: 902: 638: 523: 358: 5249:

La guerra que ganó Franco historia militar de la Guerra Civil española

4870: 3851: 2076:. Both Nationalist and Republican Irish Volunteers were led by former 1138:

who was a famous film director also volunteered for the Nationalists.

518:

sold a total of 12,000 trucks to the Nationalists. The American-owned

4688:. Cambridge Concise Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2084: 1771: 1705: 1700:

Greece maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic, but

1676: 1672: 1574: 1558: 1401:) among these volunteers that included all the peoples of the former 1179: 1045: 1013: 965: 949: 867: 743: 668: 410:

The arms embargo meant that the Republicans' chief foreign source of

373: 216: 170: 81: 5354: 2087:

named Mustafa İbrahim would serve in the 14th International Brigade

1723:, and Máximo José Kahn Mussabaun, the Spanish representative in the 631:). About 6,000 Italians are estimated to have died in the conflict. 526:

refused to sell to Republican ships at the outbreak of the war. The

2184:

Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

5622:"'God's Battle': O'Duffy's Irish Brigade in the Spanish Civil War" 2109: 1799: 1783: 1425: 1313: 1257:

voiced support for the Nationalists. Brasillach collaborated with

1095:, another prominent Legionary, were killed on the Madrid Front at 1017: 961: 879: 775: 563: 450: 283: 257: 5163:

Personalities, war and diplomacy: essays in international history

5154:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

5092:

We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

4841:

Gretton, Peter (1975). "The Nyon Conference - The Naval Aspect".

889:

Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the war,

671:

bombers, 44 assault planes, at least 20 seaplanes, more than 300

388:

was strongly for the Republicans, but was heavily outnumbered by

5823: 5593:"Serving in Spain - the International Brigades - Archives - ANU" 2100: 1896: 1803: 1597: 1486: 977: 792:

was officially neutral but favoured the Nationalists. Salazar's

5711: 4487:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan ikinci Türk: Tabii ki devrimci!" 1167:, was among the few Americans who fought for the Nationalists. 726:

in support of the Nationalists, including the formation of the

564: 376:, the Royal Navy supported the Nationalist line that the River 43:. The aid came even after all the European powers had signed a 2932: 2905: 2890: 2878: 2813: 1326:

to support the Nationalists and fight against the Republicans.

788:

Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister

545:, when Franco was viewed as an ally against the Soviet Union. 76:

List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War

4275: 4273: 368:

was used to prevent the Republican navy shelling the port of

317:

elements on the left strongly favoured the Republican cause.

99:

presented the French government's non-intervention plan, and

1899:) militias. Those fighting with POUM most famously included 3521: 3519: 1600:) in the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including 1182:

named Fahri Tanman volunteered for the nationalist forces.

3911:"Участие русских эмигрантов в гражданской войне в Испании" 3506: 3504: 1145:, they became a prominent part of the Legion's mythology. 817:, not Mussolini's Fascist Italy or Hitler's Nazi Germany. 645:

here means that an ally has come to help the insurgents".

506:

Some American businesses supported Franco. The automakers

463:

When the Spanish Civil War erupted, US Secretary of State

5575:. Asociación de Aviadores de la República. Archived from 4880:

Arms for Spain, The Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War

4371: 4369: 3110: 3108: 2943: 2941: 2704: 2702: 1875:

American veterans displaying the brigade's banner in 1967

1851:

Other countries selling arms to the Republicans included

1352:

There were several Tsarist Russian soldiers from the old

1126:

in Germany. Some Nationalist volunteers later joined the

625:) and the contingent of submariners as Submarine Legion ( 5458:

H., S. A. (1937). "Spain: The British Compromise Plan".

5251:(1a. en Colección booket ed.). Barcelona: Planeta. 3634: 3632: 3630: 3443: 3441: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3315: 3006: 3004: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2734: 2732: 2719: 2717: 2665: 2663: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 1692:, Poland was the fourth-largest arms supplier to Spain. 1616:

led operations that included the murders of the Catalan

1159:

was among the few who did, serving as an officer with a

929:, which was formed mostly from members of the far-right 730:

as a land and air force, with German efforts to fly the

313:

and so tended to prefer a Nationalist victory. However,

5312:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

5078:

The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge

3383: 3381: 2575: 2573: 2486: 2484: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2415: 2413: 2145:

List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

936:

Another 11,100 volunteers from countries as diverse as

92:

and the escalation of the war into a second world war.

5548:"How Moscow robbed Spain of its gold in the Civil War" 4101:, Yale University Press, pp. i–viii, 2017-12-31, 2471: 2469: 1986:

used the opportunity to develop the special skills of

1068:, which had been made by foreign sympathisers. Exiled 874:

used its influence to lobby for the rebels. During an

4051:

Viñas, A. (1976) "The Gold, the Soviet Union": pp.233

3765:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan tek Türk: Ama faşist!" 3071: 3069: 3067: 1895:(CNT) and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( 4552:

A New International History of the Spanish Civil War

4531:

A New International History of the Spanish Civil War

4473:"The Spanish Civil War's forgotten Arab Republicans" 2055:

between 3,000 and 10,000 of the volunteers were Jews

1152:

fought with the Falange militia in the war in 1937.

870:. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the 6005: 5905: 5868: 5794: 5787: 5746: 5112:

The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes

2210:(Aviation Legion) – Italian expeditionary air force 2030:Probably 32,000 foreigners fought in the communist 1269:travels to Spain to fight for the Falange. Lewis's 1265:, and the protagonist in Drieu La Rochelle's novel 111:, direct or indirect. Portuguese Foreign Minister 5005:Britain, Italy, Germany and the Spanish Civil War 4911:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War: 1931–1939 2103:, Nationalist rhetoric that was developed by the 1237:Many artists with right-wing sympathies, such as 901:The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National 6103:International reactions to the Spanish Civil War 5607:. No. 123. Communist League, UK. April 1996 2068:" of the International Brigades was named after 1926:, who went on to write about his experiences in 1322:, an Irish fascist movement that dispatched the 831:1934 murder of priests and religious in Asturias 704:, also served in the Aviation Legion during the 652:one cruiser, four destroyers and two submarines; 4768:The Spanish Civil War : a military history 4435: 1914:for the left-leaning intelligentsia across the 899: 130: 5672:"Arabs on both sides of the Spanish civil war" 5447:"Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past" 5277:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground 5135:Historical dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 4360: 4194: 1982:, is also based on his Civil War experiences. 1110:and joined the Spanish Foreign Legion, as did 5723: 4738:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War 2594:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War 1397:There were also other nationalities (such as 1376:communism. The vast majority belonged to the 288:Plaque honouring the British soldiers of the 8: 5601:"The Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War" 4802:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation 4499: 4254:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers 4229:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers 4190: 3650: 3420: 2269:Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War 2254:Fuerza Aérea de la República Española (FARE) 2026:Polish volunteers fighting for the Republic. 1380:(a military organization of veterans of the 1141:After the extravagant and widely-publicised 169:, France, Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, 1356:(who settled in Spain and France after the 718:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 139:Claude Bowers, American ambassador to Spain 5791: 5730: 5716: 5708: 5046:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5024:A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War 4790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4727:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4636:The silent Holocaust: Romania and its Jews 4411: 3788: 3525: 2385:gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks. 1962:was inspired by his experiences in Spain. 1727:consulate. Shipments set off usually from 1302:Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War 5323: 5211:(4th ed.). Random House Publishing. 4106: 3968: 3510: 1640:, carried extensive documentation on the 280:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War 70:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War 4820:Gannes, Harry; Repard, Theodore (1936). 4459: 3585: 3540:, pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427. 3495: 3483: 3471: 3387: 3046: 2382: 2021: 1870: 1634:International Committee of the Red Cross 1470: 834: 455:The flag of an unidentified unit of the 4617:. Illustrated by Mike Chappell. Elite. 4615:International Brigades in Spain 1936–39 4511: 4387: 4348: 4198: 4154: 4015: 3980: 3909:Васильевич, Окороков Александр (2016). 3875:Викторович, Марковчин Владимир (2016). 3747: 3621: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3321: 3306: 3294: 3258: 3210: 3138: 3114: 3058: 2959: 2947: 2708: 2397: 2316: 2256:– Second Republic and Soviet Air forces 1628:and the independent left-wing activist 1475:Soviet officer in Spain, September 1936 746:undertaking and contributions from the 5670:Moshiri, Nazanine (1 September 2016). 5550:. Guardian Media Group. Archived from 5039: 4833:История Второй Мировой войны 1939–1945 4783: 4720: 4447: 4423: 4399: 4375: 4336: 4315: 4291: 4279: 4214: 4202: 4166: 4130: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4039: 4027: 4003: 3956: 3930: 3928: 3904: 3902: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3758: 3756: 3597: 3561: 3537: 3447: 3432: 3408: 3336: 3282: 3270: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3126: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2917: 2866: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2723: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2579: 2564: 2552: 2535: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2475: 2460: 2448: 2419: 2370: 2340: 2325:pt:Armindo Rodrigues de Sttau Monteiro 1557:Much of the material was purchased in 1318:The St. Patrick's saltire flag of the 560:Italian military intervention in Spain 5651:"Otros 'mártires' de la Guerra Civil" 5133:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). 5110:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2005). 4950:Ordoñez, Miguel Ángel (12 May 2014). 4178: 4142: 3763:Alpaslan, Kavel (16 September 2017). 3699: 3662: 3638: 3609: 3573: 3549: 2933:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2906:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2891:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2879:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2814:Bulletin of International News (1937) 2431: 2404: 2091:Patriotism invoked to oppose invaders 1654:Polish arms sales to Republican Spain 1550:over 69,000 tons of war material, and 1547:1,000,000,000 machine gun cartridges, 1143:funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin 780:Emblem of the Portuguese volunteers " 7: 5445:Abdennebi, Zakia (15 January 2009). 4703:Ciechanowski, Jan Stanisław (2014). 4598:(Reissued ed.). Penguin Books. 4303: 3991: 3459: 1435:Approximately 75,000 Moroccan Arabs 341:, was an admirer of Franco, and the 5525:Arranja, Álvaro (30 January 2021). 4956:(in Spanish). Editorial Edaf, S.L. 4745:De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2001). 2159:International relations (1919–1939) 1405:. In turn, the general and writer, 177:Meanwhile, the 1936 meeting of the 5306:Kruizinga, Samuël (3 March 2020). 5192:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row. 4666:The Spanish Republic and Civil War 2004:Socialist Party of the Philippines 1893:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1859:. Also, $ 2,000,000 came from the 14: 5058:The Triumph of Democracy in Spain 4663:Casanova, Julián (29 July 2010). 4656:Britain and the Spanish Civil War 4549:Alpert, Michael (29 March 1998). 1439:fought in the Nationalist ranks. 1306:Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War) 1114:who had been part of the fascist 827:Cooperation of the Spanish Church 381:citizens to support either side. 292:who died while they defended the 5620:Dorney, John (24 October 2018). 5421:10.1179/204243411X13026863176501 5137:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 4897:Inglis, Sarah Elizabeth (2014). 4748:Franco and the Spanish Civil War 4707:(Wydanie I ed.). Warszawa. 4686:A Concise History of Switzerland 4528:Alpert, Michael (28 June 1994). 4256:(in German). Konkret Literatur. 1710:Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis 895:University of the Basque Country 265:, were seen to accept the plan. 243:warfare began on 12 August. The 39:, also called Loyalists, of the 5372:Journal of Contemporary History 4805:. Manchester University Press. 3935:G, Ricardo Jonás (2023-11-27). 2198:– Italian expeditionary forces 1553:over 29,000 tons of ammunition. 1500:and 59 being awarded the title 1263:Histoire de la Guerre d'Espagne 850:such as the Republican General 475:Organization of American States 5649:Montero, Manuel (6 May 2007). 5460:Bulletin of International News 5055:Preston, Paul (19 June 2004). 4935:. Cambridge University Press. 4903:(MA). Simon Fraser University. 4826:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 4669:. Cambridge University Press. 4639:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2230:– German expeditionary forces 1755:saw the war as similar as the 1218:and those associated with the 915:Nationalist foreign volunteers 64:International non-intervention 18:international response to the 1: 5634:FSSPX.Actualités / FSSPX.News 5507:Wood, Danny (26 April 2007). 5325:10.1080/13507486.2019.1699505 4843:The English Historical Review 4658:. Cambridge University Press. 2248:– German navy submarine units 2012:Philippine Independent Church 1976:'s autobiographical trilogy, 1122:. Karvonen opted to join the 706:Italian military intervention 320:The ambassador to Spain, Sir 296:at the monument on Hill 705, 161:. Germany was represented by 6108:Soviet Union–Spain relations 5266:Watters, William E. (1971). 4996:The Franco regime, 1936–1975 4766:Esdaile, Charles J. (2019). 4613:Bradley, Ken (26 May 1994). 1966:reported on the war for the 1889:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 1743:fighters and R-33 trainers. 1665:non-intervention obligations 1614:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov 1506:Spanish Republican Air Force 1395:Tercio Doña María de Molina. 876:International Art Exhibition 149:. France was represented by 5564:: review of Gerald Howson, 5343:Journal of Military History 4971:Othen, Christopher (2008). 4831:Гречко, А. А., ed. (1974). 4736:Coverdale, John F. (1976). 2592:Coverdale, John F. (1976). 2367:US House of Representatives 2053:It has been estimated that 1863:for humanitarian purposes. 1624:, the socialist journalist 1544:4,000,000 artillery shells, 897:, commented on 6 May 2007: 790:António de Oliveira Salazar 700:, along with others in the 655:763 aircraft, including 64 576:The Italians provided the " 58:António de Oliveira Salazar 6124: 5591:ANU Archives, ed. (n.d.). 4994:Payne, Stanley G. (1987). 4984:Payne, Stanley G. (1970). 3881:Новый исторический вестник 3421:Gannes & Repard (1936) 2214:Regia Aeronautica Italiana 2142: 1814:, which had served in the 1721:well-known Soviet diplomat 1651: 1604:("Comandante Contreras"), 1535:15,000 heavy machine guns, 1464: 1378:Russian All-Military Union 1362:traditionalist monarchical 1348:Russian All-Military Union 1345: 1299: 1288:tried to enforce militant 858:, who opposed the rebels. 824: 769: 715: 557: 390:British Conservative Party 277: 127:Non-Intervention Committee 73: 67: 45:Non-Intervention Agreement 6040:Government during the war 5683:Sugarman, Martin (n.d.). 5232:. Duke University Press. 5228:Tierney, Dominic (2007). 4908:Jackson, Gabriel (1965). 4855:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLIV.103 4835:. Vol. 2. Воениздат. 4534:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 4108:10.12987/9780300162141-fm 3915:Журнал Института Наследия 3665:, pp. 177, 164, 139. 2361:It passed by 81-0 in the 2294:Economic aid and dealings 2216:– Royal Italian Air Force 1883:, including the American 1106:had been involved in the 578:Corps of Volunteer Troops 274:United Kingdom and France 269:National non-intervention 5546:Ascherson, Neal (1998). 5533:(in European Portuguese) 5509:"The legacy of Guernica" 5384:10.1177/0022009404044440 5061:. Taylor & Francis. 4412:Church & Head (2013) 4327:Werstein (1969). p. 139. 4075:, pp. 636, 640–643. 2300:Rio Tinto Mining Concern 2220:La Regia Marina Italiana 2105:Communist Party of Spain 1867:International volunteers 1541:30,000 sub-machine guns, 1523:703 pieces of artillery, 1502:Hero of the Soviet Union 1320:National Corporate Party 1255:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle 866:nominally-revolutionary 549:Support for Nationalists 309:population was strongly 157:and the Soviet Union by 5788:Political organizations 5694:/Jewish Military Museum 5279:. Ian Allan publishing. 4878:Howson, Gerald (1998). 4799:Gallagher, Tom (1983). 4633:Butnaru, I. C. (1992). 4594:Beevor, Antony (2001). 4252:Raab, Antonius (1984). 4227:Raab, Antonius (1984). 2260:Polish Brigade in Spain 2202:Regio Esercito Italiano 2196:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 2190:Military forces and aid 2083:A 47 year old man from 1990:. As a casual visitor, 1959:For Whom the Bell Tolls 1456:Support for Republicans 848:Spanish Republican Army 616:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 582:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 503:between 1937 and 1938. 470:Glenn L. Martin Company 457:Abraham Lincoln Brigade 41:Second Spanish Republic 6023:Evacuation of children 5920:International Brigades 5692:Jewish Virtual Library 5275:Westwell, Ian (2004). 5152:Steiner, Zara (2013). 5089:Preston, Paul (2008). 5076:Preston, Paul (2006). 5022:Preston, Paul (1986). 5007:. Edwin Mellen Press. 5003:Podmore, Will (1998). 4986:The Spanish Revolution 4654:Buchanan, Tom (1997). 4555:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4436:Daily Telegraph (2006) 2177:Naftali Botwin Company 2139:Foreign correspondents 2032:International Brigades 2027: 2018:International Brigades 2002:, the chairman of the 1881:International Brigades 1876: 1476: 1467:International Brigades 1449:Spanish Foreign Legion 1447:Despite its name, the 1411:Spanish Foreign Legion 1327: 927:Spanish Foreign Legion 912: 842: 785: 661:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 657:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 607:) and the Royal Navy ( 573: 536:José María Doussinague 496:Neutrality Act of 1935 460: 434:British Foreign Office 331:Admiral Lord Chatfield 301: 290:International Brigades 239:volunteer withdrawal. 163:Joachim von Ribbentrop 142: 5518:Web and other sources 5247:Vidal, César (2007). 5209:The Spanish Civil War 5207:Thomas, Hugh (2001). 5190:The Spanish Civil War 5188:Thomas, Hugh (1986). 5180:The Spanish Civil War 4596:The Spanish Civil War 4361:Romero Salvadó (2005) 4231:. Konkret Literatur. 4195:Romero Salvadó (2013) 2078:Irish Republican Army 2025: 1874: 1642:Paracuellos massacres 1620:communist politician 1612:and most prominently 1474: 1382:Imperial Russian Army 1372:in a crusade against 1317: 1286:Plutarco Elías Calles 1148:The Norwegian writer 907:Historical Memory Law 838: 779: 659:bombers, at least 90 628:Sottomarini Legionari 567: 454: 398:Trades Union Congress 287: 105:André François-Poncet 4577:The Battle for Spain 4169:, pp. 246, 273. 3564:, pp. 116, 198. 2222:– Royal Italian Navy 2208:Aviazione Legionaria 2204:– Royal Italian Army 2044:at least 80 Irishmen 1988:battlefield medicine 1972:. The third part of 1949:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1671:; 54 shipments from 1271:The Revenge for Love 1128:Finnish SS Battalion 893:, a lecturer at the 622:Aviazione Legionaria 601:), Royal Air Force ( 482:German influence in 386:British Labour Party 6018:Concentration camps 5907:Foreign involvement 5492:www.telegraph.co.uk 5488:"Michael O'Riordan" 5156:. pp. 181–251. 4500:Nuñez Seixas (2005) 4426:, pp. 942–943. 4402:, pp. 941–942. 4282:, pp. 637–638. 4191:Ciechanowski (2014) 4087:, pp. 109–110. 3651:ANU Archives (n.d.) 3435:, pp. 634–635. 2828:, pp. 439–440. 2463:, pp. 257–258. 2407:, pp. 262–276. 2275:Military operations 1929:Homage to Catalonia 1910:"Spain" became the 1407:Nikolai Shinkarenko 1284:in which President 856:Basque nationalists 805:" (named after the 740:bombing of Guernica 263:Neville Chamberlain 97:Charles de Chambrun 6050:Spanish Revolution 5286:Scholarly journals 5116:Palgrave Macmillan 4770:. Abingdon, Oxon. 3856:www.izput.narod.ru 3663:Othen & (2008) 3363:, pp. 5, 139. 2236:– German air force 2028: 1877: 1788:Dominican Republic 1757:Mexican Revolution 1714:Rheinmetall-Borsig 1477: 1342:Russian volunteers 1328: 1222:. Others, such as 1108:Mäntsälä rebellion 986:Dominican Republic 852:Vicente Rojo Lluch 843: 786: 634:The New York Times 591:The government of 574: 520:Vacuum Oil Company 479:Franklin Roosevelt 461: 394:British Parliament 302: 253:Conference of Nyon 95:On 3 August 1936, 23:included many non- 6090: 6089: 5901: 5900: 5739:Spanish Civil War 5655:Revista de Prensa 5409:War & Society 5218:978-0-375-75515-6 5199:978-0-06-014278-0 5102:978-1-84529-851-7 5068:978-0-203-39296-6 5033:978-0-00-686373-1 5014:978-0-7734-8491-7 4963:978-84-414-3427-1 4942:978-1-139-44552-8 4914:. Princeton U.P. 4889:978-0-7195-5556-5 4812:978-0-7190-0876-4 4758:978-0-415-23925-7 4695:978-0-521-14382-0 4676:978-0-521-73780-7 4646:978-0-313-27985-0 4605:978-0-14-100148-7 4586:978-0-14-303765-1 4579:. Penguin Books. 4562:978-0-312-21043-4 4541:978-0-333-53438-0 4318:, pp. 46–47. 4030:, pp. 54–55. 3789:FSSPX news (2019) 3526:De Meneses (2001) 3486:, pp. 88–89. 2986:, pp. 475–6. 2777:, pp. 342–3. 2684:, pp. 283–4. 2609:, pp. 263–4. 2505:, pp. 45–46. 2365:and 406-1 in the 2172:Palafox Battalion 2000:Pedro Abad Santos 1932:. Orwell's novel 1887:and the Canadian 1885:Lincoln Battalion 1816:Mexican Air Force 1606:Iosif Grigulevich 1391:Kornilov Regiment 1370:Counterrevolution 1360:) who joined the 1251:Robert Brasillach 1136:Carl von Haartman 854:and the Catholic 756:Battle of Britain 698:Vincent Patriarca 694:Italian-Americans 637:correspondent in 604:Regia Aeronautica 528:Texas Oil Company 426:Winston Churchill 337:in charge of the 245:British Admiralty 179:League of Nations 20:Spanish Civil War 6115: 5998: 5945: 5925:Non-intervention 5792: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5689: 5679: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5625: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5512: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5483: 5454: 5432: 5403: 5366: 5337: 5327: 5318:(1–2): 134–151. 5302: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5243: 5222: 5203: 5184: 5170: 5157: 5148: 5129: 5106: 5085: 5072: 5051: 5045: 5037: 5018: 4999: 4989: 4980: 4967: 4946: 4925: 4904: 4893: 4874: 4849:(354): 103–112. 4836: 4827: 4816: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4762: 4741: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4699: 4680: 4659: 4650: 4628: 4609: 4590: 4566: 4545: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3969:Abdennebi (2009) 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3848: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3827:www.requetes.com 3819: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3511:Gallagher (1983) 3508: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2935:, pp. 9–10. 2930: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2281:Operation Ursula 2008:Gregorio Aglipay 1954:Ernest Hemingway 1944:infighting arose 1920:Great Depression 1587:world revolution 1532:300 armored cars 1358:White Emigration 1296:Irish volunteers 1259:Maurice Bardèche 1232:Georges Bernanos 1228:François Mauriac 1224:Jacques Maritain 1220:Action Française 1216:J. R. R. Tolkien 1112:Kalevi Heikkinen 1085:Siege of Alcazar 702:Italian diaspora 298:Serra de Pàndols 294:Spanish Republic 236:rights of search 191:Earl of Plymouth 187:Álvarez del Vayo 140: 113:Armindo Monteiro 54:Benito Mussolini 33:Francisco Franco 6123: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6001: 5992: 5939: 5930:Nyon Conference 5897: 5864: 5783: 5779:List of battles 5742: 5736: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5648: 5639: 5637: 5636:. 27 March 2019 5628: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5582: 5580: 5573:"Potez 540/542" 5571: 5557: 5555: 5545: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5457: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5406: 5369: 5355:10.2307/2944499 5340: 5305: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5246: 5240: 5227: 5219: 5206: 5200: 5187: 5183:(1st ed.). 5173: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5132: 5126: 5109: 5103: 5088: 5075: 5069: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4993: 4983: 4977:Reportage Press 4970: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4840: 4830: 4823:Spain in Revolt 4819: 4813: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4702: 4696: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4632: 4625: 4612: 4606: 4593: 4587: 4571: 4563: 4548: 4542: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4460:Sugarman (n.d.) 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201:, p. 312; 4193:, p. 456; 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4097:"Frontmatter", 4096: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3887:(50): 135–144. 3874: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3823:"Rusos Blancos" 3821: 3820: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3586:Casanova (2010) 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3496:Westwell (2004) 3494: 3490: 3484:Westwell (2004) 3482: 3478: 3472:Westwell (2004) 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3394: 3388:Sullivan (1995) 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3047:Buchanan (1997) 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2881:, pp. 4–5. 2877: 2873: 2865: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2542: 2534: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2383:Westwell (2004) 2381: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2328:(in Portuguese) 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2289:– Legion Condor 2287:Operation Rügen 2155: 2147: 2141: 2093: 2066:Connolly Column 2020: 1979:A Moment of War 1869: 1849: 1847:Other countries 1824: 1808:Bellanca CH-300 1753:Lázaro Cárdenas 1749: 1702:Ioannis Metaxas 1698: 1656: 1650: 1610:Mikhail Koltsov 1602:Vittorio Vidali 1538:500,000 rifles, 1469: 1463: 1458: 1441:Spanish Morocco 1419: 1417:Other nationals 1350: 1344: 1336:Éamon de Valera 1312: 1310:Connolly Column 1298: 1208:Giovanni Papini 1188: 1130:like Kaila and 1120:Edvard Karvonen 1050:The Netherlands 925:company of the 917: 833: 823: 807:Viriatos Legion 774: 768: 720: 714: 643:Antonio da Noli 562: 556: 551: 477:. US President 449: 365:Queen Elizabeth 282: 276: 271: 212: 141: 138: 129: 78: 72: 66: 31:forces, led by 12: 11: 5: 6121: 6119: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:Army of Africa 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5946: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5680: 5667: 5646: 5626: 5617: 5597: 5588: 5569: 5566:Arms For Spain 5543: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5484: 5455: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5404: 5378:(3): 299–313. 5367: 5349:(4): 697–727. 5338: 5303: 5295:War in History 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5257: 5244: 5239:978-0822340768 5238: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5204: 5198: 5171: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5130: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5086: 5080:(3 ed.). 5073: 5067: 5052: 5032: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4991: 4981: 4968: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4926: 4921:978-0691007571 4920: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4838: 4837:In 12 volumes. 4828: 4817: 4811: 4796: 4776: 4763: 4757: 4742: 4733: 4713: 4700: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4660: 4651: 4645: 4630: 4624:978-1855323674 4623: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4585: 4573:Beevor, Antony 4569: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4540: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4512:Preston (2008) 4504: 4492: 4478: 4464: 4462:, p. 122. 4452: 4450:, p. 637. 4440: 4428: 4416: 4414:, p. 210. 4404: 4392: 4388:Arranja (2021) 4380: 4378:, p. 942. 4365: 4353: 4349:Esdaile (2019) 4341: 4329: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4269: 4262: 4244: 4237: 4219: 4207: 4205:, p. 111. 4199:Ordoñez (2014) 4197:, p. 91; 4183: 4181:, p. 256. 4171: 4159: 4157:, p. 136. 4155:Preston (2006) 4147: 4145:, p. 137. 4135: 4133:, p. 109. 4123: 4117: 4099:Spain Betrayed 4089: 4077: 4065: 4063:, p. 643. 4053: 4044: 4042:, p. 984. 4032: 4020: 4016:Compass (1996) 4008: 3996: 3984: 3981:Moshiri (2016) 3973: 3961: 3959:, p. 985. 3949: 3924: 3898: 3867: 3838: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3752: 3748:Butnaru (1992) 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3702:, p. 102. 3692: 3685: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3641:, p. 217. 3626: 3622:Montero (2007) 3614: 3612:, p. 156. 3602: 3590: 3588:, p. 139. 3578: 3576:, p. 201. 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3515: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 635. 3437: 3425: 3413: 3411:, p. 634. 3392: 3377: 3375:, p. 150. 3373:Tierney (2007) 3365: 3361:Tierney (2007) 3353: 3351:, p. 145. 3349:Preston (2004) 3341: 3339:, p. 138. 3326: 3322:Tierney (2007) 3311: 3309:, p. 123. 3307:Tierney (2007) 3299: 3295:Tierney (2004) 3287: 3285:, p. 339. 3275: 3273:, p. 338. 3263: 3259:Tierney (2007) 3251: 3249:, p. 334. 3239: 3237:, p. 584. 3227: 3225:, p. 583. 3215: 3213:, p. 408. 3211:Jackson (1965) 3203: 3201:, p. 514. 3191: 3189:, p. 458. 3179: 3177:, p. 338. 3167: 3165:, p. 149. 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 144. 3139:Preston (2006) 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 143. 3115:Preston (2006) 3104: 3092: 3090:, p. 279. 3080: 3063: 3059:Podmore (1998) 3051: 3039: 3037:, p. 542. 3027: 3025:, p. 502. 3015: 3013:, p. 477. 3000: 2998:, p. 476. 2988: 2976: 2974:, p. 467. 2964: 2962:, p. 105. 2960:Gretton (1975) 2952: 2950:, p. 104. 2948:Gretton (1975) 2937: 2922: 2920:, p. 463. 2910: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2869:, p. 457. 2854: 2852:, p. 456. 2842: 2840:, p. 441. 2830: 2818: 2803: 2801:, p. 396. 2791: 2789:, p. 394. 2779: 2767: 2765:, p. 340. 2755: 2753:, p. 105. 2743: 2741:, p. 336. 2728: 2726:, p. 332. 2713: 2711:, p. 159. 2709:Preston (2006) 2698: 2696:, p. 284. 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 283. 2659: 2657:, p. 281. 2647: 2645:, p. 385. 2635: 2633:, p. 278. 2623: 2621:, p. 378. 2611: 2599: 2584: 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 261. 2540: 2538:, p. 260. 2519: 2517:, p. 259. 2507: 2495: 2493:, p. 258. 2480: 2465: 2453: 2451:, p. 257. 2436: 2434:, p. 134. 2424: 2422:, p. 374. 2409: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2375: 2373:, p. 338) 2354: 2345: 2343:, p. 277) 2331: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2143:Main article: 2140: 2137: 2092: 2089: 2070:James Connolly 2019: 2016: 1984:Norman Bethune 1905:ILP Contingent 1903:and the small 1868: 1865: 1853:Czechoslovakia 1848: 1845: 1838:aircraft, and 1823: 1820: 1764:Latin American 1748: 1745: 1697: 1694: 1680:weaponry like 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1618:anti-Stalinist 1591:Old Bolsheviks 1571:United Kingdom 1563:Czechoslovakia 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1498:Soviet honours 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1433: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1403:Russian Empire 1354:White Movement 1343: 1340: 1330:Around 700 of 1297: 1294: 1243:Gertrude Stein 1200:Hilaire Belloc 1187: 1184: 1116:Lapua Movement 1104:Y. P. I. Kaila 1074: 1073: 1070:White Russians 938:Spanish Guinea 934: 916: 913: 891:Manuel Montero 822: 819: 770:Main article: 767: 764: 736:Mainland Spain 732:Army of Africa 716:Main article: 713: 710: 683: 682: 679: 676: 653: 598:Regio Esercito 558:Main article: 555: 552: 550: 547: 516:General Motors 448: 445: 441:Clement Attlee 355:Army of Africa 351:British colony 349:, which was a 335:First Sea Lord 333:, the British 275: 272: 270: 267: 211: 208: 181:began. There, 167:Czechoslovakia 151:Charles Corbin 147:W. S. Morrison 136: 128: 125: 101:Galeazzo Ciano 86:United Kingdom 68:Main article: 65: 62: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6120: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5954:Condor Legion 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5804:Popular Front 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5579:on 2011-08-11 5578: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5554:on 2005-12-04 5553: 5549: 5544: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5494:. 27 May 2006 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415:(2): 91–107. 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5301:(3): 331–351. 5300: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5258:9788408074915 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5144:9780810857841 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5125:9780230203051 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095:. Constable. 5094: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5082:HarperCollins 5079: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4990:. Chapter 12. 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882:. J. Murray. 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4777:9780429859298 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751:. Routledge. 4750: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4716: 4714:9788311137615 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4448:Thomas (1961) 4444: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424:Thomas (2001) 4420: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4400:Thomas (2001) 4396: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376:Thomas (2001) 4372: 4370: 4366: 4363:, p. 88. 4362: 4357: 4354: 4351:, Appendix 8. 4350: 4345: 4342: 4339:, p. 47. 4338: 4337:Alpert (1994) 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4316:Alpert (1994) 4312: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294:, p. 43. 4293: 4292:Alpert (1994) 4288: 4285: 4281: 4280:Thomas (1961) 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215:Inglis (2014) 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203:Howson (1998) 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167:Beevor (2006) 4163: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4131:Howson (1998) 4127: 4124: 4120: 4118:9780300162141 4114: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4085:Howson (1998) 4081: 4078: 4074: 4073:Thomas (1961) 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061:Thomas (1961) 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040:Thomas (1986) 4036: 4033: 4029: 4028:Гречко (1974) 4024: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4006:, p. 94. 4005: 4004:Thomas (1986) 4000: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957:Thomas (1986) 3953: 3950: 3938: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801:Dorney (2018) 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3750:, p. 56. 3749: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3686:9781399062084 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598:Beevor (2006) 3594: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562:Beevor (2006) 3558: 3555: 3552:, p. 79. 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538:Beevor (2006) 3534: 3531: 3528:, p. 96. 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3513:, p. 86. 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3498:, p. 87. 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3474:, p. 88. 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3448:Thomas (1961) 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433:Thomas (1961) 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409:Thomas (1961) 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337:Beevor (2001) 3333: 3331: 3327: 3324:, p. 68. 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283:Thomas (1961) 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271:Thomas (1961) 3267: 3264: 3261:, p. 83. 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3247:Thomas (1961) 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235:Thomas (1961) 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223:Thomas (1961) 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3199:Thomas (1961) 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187:Thomas (1961) 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175:Beevor (2006) 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163:Beevor (2006) 3159: 3156: 3153:, p. 59. 3152: 3151:Alpert (1998) 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3129:, p. 65. 3128: 3127:Alpert (1998) 3123: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3102:, p. 46. 3101: 3100:Alpert (1998) 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088:Thomas (1961) 3084: 3081: 3077: 3076:Beevor (2001) 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035:Thomas (1961) 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023:Thomas (1961) 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011:Thomas (1961) 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:Thomas (1961) 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984:Thomas (1961) 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972:Thomas (1961) 2968: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:Thomas (1961) 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2867:Thomas (1961) 2863: 2861: 2859: 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London. 4263:3922144322 4238:3922144322 3943:2023-12-14 3861:2023-12-14 3832:2023-12-14 3774:12 January 2393:References 1996:Democracia 1974:Laurie Lee 1940:Stalinists 1843:aircraft. 1622:Andrés Nin 1526:731 tanks, 1489:crews and 1465:See also: 1346:See also: 1300:See also: 1239:Ezra Pound 1157:Peter Kemp 1081:Iron Guard 1038:Costa Rica 825:See also: 673:Fiat CR.32 570:propaganda 512:Studebaker 343:Royal Navy 339:Royal Navy 278:See also: 224:open towns 74:See also: 5915:Comintern 5774:1938–1939 5472:2044-3986 5429:153581786 5400:159727256 5334:216455692 5167:Routledge 5042:cite book 4863:0013-8266 4786:cite book 4723:cite book 3893:2072-9286 2363:US Senate 2323:See also 2234:Luftwaffe 2166:Cantabria 2080:members. 2040:Yugoslavs 2010:, of the 1956:'s novel 1836:Dewoitine 1832:Potez 540 1828:Leon Blum 1796:Argentina 1776:Nicaragua 1626:Mark Rein 1514:Comintern 1437:Regulares 1399:Georgians 1374:Bolshevik 1364:cause of 1278:Cristeros 1089:Bucharest 1058:Australia 1022:Guatemala 990:Nicaragua 970:Venezuela 405:Léon Blum 370:Algeciras 363:HMS 347:Gibraltar 90:proxy war 25:Spaniards 6054:Terrors 6034:Guernica 5978:Viriatos 5973:Portugal 5888:Carlists 5531:Esquerda 5480:25639692 5177:(1961). 4575:(2006). 3852:"ИЗ ПУТ" 2153:See also 1840:Loire 46 1810:and the 1768:Colombia 1636:(ICRC), 1426:Chileans 1387:Requetés 1172:landlord 1077:Ion Moța 1042:Suriname 998:Honduras 982:Paraguay 954:Colombia 872:Holy See 803:Viriatos 782:Viriatos 772:Viriatos 766:Portugal 696:such as 543:Cold War 532:Tenerife 412:matériel 137:— 109:matériel 84:and the 6080:sidebar 5990:Belarus 5985:Ireland 5949:Germany 5640:26 July 5605:Compass 5451:Reuters 5392:3180730 5363:2944499 3921:(5): 6. 2283:– Uboat 2133:Rif War 2129:Islamic 2125:Steppes 1857:Estonia 1792:Bolivia 1729:Piraeus 1690:Germany 1366:Carlism 1161:Carlist 1062:Belgium 1034:Romania 1030:Hungary 1010:Ecuador 1006:Bolivia 958:Uruguay 903:Crusade 821:Vatican 712:Germany 639:Seville 524:Tangier 392:in the 378:Nervión 359:Seville 307:British 230:Leipzig 6075:navbox 5478: 5470: 5427: 5398: 5390: 5361: 5332: 5255: 5236: 5215: 5196: 5141: 5122: 5099: 5065: 5030: 5011: 4960: 4939: 4918: 4886: 4871:567512 4869: 4861: 4809: 4774: 4755: 4711: 4692: 4673: 4643: 4621: 4602: 4583: 4559: 4538: 4260: 4235: 4115: 3891: 3683: 2121:patria 2085:Turkey 1822:France 1772:Brazil 1747:Mexico 1706:Pyrkal 1696:Greece 1677:Gdynia 1673:Danzig 1660:Poland 1648:Poland 1575:Mexico 1569:, the 1565:, the 1559:France 1491:pilots 1308:, and 1180:Turkey 1066:Greece 1046:Turkey 1014:Panama 966:Mexico 950:Brazil 944:, the 940:, the 868:Mexico 744:U-boat 669:Ca.310 514:, and 374:Bilbao 217:Lisbon 171:Sweden 82:France 6070:Women 6028:Films 5997:] 5961:Italy 5944:] 5688:(PDF) 5476:JSTOR 5425:S2CID 5396:S2CID 5388:JSTOR 5359:JSTOR 5330:S2CID 4867:JSTOR 4521:Books 2311:Notes 2110:Moors 1942:when 1800:Chile 1784:Haiti 1686:Italy 1267:Gille 1174:from 1118:with 1018:Chile 1002:Ghana 962:Haiti 880:Paris 665:Br.20 554:Italy 258:Malta 5937:USSR 5878:CEDA 5834:PSUC 5829:PSOE 5824:POUM 5769:1937 5764:1936 5759:Coup 5700:2012 5663:2021 5642:2021 5613:2006 5560:2006 5539:2021 5500:2021 5468:ISSN 5253:ISBN 5234:ISBN 5213:ISBN 5194:ISBN 5139:ISBN 5120:ISBN 5097:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5048:link 5028:ISBN 5009:ISBN 4958:ISBN 4937:ISBN 4916:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4859:ISSN 4807:ISBN 4792:link 4772:ISBN 4753:ISBN 4729:link 4709:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4671:ISBN 4641:ISBN 4619:ISBN 4600:ISBN 4581:ISBN 4557:ISBN 4536:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4233:ISBN 4113:ISBN 3889:ISSN 3776:2023 3681:ISBN 2240:Heer 2101:POUM 1897:POUM 1855:and 1804:Peru 1802:and 1741:R-29 1688:and 1675:and 1598:NKVD 1573:and 1487:tank 1428:and 1253:and 1230:and 1176:Söke 1064:and 1056:and 978:Peru 829:and 508:Ford 384:The 251:The 56:and 16:The 5966:CTV 5860:PNV 5855:UGT 5850:FAI 5846:CNT 5819:PCE 5809:ERC 5417:doi 5380:doi 5351:doi 5320:doi 4851:doi 4103:doi 2369:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

International response to the Spanish Civil War

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