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instead of the previous 200,000, but putting pressure on other parts of the complex system, enabling greater numbers of people to arrive at potential bottlenecks further along the route. The layout of the Mina valley encampment, where the 2015 Mina disaster happened, had not changed. Keith Still considers that redesign of the whole complex could make the Hajj safe, but others consider that an event with the crowd density of the hajj is inherently dangerous, with challenges at the pinch points. Edwin Galea of the Fire Safety
Engineering Group at the
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241:) contains a wider column-free interior space and expanded jamrah pillars many times longer than their pre-2006 predecessors. Additional ramps and tunnels were built for easier access, and bottlenecks were engineered out. Large canopies are planned to cover each of the three jamrah pillars to protect pilgrims from the desert sun. Ramps are also being built adjacent to the pillars to speed evacuation in the event of an emergency. Additionally, Saudi authorities have issued a
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Following the
January 2006 Hajj, the old bridge was demolished and construction began on a new multi-level bridge. The ground and first levels were complete in time for the 2006/2007 Hajj, which passed without incident. Construction on the remaining two levels have been completed since December 2007
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was consulted in 2004 by the Saudi authorities on designs for the new
Jamarat bridge, to ease the bottleneck in front of the pillars. He pointed out that this may not solve the overall problem. The efficiency of the bridge would be improved, becoming able to handle 500,000 to 600,000 people an hour
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Following the 2004 crush, Saudi authorities embarked on major construction work in and around the
Jamaraat Bridge area. Additional access ways, footbridges, and emergency exits were built, and the three cylindrical pillars were replaced with longer and taller oblong walls of concrete to enable more
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The bridge was built in 1963 and has been expanded several times since then. The pillars extend up through three openings in the bridge. Until 2006, the bridge had a single tier (i.e. a ground level with one bridge level above). At certain times, more than a million people may gather in the area of
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pointed out that the 500,000 people per hour that the
Jamaraat Bridge could deliver was equivalent to the largest ever football crowd every 24 minutes, or the population of Germany in a week; he suggested that spreading the Hajj over a longer period was a possible solution.
320:, who said that the crush happened because people were fighting to do this, and was dubious of talk about changing the way the Hajj is administered and making people travel in smaller groups.
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decreeing that the stoning may take place between sunrise and sunset, rather than at the mid-day time that most pilgrims prefer.
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During the Hajj, overcrowding on the bridge can create a hazard. Being the last day of the Hajj, some will bring their luggage.
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pilgrims simultaneous access. The next year they announced plans for a new, four-storey bridge.
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497:"Hajj stampede death toll 'rises to 1,100' as Saudi Arabia faces criticism over safety record"
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The need to stone the devil at all was questioned by
Egyptian physician and feminist writer
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in the tent city near the bridge killed between 1,100 and 2,431 people and injured 934.
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On
February 1, 2004, 251 pilgrims were killed and another 244 injured in a stampede.
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442:"BBC News – MIDDLE EAST – Saudis identifying nationalities of 118 dead pilgrims"
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On April 9, 1998, at least 118 pilgrims were trampled to death and 180 injured.
201:. The purpose of the bridge is to enable pilgrims to throw stones at the three
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Crowd
Dynamics Ltd. – International Crowd Safety Consultants, 24 June 2006.
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Pedestrian bridge in Mina, Saudi Arabia, used by
Muslims during the Hajj
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Nine-storey
Jamraat Bridge will accommodate 9 million pilgrims per day
552:"Hajj crush: how crowd disasters happen, and how they can be avoided"
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578:"Nawal El Saadawi: 'Do you feel you are liberated? I feel I am not'"
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On March 5, 2001, 35 pilgrims were trampled to death in a stampede.
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478:"BBC NEWS – Middle East – Hundreds killed in Hajj stampede"
460:"BBC NEWS – Middle East – Fourteen killed in Hajj stampede"
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pillars either from the ground level or from the bridge.
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the bridge, which has sometimes led to fatal accidents.
537:"Haj death toll rises to 769, Iran denounces 'crime'"
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The new partially completed Jamarat Bridge, Hajj 2007
522:"Hajj stampede: At least 717 killed in Saudi Arabia"
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As Hajj Begins, More Changes and Challenges In Store
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616:taken during the 2003 Hajj — GlobalSecurity.org
346:Deadly Mecca-crush Blamed on Bridge-Bottleneck
153:Pilgrims stoning the jamrah in the lower level
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393:Saudi Arabi Information Resource 04/02/2004.
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303:Keith Still, professor of crowd science at
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348:Sydney Morning Herald, 13 January 2006.
614:Satellite photo of the Jamaraat Bridge
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535:Browning, Noah (27 September 2015).
370:Tuesday, 10 January 2006, 19:17 GMT.
630:1963 establishments in Saudi Arabia
550:Benedictus, Leo (October 3, 2015).
495:Piggott, Mark (26 September 2015).
400:saudi-expatriates.com, 8 June 2022
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383:Friday, 13 January 2006, 17:34 GMT
305:Manchester Metropolitan University
274:ritual claimed 14 pilgrims' lives.
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640:Buildings and structures in Mecca
576:Cooke, Rachel (11 October 2015).
365:Hajj ritual sees new safety moves
284:, a stampede killed at least 346
378:Hajj crush police 'not to blame'
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288:and injured at least 289 more.
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233:The new bridge (designed by
608:Study of the Jamarat Bridge
291:On September 24, 2015, the
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270:On February 11, 2003, the
650:Bridges completed in 1963
330:Incidents during the Hajj
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645:Bridges in Saudi Arabia
310:University of Greenwich
237:and constructed by the
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43:The new Jamarat Bridge
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72:21.42139°N 39.87278°E
524:. 24 September 2015.
418:"The Jamarat Bridge"
272:stoning of the Devil
239:Saudi Binladin Group
199:Stoning of the Devil
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422:EBARA Pumps Europe
293:2015 Mina disaster
183:Mina, Saudi Arabia
177:) is a pedestrian
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77:21.42139; 39.87278
539:. Dubai: Reuters.
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110:Saudi Arabia
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193:during the
167:جسر الجمرات
92:Pedestrians
75: /
50:Coordinates
29:جسر الجمرات
624:Categories
589:15 October
561:October 4,
427:2021-12-28
404:References
221:New bridge
63:39°52′22″E
60:21°25′17″N
482:bbc.co.uk
464:bbc.co.uk
446:bbc.co.uk
381:BBC News
368:BBC News
324:See also
286:pilgrims
207:Jamaraat
189:used by
131:Location
228:1428 AH
211:jamraah
197:ritual
191:Muslims
185:, near
116:History
88:Carries
230:Hajj.
203:jamrah
187:Makkah
179:bridge
163:Arabic
121:Opened
107:
98:Locale
336:Notes
243:fatwa
635:Hajj
591:2015
563:2015
508:2015
195:Hajj
157:The
501:itv
280:On
257:On
181:in
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