1499:
1508:
1006:
782:
417:
770:
1409:
47:
758:
1252:
1140:
889:
1627:
is permeable to water, though this is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater species. In freshwater fish the bladder is a key site of absorption for many major ions in marine fish urine is held in the bladder for extended periods to maximise water absorption. The urinary bladders of
1579:
could store urine weighing up to 20% of the tortoise's body weight. Such adaptations are the result of environments, such as remote islands and deserts, where fresh water is very scarce. Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders, which can hold long-term reserves of water for several months
633:
drained from the bladder begins in a series of networks throughout the mucosal, muscular and serosal layers. These then form three sets of vessels: one set near the trigone draining the bottom of the bladder; one set draining the top of the bladder; and another set draining the outer undersurface of
1587:
Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, beside the neck of the urinary bladder and above the pubis, occupying much of the body cavity. Turtles' bladder is also usually divided into two lobes: the right lobe is under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in the lobe; the
1600:
Most aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians can absorb water directly through their skin. Some semi-aquatic animals also have similarly permeable bladder membranes. They tend to have high rates of urine production, to offset this high water intake; and the dissolved salts in their urine are highly
1610:
The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible; among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders, it may account for 20%–50% of total body weight. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder and is periodically released from the bladder to the cloaca.
739:
These layers are surrounded by three layers of muscle fibres arranged as an inner layer of fibres orientated longitudinally, a middle layer of circular fibres, and an outermost layer of longitudinal fibres; these form the detrusor muscle, which can be seen with the naked eye.
1697:
both stores and modifies urine. The bladder consists of two sets of lateral and central lobes. The central lobes sit near the digestive organs and the lateral lobes extend along the front and sides of the crustacean's body cavity. The tissue of the bladder is thin
1529:. In the vast majority of species, it eventually becomes differentiated into a dorsal part, connected to the intestine, and a ventral part, associated with the urinogenital passage and urinary bladder. The only mammals in which this does not take place are the
544:
lies outside the opening for the urethra. The middle lobe of the prostate causes an elevation in the mucous membrane behind the internal urethral orifice called the uvula of urinary bladder. The uvula can enlarge when the prostate becomes enlarged.
533:
1393:
on the skin. Prognosis can vary markedly depending on the cancer's stage and grade, with a better prognosis associated with tumours found only in the bladder, that are low grade, that do not invade through the bladder wall, and that is
911:(micturition). Urination involves coordinated muscle changes involving a reflex based in the spine, with higher inputs from the brain. During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, the external urinary sphincter and muscles of the
3183:
Urakabe, Shigeharu; Shirai, Dairoku; Yuasa, Shigekazu; Kimura, Genjiro; Orita, Yoshimasa; Abe, Hiroshi (1976). "Comparative study of the effects of different diuretics on the permeability properties of the toad bladder".
3219:
Shibata, Yuki; Katayama, Izumi; Nakakura, Takashi; Ogushi, Yuji; Okada, Reiko; Tanaka, Shigeyasu; Suzuki, Masakazu (2015). "Molecular and cellular characterization of urinary bladder-type aquaporin in
Xenopus laevis".
501:
that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra. It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae.
2296:
Janssen, DA (January 2013). "The distribution and function of chondroitin sulfate and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the human bladder and their contribution to the protective bladder barrier".
781:
1166:. Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm, meaning day and night cycles, it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder.
942:
flatten and the wall of the bladder thins as it stretches, allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure. Urination is controlled by the
2964:
1540:
The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration of urine. It therefore is relatively impermeable and has a multi-layer epithelium. The urinary bladders of
1381:
into the bladder wall, and may require surgical removal if it does not resolve. Cancer that is invading through the bladder wall may be managed by complete surgical removal of the bladder (
669:
Sensation from the bladder, relating to distension or to irritation (such as by infection or a stone) is transmitted primarily through the parasympathetic nervous system. These travel via
1428:
feeling in the suprapubic area for tenderness or fullness that might indicate an inflamed or full bladder. Blood tests may be ordered that may indicate inflammation; for example a
524:, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling. The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick. When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.
2709:
1560:. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca opens into a urinary bladder. The urinary bladder exists in all species of turtle and tortoise and most species of lizard.
720:
formed by three to six layers of cells; the cells may become more cuboidal or flatter depending on whether the bladder is empty or full. Additionally, these are lined with a
3582:
964:
in the detrusor to contract the muscle when the bladder is distended. This encourages the bladder to expel urine through the urethra. The main receptor activated is the
1623:
fish help to eliminate ammonia from the body, and fish live surrounded by water, but most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid. The urinary bladder of
4407:
1655:
are among the few types of fish in which a urinary bladder is poorly developed. It is largest in those fish which lack an air bladder, and is situated in front of the
497:. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest. This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is an area of
1459:, conducted by a more trained operator, may be conducted to view whether there are stones, tumours or sites of obstruction within the bladder and urinary tract. A
1278:, the cells that line the surface of the bladder. Bladder cancer is more common after the age of 40, and more common in men than women; other risk factors include
2225:
2144:
3540:
1460:
299:
858:. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males. It is separated from the
4870:
769:
1607:, do not reabsorb water from their urine, to prevent excessive water influx. For land-dwelling amphibians, dehydration results in reduced urine output.
4865:
986:
are also present in the detrusor and even outnumber β3 receptors, but they do not have as important an effect in relaxing the detrusor smooth muscle.
520:
arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles. The detrusor muscle is able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst
1043:; and neurologic problems that make passing urine difficult. Infections that involve the bladder can cause pain in the lower abdomen (above the
493:. These ureteric openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters, known as
3575:
2559:
Moro, Christian; Tajouri, Lotti; Chess-Williams, Russ (2013). "Adrenoceptor
Function and Expression in Bladder Urothelium and Lamina Propria".
3524:
3505:
3402:
3296:
3269:
3041:
3011:
2947:
2461:
2167:
1752:
275:
3085:"The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum"
4400:
1896:
969:
965:
1154:
Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production, small bladder capacity, irritability or incomplete emptying. Males with an
1317:
Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called
3317:"Role of the kidneys in acid-base regulation and ammonia excretion in freshwater and seawater fish: implications for nephrocalcinosis"
2693:
2713:
1197:, a condition in which the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
3568:
3454:
3167:
2662:
2421:
2392:
2201:
2120:
2076:
1996:
1935:
Viana R, Batourina E, Huang H, Dressler GR, Kobayashi A, Behringer RR, Shapiro E, Hensle T, Lambert S, Mendelsohn C (October 2007).
1859:
1825:
1507:
1498:
1087:
823:. The urogenital sinus divides into three parts, with the upper and largest part becoming the bladder; the middle part becoming the
798:
1302:
may be otherwise normal, except in late disease. Bladder cancer is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the ureter, called
4667:
1230:
4907:
4677:
4672:
4393:
2192:
Barrett, Kim E; Barman, Susan M; Yuan, Jason X-J; Brooks, Heddwen (2019). "37. Renal function & Micturition: The
Bladder".
1420:
A number of investigations are used to examine the bladder. The investigations that are ordered will depend on the taking of a
2241:"Histamine modulation of urinary bladder urothelium, lamina propria and detrusor contractile activity via H1 and H2 receptors"
1094:. Sometimes, additional investigations may be requested. These might include testing the function of the kidneys by assessing
4834:
4759:
4639:
4535:
979:
651:
490:
463:
4565:
1194:
294:
196:
846:
to the trigone. In males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the
4619:
4525:
3603:
1028:
438:(base), a body, an apex, and a neck. The apex (also called the vertex) is directed forward toward the upper part of the
1221:
Disorders of bladder function may be dealt with surgically, by redirecting the flow of urine or by replacement with an
4877:
2894:
1672:
1303:
1260:
659:
655:
4657:
4304:
3478:
2794:"The effectiveness of parasympathomimetics for treating underactive bladder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1222:
1107:
983:
943:
647:
635:
4957:
4852:
4829:
4736:
4264:
2737:"Involvement of urinary bladder Connexin43 and the circadian clock in coordination of diurnal micturition rhythm"
2015:
Andersson KE, Arner A (July 2004). "Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology".
467:
443:
1776:
4947:
4684:
4272:
2984:
1456:
1091:
663:
258:
192:
31:
2938:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P., eds. (2018). "Urothelial tumours".
1005:
757:
4962:
4560:
4494:
3392:
1307:
1020:
995:
717:
605:
601:
597:
180:
176:
1912:
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if the type of cells lining the urethra have changed due to chronic inflammation, such as due to stones or
787:
Anatomy of the male bladder, showing transitional epithelium and part of the wall in a histological cut-out
4785:
4689:
4472:
4198:
4103:
3955:
2024:
1589:
1103:
1036:
306:
282:
270:
220:
4887:
4540:
4005:
1128:
494:
459:
208:
1031:
may cause urinary retention. Other risk factors include other causes of blockage or narrowing, such as
622:
surfaces of the bladder, which coalesce and travel with the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the
416:
4749:
4234:
3970:
2748:
2252:
1716:
1677:
In nearly all bird species, there is no urinary bladder per se. Although all birds have kidneys, the
1425:
1256:
1226:
1163:
1067:
863:
839:
344:
2029:
938:
that activate when between 300 - 400 mL urine is held within the bladder. As urine accumulates, the
4912:
4857:
4614:
4609:
4545:
4530:
3983:
3752:
1299:
1210:
1171:
961:
855:
808:
623:
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provide additional blood supply. Venous drainage begins in a network of small vessels on the lower
573:
114:
1601:
dilute. The urinary bladder helps these animals to retain salts. Some aquatic amphibians, such as
600:
supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the
4897:
4580:
4175:
4046:
3808:
3799:
3785:
3543:- Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis – "Mammal, bladder (LM, Medium)"
3472:
2829:
2792:
C, Moro; C, Phelps; V, Veer; J, Clark; P, Glasziou; Kao, Tikkinen; Am, Scott (24 November 2021).
2219:
2138:
1576:
1477:
1448:
1437:
1382:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1148:
838:. The upper and lower parts of the bladder develop separately and join around the middle part of
674:
561:
106:
3554:
3425:
1162:
is when a person urinates more than eight times per day. An overactive bladder can often cause
4892:
4694:
4509:
4374:
4364:
4076:
4054:
3895:
3692:
3550:
3520:
3501:
3460:
3450:
3398:
3356:
3338:
3292:
3286:
3265:
3259:
3237:
3201:
3163:
3114:
3106:
3037:
3031:
3007:
2943:
2876:
2868:
2821:
2813:
2774:
2689:
2617:
2576:
2541:
2500:
2457:
2417:
2388:
2362:
2313:
2278:
2207:
2197:
2163:
2126:
2116:
2072:
2042:
1992:
1958:
1892:
1855:
1821:
1815:
1796:
1748:
1742:
1452:
1346:
1214:
1189:
1155:
1048:
729:
549:
348:
118:
3444:
3058:
3001:
2062:
1849:
1333:. If a concerning lesion is seen, a flexible camera may be inserted into the bladder, called
1047:, so called "suprapubic" pain), particularly before and after passing urine, and a desire to
4806:
4629:
4575:
4341:
3848:
3831:
3712:
3662:
3657:
3346:
3328:
3229:
3193:
3096:
2860:
2805:
2764:
2756:
2607:
2568:
2531:
2490:
2352:
2344:
2305:
2268:
2260:
2034:
1948:
1788:
1526:
1433:
1429:
1131:
refers to a condition in which the bladder is infected due to a cause that is not bacteria.
1040:
976:
953:
935:
843:
831:
820:
812:
630:
613:
609:
589:
184:
152:
1174:
is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a
4952:
4824:
4795:
4601:
4489:
4349:
4297:
4249:
4180:
4170:
3767:
3595:
1444:
1421:
1322:
1311:
1052:
1044:
1032:
1010:
957:
744:
721:
557:
510:
439:
130:
110:
736:. The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections.
3515:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P., eds. (2018).
3351:
3316:
2752:
2256:
1351:
4924:
4917:
4902:
4816:
4699:
4467:
4417:
4226:
4116:
3960:
3938:
3911:
3757:
3612:
2769:
2736:
2612:
2595:
2410:
2357:
2332:
2273:
2240:
1792:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1359:
1287:
1271:
1246:
1075:
972:
are also involved and whilst outnumbering the M3 receptors they are not so responsive.
928:
733:
682:
471:
455:
224:
188:
164:
54:
3496:
editor-in-chief, Susan
Standring; section editors, Neil R. Borley et al., ed. (2008).
3419:
2864:
1544:(whales and dolphins) are proportionally smaller than those of land-dwelling mammals.
1396:
4941:
4811:
4711:
4706:
4662:
4462:
4445:
4369:
4209:
4034:
4022:
4009:
3993:
3747:
3682:
3197:
2833:
1711:
1179:
670:
593:
517:
514:
498:
429:
391:
90:
84:
1259:
showing a cancer within the bladder. When a cancer occurs it is most likely to be a
1019:
refers to infection or inflammation of the bladder. It commonly occurs as part of a
470:
that leads to the urethra. In males, the neck of the urinary bladder is next to the
27:
Organ in vertebrates that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal
4744:
4726:
4649:
4570:
4520:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4354:
3677:
3625:
1889:
Atlas of Human
Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides
1640:
1413:
1408:
1374:
1367:
1095:
1071:
553:
364:
328:
159:
98:
64:
2572:
618:
3375:
3133:
2849:"Bladder shape impact on the accuracy of ultrasonic estimation of bladder volume"
2684:
Glass, Cheryl A.; Gunter, Debbie (2017). Glass, Cheryl A.; Cash, Jill C. (eds.).
1937:"The development of the bladder trigone, the center of the anti-reflux mechanism"
263:
4721:
4716:
4479:
4385:
4282:
4131:
4111:
3926:
3921:
3861:
3233:
1378:
1370:
1122:
686:
678:
565:
434:
3333:
2309:
2264:
2038:
1987:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013). "Urinary system".
1643:
which is unrelated to the urinary bladder except in its membranous nature. The
505:
The walls of the bladder have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as
4555:
4484:
4190:
4059:
4029:
3978:
3883:
3591:
3377:
Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of the invertebrate animals
2211:
1699:
1694:
1571:
Many turtles, tortoises, and lizards have proportionally very large bladders.
1467:
1363:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1295:
1275:
1234:
1205:
1114:
1099:
1079:
816:
748:
725:
713:
706:
702:
654:. The motor supply from both sympathetic fibers, most of which arise from the
451:
424:
In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the
336:
147:
102:
3342:
3110:
2872:
2817:
2130:
1800:
728:
that protects the cells beneath it from urine. The epithelium lies on a thin
287:
4754:
4634:
4153:
3948:
3729:
3464:
2793:
1470:, can be inserted to view the internal appearance of the bladder and take a
1390:
1291:
1251:
1200:
947:
908:
883:
835:
827:, and the lower part changes depending on the biological sex of the embryo.
698:
521:
411:
360:
46:
17:
3560:
3360:
3241:
3118:
2848:
2825:
2778:
2688:(4 ed.). New York: pringer Publishing Company, LLC. pp. 352–353.
2621:
2580:
2545:
2504:
2366:
2317:
2282:
2046:
1962:
1294:. When cancer is present, the most common symptom in an affected person is
1139:
3315:
Takvam, Marius; Wood, Chris M.; Kryvi, H.; Nilsen, Tom O. (29 June 2023).
2880:
2847:
Bih, L. I.; Ho, C. C.; Tsai, S. J.; Lai, Y. C.; Chow, W. (December 1998).
2110:
1632:
are thought to be analogous while the former's swim-bladders and latter's
1525:
All species of mammal have a urinary bladder. This structure begins as an
1451:
may be conducted to view how much urine is within the bladder, indicating
532:
4624:
4329:
4292:
4287:
4214:
4086:
3667:
3652:
3630:
1648:
1629:
1541:
1530:
1517:
1318:
1144:
1118:
1086:
which may indicate an infection. The urine specimen may be also sent for
1083:
1056:
1016:
912:
847:
541:
399:
3449:. Woodhead, Avril D. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1989. pp. 51–52.
3186:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology
2536:
2520:"Muscarinic receptor subtypes of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract"
2519:
1090:
to assess if a particular bacteria grows in the urine, and identify its
4844:
4592:
4499:
4359:
4277:
4254:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4081:
4064:
4017:
3722:
3672:
3647:
3205:
3101:
3084:
2760:
2348:
1953:
1936:
1678:
1656:
1652:
1624:
1620:
1603:
1534:
1342:
1279:
1024:
916:
871:
867:
824:
486:
356:
80:
2809:
2495:
2478:
1891:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. pp. 346–8.
1102:; investigating for blockages or narrowing of the renal tract with an
4777:
4425:
4314:
4309:
4244:
4239:
4185:
4121:
4069:
3988:
3878:
3866:
3821:
3780:
3775:
3717:
3642:
2524:
Journal of Smooth Muscle
Research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai Kikanshi
1682:
1660:
1557:
1553:
1471:
1338:
1267:
1060:
1023:. In adults, it is more common in women than men, owing to a shorter
904:
900:
859:
851:
804:
577:
569:
482:
478:
425:
352:
171:
134:
68:
60:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
3391:
Cornell
University. Laboratory of Ornithology (19 September 2016).
3033:
1568:, snakes, alligators, and crocodiles do not have urinary bladders.
1362:. Cancer present only in the bladder may be removed surgically via
1039:; the presence of outside structures in the urinary tract, such as
888:
775:
Layers of the bladder wall and cross-section of the detrusor muscle
446:
continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the
375:) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.
4324:
4319:
4204:
3931:
3838:
3739:
3697:
3687:
3636:
1721:
1693:
Unlike the urinary bladder of vertebrates, the urinary bladder of
1644:
1407:
1386:
1138:
1004:
939:
924:
920:
896:
887:
506:
447:
415:
340:
332:
312:
246:
231:
215:
126:
1027:. It is common in males during childhood, and in older men where
662:
and nerves, and from parasympathetic fibers, which come from the
576:, and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the
363:. In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the
4091:
3826:
3702:
3620:
3421:
The
English Cyclopaedia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge
3380:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 283–284.
2387:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 263–66.
2333:"The Role of the Mucosa in Normal and Abnormal Bladder Function"
1633:
203:
4389:
3564:
3498:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3261:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
2112:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1848:
Walker-Smith, John; Murch, Simon (1999). Cardozo, Linda (ed.).
1685:
which serves as a reservoir for urine, fecal matter, and eggs.
819:, with a wall forming between these two inpouchings called the
568:
and of the prostate gland. In females, it lies in front of the
4126:
3943:
3707:
1283:
1143:
Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic
560:. In males, it lies in front of the rectum, separated by the
811:. This, over the fourth to the seventh week, divides into a
367:. The typical adult human bladder will hold between 300 and
30:
This article is about urinary bladders. For other uses, see
3557:) – An open-access journal on bladder biology and diseases.
1178:. Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of
1066:
When a urinary tract infection or cystitis is suspected, a
3546:
3162:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 481, 597.
2966:
An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct
2239:
Stromberga, Z; Chess-Williams, R; Moro, C (7 March 2019).
701:, the bladder can be seen to have an inner lining (called
634:
the bladder. The majority of these vessels drain into the
3285:
Feder, Martin E.; Burggren, Warren W. (15 October 1992).
2479:"Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the lower urinary tract"
462:. The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the
420:
Male and female urinary bladders in lateral cross-section
2456:(5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 471.
1991:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 315–7.
982:
pathway, activated via the β3 adrenergic receptors. The
646:
The bladder receives both sensory and motor supply from
390:
appear in connection with associated structures such as
3132:
Wyneken, Jeanette; Witherington, Dawn (February 2015).
3066:
Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference
2162:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 227–228.
1989:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
1777:"The physiology of the mammalian urinary outflow tract"
1385:), with the ureters diverted into a segment of part of
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
1113:
Urinary tract infections or cystitis are treated with
536:
Bladder location and associated structures in the male
3258:
Laurie J. Vitt; Janalee P. Caldwell (25 March 2013).
1373:
may be performed at the same time. Cancers that are
4843:
4794:
4776:
4735:
4648:
4600:
4591:
4508:
4433:
4424:
4340:
4263:
4225:
4102:
4045:
4004:
3969:
3910:
3847:
3807:
3798:
3766:
3738:
3611:
3602:
3253:
3251:
2441:(5th ed.). Pearson International. p. 700.
2416:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2115:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 1255–1261.
293:
281:
269:
257:
245:
240:
230:
214:
202:
170:
158:
146:
141:
39:
3446:Nonmammalian animal models for biomedical research
2409:
2337:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
2069:Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract
1537:, both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood.
1424:and an examination. The examination may involve a
412:Urination § Anatomy of the bladder and outlet
3083:Davis, Jon R.; DeNardo, Dale F. (15 April 2007).
2963:Flower, William Henry; Lydekker, Richard (1891).
2109:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). "Urinary bladder".
1009:Calcifications on bladder wall caused by urinary
870:and young children the urinary bladder is in the
509:that allow for the expansion of the bladder. The
3500:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
2853:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2596:"Neurophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence"
2518:Uchiyama, T; Chess-Williams, R (December 2004).
1552:In all reptiles, the urinogenital ducts and the
1225:. The volume of the bladder may be increased by
1185:Disorders of or related to the bladder include:
1121:. Serious infections may require treatment with
705:), three layers of muscle fibres, and an outer
3541:Anatomy photo: Urinary/mammal/bladder/bladder1
3517:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3158:Divers, Stephen J.; Mader, Douglas R. (2005).
3025:
3023:
2940:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2649:
2378:
2376:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1158:urinate more frequently. One definition of an
1106:, and testing for an enlarged prostate with a
4401:
3576:
2196:(26th ed.). New York. pp. 681–682.
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1814:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2016).
1588:left lobe is likelier than the right to have
1516:Bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles of a
743:The outside of the bladder is protected by a
8:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2058:
2056:
1851:Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood
1747:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
2942:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 435–6.
2010:
2008:
4597:
4430:
4408:
4394:
4386:
3804:
3608:
3583:
3569:
3561:
3288:Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians
2408:Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F (2006).
2383:Sadley, TW (2019). "Bladder and urethra".
2224:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2143:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1213:, a condition with its main symptom being
834:, and it is initially continuous with the
513:is the muscular layer of the wall made of
432:, the bladder can be divided into a broad
378:The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is
3350:
3332:
3100:
3036:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2768:
2712:. Cornell Medical College. Archived from
2611:
2594:Chancellor, M. B.; Yoshimura, N. (2004).
2535:
2494:
2356:
2272:
2160:Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition
2071:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2028:
1952:
1820:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 738.
1345:will be performed of other body parts (a
1337:, in order to view the lesion and take a
1306:, although it can more rarely occur as a
1237:can be used to estimate bladder volumes.
1233:may be severe enough to warrant surgery.
842:. At this time the ureters move from the
454:is carried by it from the apex on to the
1882:
1880:
1878:
1377:may be treated with an injection of the
1347:CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis
1250:
712:The inner wall of the bladder is called
531:
477:The bladder has three openings. The two
394:. The modern Latin word for "bladder" –
1930:
1928:
1926:
1733:
903:and flows into the bladder through the
753:
3470:
3059:"Reptile Basics: Clinical Anatomy 101"
2978:
2976:
2217:
2136:
1744:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1741:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
1639:Most fish also have an organ called a
677:. From here, sensation travels to the
398:– appears in associated terms such as
310:
36:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3310:
3308:
3222:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2194:Ganong's review of medical physiology
1854:(4 ed.). CRC Press. p. 16.
1556:both empty into the organ called the
1466:A flexible internal camera, called a
1274:. It is usually due to cancer of the
1170:can help to explain the symptoms. An
975:The main relaxant pathway is via the
7:
1078:may be used to see if the urine has
604:, both of which are branches of the
564:, and is supported by fibres of the
2331:Fry, CH; Vahabi, B (October 2016).
1775:Brading, Alison F. (January 1999).
915:relax, and urine flows through the
830:The human bladder derives from the
351:, urine enters the bladder via the
3006:Cambridge University. p. 35.
1793:10.1111/j.1469-445X.1999.tb00084.x
1480:can help to explain the symptoms.
1447:exist to visualise the bladder. A
1358:Treatment depends on the cancer's
1231:An obstruction of the bladder neck
934:The urge to pass urine stems from
588:The bladder receives blood by the
25:
1440:may be elevated in an infection.
1088:microbial culture and sensitivity
1055:). Infections are usually due to
799:Development of the urinary system
548:The bladder is located below the
3003:The Works of John Hunter, F.R.S.
2665:. Mayo Clinic. 14 September 2019
2158:Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007).
1506:
1497:
960:nervous system to stimulate the
780:
768:
763:Vertical section of bladder wall
756:
45:
3291:. University of Chicago Press.
3089:Journal of Experimental Biology
1913:"SEER Training:Urinary Bladder"
652:parasympathetic nervous systems
402:(inflammation of the bladder).
4760:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
4640:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
3424:. Bradbury and Evans. p.
3057:Paré, Jean (11 January 2006).
3030:P.J. Bentley (14 March 2013).
1575:noted that the bladder of the
1059:, of which the most common is
592:and drained into a network of
1:
3000:John Hunter (26 March 2015).
2865:10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90419-1
2573:10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.011
1195:bladder sphincter dyssynergia
660:inferior hypogastric plexuses
197:deep external pudendal artery
4620:Glomerular basement membrane
3198:10.1016/0306-4492(76)90063-0
3160:Reptile Medicine and Surgery
2798:Neurourology and Urodynamics
2477:Giglio, D; Tobin, G (2009).
2385:Langman's medical embryology
1076:dipstick placed in the urine
3519:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
3234:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.001
2895:"Bladder Volume Calculator"
2412:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1673:Urogenital systems of birds
1636:are considered homologous.
1304:transitional cell carcinoma
1270:of the bladder is known as
1261:transitional cell carcinoma
907:, where it is stored until
4979:
4658:Proximal convoluted tubule
3334:10.3389/fphys.2023.1226068
2735:Negoro, Hiromitsu (2012).
2686:Family Practice Guidelines
2310:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.022
2265:10.1038/s41598-019-40384-1
2039:10.1152/physrev.00038.2003
1670:
1255:Cross-section of the male
1244:
1223:artificial urinary bladder
1135:Incontinence and retention
1108:digital rectal examination
1001:Inflammation and infection
993:
956:in the bladder signal the
944:pontine micturition center
881:
815:and the beginnings of the
796:
636:external iliac lymph nodes
409:
29:
4853:Internal urethral orifice
4830:Median umbilical ligament
4737:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
3397:. John Wiley & Sons.
3264:. Academic. p. 184.
1887:Netter, Frank H. (2014).
1432:may demonstrate elevated
1349:) to look for additional
1051:and with little warning (
850:, and separated from the
807:, at the hind end lies a
699:viewed under a microscope
468:internal urethral orifice
444:median umbilical ligament
305:
44:
4685:Distal convoluted tubule
3394:Handbook of Bird Biology
2983:Herbert W. Rand (1950).
1917:training.seer.cancer.gov
1457:urinary tract ultrasound
1092:antibiotic sensitivities
724:consisting of a surface
664:pelvic splanchnic nerves
193:internal pudendal artery
32:Bladder (disambiguation)
4561:Peritubular capillaries
3418:Charles Knight (1854).
3321:Frontiers in Physiology
2663:"Interstitial cystitis"
2437:Marieb, Mallatt. "23".
1781:Experimental Physiology
1308:squamous cell carcinoma
1021:urinary tract infection
996:Urinary bladder disease
984:β2 adrenergic receptors
718:transitional epithelium
606:internal iliac arteries
602:inferior vesical artery
598:superior vesical artery
181:inferior vesical artery
177:Superior vesical artery
4786:Ureteropelvic junction
4690:Collecting duct system
4473:medullary interstitium
4035:Lymphoid immune system
3604:Musculoskeletal system
3477:: CS1 maint: others (
3374:Owen, Richard (1843).
3141:Anatomy of Sea Turtles
2298:The Journal of Urology
1417:
1400:in visual appearance.
1395:
1366:; an injection of the
1350:
1264:
1151:
1037:vesico-ureteric reflux
1013:
893:
892:Female urinary bladder
617:
584:Blood and lymph supply
537:
491:trigone of the bladder
433:
421:
307:Anatomical terminology
221:Vesical nervous plexus
4750:Juxtaglomerular cells
4023:Myeloid immune system
3809:Cardiovascular system
2741:Nature Communications
2452:Purves, Dale (2011).
1681:open directly into a
1671:Further information:
1463:may also be ordered.
1411:
1254:
1142:
1129:Interstitial cystitis
1082:, or the presence of
1049:pass urine frequently
1008:
990:Clinical significance
891:
797:Further information:
535:
495:vesicoureteral reflux
481:enter the bladder at
460:middle umbilical fold
442:, and from there the
419:
410:Further information:
236:Preaortic lymph nodes
209:Vesical venous plexus
4375:Islets of Langerhans
4235:Genitourinary system
3971:Integumentary system
2710:"Overactive Bladder"
2567:(1): 211.e1–211.e7.
1717:Cystitis glandularis
1426:medical practitioner
1257:genitourinary system
1227:bladder augmentation
1164:urinary incontinence
1147:(BPH) visualized by
1117:, many of which are
1068:medical practitioner
1029:an enlarged prostate
962:muscarinic receptors
864:vesico-uterine pouch
624:internal iliac veins
4913:Lacunae of Morgagni
4858:Urethral sphincters
4265:Reproductive system
3984:Subcutaneous tissue
3753:Cartilaginous joint
3134:"Urogenital System"
2753:2012NatCo...3..809N
2652:, pp. 426–429.
2606:(Suppl 3): S19–28.
2537:10.1540/jsmr.40.237
2257:2019NatSR...9.3899S
2067:Uday Patel (2010).
1300:medical examination
1211:underactive bladder
1172:underactive bladder
1035:or the presence of
899:is excreted by the
856:recto-vesical pouch
574:vesicouterine pouch
572:, separated by the
466:that surrounds the
115:Common iliac artery
4047:Respiratory system
3800:Circulatory system
3102:10.1242/jeb.003061
2969:. A. and C. Black.
2761:10.1038/ncomms1812
2349:10.1111/bcpt.12626
2343:(Suppl 3): 57–62.
2245:Scientific Reports
1954:10.1242/dev.011270
1817:Medical Physiology
1619:The gills of most
1577:Galapagos tortoise
1478:Urodynamic testing
1449:bladder ultrasound
1438:C-reactive protein
1418:
1383:radical cystectomy
1296:blood in the urine
1265:
1176:neurogenic bladder
1168:Urodynamic testing
1160:overactive bladder
1152:
1149:medical ultrasound
1014:
894:
803:In the developing
608:. In females, the
562:rectovesical pouch
538:
422:
355:and exits via the
123:With transparency:
107:Inferior vena cava
83:. (Left side with
4933:
4932:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4695:Connecting tubule
4383:
4382:
3906:
3905:
3896:Glymphatic system
3794:
3793:
3526:978-0-7020-7028-0
3507:978-0-8089-2371-8
3404:978-1-118-29105-4
3298:978-0-226-23944-6
3271:978-0-12-386920-3
3043:978-3-662-05014-9
3013:978-1-108-07960-0
2949:978-0-7020-7028-0
2859:(12): 1553–1556.
2810:10.1002/nau.24839
2496:10.1159/000209255
2463:978-0-87893-695-3
2169:978-0-7817-6274-8
1754:978-0-226-87013-7
1453:urinary retention
1434:white blood cells
1215:urinary retention
1190:bladder exstrophy
1156:enlarged prostate
1119:consumed by mouth
1080:white blood cells
1041:urinary catheters
954:Stretch receptors
936:stretch receptors
874:even when empty.
844:mesonephric ducts
730:basement membrane
550:peritoneal cavity
528:Nearby structures
483:ureteric orifices
349:placental mammals
321:
320:
316:
16:(Redirected from
4970:
4958:Organs (anatomy)
4807:Vesical arteries
4630:Filtration slits
4615:Bowman's capsule
4598:
4431:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4342:Endocrine system
4104:Digestive system
3849:Lymphatic system
3832:Lymphatic vessel
3805:
3609:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3530:
3511:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3468:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3336:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3104:
3095:(8): 1472–1480.
3080:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3027:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2789:
2783:
2782:
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2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2106:
2083:
2082:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1898:978-14557-0418-7
1884:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1738:
1527:embryonic cloaca
1510:
1501:
1430:full blood count
1368:chemotherapeutic
1282:and exposure to
977:adenylyl cyclase
832:urogenital sinus
821:urorectal septum
813:urogenital sinus
784:
772:
760:
614:vaginal arteries
590:vesical arteries
374:
370:
313:edit on Wikidata
185:umbilical artery
153:Urogenital sinus
49:
37:
21:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4948:Urinary bladder
4938:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4908:navicular fossa
4839:
4825:Detrusor muscle
4790:
4764:
4731:
4678:Thick ascending
4644:
4602:Renal corpuscle
4587:
4504:
4490:Cortical lobule
4420:
4416:Anatomy of the
4414:
4384:
4379:
4336:
4298:Seminal vesicle
4259:
4221:
4171:Small intestine
4098:
4041:
4000:
3965:
3902:
3843:
3790:
3768:Muscular system
3762:
3734:
3613:Skeletal system
3598:
3589:
3537:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3469:
3457:
3443:
3442:
3433:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3405:
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3385:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3272:
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3217:
3213:
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3181:
3177:
3170:
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3131:
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3082:
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3014:
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2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2650:Davidson's 2018
2648:
2629:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2476:
2475:
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2407:
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2190:
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2108:
2107:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2030:10.1.1.324.7009
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
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1813:
1812:
1808:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1708:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1659:and behind the
1617:
1598:
1566:legless lizards
1562:Monitor lizards
1550:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1486:
1445:medical imaging
1422:medical history
1406:
1389:connected to a
1323:medical imaging
1312:schistosomiasis
1288:aromatic amines
1249:
1243:
1137:
1053:urinary urgency
1045:pubic symphysis
1033:prostate cancer
1011:schistosomiasis
1003:
998:
992:
958:parasympathetic
886:
880:
801:
795:
788:
785:
776:
773:
764:
761:
745:serous membrane
722:mucous membrane
695:
644:
586:
558:pubic symphysis
556:and behind the
530:
511:detrusor muscle
440:pubic symphysis
414:
408:
382:, and the term
380:vesica urinaria
372:
368:
317:
252:vesica urinaria
187:
183:
179:
137:
131:Large intestine
121:
111:Abdominal aorta
93:
88:
85:frontal section
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4963:Urinary system
4960:
4955:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4925:Urinary meatus
4922:
4921:
4920:
4918:urethral gland
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:Vaginal artery
4814:
4809:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4700:Papillary duct
4697:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4673:Thin ascending
4670:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4418:urinary system
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4227:Urinary system
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Laryngopharynx
4146:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Salivary gland
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4012:
4010:immune systems
4006:Haematopoietic
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:Somatic system
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3939:Sensory system
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3914:
3912:Nervous system
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3891:CNS equivalent
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3758:Synovial joint
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3544:
3536:
3535:External links
3533:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3512:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3455:
3431:
3410:
3403:
3383:
3366:
3304:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3247:
3211:
3192:(2): 115–119.
3175:
3168:
3150:
3124:
3075:
3049:
3042:
3019:
3012:
2992:
2972:
2955:
2948:
2911:
2886:
2839:
2804:(1): 127–139.
2784:
2727:
2716:on 2 June 2016
2701:
2695:978-0826177117
2694:
2676:
2654:
2627:
2586:
2551:
2510:
2469:
2462:
2444:
2429:
2422:
2400:
2393:
2372:
2323:
2288:
2231:
2202:
2175:
2168:
2150:
2121:
2084:
2077:
2052:
2004:
1997:
1968:
1947:(20): 3763–9.
1922:
1904:
1897:
1874:
1860:
1840:
1826:
1806:
1787:(1): 215–221.
1767:
1753:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1690:
1687:
1668:
1665:
1616:
1613:
1597:
1594:
1582:osmoregulation
1573:Charles Darwin
1549:
1546:
1535:spiny anteater
1515:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1443:Some forms of
1416:of the bladder
1405:
1402:
1272:bladder cancer
1247:Bladder cancer
1245:Main article:
1242:
1239:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1180:bladder stones
1136:
1133:
1070:may request a
1002:
999:
991:
988:
929:urinary meatus
919:and exits the
882:Main article:
879:
876:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
779:
777:
774:
767:
765:
762:
755:
734:lamina propria
694:
691:
683:dorsal columns
643:
640:
585:
582:
542:prostate gland
540:In males, the
529:
526:
489:enters at the
472:prostate gland
456:abdominal wall
407:
404:
319:
318:
309:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
225:pudendal nerve
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
189:vaginal artery
174:
168:
167:
165:Urinary system
162:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
55:urinary system
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4975:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4936:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:pre-prostatic
4886:
4885:
4884:Male urethra
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Vesical veins
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Renal papilla
4710:
4708:
4707:Tubular fluid
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:Loop of Henle
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Medullary ray
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Biliary tract
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3994:Mammary gland
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Fibrous joint
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:Human systems
3586:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3456:0-8493-4763-7
3452:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3169:9781416064770
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:The Chordates
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2530:(6): 237–47.
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2489:(5): 259–69.
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2439:Human Anatomy
2433:
2430:
2425:
2423:9780781736398
2419:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2394:9781496383907
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:(1): 336–42.
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:9781260122404
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:9780702052309
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:9781848828360
2074:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2023:(3): 935–86.
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:9780702047473
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1861:9781901865059
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1827:9781455733286
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Alpha blocker
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
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1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1488:
1484:Other animals
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:if required.
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1404:Investigation
1403:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
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1321:, as well as
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:; a physical
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:antibiotics.
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
989:
987:
985:
981:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
890:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
792:
783:
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:sacral nerves
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
632:
627:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:vesical veins
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
516:
515:smooth muscle
512:
508:
503:
500:
499:smooth muscle
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
430:gross anatomy
427:
418:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:vesical veins
389:
385:
381:
376:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
314:
308:
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145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Adrenal gland
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4935:
4898:intermediate
4803:Circulation
4745:Macula densa
4727:Renal pelvis
4650:Renal tubule
4541:interlobular
4521:Renal artery
4197:
4165:
4138:
3890:
3873:
3856:
3816:
3516:
3497:
3445:
3420:
3413:
3393:
3386:
3376:
3369:
3324:
3320:
3287:
3280:
3260:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3159:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3127:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3072:: 1657–1660.
3069:
3065:
3052:
3032:
3002:
2995:
2989:. Balkiston.
2985:
2965:
2958:
2939:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2704:
2685:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2657:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2486:
2483:Pharmacology
2482:
2472:
2454:Neuroscience
2453:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2411:
2403:
2384:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2159:
2153:
2111:
2068:
2020:
2017:Physiol. Rev
2016:
1988:
1944:
1940:
1916:
1907:
1888:
1865:. Retrieved
1850:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1816:
1809:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1743:
1736:
1692:
1676:
1641:swim-bladder
1638:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1570:
1551:
1539:
1524:
1476:
1465:
1442:
1419:
1414:diverticulum
1357:
1316:
1266:
1220:
1184:
1153:
1127:
1112:
1096:electrolytes
1072:urine sample
1065:
1015:
974:
970:M2 receptors
952:
933:
927:through the
895:
829:
802:
742:
738:
716:, a type of
711:
696:
693:Microanatomy
668:
645:
642:Nerve supply
628:
587:
554:pelvic floor
547:
539:
504:
476:
458:to form the
423:
395:
387:
383:
379:
377:
365:pelvic floor
339:that stores
329:hollow organ
324:
322:
276:A08.3.01.001
251:
122:
99:Renal artery
94:
76:
72:
65:Renal pelvis
52:
18:Intravesical
4722:Major calyx
4717:Minor calyx
4510:Circulation
4365:Parathyroid
4065:Nasopharynx
3927:Spinal cord
3862:Bone marrow
3631:Collar bone
2899:Rad At Hand
2251:(1): 3899.
1941:Development
1695:crustaceans
1689:Crustaceans
1580:and aid in
1379:BCG vaccine
1371:mitomycin C
1123:intravenous
1115:antibiotics
968:, although
966:M3 receptor
840:development
793:Development
687:spinal cord
648:sympathetic
566:levator ani
337:vertebrates
241:Identifiers
4942:Categories
4668:Descending
4610:Glomerulus
4576:interlobar
4566:Vasa recta
4556:Renal vein
4531:interlobar
4144:Oropharynx
3884:Lymph node
3817:peripheral
3663:Metatarsus
3658:Metacarpus
3637:Thigh bone
3633:(clavicle)
3147:: 153–165.
2212:1076268769
1728:References
1700:epithelium
1596:Amphibians
1468:cystoscope
1375:high grade
1364:cystoscopy
1352:metastatic
1335:cystoscopy
1331:ultrasound
1327:CT urogram
1276:urothelium
1235:Ultrasound
1206:trigonitis
1104:ultrasound
1100:creatinine
994:See also:
817:anal canal
749:adventitia
726:glycocalyx
714:urothelium
707:adventitia
703:epithelium
485:, and the
452:peritoneum
386:or prefix
335:and other
4893:prostatic
4862:External
4755:Mesangium
4635:Mesangium
4526:segmental
4517:Arteries
4350:Pituitary
4199:accessory
4154:Esophagus
3874:secondary
3786:Diaphragm
3730:Cartilage
3678:Phalanges
3555:2327-2120
3473:cite book
3343:1664-042X
3228:: 11–19.
3111:0022-0949
2873:0003-9993
2834:244530010
2818:1520-6777
2720:21 August
2600:Rev. Urol
2220:cite book
2139:cite book
2131:920806541
2025:CiteSeerX
1801:0958-0670
1649:pilchards
1630:tetrapods
1628:fish and
1542:cetaceans
1397:papillary
1391:stoma bag
1355:lesions.
1292:aldehydes
1201:paruresis
948:brainstem
909:urination
884:Urination
836:allantois
552:near the
448:umbilicus
406:Structure
361:urination
343:from the
148:Precursor
4878:Internal
4819:(female)
4625:Podocyte
4581:efferent
4546:afferent
4468:pyramids
4330:Placenta
4293:Testicle
4288:Prostate
4215:Pancreas
4176:Appendix
4166:lower GI
4139:upper GI
4087:Bronchus
4030:Lymphoid
3713:Vertebra
3668:Ossicles
3653:Mandible
3465:18816053
3361:37457024
3352:10339814
3242:25220852
3119:17401130
2826:34816481
2779:22549838
2622:16985861
2581:23200975
2546:15725706
2505:19295256
2367:27228303
2318:23174248
2283:30846750
2047:15269341
1963:17881488
1706:See also
1657:oviducts
1653:herrings
1625:teleosts
1548:Reptiles
1533:and the
1531:platypus
1518:stallion
1341:, and a
1319:cytology
1286:such as
1145:prostate
1084:nitrates
1057:bacteria
1017:Cystitis
913:perineum
878:Function
848:prostate
732:, and a
681:via the
656:superior
650:and the
400:cystitis
373:17 fl oz
371:(10 and
95:Vessels:
4845:Urethra
4835:Trigone
4796:Bladder
4778:Ureters
4593:Nephron
4571:arcuate
4536:arcuate
4500:Nephron
4463:Medulla
4446:Capsule
4426:Kidneys
4370:Adrenal
4360:Thyroid
4278:Scrotum
4255:Urethra
4250:Bladder
4159:Stomach
4082:Trachea
4018:Myeloid
3857:primary
3723:Sternum
3673:Patella
3648:Humerus
3639:(femur)
3547:Bladder
2904:11 July
2881:9862299
2770:3541943
2749:Bibcode
2747:: 809.
2613:1472861
2561:Urology
2358:5555362
2274:6405771
2253:Bibcode
2063:Page 12
1679:ureters
1645:loaches
1621:teleost
1604:Xenopus
1590:calculi
1489:Mammals
1461:CT scan
1436:, or a
1343:CT scan
1280:smoking
1025:urethra
946:in the
917:urethra
905:ureters
901:kidneys
872:abdomen
868:infants
862:by the
854:by the
825:urethra
747:called
685:in the
619:lateral
610:uterine
522:voiding
487:urethra
479:ureters
464:trigone
388:vesico-
384:vesical
359:during
357:urethra
353:ureters
345:kidneys
325:bladder
264:D001743
142:Details
81:Urethra
77:Bladder
40:Bladder
4953:Pelvis
4903:spongy
4871:female
4552:Veins
4456:column
4451:Cortex
4441:Fascia
4434:Layers
4355:Pineal
4315:Vagina
4310:Uterus
4305:Female
4245:Ureter
4240:Kidney
4186:Rectum
4122:Tongue
4070:Larynx
3989:Breast
3961:Tissue
3879:Spleen
3867:Thymus
3822:Artery
3781:Tendon
3776:Muscle
3740:Joints
3718:Pelvis
3693:Tarsus
3683:Radius
3643:Fibula
3626:Carpus
3596:organs
3553:
3523:
3504:
3463:
3453:
3401:
3359:
3349:
3341:
3295:
3268:
3240:
3204:
3166:
3117:
3109:
3040:
3010:
2946:
2879:
2871:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2777:
2767:
2692:
2669:10 May
2620:
2610:
2579:
2544:
2503:
2460:
2420:
2391:
2365:
2355:
2316:
2281:
2271:
2210:
2200:
2166:
2129:
2119:
2075:
2045:
2027:
1995:
1961:
1895:
1867:1 June
1858:
1833:1 June
1824:
1799:
1751:
1683:cloaca
1661:rectum
1651:, and
1564:, the
1558:cloaca
1554:rectum
1472:biopsy
1339:biopsy
1268:Cancer
1241:Cancer
1061:E coli
860:uterus
852:rectum
809:cloaca
805:embryo
596:. The
578:vagina
570:uterus
518:fibers
450:. The
435:fundus
426:pelvis
396:cystis
369:500 ml
333:humans
172:Artery
160:System
135:Pelvis
133:, 14.
129:, 13.
113:, 11.
109:, 10.
69:Ureter
61:Kidney
53:Human
4480:Sinus
4325:Ovary
4320:Vulva
4283:Penis
4205:Liver
4181:Colon
4132:Tooth
4112:Mouth
4077:Lower
4055:Upper
3932:Nerve
3922:Brain
3839:Heart
3698:Tibia
3688:Skull
3490:Books
3137:(PDF)
3062:(PDF)
2830:S2CID
1760:6 May
1722:UPK1B
1667:Birds
1634:lungs
1387:ileum
1360:stage
1325:by a
940:rugae
925:vulva
921:penis
897:Urine
866:. In
697:When
679:brain
631:lymph
507:rugae
428:. In
347:. In
341:urine
327:is a
311:[
300:15900
247:Latin
232:Lymph
216:Nerve
127:Liver
105:, 9.
79:, 6.
67:, 4.
63:, 3.
4866:male
4485:Lobe
4273:Male
4191:Anus
4092:Lung
4060:Nose
4008:and
3979:Skin
3827:Vein
3703:Ulna
3621:Bone
3594:and
3551:ISSN
3521:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3479:link
3461:OCLC
3451:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3357:PMID
3339:ISSN
3293:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3238:PMID
3206:5237
3202:PMID
3164:ISBN
3115:PMID
3107:ISSN
3038:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2906:2024
2877:PMID
2869:ISSN
2822:PMID
2814:ISSN
2775:PMID
2722:2013
2690:ISBN
2671:2020
2618:PMID
2577:PMID
2542:PMID
2501:PMID
2458:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2363:PMID
2314:PMID
2279:PMID
2226:link
2208:OCLC
2198:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2145:link
2127:OCLC
2117:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2065:in:
2043:PMID
1993:ISBN
1959:PMID
1893:ISBN
1869:2016
1856:ISBN
1835:2016
1822:ISBN
1797:ISSN
1762:2013
1749:ISBN
1615:Fish
1455:. A
1290:and
1284:dyes
1098:and
1074:. A
980:cAMP
675:S2-4
658:and
629:The
612:and
323:The
288:3401
271:TA98
259:MeSH
204:Vein
125:12.
119:vein
117:and
103:vein
101:and
4127:Lip
3949:Eye
3944:Ear
3708:Rib
3426:136
3347:PMC
3329:doi
3230:doi
3226:222
3194:doi
3097:doi
3093:210
2861:doi
2806:doi
2765:PMC
2757:doi
2608:PMC
2569:doi
2532:doi
2491:doi
2353:PMC
2345:doi
2341:119
2306:doi
2302:189
2269:PMC
2261:doi
2035:doi
1949:doi
1945:134
1789:doi
1663:.
1329:or
923:or
673:to
331:in
295:FMA
283:TA2
97:8.
89:7.
59:2.
51:1.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
