182:
133:
355:
stockpile arms and ammunition while he attached metal plates and a machinegun to his car to create a makeshift armored car. On 30 June 1960, the
Belgian Congo was granted independence, and shortly afterwards the Congolese Army mutinied against the Belgian officers who had been placed in charge owing to the lack of Congolese officers. With the Congo falling into chaos, Schramme provided an armed guard to move Belgian settlers into the British colony of Uganda. Schramme claimed to have been arrested twice and to have seen 8 white settlers hanged without a trial, through the historian Christopher Othen noted that Schramme was prone to lies and exaggerations, and his accounts might very well be fabrications. Schramme himself fled to Uganda, where he heard about the
375:
their orders on
Tshombe, not a single white in the Katangese administration or army. You cannot imagine a more racist decision. We were being expelled on the basis of the color of our skin." Schramme was arrested by Swedish soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers and expelled to Belgium on 17 September 1961 as a troublemaker. Schramme spent several weeks in Belgium, and then went to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe), where he purchased the book
158:
107:
170:
460:
Congolese soldiers and their families, leading to the wrathful
Congolese to execute 30 mercenaries not involved in the coup attempt. The attack that Schramme planned was described as "badly executed" as he behaved with over-confidence in believing that his small force would be enough to take Stanleyville. The Congolese fought back and within a week, Schramme had been forced to retreat from Stanleyville.
120:
222:
370:, a mercenary unit commanded by a hard-drinking Scotsman, Robert Chambers, who called himself Louis Chamois, and whose French was atrocious. Schramme was not impressed with Chambers, whom he stated: "At first glance, I thought I was dealing with a double crazy drunk. He pretended to be an officer, but he was interested in nothing more than his bottle and his revolver". The
411:
Congo, crossing over from the then
Portuguese colony of Angola. Schramme commanded the Batabwa group, which operated independently of the Lunda group commanded by another mercenary, Ferdinand Tshipola, a state of affairs that owed to personal rivalries between Schramme and Tshipola than ethnic rivalries between the Batabaw and Lunda peoples.
423:
the former government ministers of Congo. Mobutu had long disliked the white mercenaries in his country as reflecting an adverse comment upon his military competence, and over the course of 1966 and the first half of 1967 steadily reduced the number of mercenaries. From
December 1966 to July 1967,the
354:
In
January 1959, riots erupted as hundreds of thousands of Congolese took to the streets to demand independence, which led the Belgian state to agree that the Belgian Congo would become independent on 30 June 1960. Unwilling to accept Congolese independence, in the spring of 1960, Schramme started to
374:
had a terrible reputation for cruelty; with one
Belgian settler, Frans Heymans, complaining in May 1961 of "the brutalities at the hands of Chamois and his men". Schramme was furious when the United Nations ordered the Belgian settlers out of Katanga, writing in 1969: "The United Nations had imposed
491:
A number of
Katangese gendarmes fled into Angola, where they retained their loyalty to the Mwaant Yav, the traditional king of the Lunda people. The exiles were recruited by the Portuguese colonial authorities to fight against the Angolan guerrillas. Thomas Tshombe, the brother of Moise Tshombe and
459:
On the morning of 5 July 1967 10 Commando ANC, Schramme's unit, launched surprise attacks on
Stanleyville, Kindu, and Bukavu. Schramme led the attack on the army's barracks at Stanleyville, leading a force of 11 white mercenaries and about 100 Katangese in the assault. The attack killed hundreds of
447:
and two years later he died in suspicious circumstances. For
Schramme, this was a sign that he was fighting the wrong enemy and on 3 July 1967 he began to lead an uprising in the Tshopo province against Mobutu along with fellow mercenaries Denard and Jerry Puren. According to Puren the uprising was
318:
Schramme was born into an upper-middle-class family in Bruges, where his father was a successful lawyer. In 1947, Schramme moved to the Belgian Congo at the age of 18, where he worked as an apprentice for a planter. Schramme had a strong entrepreneurial streak and by the age of 22 he already owned
483:
flying missions even attacked their own troops instead of Schramme's. The shortages of ammunition were a major problem for the ANC, but Schramme's forces suffered from even greater shortages of ammunition as the expected support from abroad failed to arrive. Extra forces including the elite 2nd
410:
to appoint Tshombe premier on 9 July 1964. Tshombe, who had used mercenaries extensively as the leader of Katanga brought back the same mercenaries that he had used to fight against the Congo to now fight for the Congo. Schramme was one of the mercenaries whom Tshombe recruited to fight for the
394:
if they did not believe that his out-numbered force could have defeated two battalions on its own. Schramme was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Following the final defeat of Katanga, in January–February 1963, Schramme led a force of about 400 Katangese gendarmes into Angola.
881:
1962:
492:
the current reigning Mwaant Yav, pressed for Schramme to be placed in charge of the Katangese exiles in Angola, a request refused by the Portuguese authorities who did not want such a well-known man in Angola.
336:("father") to his black African workers. Schramme thought that he understood the Congo far better than the Congolese, and believed that the country should remain a Belgian colony forever. He hated the
448:
part of a plan to restore Tshombe to power but derailed by the hijacking: the mercenaries planned to move south and link up with Katangan exiles crossing from Angola. This was known as the
1947:
1231:
504:. Almost 20 years later, on 17 April 1986, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for a murder. Schramme was not living in Belgium at the time of the sentence: he died in 1988 in
424:
number of mercenaries in the Congo had been reduced from about 650 down to 189 as Mobutu paid the last of their wages and then sent them home. In June 1967, the French mercenary
479:
troops who were sent to retake the town. The ANC suffered from a lack of artillery and was frustrated and demotivated over its continuous losses. By accident, some ANC
1957:
476:
346:. In Schramme's viewpoint, he and the other Belgian settlers should provide the strict, but loving paternalistic care that he believed was what the Congolese needed.
332:("a white African"). Schramme ran his estate along militaristic lines, having a very authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style as he took to calling himself a
390:, owing to their superior discipline. Schramme's claims to have taken Kisamba were not believed at first, leading him to ask if he should give Kisamba back to the
1967:
1307:
1300:
1293:
985:
1937:
1942:
1880:
1987:
1972:
137:
386:. In October 1961, Schramme took the town of Kisamba from the Congolese, proudly reporting his small unit had just routed two battalions of the
319:
his own plantation covering 22 acres at Bafwakwandji in the eastern half of the Belgian Congo. Schramme performed his national service with the
1982:
419:
In 1965, General Mobutu became president and from then on Belgium started protecting his regime against rebellion. Mobutu immediately began to
1848:
1682:
1286:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
889:
428:
warned Schramme that Mobutu was planning to dissolve the last of mercenary units, which provided the impetus for a plan to restore Tshombe.
1356:
382:
During his time in Southern Rhodesia, Schramme had recruited several white British and South African settlers to come with him to fight for
1927:
342:(Western-educated Congolese) who for him were not real Congolese at all; his ideal Congolese were his workers on his estate who called him
1977:
1279:
363:. Schramme went to Katanga to fight as a mercenary and to reestablish himself as a planter in Africa, having abandoned his estate.
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
978:
823:
583:
545:
1314:
1952:
1409:
1265:
1258:
468:
307:
181:
132:
1554:
625:
1810:
1251:
564:
1607:
1922:
1932:
1862:
1638:
971:
1272:
398:
In 1964, the Simba rebellion erupted and the entire eastern half of the Congo was taken by the Simba rebels while the
484:
Parachute Brigade helped the ANC to finally defeat Schramme on 29 October 1967. The surviving rebel troops fled into
1673:
403:
1519:
475:
and had grown considerably in number. Schramme was able to hold Bukavu for seven weeks and managed to defeat all
1582:
1487:
471:. Defeated, his force retreated south into Kivu province. By August 10, his troops conquered the border town of
1887:
1540:
1568:
1561:
1363:
1017:
1664:
1388:
1121:
1792:
1459:
456:, the Rhodesian pilot and gun-runner, supported Schramme's forces with flights supplying him with weapons.
1783:
1753:
1728:
162:
607:
1830:
1801:
1139:
1466:
1087:
1917:
1912:
273:
1737:
1712:
1689:
1038:
1526:
1441:
449:
436:
268:
1059:
1031:
885:
819:
579:
560:
541:
402:
disintegrated. Believing that he needed the support of the West, the army commander, General
1719:
1705:
1650:
1434:
1402:
1101:
1073:
1052:
942:
407:
383:
356:
169:
125:
1855:
1819:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1575:
1153:
1066:
263:
85:
1746:
1533:
1512:
1045:
1024:
1010:
321:
557:
Katanga 1960-63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World
1906:
1698:
1080:
360:
66:
1600:
1547:
1473:
1427:
994:
453:
432:
258:
225:
338:
443:, before he could return to Congo after his exile in Spain. He was imprisoned in
1657:
1614:
1395:
1146:
480:
174:
89:
1505:
523:
510:
425:
500:
On 24 April 1968 Schramme and all the other European mercenaries returned to
464:
299:
221:
963:
839:
379:
to "know his enemy" as he phrased it. Schramme then returned to Katanga.
508:. Schramme was played by the French actor Aladin Reibel in the 2011 film
296:
1094:
501:
444:
440:
157:
112:
505:
485:
472:
420:
303:
62:
878:
The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship
967:
924:
922:
920:
907:
905:
903:
901:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
772:
770:
757:
755:
1963:
Belgian expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
730:
728:
726:
724:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
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672:
670:
645:
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641:
639:
286:
Technical Adviser, Exército de Libertação de Portugal
1872:
1840:
1628:
1592:
1497:
1451:
1419:
1380:
1373:
1241:
1223:
1163:
1131:
1111:
1002:
328:Mr Schramme deeply loved Africa and called himself
282:
251:
234:
213:
193:
146:
97:
74:
48:
40:
32:
21:
325:, which provided him with his military training.
844:A Biography on the Life and Times of Jack Malloch
538:The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa
1948:Democratic Republic of the Congo anti-communists
979:
8:
928:
863:
776:
761:
746:
626:"Katanga Forces Have Operated Under 3 Flags"
366:In the spring of 1961, Schramme enlisted in
911:
801:
1377:
986:
972:
964:
578:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
431:On 30 June 1967 president Moise Tshombe's
18:
576:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
540:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
295:(25 March 1929 – 14 December 1988) was a
1154:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
574:Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985).
1958:Democratic Republic of the Congo exiles
1280:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
880:. New York: Algora Publishing. p.
599:
536:Kennes, Kennes; Larmer, Miles (2016).
1968:People convicted of murder by Belgium
1849:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1172:United Nations Operation in the Congo
734:
715:
692:
661:
649:
7:
1881:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
1938:Belgian people convicted of murder
608:"The Congo: Ultimatum from Bukavu"
463:Schramme tried to take control of
306:. He managed a vast estate in the
14:
1943:Deaths from cancer in Mato Grosso
559:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
206:1964–1965 (Republic of the Congo)
1273:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1266:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1259:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1122:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
308:Democratic Republic of the Congo
220:
180:
168:
156:
131:
118:
105:
818:. Alberton: Galago Publishing.
1988:20th-century Belgian criminals
1973:Military personnel from Bruges
1856:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
1983:Belgian expatriates in Brazil
415:The Revolt of the Mercenaries
377:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1928:Belgian emigrants to Brazil
555:Othen, Christopher (2015).
2004:
1978:People of the Congo Crisis
876:Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005).
814:Pottinger, Brian. (1986).
400:Armée Nationale Congolaise
392:Armée Nationale Congolaise
388:Armée Nationale Congolaise
293:Jean "Black Jack" Schramme
1863:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1888:Decolonisation of Africa
1541:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1214:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
929:Kennes & Larmer 2016
864:Kennes & Larmer 2016
777:Kennes & Larmer 2016
762:Kennes & Larmer 2016
747:Kennes & Larmer 2016
241:Chief of Police, Katanga
1953:Belgian anti-communists
1639:Force Publique mutinies
1608:William "Rip" Robertson
1364:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1018:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
912:Young & Turner 1985
840:"Jack Malloch Timeline"
802:Young & Turner 1985
1754:Port Francqui incident
163:Belgian Land Component
1831:Stanleyville mutinies
1460:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1357:211th Makasi Squadron
1140:Katangese Gendarmerie
194:Years of service
138:Republic of the Congo
1923:Belgian Congo people
1812:Violettes Imperiales
1435:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1389:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1287:5 Mechanised Brigade
1074:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
406:persuaded President
404:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
274:Carnation Revolution
1933:Belgian mercenaries
1488:Frédéric Vandewalle
943:"Mister Bob (2011)"
816:Mercenary Commander
203:1961–1963 (Katanga)
1841:Other major events
1674:Congo-Stanleyville
1147:South Kasai forces
947:Military Gogglebox
941:Marshall, Andrew.
664:, p. 158-159.
630:The New York Times
450:Mercenaries Revolt
269:Kisangani Mutinies
244:Major, 10 Commando
1897:
1896:
1629:Main operations /
1624:
1623:
1252:White mercenaries
1114:government forces
1032:Christophe Gbenye
1003:Political leaders
891:978-0-87586-417-4
614:. 18 August 1967.
330:un Africain blanc
290:
289:
16:Belgian mercenary
1995:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1706:Battle of Kabalo
1701:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1645:Secession crisis
1641:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1555:Siegfried MĂĽller
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1467:Jules Crèvecoeur
1462:
1444:
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1430:
1412:
1405:
1403:Dewan Prem Chand
1398:
1391:
1378:
1366:
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1142:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1088:Gaston Soumialot
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1053:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1048:
1041:
1039:Dag Hammarskjöld
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
988:
981:
974:
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719:
713:
696:
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665:
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653:
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634:
633:
632:. 17 March 1977.
622:
616:
615:
604:
589:
570:
551:
408:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
357:State of Katanga
224:
200:?–1953 (Belgium)
185:
184:
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148:
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78:14 December 1988
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19:
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1847:
1836:
1829:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1777:Simba rebellion
1775:
1770:Kwilu rebellion
1768:
1763:Kanyarwanda War
1761:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1683:UN intervention
1681:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1588:
1581:
1576:Roger Trinquier
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1520:Charles Gardien
1518:
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1504:
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1320:
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1264:
1257:
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1244:mercenary units
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1237:
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1219:
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1205:
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1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1159:
1152:
1145:
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1127:
1120:
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1107:
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1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1067:Patrice Lumumba
1065:
1058:
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619:
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535:
532:
520:
498:
417:
372:Groupe Mobile E
368:Groupe Mobile E
352:
316:
283:Other work
278:
264:Simba Rebellion
247:
230:
209:
189:
179:
167:
155:
142:
130:
119:
117:
106:
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84:
83:
79:
61:
60:
54:
52:
28:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
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1904:
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1876:
1874:
1870:
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1852:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
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1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1747:Kindu atrocity
1743:
1734:
1733:
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1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1679:
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1621:
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1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1583:Hugh van Oppen
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:Roger Faulques
1509:
1501:
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1491:
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1423:
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1406:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1381:United Nations
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
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1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1224:Other entities
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1161:
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1143:
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1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1046:Albert Kalonji
1042:
1035:
1028:
1025:Gaston Eyskens
1021:
1014:
1011:Cyrille Adoula
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
960:
959:
933:
916:
914:, p. 252.
897:
890:
868:
856:
831:
824:
806:
804:, p. 251.
781:
766:
751:
739:
737:, p. 163.
720:
718:, p. 160.
697:
695:, p. 159.
666:
654:
652:, p. 158.
635:
617:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
584:
571:
565:
552:
546:
531:
528:
527:
526:
519:
516:
497:
494:
416:
413:
351:
348:
322:Force Publique
315:
312:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
242:
238:
236:
232:
231:
229:
228:
217:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
204:
201:
197:
195:
191:
190:
188:
187:
177:
165:
152:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
128:
115:
101:
99:
95:
94:
82:(aged 59)
76:
72:
71:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2000:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:Niemba ambush
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:Jean Schramme
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:UN contingent
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1102:MoĂŻse Tshombe
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:Pierre Mulele
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
966:
948:
944:
937:
934:
931:, p. 87.
930:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
898:
893:
887:
883:
879:
872:
869:
866:, p. 78.
865:
860:
857:
845:
841:
835:
832:
827:
825:0-947020-21-7
821:
817:
810:
807:
803:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
779:, p. 70.
778:
773:
771:
767:
764:, p. 69.
763:
758:
756:
752:
749:, p. 67.
748:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
642:
640:
636:
631:
627:
621:
618:
613:
609:
603:
600:
593:
587:
585:9780299101138
581:
577:
572:
568:
562:
558:
553:
549:
547:9780253021502
543:
539:
534:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
513:
512:
507:
503:
495:
493:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
422:
414:
412:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
373:
369:
364:
362:
361:Moise Tshombe
358:
349:
347:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
285:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
243:
240:
239:
237:
233:
227:
223:
219:
218:
216:
212:
205:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
183:
178:
176:
171:
166:
164:
159:
154:
153:
151:
145:
139:
134:
129:
127:
116:
114:
103:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
77:
73:
68:
67:West Flanders
64:
59:25 March 1929
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:Jean Schramme
35:
31:
27:Jean Schramme
20:
1899:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1785:Dragon Rouge
1784:
1738:
1729:Camp Massart
1720:
1690:
1601:Larry Devlin
1548:Jack Malloch
1527:Hans Germani
1480:
1474:Marc Goosens
1442:Norbert Moke
1428:Louis Bobozo
1132:Rebel forces
1060:Théo Lefèvre
995:Congo Crisis
950:. Retrieved
946:
936:
877:
871:
859:
847:. Retrieved
843:
834:
815:
809:
742:
657:
629:
620:
611:
602:
575:
556:
537:
509:
499:
490:
465:Stanleyville
462:
458:
454:Jack Malloch
439:en route to
433:jet aircraft
430:
418:
399:
397:
391:
387:
381:
376:
371:
367:
365:
353:
350:Congo Crisis
343:
337:
333:
329:
327:
320:
317:
310:until 1967.
292:
291:
259:Congo Crisis
252:Battles/wars
86:RondonĂłpolis
80:(1988-12-14)
44:"Black Jack"
1918:1988 deaths
1913:1929 births
1803:White Giant
1794:Dragon Noir
1658:South Kasai
1615:Che Guevara
1569:Jerry Puren
1562:John Peters
1410:Pat Quinlan
1396:K.A.S. Raja
1350:15 Commando
1343:14 Commando
1336:13 Commando
1329:12 Commando
1322:11 Commando
997:(1960–1965)
186:10 Commando
175:Gendarmerie
90:Mato Grosso
41:Nickname(s)
1907:Categories
1713:Jadotville
1534:Mike Hoare
1506:Bob Denard
1374:Commanders
1315:9 Commando
1308:6 Commando
1301:5 Commando
1294:4 Commando
735:Othen 2015
716:Othen 2015
693:Othen 2015
662:Othen 2015
650:Othen 2015
566:0750989165
524:Mike Hoare
511:Mister Bob
496:Later life
426:Bob Denard
98:Allegiance
55:1929-03-25
33:Birth name
1739:Grandslam
1691:Rum Punch
1498:Mercenary
1420:Congolese
1242:Belgian /
1112:Congolese
594:Footnotes
300:mercenary
69:, Belgium
1665:Invasion
1207:Ethiopia
952:23 April
518:See also
437:hijacked
235:Commands
147:Service/
92:, Brazil
1873:Related
1651:Katanga
1631:battles
1452:Belgian
1186:Ireland
1095:U Thant
849:14 June
502:Belgium
445:Algeria
441:Algiers
384:Katanga
359:led by
339:évolués
314:Planter
304:planter
297:Belgian
126:Katanga
113:Belgium
1721:UNOKAT
1193:Sweden
1179:Canada
888:
822:
582:
563:
544:
506:Brazil
486:Rwanda
473:Bukavu
421:arrest
149:branch
123:
110:
63:Bruges
1821:South
1593:Other
1200:India
530:Books
469:Congo
226:Major
23:Major
954:2022
886:ISBN
851:2019
820:ISBN
612:Time
580:ISBN
561:ISBN
542:ISBN
481:T-28
435:was
344:père
334:père
302:and
214:Rank
75:Died
49:Born
1232:CIA
477:ANC
1909::
945:.
919:^
900:^
884:.
882:40
842:.
784:^
769:^
754:^
723:^
700:^
669:^
638:^
628:.
610:.
514:.
488:.
467:,
452:.
88:,
65:,
987:e
980:t
973:v
956:.
894:.
853:.
828:.
588:.
569:.
550:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
