203:(Natives and Spaniards) of the expedition. 2) To accurately record, in writing, the number of leagues traveled from camp to camp, the route taken, the natural resources of the wilderness encountered, and any trails he was guided upon. 3) To make certain that, at every camp or village, the Spaniards were to be completely separated from the main abodes of the Native people and to publicly punish any Spaniard who was caught fraternizing with local Native women or bartering with Native craftsmen. 4) He was to reconnoiter the Rio de los Nueces (present day Concho River in San Angelo, Texas) and to both document and bring back examples of the natural amenities that could be found there.
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the
Apaches when a cross appeared in the skies above the battlefield, took a physical form, and dropped from the clouds directly into his hands. With the cross held high, Sabeata claimed, that he led the Jumanoes to a glorious victory that day. Later, he claimed that a multi-colored cross had appeared above La Junta de los Ríos, at the junction of the
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Dominguez de
Mendoza and the Jumano leader, Juan Sabeata, clashed early in the expedition. Sabeata, Dominguez said, was untruthful and spread false rumors of hostile Apaches to bring the expedition to a halt. Sabeata apparently believed that the Spaniards were more interested in hunting buffalo than
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In 1680, a major uprising of Native
American tribes later termed as the Pueblo Revolt, completely uprooted the vast majority of the Spanish colonies in the New Mexico region. The Europeans were forced to retreat to the site of present-day El Paso, Texas where they were reinforced by a large supply of
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To add further incentives, Sabeata related a number of divine experiences that he stated he had personally witnessed from God while waging war against the encroaching Apache tribe. In one such instance, Sabeata stated that the
Jumanoes were on the verge of losing a fiercely contested battle against
151:
On August 28, 1683, Jironza Petriz de
Cruzate took command of the New Mexican governorship. Stepping into a quagmire mess, Cruzate faced the difficult challenge of having to re-conquer New Mexico and to prevent a social upheaval in the newer settlements along the Rio Grande. The Spanish colonists
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On returning to La Junta de los Ríos, Domínguez took possession of the north bank of the Rio Grande in the name of Spain. Domínguez and López returned to El Paso, and then went on to Mexico City in 1685, where they made a strong case for sending soldiers and missionaries to the Jumano country.
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Mendoza was given a long list of expectations and duties that he was to make certain were abided by and accomplished at all times. These requirements included: 1) Making sure that the priests who were to accompany him were treated with respect, politeness, and good courtesy by all the members
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agreed to establish the mission the
Jumanoes desired and to organize a major exploration of the eastern Jumano homelands. On November 29, 1683, Governor Cruzate appointed Juan Domínguez de Mendoza as the head commander of what would become known as the Mendoza-López Expedition of 1683–84.
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The expedition, often called the
Mendoza Expedition, set off from El Paso on 15 December 1683, going down the Rio Grande to La Junta. Fray Antonio de Acevedo was left there in charge of new missions. The rest of the expedition, joined by many Indians, followed Indian trails north to the
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Between 1681 and 1683, Governor
Otermin had launched several unsuccessful attacks against the Native American forces that still occupied New Mexico. But by the end of the summer of 1683, Otermin's ill health and military failures had led the Spanish government to appoint a successor.
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munitions and manpower. Rather than risking a full-scale counterattack against the
Natives, New Mexican governor, Antonio de Otermin, decided to establish a fort and refuge camp at the Paso del Norte with the intent to organize a stronger military campaign at a later time.
166:
Juan
Sabeata requested an audience with Governor Cruzate to present aid to the current situation that the Spanish colonists were currently facing. In exchange for a permanent mission to be established with the Jumanoes near the La Junta de los Rios region (present day
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in New Mexico - second in command to the Governor. He was an able administrator, and by the time of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 was one of the most experienced and capable of the New Mexico militia leaders. When the Pueblo Revolt broke out, Domínguez advanced north from
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who was an ardent supporter of the Catholic faith and well versed in several languages which included: Spanish, Castilian (a form of Spanish that was frequently spoken in high society), and numerous Native languages from all across present day Texas.
171:), Sabeata agreed to personally guide a Spanish expedition into the eastern interior of the Jumano homelands where he stated the Spaniards could find immeasurable amounts of aid from the smaller tribes of Natives in establishing a new settlement.
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fighting Apache. Sabeata abandoned the expedition as did most of the Indians. A grand council of Indians envisioned by the Spanish never took place and the Spaniards returned to El Paso having collected 5,000 valuable buffalo hides.
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Domínguez and López were initially optimistic about the potential for setting up missions among the Jumanos. However, Governor Jironza was unable to help since his forces were tied up combating local insurrections by the
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A delegation of the Jumano tribe, a culture of Native Americans that had been close allies with the Spaniards since the 1520s, arrived in El Paso. The head leader of the delegation was a man named
191:) He also talked of wooden houses floating on the sea, which the Spanish took to refer to French ships. Three friars left at once for La Junta, where they started missionary work.
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With winter rapidly approaching, Cruzate was understandably overwhelmed during the early autumn months of 1683. But on October 20, a potential lifeline came riding into El Paso.
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Juan Domínguez de Mendoza was born in 1631. He was a member of the wealthiest family in New Mexico. He had, at least, two siblings (between them, the governor of New Mexico
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552:
The diary of Juan Domínguez de Mendoza's expedition into Texas (1683-1684): a critical edition of the Spanish text with facsimile reproductions
219:. They spent six weeks on what Domínguez called the "glorious San Clemente" river, building a fort, probably near the location of present-day
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Spanish La Junta de Los Rios: The Institutional Hispanicization of an Indian Community Along New Spain's Northern Frontier, 1535--1821
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Inspired by Sabeata's stories, and with a sudden sense of possibly adding an entirely new kingdom to Spain's domain, Governor
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and hunting buffalo for hides and food. They fed and baptized many of the friendly local people who visited their camp.
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135:(now Ciudad Juarez). Later he was criticized for not being sufficiently aggressive in his action against the Pueblos.
97:). At the age of twelve he went to New Mexico, and he was to accompany several expeditions into what is now Texas.
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in 1685 caused another distraction, so there was no immediate follow-up to Dominguez de Mendoza's expedition.
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555:. William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, Southern Methodist University. p. 259.
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Juan Domínguez de Mendoza: Soldier and Frontiersman of the Spanish Southwest, 1627-1693
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Juan Domínguez de Mendoza: Soldier and Frontiersman of the Spanish Southwest, 1627-1696
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73:(born 1631) was a Spanish soldier who played an important role in suppressing the
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131:, to the southwest of Santa Fe. However, he was then forced to retreat to
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converge. Domínguez rose in rank to lieutenant general and was appointed
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Scholes, France V.; Simmons, Marc; Esquibel, José Antonio (2012-05-15).
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either wanted their old homes back, or for new ones to be found.
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Chipman, Donald E.; Joseph, Harriett Denise (2010-01-15).
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Indians. The incursion into eastern Texas by Frenchman
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The Elusive West and the Contest for Empire, 1713-1763
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463:Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005-03-01).
469:Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare
77:of 1680 and who made two major expeditions from
582:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 464.
381:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1541-1706
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16:17th century Spanish soldier from New Mexico
112:, where the three main tributaries of the
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549:Mendoza, Juan Domínguez de (2002-07-01).
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250:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
415:Simmons, Marc; Esquibel, José (2012).
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527:. Texas State Historical Association
383:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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215:downstream to its junction with the
619:Spanish explorers of North America
421:. University of New Mexico Press.
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196:Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate
379:Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1917).
102:Diego de Guadalajara expedition
629:Explorers of the United States
624:Pre-statehood history of Texas
1:
394:. University of Texas Press.
48:Soldier, Explorer, Politician
521:"DOMINGUEZ DE MENDOZA, JUAN"
492:Mapp, Paul W. (2011-02-01).
465:"Domínguez de Mendoza, Juan"
315:Simmons & Esquibel 2012
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519:Weddle, Robert S. (2012).
327:Kessel & Wooster 2005
303:Chipman & Joseph 2010
95:Tomé Dominguez de Mendoza
71:Juan Domínguez de Mendoza
23:Juan Domínguez de Mendoza
525:Handbook of Texas Online
436:Folsom, Bradley (2008).
391:Spanish Texas, 1519-1821
471:. Infobase Publishing.
139:Second Texas expedition
100:He was a member of the
66:Texas Historical Marker
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65:
211:, then followed the
498:. UNC Press Books.
223:as defense against
365:, p. 338-343.
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56:Texas explorations
589:978-0-8263-5115-9
562:978-1-929531-05-9
505:978-0-8078-3395-7
478:978-0-8160-3337-9
449:978-1-109-09348-3
401:978-0-292-72180-7
133:El Paso del Norte
110:San Angelo, Texas
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221:Ballinger, Texas
189:La Junta Indians
183:near modern-day
119:maestre de campo
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217:Colorado River
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614:1631 births
363:Bolton 1917
339:Folsom 2008
282:Weddle 2012
209:Pecos River
177:Rio Conchos
37:Nationality
608:Categories
595:2012-07-22
568:2012-07-22
511:2012-07-22
484:2012-07-22
455:2012-07-22
407:2012-07-22
256:References
181:Rio Grande
79:New Mexico
351:Mapp 2011
261:Citations
531:July 22,
244:and the
106:Santa Fe
372:Sources
225:Apaches
187:. (See
129:Cochiti
40:Spanish
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246:Manso
83:Texas
81:into
584:ISBN
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533:2012
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242:Suma
179:and
32:1631
29:Born
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