193:
144:
366:
stockpile arms and ammunition while he attached metal plates and a machinegun to his car to create a makeshift armored car. On 30 June 1960, the
Belgian Congo was granted independence, and shortly afterwards the Congolese Army mutinied against the Belgian officers who had been placed in charge owing to the lack of Congolese officers. With the Congo falling into chaos, Schramme provided an armed guard to move Belgian settlers into the British colony of Uganda. Schramme claimed to have been arrested twice and to have seen 8 white settlers hanged without a trial, through the historian Christopher Othen noted that Schramme was prone to lies and exaggerations, and his accounts might very well be fabrications. Schramme himself fled to Uganda, where he heard about the
386:
their orders on
Tshombe, not a single white in the Katangese administration or army. You cannot imagine a more racist decision. We were being expelled on the basis of the color of our skin." Schramme was arrested by Swedish soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers and expelled to Belgium on 17 September 1961 as a troublemaker. Schramme spent several weeks in Belgium, and then went to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe), where he purchased the book
169:
118:
181:
471:
Congolese soldiers and their families, leading to the wrathful
Congolese to execute 30 mercenaries not involved in the coup attempt. The attack that Schramme planned was described as "badly executed" as he behaved with over-confidence in believing that his small force would be enough to take Stanleyville. The Congolese fought back and within a week, Schramme had been forced to retreat from Stanleyville.
131:
233:
381:, a mercenary unit commanded by a hard-drinking Scotsman, Robert Chambers, who called himself Louis Chamois, and whose French was atrocious. Schramme was not impressed with Chambers, whom he stated: "At first glance, I thought I was dealing with a double crazy drunk. He pretended to be an officer, but he was interested in nothing more than his bottle and his revolver". The
422:
Congo, crossing over from the then
Portuguese colony of Angola. Schramme commanded the Batabwa group, which operated independently of the Lunda group commanded by another mercenary, Ferdinand Tshipola, a state of affairs that owed to personal rivalries between Schramme and Tshipola than ethnic rivalries between the Batabaw and Lunda peoples.
434:
the former government ministers of Congo. Mobutu had long disliked the white mercenaries in his country as reflecting an adverse comment upon his military competence, and over the course of 1966 and the first half of 1967 steadily reduced the number of mercenaries. From
December 1966 to July 1967,the
365:
In
January 1959, riots erupted as hundreds of thousands of Congolese took to the streets to demand independence, which led the Belgian state to agree that the Belgian Congo would become independent on 30 June 1960. Unwilling to accept Congolese independence, in the spring of 1960, Schramme started to
385:
had a terrible reputation for cruelty; with one
Belgian settler, Frans Heymans, complaining in May 1961 of "the brutalities at the hands of Chamois and his men". Schramme was furious when the United Nations ordered the Belgian settlers out of Katanga, writing in 1969: "The United Nations had imposed
502:
A number of
Katangese gendarmes fled into Angola, where they retained their loyalty to the Mwaant Yav, the traditional king of the Lunda people. The exiles were recruited by the Portuguese colonial authorities to fight against the Angolan guerrillas. Thomas Tshombe, the brother of Moise Tshombe and
470:
On the morning of 5 July 1967 10 Commando ANC, Schramme's unit, launched surprise attacks on
Stanleyville, Kindu, and Bukavu. Schramme led the attack on the army's barracks at Stanleyville, leading a force of 11 white mercenaries and about 100 Katangese in the assault. The attack killed hundreds of
458:
and two years later he died in suspicious circumstances. For
Schramme, this was a sign that he was fighting the wrong enemy and on 3 July 1967 he began to lead an uprising in the Tshopo province against Mobutu along with fellow mercenaries Denard and Jerry Puren. According to Puren the uprising was
329:
Schramme was born into an upper-middle-class family in Bruges, where his father was a successful lawyer. In 1947, Schramme moved to the Belgian Congo at the age of 18, where he worked as an apprentice for a planter. Schramme had a strong entrepreneurial streak and by the age of 22 he already owned
494:
flying missions even attacked their own troops instead of Schramme's. The shortages of ammunition were a major problem for the ANC, but Schramme's forces suffered from even greater shortages of ammunition as the expected support from abroad failed to arrive. Extra forces including the elite 2nd
421:
to appoint Tshombe premier on 9 July 1964. Tshombe, who had used mercenaries extensively as the leader of Katanga brought back the same mercenaries that he had used to fight against the Congo to now fight for the Congo. Schramme was one of the mercenaries whom Tshombe recruited to fight for the
405:
if they did not believe that his out-numbered force could have defeated two battalions on its own. Schramme was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Following the final defeat of Katanga, in January–February 1963, Schramme led a force of about 400 Katangese gendarmes into Angola.
892:
1973:
503:
the current reigning Mwaant Yav, pressed for Schramme to be placed in charge of the Katangese exiles in Angola, a request refused by the Portuguese authorities who did not want such a well-known man in Angola.
347:("father") to his black African workers. Schramme thought that he understood the Congo far better than the Congolese, and believed that the country should remain a Belgian colony forever. He hated the
459:
part of a plan to restore Tshombe to power but derailed by the hijacking: the mercenaries planned to move south and link up with Katangan exiles crossing from Angola. This was known as the
1958:
1242:
515:. Almost 20 years later, on 17 April 1986, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for a murder. Schramme was not living in Belgium at the time of the sentence: he died in 1988 in
435:
number of mercenaries in the Congo had been reduced from about 650 down to 189 as Mobutu paid the last of their wages and then sent them home. In June 1967, the French mercenary
490:
troops who were sent to retake the town. The ANC suffered from a lack of artillery and was frustrated and demotivated over its continuous losses. By accident, some ANC
1968:
487:
357:. In Schramme's viewpoint, he and the other Belgian settlers should provide the strict, but loving paternalistic care that he believed was what the Congolese needed.
343:("a white African"). Schramme ran his estate along militaristic lines, having a very authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style as he took to calling himself a
401:, owing to their superior discipline. Schramme's claims to have taken Kisamba were not believed at first, leading him to ask if he should give Kisamba back to the
1978:
1318:
1311:
1304:
996:
1948:
1953:
1891:
1998:
1983:
148:
397:. In October 1961, Schramme took the town of Kisamba from the Congolese, proudly reporting his small unit had just routed two battalions of the
330:
his own plantation covering 22 acres at Bafwakwandji in the eastern half of the Belgian Congo. Schramme performed his national service with the
1993:
430:
In 1965, General Mobutu became president and from then on Belgium started protecting his regime against rebellion. Mobutu immediately began to
1859:
1693:
1297:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
900:
439:
warned Schramme that Mobutu was planning to dissolve the last of mercenary units, which provided the impetus for a plan to restore Tshombe.
1367:
393:
During his time in Southern Rhodesia, Schramme had recruited several white British and South African settlers to come with him to fight for
1938:
353:(Western-educated Congolese) who for him were not real Congolese at all; his ideal Congolese were his workers on his estate who called him
1988:
1290:
374:. Schramme went to Katanga to fight as a mercenary and to reestablish himself as a planter in Africa, having abandoned his estate.
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
989:
834:
594:
556:
1325:
1963:
1420:
1276:
1269:
479:
318:
192:
143:
1565:
636:
1821:
1262:
575:
1618:
1933:
1943:
1873:
1649:
982:
1283:
409:
In 1964, the Simba rebellion erupted and the entire eastern half of the Congo was taken by the Simba rebels while the
495:
Parachute Brigade helped the ANC to finally defeat Schramme on 29 October 1967. The surviving rebel troops fled into
1684:
414:
1530:
486:
and had grown considerably in number. Schramme was able to hold Bukavu for seven weeks and managed to defeat all
1593:
1498:
482:. Defeated, his force retreated south into Kivu province. By August 10, his troops conquered the border town of
1898:
1551:
1579:
1572:
1374:
1028:
1675:
1399:
1132:
1803:
1470:
467:, the Rhodesian pilot and gun-runner, supported Schramme's forces with flights supplying him with weapons.
1794:
1764:
1739:
173:
618:
1841:
1812:
1150:
1477:
1098:
1928:
1923:
284:
1748:
1723:
1700:
1049:
1537:
1452:
460:
447:
279:
1070:
1042:
896:
830:
590:
571:
552:
413:
disintegrated. Believing that he needed the support of the West, the army commander, General
1730:
1716:
1661:
1445:
1413:
1112:
1084:
1063:
953:
418:
394:
367:
180:
136:
1866:
1830:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1586:
1164:
1077:
274:
96:
1757:
1544:
1523:
1056:
1035:
1021:
332:
568:
Katanga 1960-63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World
1917:
1709:
1091:
371:
77:
1611:
1558:
1484:
1438:
1005:
464:
443:
269:
236:
349:
454:, before he could return to Congo after his exile in Spain. He was imprisoned in
1668:
1625:
1406:
1157:
491:
185:
100:
1516:
534:
521:
436:
511:
On 24 April 1968 Schramme and all the other European mercenaries returned to
475:
310:
232:
974:
850:
390:
to "know his enemy" as he phrased it. Schramme then returned to Katanga.
519:. Schramme was played by the French actor Aladin Reibel in the 2011 film
307:
17:
1105:
512:
455:
451:
168:
123:
516:
496:
483:
431:
314:
73:
889:
The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship
978:
935:
933:
931:
918:
916:
914:
912:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
783:
781:
768:
766:
1974:
Belgian expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
741:
739:
737:
735:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
699:
697:
695:
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689:
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683:
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656:
654:
652:
650:
297:
Technical Adviser, Exército de Libertação de Portugal
1883:
1851:
1639:
1603:
1508:
1462:
1430:
1391:
1384:
1252:
1234:
1174:
1142:
1122:
1013:
339:Mr Schramme deeply loved Africa and called himself
293:
262:
245:
224:
204:
157:
108:
85:
59:
51:
43:
32:
336:, which provided him with his military training.
855:A Biography on the Life and Times of Jack Malloch
549:The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa
1959:Democratic Republic of the Congo anti-communists
990:
8:
939:
874:
787:
772:
757:
637:"Katanga Forces Have Operated Under 3 Flags"
377:In the spring of 1961, Schramme enlisted in
922:
812:
1388:
997:
983:
975:
589:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
442:On 30 June 1967 president Moise Tshombe's
29:
587:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
551:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
306:(25 March 1929 – 14 December 1988) was a
1165:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
585:Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985).
1969:Democratic Republic of the Congo exiles
1291:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
891:. New York: Algora Publishing. p.
610:
547:Kennes, Kennes; Larmer, Miles (2016).
1979:People convicted of murder by Belgium
1860:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1183:United Nations Operation in the Congo
745:
726:
703:
672:
660:
7:
1892:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
1949:Belgian people convicted of murder
619:"The Congo: Ultimatum from Bukavu"
474:Schramme tried to take control of
317:. He managed a vast estate in the
25:
1954:Deaths from cancer in Mato Grosso
570:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
217:1964–1965 (Republic of the Congo)
1284:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1277:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1270:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1133:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
319:Democratic Republic of the Congo
231:
191:
179:
167:
142:
129:
116:
829:. Alberton: Galago Publishing.
1999:20th-century Belgian criminals
1984:Military personnel from Bruges
1867:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
1994:Belgian expatriates in Brazil
426:The Revolt of the Mercenaries
388:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1939:Belgian emigrants to Brazil
566:Othen, Christopher (2015).
2015:
1989:People of the Congo Crisis
887:Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005).
825:Pottinger, Brian. (1986).
411:Armée Nationale Congolaise
403:Armée Nationale Congolaise
399:Armée Nationale Congolaise
304:Jean "Black Jack" Schramme
1874:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1899:Decolonisation of Africa
1552:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1225:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
940:Kennes & Larmer 2016
875:Kennes & Larmer 2016
788:Kennes & Larmer 2016
773:Kennes & Larmer 2016
758:Kennes & Larmer 2016
252:Chief of Police, Katanga
1964:Belgian anti-communists
1650:Force Publique mutinies
1619:William "Rip" Robertson
1375:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1029:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
923:Young & Turner 1985
851:"Jack Malloch Timeline"
813:Young & Turner 1985
1765:Port Francqui incident
174:Belgian Land Component
1842:Stanleyville mutinies
1471:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1368:211th Makasi Squadron
1151:Katangese Gendarmerie
205:Years of service
149:Republic of the Congo
1934:Belgian Congo people
1823:Violettes Imperiales
1446:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1400:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1298:5 Mechanised Brigade
1085:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
417:persuaded President
415:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
285:Carnation Revolution
1944:Belgian mercenaries
1499:Frédéric Vandewalle
954:"Mister Bob (2011)"
827:Mercenary Commander
214:1961–1963 (Katanga)
1852:Other major events
1685:Congo-Stanleyville
1158:South Kasai forces
958:Military Gogglebox
952:Marshall, Andrew.
675:, p. 158-159.
641:The New York Times
461:Mercenaries Revolt
280:Kisangani Mutinies
255:Major, 10 Commando
1908:
1907:
1640:Main operations /
1635:
1634:
1263:White mercenaries
1125:government forces
1043:Christophe Gbenye
1014:Political leaders
902:978-0-87586-417-4
625:. 18 August 1967.
341:un Africain blanc
301:
300:
27:Belgian mercenary
16:(Redirected from
2006:
1901:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1717:Battle of Kabalo
1712:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1656:Secession crisis
1652:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1566:Siegfried MĂĽller
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1494:
1487:
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1478:Jules Crèvecoeur
1473:
1455:
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1441:
1423:
1416:
1414:Dewan Prem Chand
1409:
1402:
1389:
1377:
1370:
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1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
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1160:
1153:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1099:Gaston Soumialot
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1064:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1059:
1052:
1050:Dag Hammarskjöld
1045:
1038:
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1024:
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992:
985:
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676:
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664:
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643:. 17 March 1977.
633:
627:
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581:
562:
419:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
368:State of Katanga
235:
211:?–1953 (Belgium)
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172:
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89:14 December 1988
81:
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67:
30:
21:
2014:
2013:
2009:
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2003:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
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1897:
1890:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1788:Simba rebellion
1786:
1781:Kwilu rebellion
1779:
1774:Kanyarwanda War
1772:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1694:UN intervention
1692:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1599:
1592:
1587:Roger Trinquier
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1531:Charles Gardien
1529:
1522:
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1275:
1268:
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1255:mercenary units
1254:
1248:
1241:
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1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1138:
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1124:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1078:Patrice Lumumba
1076:
1069:
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1055:
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617:
616:
612:
607:
597:
584:
578:
565:
559:
546:
543:
531:
509:
428:
383:Groupe Mobile E
379:Groupe Mobile E
363:
327:
294:Other work
289:
275:Simba Rebellion
258:
241:
220:
200:
190:
178:
166:
153:
141:
130:
128:
117:
115:
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94:
90:
72:
71:
65:
63:
39:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
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1845:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:Kindu atrocity
1754:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1690:
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1622:
1615:
1607:
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1600:
1598:
1597:
1594:Hugh van Oppen
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1524:Roger Faulques
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1512:
1510:
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1505:
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1502:
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1403:
1395:
1393:
1392:United Nations
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1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
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1336:
1329:
1322:
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1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1235:Other entities
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1172:
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1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
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1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1057:Albert Kalonji
1053:
1046:
1039:
1036:Gaston Eyskens
1032:
1025:
1022:Cyrille Adoula
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
971:
970:
944:
927:
925:, p. 252.
908:
901:
879:
867:
842:
835:
817:
815:, p. 251.
792:
777:
762:
750:
748:, p. 163.
731:
729:, p. 160.
708:
706:, p. 159.
677:
665:
663:, p. 158.
646:
628:
609:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
595:
582:
576:
563:
557:
542:
539:
538:
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530:
527:
508:
505:
427:
424:
362:
359:
333:Force Publique
326:
323:
299:
298:
295:
291:
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288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
264:
260:
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176:
163:
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155:
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152:
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139:
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106:
105:
93:(aged 59)
87:
83:
82:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
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1977:
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1967:
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1962:
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1947:
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1937:
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1741:
1737:
1736:
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1728:
1725:
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1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:Niemba ambush
1707:
1704:
1703:
1698:
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1677:
1673:
1672:
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1528:
1525:
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1514:
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1511:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:Jean Schramme
1489:
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1479:
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1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:
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1187:
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1175:UN contingent
1173:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1113:MoĂŻse Tshombe
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:Pierre Mulele
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
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1026:
1023:
1019:
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1016:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
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977:
959:
955:
948:
945:
942:, p. 87.
941:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
877:, p. 78.
876:
871:
868:
856:
852:
846:
843:
838:
836:0-947020-21-7
832:
828:
821:
818:
814:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
790:, p. 70.
789:
784:
782:
778:
775:, p. 69.
774:
769:
767:
763:
760:, p. 67.
759:
754:
751:
747:
742:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
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629:
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614:
611:
604:
598:
596:9780299101138
592:
588:
583:
579:
573:
569:
564:
560:
558:9780253021502
554:
550:
545:
544:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
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523:
518:
514:
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433:
425:
423:
420:
416:
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:Moise Tshombe
369:
360:
358:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
337:
335:
334:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
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296:
292:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
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254:
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244:
238:
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230:
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227:
223:
216:
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210:
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194:
189:
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182:
177:
175:
170:
165:
164:
162:
156:
150:
145:
140:
138:
127:
125:
114:
113:
111:
107:
102:
98:
88:
84:
79:
78:West Flanders
75:
70:25 March 1929
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:Jean Schramme
46:
42:
38:Jean Schramme
31:
19:
1910:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1796:Dragon Rouge
1795:
1749:
1740:Camp Massart
1731:
1701:
1612:Larry Devlin
1559:Jack Malloch
1538:Hans Germani
1491:
1485:Marc Goosens
1453:Norbert Moke
1439:Louis Bobozo
1143:Rebel forces
1071:Théo Lefèvre
1006:Congo Crisis
961:. Retrieved
957:
947:
888:
882:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:
845:
826:
820:
753:
668:
640:
631:
622:
613:
586:
567:
548:
520:
510:
501:
476:Stanleyville
473:
469:
465:Jack Malloch
450:en route to
444:jet aircraft
441:
429:
410:
408:
402:
398:
392:
387:
382:
378:
376:
364:
361:Congo Crisis
354:
348:
344:
340:
338:
331:
328:
321:until 1967.
303:
302:
270:Congo Crisis
263:Battles/wars
97:RondonĂłpolis
91:(1988-12-14)
55:"Black Jack"
1929:1988 deaths
1924:1929 births
1814:White Giant
1805:Dragon Noir
1669:South Kasai
1626:Che Guevara
1580:Jerry Puren
1573:John Peters
1421:Pat Quinlan
1407:K.A.S. Raja
1361:15 Commando
1354:14 Commando
1347:13 Commando
1340:12 Commando
1333:11 Commando
1008:(1960–1965)
197:10 Commando
186:Gendarmerie
101:Mato Grosso
52:Nickname(s)
1918:Categories
1724:Jadotville
1545:Mike Hoare
1517:Bob Denard
1385:Commanders
1326:9 Commando
1319:6 Commando
1312:5 Commando
1305:4 Commando
746:Othen 2015
727:Othen 2015
704:Othen 2015
673:Othen 2015
661:Othen 2015
577:0750989165
535:Mike Hoare
522:Mister Bob
507:Later life
437:Bob Denard
109:Allegiance
66:1929-03-25
44:Birth name
1750:Grandslam
1702:Rum Punch
1509:Mercenary
1431:Congolese
1253:Belgian /
1123:Congolese
605:Footnotes
311:mercenary
80:, Belgium
1676:Invasion
1218:Ethiopia
963:23 April
529:See also
448:hijacked
246:Commands
158:Service/
103:, Brazil
18:Schramme
1884:Related
1662:Katanga
1642:battles
1463:Belgian
1197:Ireland
1106:U Thant
860:14 June
513:Belgium
456:Algeria
452:Algiers
395:Katanga
370:led by
350:évolués
325:Planter
315:planter
308:Belgian
137:Katanga
124:Belgium
1732:UNOKAT
1204:Sweden
1190:Canada
899:
833:
593:
574:
555:
517:Brazil
497:Rwanda
484:Bukavu
432:arrest
160:branch
134:
121:
74:Bruges
1832:South
1604:Other
1211:India
541:Books
480:Congo
237:Major
34:Major
965:2022
897:ISBN
862:2019
831:ISBN
623:Time
591:ISBN
572:ISBN
553:ISBN
492:T-28
446:was
355:père
345:père
313:and
225:Rank
86:Died
60:Born
1243:CIA
488:ANC
1920::
956:.
930:^
911:^
895:.
893:40
853:.
795:^
780:^
765:^
734:^
711:^
680:^
649:^
639:.
621:.
525:.
499:.
478:,
463:.
99:,
76:,
998:e
991:t
984:v
967:.
905:.
864:.
839:.
599:.
580:.
561:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
