337:
97:
31:
3652:
3662:
1336:
388:
notes. The outer scales of the berries are relatively flavourless, so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice. They are used both fresh and dried, but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying and
931:
There is a lack of clinical research assessing the efficacy and safety of juniper. There is evidence that the berries are abortifacient and since this is believed not to be due to the oil there must be other toxic constituents present. In view of this, use of juniper should not exceed levels
673:: "pepper is adulterated with juniper berries, which have the property, to a marvellous degree, of assuming the pungency of pepper". Pliny also incorrectly asserted that black pepper grew on trees that were "very similar in appearance to our junipers".
441:
dish of sauerkraut and meats, universally include juniper berries. Besides
Norwegian, Danish and Swedish dishes, juniper berries are also sometimes used in German, Austrian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian cuisine, often with roasts (such as German
886:"Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 182, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); section §182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates)"
567:
women drank juniper berry tea after childbirth to increase cleansing and healing. In addition to medicinal and culinary purposes, Native
Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for
3720:
397:
Juniper berries are used in northern
European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to, according to one source, "impart a sharp, clear flavor" to meat dishes, especially wild birds (including
336:
551:
juniper species produce a seed cone with a sweeter, less resinous flavor than those typically used as a spice. For example, one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of
2569:
1368:
3715:
288:. Mainly due to an increased risk of miscarriage, even in small doses, consuming juniper berries may affect pregnant or breastfeeding women, and people with
885:
765:
2562:
555:
as "dry, mealy, and fibrous but sweet and without resin cells". Such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some
1361:
640:
The Greeks used the berries in many of their
Olympics events because of their belief that the berries increased physical stamina in athletes.
1265:
1240:
1145:
1120:
1095:
1070:
1042:
1012:
987:
962:
924:
832:
804:
742:
3666:
3725:
3655:
2555:
2483:
1354:
556:
2475:
1163:
380:
The flavor profile of young, green berries is dominated by pinene; as they mature this piney, resinous backdrop is joined by what
3700:
3079:
936:
There is a lack of clinical safety and toxicity data for juniper and further investigation of these aspects is required.
277:
176: in). The berries are green when young and mature to purple-black over about 18 months in most species, including
932:
specified in food legislation. Juniper is contra-indicated during pregnancy and should not be used during lactation.
3466:
2488:
1829:
1779:
1340:
96:
3705:
2578:
2498:
2364:
2078:
3710:
3186:
2734:
1737:
669:
3612:
3069:
1554:
1507:
3557:
3223:
3121:
2704:
2493:
2021:
1961:
1647:
1607:
1569:
1392:
373:
30:
3293:
3151:
3126:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2684:
2215:
2132:
2006:
1904:
1579:
1534:
1471:
297:
2936:
2906:
2896:
2083:
1976:
1919:
1897:
1742:
637:; the Greeks record using juniper berries as a medicine long before mentioning their use in food.
603:
597:
361:
3695:
3233:
3141:
2885:
2761:
2315:
2240:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1877:
1809:
1637:
1549:
1544:
1522:
1476:
1403:
474:
367:
355:
349:
307:
148:
122:
64:
2434:
1299:
1232:
3156:
3136:
2880:
2825:
2516:
2394:
2374:
2334:
2280:
2182:
2177:
1764:
1574:
1487:
1425:
1261:
1236:
1141:
1116:
1091:
1066:
1038:
1008:
983:
958:
920:
916:
828:
800:
738:
621:
434:
241:
146:
inch) in diameter; other species are mostly similar in size, though some are larger, notably
3627:
3617:
3602:
3228:
3049:
2865:
2835:
2815:
2771:
2649:
2404:
2172:
2157:
2137:
1819:
1700:
1454:
908:
693:
451:
402:
341:
324:
73:
108:, those in a juniper berry remain fleshy and merge into a unified covering surrounding the
3690:
3567:
3488:
3253:
3165:
3005:
2847:
2766:
2439:
2026:
1971:
1951:
1914:
1869:
1672:
1632:
1296:
664:
486:
180:. Maturation occurs from as little as 8–10 months in some species up to over 24 months in
62:, which gives it a berry-like appearance. The cones from a handful of species, especially
1171:
689:
3632:
3598:
3471:
3430:
3198:
3101:
2926:
2870:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2783:
2724:
2611:
2586:
2399:
2369:
2339:
2322:
2245:
2113:
2038:
1862:
1824:
1799:
1757:
1720:
1312:
1225:
766:"Kadoksissa ollut juomaresepti löytyi – kuusenkerkästä tehdään muutakin kuin siirappia"
677:
634:
495:
285:
3684:
3607:
3388:
3363:
3308:
3064:
3033:
2860:
2855:
2756:
2454:
2409:
2344:
2290:
2225:
2093:
2063:
2043:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1991:
1769:
1517:
790:
608:
576:
548:
398:
347:
The berries of some juniper species are considered too bitter to eat. In addition to
301:
257:
201:
197:
909:
184:. The mature, dark berries are usually (but not exclusively) used in cuisine, while
3637:
3622:
3461:
3383:
3273:
3218:
3213:
3181:
3171:
3116:
3091:
3074:
2980:
2875:
2389:
2379:
2349:
2285:
2275:
2255:
2235:
2053:
1851:
1794:
1789:
1732:
1492:
685:
648:
647:
used juniper berries as a cheap domestically produced substitute for the expensive
644:
580:
381:
293:
35:
794:
458:, also incorporates juniper berries. They are also used in the Italian region of
3513:
3403:
3398:
3373:
3356:
3346:
3337:
3203:
3054:
2949:
2689:
2419:
2414:
2359:
2295:
2260:
2068:
1996:
1956:
1814:
1690:
1413:
652:
630:
564:
478:
455:
445:
410:
281:
245:
225:
217:
80:
its distinctive flavour. Juniper berries are among the only spices derived from
17:
3483:
3478:
3435:
3418:
3408:
3378:
3368:
3318:
3208:
3096:
2985:
2805:
2751:
2714:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2628:
2604:
2526:
2521:
2459:
2444:
2384:
2073:
1981:
1727:
1564:
1559:
1497:
1408:
660:
505:, both of which mean "juniper". Other juniper-flavoured beverages include the
430:
315:
233:
221:
2547:
3562:
3413:
3283:
3258:
3146:
3131:
3111:
2970:
2901:
2891:
2788:
2778:
2709:
2694:
2659:
2536:
2531:
2329:
2300:
2250:
2192:
2098:
1986:
1892:
1846:
1466:
1346:
569:
560:
536:
311:
205:
105:
100:
Young green and mature purple berries can be seen growing on the same plant.
47:
1335:
3303:
3268:
3176:
3161:
3059:
3015:
3000:
2990:
2975:
2965:
2719:
2644:
2449:
2424:
2142:
2127:
1909:
1836:
1804:
1752:
1705:
1662:
1642:
1627:
1592:
1420:
863:
727:
406:
289:
261:
253:
117:
59:
1227:
Sacred
Luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy, and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt
3545:
3540:
3530:
3503:
3423:
3323:
3288:
3278:
3263:
3020:
2931:
2800:
2795:
2674:
2354:
2305:
2220:
2210:
2152:
2088:
2058:
1747:
1710:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1444:
681:
584:
526:
506:
500:
426:
418:
265:
237:
229:
213:
81:
51:
3588:
3572:
3550:
3535:
3498:
3456:
3451:
3351:
3106:
3010:
2679:
2639:
2310:
2265:
2205:
2162:
2103:
2048:
2011:
1931:
1926:
1887:
1784:
1774:
1695:
1657:
1597:
1587:
1461:
1449:
1439:
532:
459:
438:
385:
319:
249:
85:
310:
are possible. Consuming large amounts of juniper berries may cause
3518:
3393:
3313:
3298:
3245:
2995:
2954:
2746:
2624:
2599:
2429:
2270:
2230:
2200:
2147:
2122:
2108:
1856:
1841:
1715:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1539:
1434:
1398:
656:
616:
517:
335:
209:
95:
69:
55:
29:
907:
Barnes, Joanne; Anderson, Linda A.; Phillipson, J. David (2007).
3525:
3508:
3493:
2738:
2167:
1882:
1512:
1502:
1383:
513:
422:
414:
113:
109:
2551:
1350:
3333:
3038:
2594:
509:
470:
185:
77:
1195:
Medicinal wild plants of the prairie. An ethnobotanical guide
520:, which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches.
1320:. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. p. 8.
58:
but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales called a
737:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
559:. The berries also have medicinal uses. For example, the
1258:
Siren Feasts: A History of Food and
Gastronomy in Greece
300:, juniper berries were thought to be useful for female
280:
in the United States, juniper berries may have various
633:. The berries imported into Egypt may have come from
3721:
Plants used in traditional Native
American medicine
3581:
3444:
3332:
3244:
3029:
2945:
2846:
2733:
2620:
2585:
2509:
2468:
2191:
1681:
1382:
104:Unlike the separated and woody scales of a typical
1224:
2320:
1152:The chapter is an essay first published in 1989.
1136:Steingarten, Jeffrey (1997). "True Choucroute".
827:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 228–400.
888:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 May 2017
825:A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopityaceae
563:used juniper berry tea to cure vomiting, while
322:function. The berries of some species, such as
188:is flavoured with fully grown, unripe berries.
1212:. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society.
1037:. University of California Press. p. 33.
915:(3rd ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p.
2563:
1362:
697:
524:
8:
489:
443:
112:. Juniper berries are sometimes regarded as
1295:From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation.
1090:(Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 410.
498:
2570:
2556:
2548:
1369:
1355:
1347:
1285:. New York: Gregory House. pp. 76–77.
1197:. University Press of Kansas. p. 340.
1056:
1054:
1005:Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus
933:
796:Blooming Bellamy: Herbs and Herbal Healing
579:extracted from juniper berries is used in
523:Another drink made from the berries is a
284:that have not been tested extensively in
1028:
1026:
1024:
818:
816:
583:, both for body massage, diffusion, and
1210:Montana native plants and early peoples
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
711:
3716:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1314:The Desert Serrano of the Mojave River
1162:Jackson, Michael (8 September 1998) .
735:Non-wood forest products from conifers
34:Juniper berries are actually modified
1061:Peattie, D.; Landacre, P. H. (1991).
1035:Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices
948:
946:
944:
728:"Chapter 8: Seeds, Fruits, and Cones"
721:
719:
717:
715:
676:The berries were an integral part of
477:developed in the 17th century in the
340:Dried juniper berries at a market in
7:
3661:
1231:. Cornell University Press. p.
50:produced by the various species of
1113:The Concise Larousse Gastronomique
1063:A Natural History of Western Trees
684:) culture and grew throughout the
485:itself is derived from either the
25:
1311:Sutton, Mark Q.; Earle, David D.
1065:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 226.
957:. Timber Press. pp. 282–90.
126:berries vary from 4 millimetres (
3660:
3651:
3650:
1334:
462:, especially to flavour brines.
454:cuisine, especially that of the
433:dishes. Traditional recipes for
196:Juniper berries contain diverse
1164:"Sweating up a suitable thirst"
384:describes as "green-fresh" and
116:, like the berry-like cones of
1733:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
1140:. Vintage Books. p. 244.
1:
1168:Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter
866:. Drugs.com. 22 November 2021
688:region. The major village of
625:, which was found along with
278:generally recognized as safe
1545:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
955:Native American Ethnobotany
953:Moerman, Daniel E. (1998).
726:Ciesla, William M. (1998).
595:Juniper berries, including
3742:
3726:Non-timber forest products
2579:Non-timber forest products
1260:. Routledge. p. 142.
1138:The Man Who Ate Everything
696:word for juniper berries,
3646:
1467:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
1377:Culinary herbs and spices
1193:Kindscher, Kelly (1992).
799:. BBC Books. p. 76.
772:(in Finnish). 6 June 2016
659:. It was also used as an
611:tombs at multiple sites.
359:, edible species include
136:inch) to 12 millimetres (
2365:Montreal steak seasoning
1115:. Octopus. p. 691.
615:is not known to grow in
1223:Manniche, Lisa (1999).
698:
531:, a soft drink made in
212:(about 10% of volume),
3593:(Iberian agroforestry)
2831:Pacific mountain onion
2321:
1281:James, Lorman (1997).
1256:Dalby, Andrew (1997).
1208:Hart, Jeff A. (1976).
1086:McGee, Harold (2004).
525:
499:
490:
444:
344:
204:in about 2% volume, a
101:
39:
3701:Edible nuts and seeds
3613:Indian forest produce
3084:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1003:Adams, R. P. (2004).
692:was derived from the
607:, have been found in
339:
296:or after surgery. In
99:
33:
2856:Bare-toothed russula
2216:Beau monde seasoning
1581:Limnophila aromatica
1343:at Wikimedia Commons
469:, is used to flavor
421:). They also season
298:traditional medicine
276:While classified as
3467:musical instruments
2725:Woodland strawberry
2340:Jamaican jerk spice
1962:Japanese pricklyash
1111:Montagne, Prosper.
1088:On Food and Cooking
978:Grieve, M. (1984).
823:Farjon, A. (2005).
598:Juniperus phoenicea
553:J. californica
535:mainly sold during
465:Juniper, typically
374:J. californica
54:. It is not a true
2316:Herbes de Provence
1947:Grains of paradise
1810:Crushed red pepper
1524:Houttuynia cordata
1033:Dalby, A. (2002).
345:
308:Allergic reactions
294:bleeding disorders
242:aromatic compounds
208:called juniperin,
152:(20–28 mm or
123:Juniperus communis
102:
72:, particularly in
65:Juniperus communis
40:
27:Spice, herbal drug
3676:
3675:
2545:
2544:
2517:Chinese herbology
2395:Pumpkin pie spice
2375:Old Bay Seasoning
2335:Italian seasoning
2281:Five-spice powder
1583:(rice-paddy herb)
1426:Indian bay leaf (
1339:Media related to
1267:978-0-415-15657-8
1242:978-0-8014-3720-5
1147:978-0-375-70202-0
1122:978-0-600-60863-9
1097:978-0-684-80001-1
1072:978-0-395-58175-9
1044:978-0-520-23674-5
1014:978-1-4120-4250-5
989:978-0-14-046440-5
964:978-0-88192-453-4
926:978-0-85369-623-0
834:978-1-84246-068-9
806:978-0-563-36725-3
744:978-92-5-104212-0
663:, as reported in
627:J. oxycedrus
619:, and neither is
613:J. oxycedrus
604:J. oxycedrus
435:choucroute garnie
413:meats (including
362:J. phoenicea
268:, were isolated.
16:(Redirected from
3733:
3706:Medicinal plants
3664:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3628:Resin extraction
3618:Mushroom hunting
3594:
3340: / etc.
3194:
3087:
2922:Saffron milk cap
2912:Parasol mushroom
2752:Fiddlehead ferns
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2326:
2133:Tasmanian pepper
2114:Sichuan pepper (
2069:Pomegranate seed
1883:Dill / Dill seed
1738:Brazilian pepper
1701:Alligator pepper
1455:garlic / Chinese
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1170:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1151:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
969:
968:
950:
939:
938:
935:
914:
911:Herbal Medicines
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
860:
839:
838:
820:
811:
810:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
732:
723:
701:
609:ancient Egyptian
572:and decoration.
557:Native Americans
530:
504:
493:
452:Northern Italian
449:
368:J. deppeana
356:J. drupacea
350:J. communis
342:Syracuse, Sicily
232:of the berries,
182:J. drupacea
178:J. communis
175:
174:
170:
167:
161:
160:
156:
149:J. drupacea
145:
144:
140:
135:
134:
130:
76:, and also give
74:European cuisine
68:, are used as a
21:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3642:
3592:
3577:
3568:Vegetable ivory
3440:
3328:
3240:
3188:
3081:
3043:
3025:
2959:
2941:
2907:Oyster mushroom
2897:Meadow mushroom
2842:
2826:Twincrest onion
2729:
2633:
2616:
2587:Animal products
2581:
2576:
2546:
2541:
2505:
2464:
2440:Tandoori masala
2187:
2064:Peruvian pepper
1952:Grains of Selim
1937:Aromatic ginger
1870:Bunium persicum
1677:
1378:
1375:
1341:Juniperus cones
1331:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1297:Perseus Project
1294:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
980:A Modern Herbal
977:
976:
972:
965:
952:
951:
942:
927:
906:
905:
901:
891:
889:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
862:
861:
842:
835:
822:
821:
814:
807:
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
745:
730:
725:
724:
713:
708:
670:Natural History
665:Pliny the Elder
629:in the tomb of
622:J. excelsa
593:
545:
395:
334:
286:clinical trials
274:
200:, including an
194:
172:
168:
165:
163:
158:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
94:
28:
23:
22:
18:Juniper berries
15:
12:
11:
5:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Essential oils
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Rubber tapping
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:Forest farming
3596:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3235:Vateria indica
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:Shorea robusta
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:Honey mushroom
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2762:Mahuwa flowers
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2510:Related topics
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Mulling spices
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Cinnamon sugar
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Voatsiperifery
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1863:Nigella sativa
1854:
1849:
1847:Coriander seed
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1330:
1329:External links
1327:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1288:
1273:
1266:
1248:
1241:
1215:
1200:
1185:
1154:
1146:
1128:
1121:
1103:
1096:
1078:
1071:
1050:
1043:
1020:
1013:
995:
988:
970:
963:
940:
925:
899:
877:
840:
833:
812:
805:
791:Bellamy, David
782:
757:
743:
710:
709:
707:
704:
678:Desert Serrano
655:imported from
592:
589:
549:North American
544:
541:
394:
391:
333:
330:
325:J. sabina
273:
270:
198:phytochemicals
193:
190:
93:
90:
46:is the female
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3738:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:Honey hunting
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Coconut sugar
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:Yellow knight
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Slippery jack
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Heart of palm
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:Edible plants
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Juniper berry
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Ras el hanout
2408:
2406:
2405:Quatre épices
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Khmeli suneli
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Garlic powder
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Bouquet garni
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Litsea cubeba
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Juniper berry
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Celery powder
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:Lemon verbena
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1174:on 2 May 2013
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
985:
981:
974:
971:
966:
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
928:
922:
918:
913:
912:
903:
900:
887:
881:
878:
865:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
830:
826:
819:
817:
813:
808:
802:
798:
797:
792:
786:
783:
771:
767:
761:
758:
746:
740:
736:
729:
722:
720:
718:
716:
712:
705:
703:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:essential oil
573:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
540:
538:
534:
529:
528:
521:
519:
515:
512:-and-juniper
511:
508:
503:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
447:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
387:
383:
378:
376:
375:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
351:
343:
338:
331:
329:
328:, are toxic.
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
302:birth control
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:terpinen-4-ol
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:essential oil
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
151:
150:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
91:
89:
87:
84:, along with
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:juniper berry
37:
36:conifer cones
32:
19:
3678:
3665:
3638:Wildcrafting
3623:Naval stores
3601: /
3589:
3558:Tendu leaves
3514:Natural dyes
3384:Gutta-percha
3336: /
3274:Frankincense
3234:
3190:
3147:Mango butter
3092:Cocoa butter
3083:
3080:Chaulmoogra
3050:Allanblackia
2981:Black pepper
2866:Birch bolete
2816:Canada onion
2801:Wild ginseng
2796:Saw palmetto
2737: /
2699:
2627: /
2390:Powder-douce
2380:Panch phoron
2350:Lemon pepper
2286:Garam masala
2276:Fines herbes
2256:Curry powder
2236:Chaat masala
2115:
2094:Sarsaparilla
2054:Onion powder
2002:Mango-ginger
1966:
1868:
1861:
1795:Chili powder
1580:
1570:Lemon myrtle
1527:
1523:
1478:
1477:Vietnamese (
1427:
1391:
1313:
1306:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1167:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1087:
1081:
1062:
1034:
1007:. Trafford.
1004:
998:
979:
973:
954:
930:
910:
902:
890:. Retrieved
880:
868:. Retrieved
824:
795:
785:
774:. Retrieved
769:
760:
748:. Retrieved
734:
686:Mojave River
675:
668:
649:black pepper
642:
639:
626:
620:
612:
602:
596:
594:
581:aromatherapy
574:
552:
546:
522:
482:
466:
464:
396:
382:Harold McGee
379:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
346:
323:
306:
282:side effects
275:
246:hydrocarbons
228:acids. From
195:
181:
177:
147:
121:
103:
63:
43:
41:
3573:Willow bark
3404:Maple syrup
3399:Maple sugar
3374:Fruit syrup
3357:chewing gum
3347:Birch syrup
3204:Shea butter
2876:Chanterelle
2821:Crow garlic
2811:Bear garlic
2806:Wild onions
2784:filé powder
2705:Lingonberry
2690:Huckleberry
2489:Bangladeshi
2420:Sharena sol
2415:Recado rojo
2400:Qâlat daqqa
2360:Mixed spice
2296:Garlic salt
2261:Doubanjiang
1997:Long pepper
1957:Horseradish
1775:Celery seed
1648:Sanshō leaf
1565:Lemon grass
982:. Penguin.
770:Yle Uutiset
653:long pepper
631:Tutankhamun
481:. The name
479:Netherlands
467:J. communis
456:South Tyrol
446:sauerbraten
316:convulsions
234:fatty acids
92:Description
3685:Categories
3484:Birch beer
3479:Birch bark
3436:Spruce gum
3419:akpeteshie
3409:Palm sugar
3379:Gum arabic
3369:Date sugar
3319:Turpentine
3199:Sandalwood
3102:Eucalyptus
3097:Eucalyptol
2986:Brazil nut
2861:Bay bolete
2715:Strawberry
2670:Cocoa bean
2665:Breadfruit
2655:Blackberry
2629:tree fruit
2527:Marination
2522:Herbal tea
2484:Australian
2480:By region
2455:Yuzu koshō
2445:Thuna paha
2385:Persillade
2138:Tonka bean
2074:Poppy seed
1982:Dried lime
1905:Fingerroot
1820:New Mexico
1728:Asafoetida
1560:Lemon balm
1518:Hoja santa
1498:Curry leaf
1283:Greek Life
776:2021-08-08
706:References
661:adulterant
431:sauerkraut
318:, or harm
248:, such as
3696:Juniperus
3603:gardening
3563:Thatching
3414:Palm wine
3259:Birch tar
3187:Sal-seed
3112:Japan wax
3065:Candlenut
3006:Malva nut
2971:Areca nut
2892:Matsutake
2848:Mushrooms
2789:root beer
2779:Sassafras
2767:Sago palm
2710:Raspberry
2695:Jackfruit
2660:Blueberry
2612:Wild game
2537:Spice rub
2532:Seasoning
2499:Pakistani
2330:Idli podi
2301:Gochujang
2251:Crab boil
2168:Yuzu zest
2099:Sassafras
1987:Liquorice
1893:Fenugreek
1830:Cultivars
1300:Nat.12.14
864:"Juniper"
585:perfumery
570:jewellery
561:Blackfoot
537:Christmas
516:known as
403:blackbird
389:storage.
312:catharsis
206:flavonoid
192:Chemistry
106:pine cone
48:seed cone
3656:Category
3472:textiles
3304:Pine tar
3269:Creosote
3219:Tea-tree
3214:Tea-seed
3182:Pongamia
3172:Phulwara
3157:Nagkesar
3152:Murumuru
3127:Kpangnan
3075:Carnauba
3016:Pine nut
3001:Hazelnut
2991:Cinnamon
2976:Bay leaf
2966:Allspice
2888:(reishi)
2720:Tamarind
2685:Gambooge
2645:Bilberry
2476:Culinary
2450:Vadouvan
2425:Shichimi
2323:Húng lìu
2143:Turmeric
2128:Tamarind
1977:Korarima
1910:Galangal
1878:Deulkkae
1837:Cinnamon
1815:Jalapeño
1805:Chipotle
1753:Cardamom
1706:Allspice
1673:Woodruff
1663:Tarragon
1628:Rosemary
1593:Marjoram
1555:Lavender
1550:Kkaennip
1488:Culantro
1472:Bolivian
1421:Bay leaf
1393:Angelica
870:25 March
793:(1993).
491:genièvre
439:Alsatian
407:woodcock
290:diabetes
272:Toxicity
262:limonene
254:sabinene
238:terpenes
230:extracts
214:proteins
82:conifers
60:galbulus
52:junipers
3667:Commons
3582:Related
3546:Tanbark
3541:Shellac
3531:Quinine
3504:Gambier
3424:ogogoro
3324:Varnish
3289:Lacquer
3279:Gamboge
3264:Camphor
3254:Benzoin
3164: (
3070:Capuacu
3055:Babassu
3021:Vanilla
2932:Truffle
2917:Red cap
2886:Lingzhi
2675:Coconut
2650:Binukaw
2625:Berries
2460:Za'atar
2355:Mitmita
2306:Harissa
2221:Berbere
2211:Baharat
2178:Zereshk
2173:Zedoary
2153:Vanilla
2116:huājiāo
2089:Saffron
2079:Radhuni
2059:Paprika
2044:Njangsa
2039:Nigella
2017:Mustard
1915:greater
1825:Tabasco
1800:Cayenne
1780:Charoli
1748:Caraway
1743:Camphor
1711:Amchoor
1623:Perilla
1618:Parsley
1613:Oregano
1608:Mitsuba
1603:Mugwort
1528:giấp cá
1508:Epazote
1479:rau răm
1445:Chervil
1178:30 July
750:27 July
694:Serrano
690:Wá’peat
682:Vanyume
591:Culture
527:julmust
507:Finnish
501:jenever
494:or the
427:cabbage
419:venison
393:Flavour
266:myrcene
171:⁄
157:⁄
141:⁄
131:⁄
3691:Spices
3590:Dehesa
3551:tannin
3536:Rattan
3499:Forage
3462:edible
3457:Bamboo
3452:Amadou
3431:Rubber
3352:Chicle
3294:Mastic
3246:Resins
3229:Ucuuba
3224:Tucuma
3209:Tamanu
3166:kernel
3137:Mafura
3107:Illipe
3060:Bacuri
3011:Nutmeg
2955:spices
2680:Durian
2640:Banana
2494:Indian
2311:Hawaij
2266:Douchi
2241:Chaunk
2206:Advieh
2201:Adjika
2193:Blends
2163:Wasabi
2104:Sesame
2049:Nutmeg
2012:Mahleb
2007:Mastic
1942:Golpar
1932:Ginger
1927:Garlic
1920:lesser
1888:Fennel
1785:Chenpi
1765:Cassia
1696:Ajwain
1691:Aonori
1683:Spices
1658:Sorrel
1643:Savory
1588:Lovage
1535:Hyssop
1462:Cicely
1450:Chives
1440:Borage
1428:tejpat
1264:
1239:
1144:
1119:
1094:
1069:
1041:
1011:
986:
961:
923:
831:
803:
741:
645:Romans
635:Greece
547:A few
533:Sweden
487:French
475:liquor
460:Apulia
429:, and
409:) and
405:, and
399:thrush
386:citrus
371:, and
320:kidney
264:, and
250:pinene
244:, and
226:formic
218:acetic
216:, and
210:resins
88:buds.
86:spruce
3519:henna
3494:Ferns
3445:Other
3394:Latex
3314:Rosin
3309:Pitch
3299:Myrrh
3284:Kauri
3142:Mahua
3132:Kusum
3122:Kombo
3117:Kokum
3039:waxes
2996:Clove
2902:Morel
2836:Ramps
2772:queen
2747:Betel
2739:roots
2600:Honey
2469:Lists
2435:Tajin
2430:Tabil
2271:Duqqa
2231:Buknu
2148:Uzazi
2123:Sumac
2109:Shiso
2032:white
2027:brown
2022:black
1972:Kokum
1857:Cumin
1852:Cubeb
1842:Clove
1790:Chili
1758:black
1716:Anise
1668:Thyme
1653:Shiso
1540:Jimbu
1493:Cress
1435:Boldo
1414:Lemon
1399:Basil
1384:Herbs
1318:(PDF)
892:5 May
731:(PDF)
699:wa'at
657:India
617:Egypt
518:sahti
496:Dutch
437:, an
222:malic
114:arils
110:seeds
70:spice
56:berry
3526:Peat
3509:Moss
3489:Cork
3389:Kino
3177:Pilu
3162:Palm
2950:Nuts
2605:pine
2595:Furs
2183:Zest
2084:Rose
1898:blue
1721:star
1638:Sage
1598:Mint
1513:Hemp
1503:Dill
1409:Thai
1404:Holy
1262:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1180:2006
1142:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1009:ISBN
984:ISBN
959:ISBN
921:ISBN
894:2017
872:2022
829:ISBN
801:ISBN
752:2006
739:ISBN
651:and
643:The
601:and
565:Crow
543:Food
514:beer
473:, a
423:pork
417:and
415:boar
411:game
353:and
332:Uses
224:and
118:yews
3338:gum
3334:Sap
3034:Oil
2871:Cep
1633:Rue
934:...
917:386
667:'s
575:An
510:rye
483:gin
471:gin
450:).
186:gin
78:gin
3687::
1235:.
1233:21
1166:.
1053:^
1023:^
943:^
929:.
919:.
843:^
815:^
768:.
733:.
714:^
702:.
587:.
539:.
425:,
401:,
377:.
365:,
314:,
304:.
292:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
240:,
236:,
220:,
120:.
42:A
3193:)
3189:(
3168:)
3086:)
3082:(
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2118:)
1530:)
1526:(
1481:)
1430:)
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1270:.
1245:.
1182:.
1150:.
1125:.
1100:.
1075:.
1047:.
1017:.
992:.
967:.
896:.
874:.
837:.
809:.
779:.
754:.
680:(
173:8
169:1
166:+
164:1
162:–
159:4
155:3
143:2
139:1
133:8
129:1
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
