22:
515:
In 2014, Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew" , where the former means "Of or pertaining to Judea or southern
Palestine " , while the latter refers " A person belonging to the worldwide group constituting a continuation through descent or conversion of the ancient Jewish people and
293:
has not yet be reduced to designation of a religion. It means rather "the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes
Judaeans Judaean (or Jews Jewish)." Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call "religious," but these practices and beliefs are
434:
Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing
Ioudaios with 'Jew,' for many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social realities, with
503:
as "Judeans" implies simply people living in a geographic area, whereas translating the term as "Jews" implies a legalistic religious and ethnic component which in later
Christian works was characterized as a religion devoid of "grace", "faith", and "freedom". It is this later understanding which
490:
Academic publications in the last ten to fifteen years increasingly use the term
Judeans rather than Jews. Most of these writers cite Steve Mason's 2007 article, "Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History". Mason and others argue that "Judean" is a more
347:
There is a wide range of scholarly views as to the correct translations with respect to each of these areas, with some scholars suggesting that either the words Jews or
Judeans should be used in all cases, and other scholars suggesting that the correct translation needs to be interpreted on a
993:
2011 Page 124 "6.6 and 9.17, where for the first time
Ioudaios can properly be translated 'Jew' ; and in Greco-Roman writers, the first use of Ioudaios as a religious term appears at the end of the first century ce (90- 96, 127, 133-36).
504:
some scholars have argued was not applicable in the ancient world. They argue that the New
Testament texts need to be critically examined without the baggage that Christianity has associated with the term "Jew". Others such as
1193:
Rykle Borger, "Remarks of an
Outsider about Bauer's Wörterbuch, BAGD, BDAG, and Their Textual Basis," Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker, Bernard A. Taylor (et al. eds.) pp.
1093:
447:, writing: "The translation 'Jew', however, signals a number of aspects of Jesus' behavior and that of other 'Jews', whether Judean, Galilean, or from the Diaspora:
307:
As mentioned above, translating it as "Jews" has implications about the beliefs of the people whereas translation as "Judeans" emphasizes their geographical origin.
1244:
259:
in the 2nd century BC. In the context of the age and period it held the meaning of seeking or forming part of a cultural entity and resembles its antonym
215:. Despite this shift, later sources still highlight the importance of kinship and blood in Jewish national identity. For instance, Josephus recounts that
783:
1455:
1617:
1571:
1526:
1505:
1403:
1343:
1280:
1148:
1113:
289:
We are tempted, of course, to translate as "Judaism," but this translation is too narrow, because in this first occurrence of the term,
1720:
1307:
1216:
1545:
763:
608:
1715:
56:
1182:
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1006:
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1414:
491:
precise and a more ethical translation of ioudaios than is "Jew". Much of the debate stems from the use of the term in the
1725:
1536:
Freyne, Sean (2000). "Behind the Names: Samaritans, loudaioi, Galileans". In
Stephen G. Wilson; Michel Desjardins (eds.).
668:
1696:
1023:
935:
84:
The choice of translation is the subject of frequent scholarly debate, given its central importance to passages in the
1065:
973:
351:
One complication in the translation question is that the meaning of the word evolved over the centuries. For example,
1018:
930:
1241:
173:
1730:
393:'s chosen people, entitled to participate in those religious ceremonies to which only such members were admitted.
729:
21:
1044:
1582:
460:
376:
216:
1518:
The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature
435:
the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.
627:
320:
51:
525:
1478:
332:
315:
314:
is used primarily in three areas of literature in antiquity: the later books of the Hebrew Bible and
952:
1297:
768:
108:
is seen to imply connotations as to the religious beliefs of the people, whereas translating it as
255:, "to side with or imitate the "), often translated as "Judaism" or "Judeanism", first appears in
1735:
1676:
1438:
1378:
1138:
552:
713:
655:
649:
1613:
1567:
1555:
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1522:
1501:
1399:
1391:
1339:
1303:
1276:
1212:
1144:
1109:
282:
200:
38:
1559:
1493:
1270:
1668:
1470:
1430:
1370:
1101:
987:
617:
588:
579:
484:
274:
168:) occurs 74 times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible. It occurs first in the
1248:
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1028:
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220:
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However, most other European languages retained the letter "d" in the word for Jew; e.g.
1354:
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185:
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93:
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1456:"Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History"
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753:
591:
509:
464:
448:
352:
169:
89:
1209:
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.
1516:
1333:
1105:
229:, or hemi-Ioudaios), referencing his Idumean ancestry, rather than his behavior.
868:
582:
256:
208:
1672:
793:
778:
758:
472:
360:
265:, meaning acceptance of Hellenic (Greek) cultural norms (the conflict between
189:
152:
1474:
1434:
1374:
1609:
773:
400:
126:
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573:
661:
564:
1650:
Meeks, Wayne (1975). "'Am I A Jew?' Johannine Christianity and Judaism".
555:
487:
today. Continuity between Judeans and Jews outweighs the discontinuity."
480:
412:
408:
404:
337:
211:
representing a greater emphasis on the cultural and religious aspects of
97:
70:
722:
73:
used in classical and biblical literature which commonly translates to "
968:
788:
529:
476:
468:
456:
452:
136:
1229:
The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus
390:
383:
372:
For clarity, we may recall that the three main earlier meanings were:
30:
1498:
Conflict and Identity in Romans: The Social Setting of Paul's Letter
1355:"Ethnicity Comes of Age: An Overview of Twentieth-Century Terms for
1140:
In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity
1094:"Theoretical Considerations: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Antiquity"
1583:"The Meaning and Function of Ioudaios in Graeco-Roman Inscriptions"
1335:
Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History
1299:
Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History
1171:
The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties
708:
681:
632:
341:
181:
177:
113:
101:
85:
78:
1272:
De-Introducing the New Testament: Texts, Worlds, Methods, Stories
1419:
and its Relationship to Other Group Labels in Ancient 'Judaism'"
512:
cannot be so neatly separated from later forms of anti-Judaism.
29:
is in the "Moschus Ioudaios inscription", dated c. 250 BC, from
1494:"Ethnicity Ethnic Conflict and the Ancient Mediterranean World"
1606:
Palestinian Parties and Politics that shaped the Old Testament
644:
74:
1538:
Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity
1007:
919:
873:
859:
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832:
817:
727:
696:
666:
528:"Iuw" from the Old French forms "Giu" and "Juieu", which had
250:
244:
224:
130:
120:
61:
379:, i.e. (if in the male line) a member of the tribe of Judah;
112:
confines the identity within the geopolitical boundaries of
1659:
Bratcher, Robert (1975). "The Jews in the Gospel of John".
544:
it derives from, meant both Jews and Judeans / "of Judea".
1100:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19, 22,
430:, supported translation of the term as "Judean", writing:
298:
should be translated not as "Judaism" but as Judaeanness.
188:
of 'Jews' that sat in the court of the prison." In the
1540:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 389–401.
125:(verb), literally translated as "Judaizing" (compare
207:" evolved throughout the Second Temple period, with
1231:. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006, page 162
426:, one of the most highly respected dictionaries of
1652:Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults
499:is often used in a negative context. Translating
336:), and classical writers from the region such as
119:A related translation debate refers to the terms
1627:Lowe, Malcolm (1976). "Who Were the Ioudaioi?".
483:. All these, and much more, are markers also of
1394:. In Amy-Jill Levine; Marc Z. Brettler (eds.).
41:states the word must be translated as "Judean".
1302:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–10.
1183:Cambridge History of Judaism volume 3 page 210
463:, attending synagogue gatherings, reading the
1398:. Oxford University Press. pp. 524–526.
1054:
1052:
607:between "Judeans", and "Jews" is relevant in
37:of Greek religion; such that in this context
8:
375:(1) one of the descendants of the patriarch
219:, the last Hasmonean king of Judea, labeled
96:) as well as works of other writers such as
1211:third edition University of Chicago Press.
25:The first known occurrence of the singular
16:Ancient Greek ethnonym for Jews and Judeans
1590:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1275:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–74.
1002:
1000:
1690:The use of Ioudaios in the Fourth Gospel
613:
516:characterized by a sense of community".
20:
1173:University of California Press. 105-106
899:
810:
784:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
359:, states that from c.100 BCE under the
324:), the New Testament (particularly the
294:not the sole content of the term. Thus
33:in Greece. The inscription describes a
1098:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
962:
960:
180:king of Syria drove the 'Jews' out of
135:(noun), controversially translated as
1143:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 39FF.
1079:
1024:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon
906:
524:The English word Jew derives via the
184:, and earliest among the prophets in
7:
396:Now appears the new, fourth meaning:
277:and hence the invention of the term
1566:. University of California Press.
1396:The Jewish Annotated New Testament
599:The distinction of translation of
532:(dropped) the letter "d" from the
420:In 2001, the third edition of the
14:
1560:"Ioudaios, Iudaeus, Judaean, Jew"
1242:"The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity"
609:English translations of the Bible
1463:Journal for the Study of Judaism
467:, knowing that they are neither
1390:Garroway, Rabbi Joshua (2011).
1338:. University of Toronto Press.
1688:Schram, Terry Leonard (1974).
1581:Williams, Margaret H. (1997).
1092:Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006),
443:took the opposite view in her
389:(3) a "Jew", i.e. a member of
1:
1423:Currents in Biblical Research
1363:Currents in Biblical Research
1564:The Beginnings of Jewishness
1296:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2014).
1106:10.1017/cbo9780511499067.002
991:Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels
357:Cambridge History of Judaism
1521:. Brill. pp. 104–147.
1332:Daniel R. Schwartz (2014).
1066:Online Etymology Dictionary
1041:Young's Literal Translation
974:Online Etymology Dictionary
399:(4) a member of the Judaeo-
203:, the meaning of the term "
1752:
1721:Jews and Judaism in Greece
1673:10.1177/026009437502600401
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833:
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667:
251:
245:
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121:
62:
55:
1413:Miller, David M. (2010).
1353:Miller, David M. (2012).
1169:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999)
508:argue that New Testament
165:
1475:10.1163/156851507X193108
1435:10.1177/1476993X09360724
1375:10.1177/1476993X11428924
540:, which, like the Greek
363:the meaning of the word
303:Translation implications
1716:Greek words and phrases
1515:Harvey, Graham (2001).
936:A Greek–English Lexicon
239:The Ancient Greek term
217:Antigonus II Mattathias
192:the term is translated
628:Modern Standard Arabic
479:, and celebrating the
437:
418:
355:, writing in the 1999
321:Books of the Maccabees
300:
69:) is an Ancient Greek
42:
1454:Mason, Steve (2007).
1203:Danker, Frederick W.
1015:Liddell, Henry George
927:Liddell, Henry George
432:
369:
318:literature (e.g. the
287:
24:
1726:Jewish Greek history
1701:in the New Testament
1661:The Bible Translator
1253:L.A. Review of Books
800:Notes and references
461:calling God 'father'
348:case-by-case basis.
333:Acts of the Apostles
104:. Translating it as
1082:, pp. 105–106.
953:Jewish Encyclopedia
769:Hellenistic Judaism
520:Language comparison
147:Etymology and usage
1500:. Fortress Press.
1326:General references
1247:2017-08-22 at the
1240:Adele Reinhartz,
465:Torah and Prophets
367:expanded further:
223:a "half Judean," (
43:
1629:Novum Testamentum
1619:978-0-334-02238-1
1573:978-0-520-21141-4
1528:978-0-391-04119-6
1507:978-1-4514-1607-7
1405:978-0-19-529770-6
1345:978-1-4426-4839-5
1282:978-1-118-43296-9
1227:Amy-Jill Levine.
1150:978-0-8308-2670-4
1115:978-0-521-86202-8
1059:Harper, Douglas.
967:Harper, Douglas.
885:
871:
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739:
719:يهودية Yahudiyya
445:Misunderstood Jew
283:Shaye J. D. Cohen
201:Shaye J. D. Cohen
39:Shaye J. D. Cohen
1743:
1731:Hellenistic Jews
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1684:
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1641:Ioudaioi in the
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1532:
1511:
1485:
1483:
1477:. Archived from
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1445:. Archived from
1415:"The Meaning of
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1256:
1255:, June 24, 2014.
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909:, p. 96-98.
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614:
485:traditional Jews
382:(2) a native of
275:Maccabean revolt
254:
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160:The Hebrew term
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133:
124:
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65:
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1612:. p. 111.
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1667:(4): 401–409.
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1484:on 2015-03-25.
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1449:on 2013-02-01.
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642:
639:
638:Ancient Greek
636:
634:
631:
629:
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623:Modern Hebrew
621:
619:
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615:
612:
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581:
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531:
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493:New Testament
488:
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423:Bauer lexicon
414:
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316:Second Temple
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199:According to
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94:New Testament
91:
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76:
72:
68:
58:
53:
52:Ancient Greek
49:
48:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1698:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1563:
1556:Cohen, Shaye
1537:
1517:
1497:
1479:the original
1466:
1462:
1447:the original
1426:
1422:
1416:
1395:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1298:
1291:
1271:
1267:Davina Lopez
1260:
1252:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1119:, retrieved
1097:
1087:
1075:
1064:
1036:
1022:
990:
983:
972:
948:
934:
914:
902:
878:
864:
850:
813:
754:Who is a Jew
734:
701:
673:
600:
598:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
546:
541:
537:
526:Anglo-French
523:
514:
510:anti-Judaism
500:
496:
489:
449:circumcision
444:
438:
433:
421:
419:
364:
356:
353:Morton Smith
350:
346:
331:
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311:
309:
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295:
290:
288:
278:
270:
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204:
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174:2 Kings 16:6
170:Hebrew Bible
161:
159:
153:
140:
118:
109:
105:
90:Hebrew Bible
83:
66:
46:
45:
44:
34:
26:
18:
844:; likewise
271:Hellenismos
262:Hellenismos
257:2 Maccabees
226:ἡμιιουδαιος
209:2 Maccabees
1710:Categories
1635:: 101–130.
1392:"Ioudaios"
1205:"Ioudaios"
1156:2010-08-22
1121:2024-06-14
1080:Cohen 1999
1009:ἰουδαΐζειν
907:Cohen 1999
894:References
886:pl., etc..
794:Israelites
779:Proselytes
759:Jew (word)
473:Samaritans
455:, keeping
451:, wearing
361:Hasmoneans
296:Ioudaïsmos
291:Ioudaismos
279:Ioudaismos
267:Ioudaismos
252:ἰουδαΐζειν
246:Ἰουδαϊσμός
241:Ioudaismos
234:Ioudaismos
190:Septuagint
132:Ἰουδαϊσμός
122:ἰουδαΐζειν
88:(both the
1736:Ethnonyms
1681:164540724
1610:SCM Press
1596:: 249–62.
1443:144383064
1383:144331530
1061:"Judaism"
879:Ioudaious
875:Ἰουδαίους
865:Ioudaiois
861:Ἰουδαίοις
774:Judaizers
553:Norwegian
439:In 2006,
401:Samaritan
310:The word
141:Judeanism
127:Judaizers
1699:Ioudaios
1697:Uses of
1604:(1987).
1558:(1999).
1492:(2003).
1417:Ioudaios
1357:Ioudaios
1269:(2015).
1245:Archived
1137:(2002).
1045:Gal 2:14
921:Ἰουδαῖος
851:Ioudaiōn
847:Ἰουδαίων
834:Ἰουδαῖοι
819:Ἰουδαῖος
743:See also
716:Yehudah
702:Ioudaios
698:Ἰουδαῖος
693:Iudaeus
674:Ioudaios
669:Ἰουδαῖος
542:Ioudaioi
501:Ioudaios
497:Ioudaios
481:Passover
469:Gentiles
415:alliance
413:Galilean
409:Ituraean
405:Idumaean
365:Ioudaioi
338:Josephus
312:Ioudaioi
205:Ioudaios
194:Ioudaios
166:יְהוּדִי
98:Josephus
92:and the
71:ethnonym
67:Ioudaioi
63:Ἰουδαῖοι
57:Ἰουδαῖος
47:Ioudaios
35:Ioudaios
27:Ioudaios
1027:at the
939:at the
822:is the
789:Hebrews
735:Ioudaiā
730:Ἰουδαία
662:Iudaeus
658:Yahudi
652:Yehudi
618:English
601:Yehudim
589:Spanish
580:Italian
538:Iudaeus
477:Sabbath
453:tzitzit
285:wrote:
249:; from
137:Judaism
129:), and
110:Judeans
1679:
1616:
1570:
1544:
1525:
1504:
1441:
1402:
1381:
1342:
1306:
1279:
1215:
1194:32–47.
1147:
1112:
831:form,
723:Iudaea
584:giudeo
571:German
549:Danish
530:elided
495:where
457:kosher
391:Yahweh
384:Judaea
176:where
162:Yehudi
156:(word)
79:Judean
77:" or "
60:; pl.
31:Oropos
1677:S2CID
1586:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1459:(PDF)
1439:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1207:, in
969:"Jew"
872:pl.,
858:pl.,
805:Notes
714:יהודה
709:Judea
682:Judea
656:يهودي
650:יהודי
633:Latin
596:etc.
593:judío
562:Dutch
536:form
377:Judah
342:Philo
221:Herod
182:Elath
178:Rezin
114:Judea
102:Philo
86:Bible
1614:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1110:ISBN
994:12."
837:the
680:"of
575:Jude
566:jood
557:jøde
551:and
471:nor
340:and
330:and
269:and
106:Jews
100:and
1669:doi
1594:116
1471:doi
1431:doi
1371:doi
1102:doi
1043:of
883:ACC
869:DAT
855:GEN
842:pl.
839:NOM
829:sg.
825:NOM
645:Jew
603:in
281:).
172:in
154:Jew
139:or
81:".
75:Jew
1712::
1675:.
1665:26
1663:.
1633:18
1631:.
1608:.
1592:.
1588:.
1562:.
1496:.
1467:38
1465:.
1461:.
1437:.
1425:.
1421:.
1377:.
1367:10
1365:.
1361:.
1108:,
1096:,
1063:.
1051:^
1021:;
1017:;
1013:.
999:^
971:.
959:^
933:;
929:;
925:.
611:.
587:,
578:,
569:,
560:,
459:,
344:.
196:.
143:.
116:.
54::
1692:.
1683:.
1671::
1654:.
1622:.
1576:.
1550:.
1531:.
1510:.
1473::
1433::
1427:9
1408:.
1385:.
1373::
1359:"
1348:.
1312:.
1285:.
1159:.
1104::
1069:.
1031:.
977:.
943:.
411:-
407:-
403:-
243:(
164:(
50:(
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