33:
526:
In 2014, Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew" , where the former means "Of or pertaining to Judea or southern
Palestine " , while the latter refers " A person belonging to the worldwide group constituting a continuation through descent or conversion of the ancient Jewish people and
304:
has not yet be reduced to designation of a religion. It means rather "the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes
Judaeans Judaean (or Jews Jewish)." Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call "religious," but these practices and beliefs are
445:
Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing
Ioudaios with 'Jew,' for many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social realities, with
514:
as "Judeans" implies simply people living in a geographic area, whereas translating the term as "Jews" implies a legalistic religious and ethnic component which in later
Christian works was characterized as a religion devoid of "grace", "faith", and "freedom". It is this later understanding which
501:
Academic publications in the last ten to fifteen years increasingly use the term
Judeans rather than Jews. Most of these writers cite Steve Mason's 2007 article, "Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History". Mason and others argue that "Judean" is a more
358:
There is a wide range of scholarly views as to the correct translations with respect to each of these areas, with some scholars suggesting that either the words Jews or
Judeans should be used in all cases, and other scholars suggesting that the correct translation needs to be interpreted on a
1004:
2011 Page 124 "6.6 and 9.17, where for the first time
Ioudaios can properly be translated 'Jew' ; and in Greco-Roman writers, the first use of Ioudaios as a religious term appears at the end of the first century ce (90- 96, 127, 133-36).
515:
some scholars have argued was not applicable in the ancient world. They argue that the New
Testament texts need to be critically examined without the baggage that Christianity has associated with the term "Jew". Others such as
1204:
Rykle Borger, "Remarks of an
Outsider about Bauer's Wörterbuch, BAGD, BDAG, and Their Textual Basis," Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker, Bernard A. Taylor (et al. eds.) pp.
1104:
458:, writing: "The translation 'Jew', however, signals a number of aspects of Jesus' behavior and that of other 'Jews', whether Judean, Galilean, or from the Diaspora:
318:
As mentioned above, translating it as "Jews" has implications about the beliefs of the people whereas translation as "Judeans" emphasizes their geographical origin.
1255:
270:
in the 2nd century BC. In the context of the age and period it held the meaning of seeking or forming part of a cultural entity and resembles its antonym
226:. Despite this shift, later sources still highlight the importance of kinship and blood in Jewish national identity. For instance, Josephus recounts that
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1582:
1537:
1516:
1414:
1354:
1291:
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300:
We are tempted, of course, to translate as "Judaism," but this translation is too narrow, because in this first occurrence of the term,
1731:
1318:
1227:
1556:
774:
619:
1726:
67:
1193:
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1017:
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1425:
502:
precise and a more ethical translation of ioudaios than is "Jew". Much of the debate stems from the use of the term in the
1736:
1547:
Freyne, Sean (2000). "Behind the Names: Samaritans, loudaioi, Galileans". In
Stephen G. Wilson; Michel Desjardins (eds.).
679:
1707:
1034:
946:
95:
The choice of translation is the subject of frequent scholarly debate, given its central importance to passages in the
1076:
984:
362:
One complication in the translation question is that the meaning of the word evolved over the centuries. For example,
1029:
941:
1252:
184:
1741:
404:'s chosen people, entitled to participate in those religious ceremonies to which only such members were admitted.
740:
32:
1055:
1593:
471:
387:
227:
1529:
The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature
446:
the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.
638:
331:
62:
536:
1489:
343:
326:
325:
is used primarily in three areas of literature in antiquity: the later books of the Hebrew Bible and
963:
1308:
779:
119:
is seen to imply connotations as to the religious beliefs of the people, whereas translating it as
266:, "to side with or imitate the "), often translated as "Judaism" or "Judeanism", first appears in
1746:
1687:
1449:
1389:
1149:
563:
724:
666:
660:
1624:
1578:
1566:
1552:
1533:
1512:
1410:
1402:
1350:
1314:
1287:
1223:
1155:
1120:
293:
211:
49:
1570:
1504:
1281:
1679:
1481:
1441:
1381:
1112:
998:
628:
599:
590:
495:
285:
179:) occurs 74 times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible. It occurs first in the
1259:
1145:
1039:
951:
893:
839:
835:
615:
581:
559:
516:
451:
231:
223:
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However, most other European languages retained the letter "d" in the word for Jew; e.g.
1365:
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196:
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104:
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1467:"Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History"
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764:
602:
520:
475:
459:
363:
180:
100:
1220:
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.
1527:
1344:
1116:
240:, or hemi-Ioudaios), referencing his Idumean ancestry, rather than his behavior.
879:
593:
267:
219:
1683:
804:
789:
769:
483:
371:
276:, meaning acceptance of Hellenic (Greek) cultural norms (the conflict between
200:
163:
1485:
1445:
1385:
1620:
784:
411:
137:
1071:
584:
672:
575:
1661:
Meeks, Wayne (1975). "'Am I A Jew?' Johannine Christianity and Judaism".
566:
498:
today. Continuity between Judeans and Jews outweighs the discontinuity."
491:
423:
419:
415:
348:
222:
representing a greater emphasis on the cultural and religious aspects of
108:
81:
733:
84:
used in classical and biblical literature which commonly translates to "
17:
979:
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540:
487:
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467:
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147:
1240:
The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus
401:
394:
383:
For clarity, we may recall that the three main earlier meanings were:
41:
1509:
Conflict and Identity in Romans: The Social Setting of Paul's Letter
1366:"Ethnicity Comes of Age: An Overview of Twentieth-Century Terms for
1151:
In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity
1105:"Theoretical Considerations: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Antiquity"
1594:"The Meaning and Function of Ioudaios in Graeco-Roman Inscriptions"
1346:
Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History
1310:
Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History
1182:
The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties
719:
692:
643:
352:
192:
188:
124:
112:
96:
89:
1283:
De-Introducing the New Testament: Texts, Worlds, Methods, Stories
1430:
and its Relationship to Other Group Labels in Ancient 'Judaism'"
523:
cannot be so neatly separated from later forms of anti-Judaism.
40:
is in the "Moschus Ioudaios inscription", dated c. 250 BC, from
1505:"Ethnicity Ethnic Conflict and the Ancient Mediterranean World"
1617:
Palestinian Parties and Politics that shaped the Old Testament
655:
85:
1549:
Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity
1018:
930:
884:
870:
856:
843:
828:
738:
707:
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539:"Iuw" from the Old French forms "Giu" and "Juieu", which had
261:
255:
235:
141:
131:
72:
390:, i.e. (if in the male line) a member of the tribe of Judah;
123:
confines the identity within the geopolitical boundaries of
1670:
Bratcher, Robert (1975). "The Jews in the Gospel of John".
555:
it derives from, meant both Jews and Judeans / "of Judea".
1111:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19, 22,
441:, supported translation of the term as "Judean", writing:
309:
should be translated not as "Judaism" but as Judaeanness.
199:
of 'Jews' that sat in the court of the prison." In the
1551:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 389–401.
136:(verb), literally translated as "Judaizing" (compare
218:" evolved throughout the Second Temple period, with
1242:. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006, page 162
437:, one of the most highly respected dictionaries of
1663:Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults
510:is often used in a negative context. Translating
347:), and classical writers from the region such as
130:A related translation debate refers to the terms
1638:Lowe, Malcolm (1976). "Who Were the Ioudaioi?".
494:. All these, and much more, are markers also of
1405:. In Amy-Jill Levine; Marc Z. Brettler (eds.).
52:states the word must be translated as "Judean".
1313:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–10.
1194:Cambridge History of Judaism volume 3 page 210
474:, attending synagogue gatherings, reading the
1409:. Oxford University Press. pp. 524–526.
1065:
1063:
618:between "Judeans", and "Jews" is relevant in
48:of Greek religion; such that in this context
8:
386:(1) one of the descendants of the patriarch
230:, the last Hasmonean king of Judea, labeled
107:) as well as works of other writers such as
1222:third edition University of Chicago Press.
36:The first known occurrence of the singular
27:Ancient Greek ethnonym for Jews and Judeans
1601:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1286:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–74.
1013:
1011:
1701:The use of Ioudaios in the Fourth Gospel
624:
527:characterized by a sense of community".
31:
1184:University of California Press. 105-106
910:
821:
795:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
370:, states that from c.100 BCE under the
335:), the New Testament (particularly the
305:not the sole content of the term. Thus
44:in Greece. The inscription describes a
1109:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
973:
971:
191:king of Syria drove the 'Jews' out of
146:(noun), controversially translated as
1154:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 39FF.
1090:
1035:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon
917:
535:The English word Jew derives via the
195:, and earliest among the prophets in
7:
407:Now appears the new, fourth meaning:
288:and hence the invention of the term
1577:. University of California Press.
1407:The Jewish Annotated New Testament
610:The distinction of translation of
543:(dropped) the letter "d" from the
431:In 2001, the third edition of the
25:
1571:"Ioudaios, Iudaeus, Judaean, Jew"
1253:"The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity"
620:English translations of the Bible
1474:Journal for the Study of Judaism
478:, knowing that they are neither
1401:Garroway, Rabbi Joshua (2011).
1349:. University of Toronto Press.
1699:Schram, Terry Leonard (1974).
1592:Williams, Margaret H. (1997).
1103:Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006),
454:took the opposite view in her
400:(3) a "Jew", i.e. a member of
1:
1434:Currents in Biblical Research
1374:Currents in Biblical Research
1575:The Beginnings of Jewishness
1307:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2014).
1117:10.1017/cbo9780511499067.002
1002:Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels
368:Cambridge History of Judaism
1532:. Brill. pp. 104–147.
1343:Daniel R. Schwartz (2014).
1077:Online Etymology Dictionary
1052:Young's Literal Translation
985:Online Etymology Dictionary
410:(4) a member of the Judaeo-
214:, the meaning of the term "
1763:
1732:Jews and Judaism in Greece
1684:10.1177/026009437502600401
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73:
66:
1424:Miller, David M. (2010).
1364:Miller, David M. (2012).
1180:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999)
519:argue that New Testament
176:
1486:10.1163/156851507X193108
1446:10.1177/1476993X09360724
1386:10.1177/1476993X11428924
551:, which, like the Greek
374:the meaning of the word
314:Translation implications
1727:Greek words and phrases
1526:Harvey, Graham (2001).
947:A Greek–English Lexicon
250:The Ancient Greek term
228:Antigonus II Mattathias
203:the term is translated
639:Modern Standard Arabic
490:, and celebrating the
448:
429:
366:, writing in the 1999
332:Books of the Maccabees
311:
80:) is an Ancient Greek
53:
1465:Mason, Steve (2007).
1214:Danker, Frederick W.
1026:Liddell, Henry George
938:Liddell, Henry George
443:
380:
329:literature (e.g. the
298:
35:
1737:Jewish Greek history
1712:in the New Testament
1672:The Bible Translator
1264:L.A. Review of Books
811:Notes and references
472:calling God 'father'
359:case-by-case basis.
344:Acts of the Apostles
115:. Translating it as
1093:, pp. 105–106.
964:Jewish Encyclopedia
780:Hellenistic Judaism
531:Language comparison
158:Etymology and usage
1511:. Fortress Press.
1337:General references
1258:2017-08-22 at the
1251:Adele Reinhartz,
476:Torah and Prophets
378:expanded further:
234:a "half Judean," (
54:
1640:Novum Testamentum
1630:978-0-334-02238-1
1584:978-0-520-21141-4
1539:978-0-391-04119-6
1518:978-1-4514-1607-7
1416:978-0-19-529770-6
1356:978-1-4426-4839-5
1293:978-1-118-43296-9
1238:Amy-Jill Levine.
1161:978-0-8308-2670-4
1126:978-0-521-86202-8
1070:Harper, Douglas.
978:Harper, Douglas.
896:
882:
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750:
730:يهودية Yahudiyya
456:Misunderstood Jew
294:Shaye J. D. Cohen
212:Shaye J. D. Cohen
50:Shaye J. D. Cohen
16:(Redirected from
1754:
1742:Hellenistic Jews
1704:
1695:
1666:
1652:Ioudaioi in the
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1634:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1562:
1543:
1522:
1496:
1494:
1488:. Archived from
1471:
1461:
1456:. Archived from
1426:"The Meaning of
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1397:
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1325:
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1297:
1273:
1267:
1266:, June 24, 2014.
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999:James D. G. Dunn
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775:King of the Jews
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625:
496:traditional Jews
393:(2) a native of
286:Maccabean revolt
265:
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239:
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178:
171:The Hebrew term
145:
144:
135:
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21:
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1623:. p. 111.
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486:, honoring the
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284:lay behind the
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1678:(4): 401–409.
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1495:on 2015-03-25.
1480:(4): 457–512.
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1460:on 2013-02-01.
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1332:External links
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698:יהודי Yehudi
697:
694:
690:
689:
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649:Ancient Greek
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634:Modern Hebrew
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434:Bauer lexicon
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327:Second Temple
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210:According to
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105:New Testament
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69:
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63:Ancient Greek
60:
59:
51:
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43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1709:
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1675:
1671:
1662:
1651:
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1643:
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1616:
1604:
1600:
1574:
1567:Cohen, Shaye
1548:
1528:
1508:
1490:the original
1477:
1473:
1458:the original
1437:
1433:
1427:
1406:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1278:Davina Lopez
1271:
1263:
1247:
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1234:
1219:
1215:
1210:
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1189:
1181:
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1165:. Retrieved
1150:
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1130:, retrieved
1108:
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1047:
1033:
1001:
994:
983:
959:
945:
925:
913:
889:
875:
861:
824:
765:Who is a Jew
745:
712:
684:
611:
609:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
557:
552:
548:
537:Anglo-French
534:
525:
521:anti-Judaism
511:
507:
500:
460:circumcision
455:
449:
444:
432:
430:
375:
367:
364:Morton Smith
361:
357:
342:
336:
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322:
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306:
301:
299:
289:
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251:
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215:
209:
204:
185:2 Kings 16:6
181:Hebrew Bible
172:
170:
164:
151:
129:
120:
116:
101:Hebrew Bible
94:
77:
57:
56:
55:
45:
37:
29:
855:; likewise
282:Hellenismos
273:Hellenismos
268:2 Maccabees
237:ἡμιιουδαιος
220:2 Maccabees
1721:Categories
1646:: 101–130.
1403:"Ioudaios"
1216:"Ioudaios"
1167:2010-08-22
1132:2024-06-14
1091:Cohen 1999
1020:ἰουδαΐζειν
918:Cohen 1999
905:References
897:pl., etc..
805:Israelites
790:Proselytes
770:Jew (word)
484:Samaritans
466:, keeping
462:, wearing
372:Hasmoneans
307:Ioudaïsmos
302:Ioudaismos
290:Ioudaismos
278:Ioudaismos
263:ἰουδαΐζειν
257:Ἰουδαϊσμός
252:Ioudaismos
245:Ioudaismos
201:Septuagint
143:Ἰουδαϊσμός
133:ἰουδαΐζειν
99:(both the
1747:Ethnonyms
1692:164540724
1621:SCM Press
1607:: 249–62.
1454:144383064
1394:144331530
1072:"Judaism"
890:Ioudaious
886:Ἰουδαίους
876:Ioudaiois
872:Ἰουδαίοις
785:Judaizers
564:Norwegian
450:In 2006,
412:Samaritan
321:The word
152:Judeanism
138:Judaizers
1710:Ioudaios
1708:Uses of
1615:(1987).
1569:(1999).
1503:(2003).
1428:Ioudaios
1368:Ioudaios
1280:(2015).
1256:Archived
1148:(2002).
1056:Gal 2:14
932:Ἰουδαῖος
862:Ioudaiōn
858:Ἰουδαίων
845:Ἰουδαῖοι
830:Ἰουδαῖος
754:See also
727:Yehudah
713:Ioudaios
709:Ἰουδαῖος
704:Iudaeus
685:Ioudaios
680:Ἰουδαῖος
553:Ioudaioi
512:Ioudaios
508:Ioudaios
492:Passover
480:Gentiles
426:alliance
424:Galilean
420:Ituraean
416:Idumaean
376:Ioudaioi
349:Josephus
323:Ioudaioi
216:Ioudaios
205:Ioudaios
177:יְהוּדִי
109:Josephus
103:and the
82:ethnonym
78:Ioudaioi
74:Ἰουδαῖοι
68:Ἰουδαῖος
58:Ioudaios
46:Ioudaios
38:Ioudaios
18:Ioudaioi
1038:at the
950:at the
833:is the
800:Hebrews
746:Ioudaiā
741:Ἰουδαία
673:Iudaeus
669:Yahudi
663:Yehudi
629:English
612:Yehudim
600:Spanish
591:Italian
549:Iudaeus
488:Sabbath
464:tzitzit
296:wrote:
260:; from
148:Judaism
140:), and
121:Judeans
1690:
1627:
1581:
1555:
1536:
1515:
1452:
1413:
1392:
1353:
1317:
1290:
1226:
1205:32–47.
1158:
1123:
842:form,
734:Iudaea
595:giudeo
582:German
560:Danish
541:elided
506:where
468:kosher
402:Yahweh
395:Judaea
187:where
173:Yehudi
167:(word)
90:Judean
88:" or "
71:; pl.
42:Oropos
1688:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1493:(PDF)
1470:(PDF)
1450:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1218:, in
980:"Jew"
883:pl.,
869:pl.,
816:Notes
725:יהודה
720:Judea
693:Judea
667:يهودي
661:יהודי
644:Latin
607:etc.
604:judío
573:Dutch
547:form
388:Judah
353:Philo
232:Herod
193:Elath
189:Rezin
125:Judea
113:Philo
97:Bible
1625:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1005:12."
848:the
691:"of
586:Jude
577:jood
568:jøde
562:and
482:nor
351:and
341:and
280:and
117:Jews
111:and
1680:doi
1605:116
1482:doi
1442:doi
1382:doi
1113:doi
1054:of
894:ACC
880:DAT
866:GEN
853:pl.
850:NOM
840:sg.
836:NOM
656:Jew
614:in
292:).
183:in
165:Jew
150:or
92:".
86:Jew
1723::
1686:.
1676:26
1674:.
1644:18
1642:.
1619:.
1603:.
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1573:.
1507:.
1478:38
1476:.
1472:.
1448:.
1436:.
1432:.
1388:.
1378:10
1376:.
1372:.
1119:,
1107:,
1074:.
1062:^
1032:;
1028:;
1024:.
1010:^
982:.
970:^
944:;
940:;
936:.
622:.
598:,
589:,
580:,
571:,
470:,
355:.
207:.
154:.
127:.
65::
1703:.
1694:.
1682::
1665:.
1633:.
1587:.
1561:.
1542:.
1521:.
1484::
1444::
1438:9
1419:.
1396:.
1384::
1370:"
1359:.
1323:.
1296:.
1170:.
1115::
1080:.
1042:.
988:.
954:.
422:-
418:-
414:-
254:(
175:(
61:(
20:)
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