134:. He was an educated and tolerant bon vivant. He studied in Barcelona and Madrid, sympathized with Marxism, and joined the Communist Party of Spain. He returned to Navarre after completing his studies, and soon became prominent in the small local group of communists. Monzón was distrusted by some communists for his background and cultivated appearance, but was always loyal to the ideology. As a lawyer he was appointed a clerk in the council of Navarre. He married Aurora Gómez Urrutia, and they had one child, Sergio. They were separated after Sergio died, but much later were reunited in Mexico in 1959.
143:(PCE, Spanish Communist Party). In June 1935 he organized a major strike of construction workers in cooperation with the Carlist unions, where he showed strong leadership and the ability to work with people of different ideologies. He was a Popular Front candidate in the 1936 elections in Navarre. Monzón was elected a deputy for the PCE in the Popular Front. The Popular Front triumphed nationally, but in Navarre Rafael Aizpún's
307:
sentence. After being condemned by the PCE leaders and imprisoned by Franco, Monzón was largely forgotten. In 1947 he was expelled from the PCE, who portrayed him as little more than a traitor. Monzón was released in 1959 and joined his wife in Mexico. He spent the last years of his life in the
Balearic islands, and returned to Pamplona a few months before his death in 1973.
249:(UNE, Spanish National Union), which would unite all left-wing political sectors opposed to Francoism. In September 1942 the Central Committee of the PCE in France offered to join with all anti-fascists including Carlists, Monarchists and the Christian Right. The UNE was founded officially on 11 November 1942 in Toulouse. The press organ was
195:'s government made the situation worse. On 5 March 1939 Negrín issued a decree appointing Monzón to take charge of the general secretariat of the Ministry of Defense. When Monzón left the Civil Governorship of Cuenca, the move was seen in Cuenca as abandonment of his post at a critical moment. He left Spain the next day on the same plane as
264:
Monzón thought that if the UNE forces occupied part of Spain next to the newly liberated French territory, and held it for long enough, the Allies would be drawn into a conflict with Franco's forces. A provisional government would be declared, and it was hoped that the Allied powers, who were winning
306:
accused Monzón and his followers of "deviationism". In July 1945, after waiting several months to travel to France, he was arrested by the police in
Barcelona. Monzón was brought before a court martial and sentenced to 30 years in prison. Through the influence of Carlist friends he avoided the death
273:
and isolated from the rest of the country in winter. In
October 1944 more than 10,000 guerrillas created a series of actions and diversions in Aragon and Navarre to create the conditions for revolution. The bulk of the forces entered the Val d'Aran unopposed on 19 October 1944. They raised tricolor
211:
between Russia and
Germany in August 1939 just before the outbreak of World War II. They moved to Mexico or the Soviet Union, safer countries that supported the Republic. Monzon remained behind with the younger and lower-ranking PCE exiles in France, and in the summer of 1939 formed the "Delegation
281:
cast grave doubts on Monzón's ability or motives in launching the invasion. He said the PCE had told the
Spanish communists in France not to attempt any mass invasion, but to infiltrate in small groups and settle inland. Carrillo was sent to France, and learned from the leaders of the invasion in
282:
the Val d'Aran, which they said had been ordered by a "Supreme
Council of National Union". Carrillo said this existed only in the imagination of Monzón. Carrillo said he managed to persuade the French PCE to abandon the project, since ten thousand picked militants would have been massacred by
237:. By the summer of 1944 the AGE veterans of the Spanish Republic's Popular Army had made a significant contribution to defeating the Germans in the south of France. The "Latin Americans" and "Russians" in the PCE leadership frowned on the independent action of the French PCE as "resisters".
256:
Monzón clandestinely entered Spain in the spring of 1943. He settled in a villa near Madrid where he disguised himself and pretended to be a doctor. In
September 1943 Monzón started work in Madrid on organizing the Guerrilla Army of the Center in Spain. That month he established the
340:
said that the PCE had given orders that both Monzón and León Trilla be assassinated. Monzón escaped Trilla's fate by being arrested. Gregorio Morán wrote that when Monzón was arrested in
Barcelona the PCE leaders suspected he had arranged this to avoid reporting to them.
220:
There were thousands of
Spanish refugees in concentration camps in France. Monzón chartered ships on which many of the refugees escaped at the start of the German occupation of France in the summer of 1940. He organized those who remained into rural labor groups in
216:
and Jaime Nieto. They reorganized and rejuvenated the PCE in France, improvising policy as needed. Monzón became the main leader of the communist exiles in France, defining ideology and strategy. He took the pseudonym "Mariano".
261:(Supreme Council of National Union) in Madrid, which was more wishful thinking than reality. In February 1944 Monzon called for preparation for a national insurrection.
253:. The UNE was never dominated by Stalinists, but was more a precursor of the post-war democratic popular front. Monzón was president of the UNE from 1943 to 1945.
286:, who had 50,000 troops. The guerrilla group retreated to France, and became a commercial company dedicated to cutting firewood and reforestation.
1011:
895:
768:
741:
717:
687:
31:
114:(1939–45) he helped organize Spanish members of the resistance to the Germans in France. In 1944 he organized a failed attempt to invade
872:
1041:
265:
the war against
Fascism, would recognize it. It was also hoped that the invasion would trigger a national uprising. The
139:
208:
1069:
283:
703:
786:"El sinsentido de una vida entregada a la ideología. Un líder comunista olvidado por la Historia: Jesús Monzón"
805:
230:
187:. He was Civil Governor of Alicante from 31 July 1937, and was named governor of Cuenca in May 1938. The
168:
1064:
1059:
333:
180:
176:
172:
981:
912:
196:
188:
931:
274:
flags and waited. The attempt failed miserably after ten days of fighting with the Spanish army.
184:
1003:
Las Brigadas Internacionales: Nuevas perspectivas en la historia de la Guerra Civil y del exilio
727:
213:
118:. He was disavowed by the communist leadership in 1947 and spent many years in Spanish prisons.
707:
1007:
1001:
962:
891:
883:
868:
836:
764:
758:
737:
713:
683:
677:
303:
294:
In 1945 Monzon was disgraced because of his action and was removed from the presidency of the
278:
234:
731:
191:
in February 1939 virtually ensured that the rebels would win the war. The last actions of
115:
110:(22 January 1910 – 24 October 1973) was a Spanish lawyer and communist politician. During
709:
La guerra civil en Castilla-La Mancha, 70 años después: actas del Congreso Internacional
854:
Bueno, Gustavo (April 2005). ""Maquis", un ejercicio reciente de "memoria histórica"".
192:
30:
212:
of the PCE Central Committee in France", supported by Carmen de Pedro, Manuel Gimeno,
1053:
951:
337:
266:
99:
825:
222:
111:
175:, became isolated in the North. Later Monzón was named in turn civil governor of
229:(AGE), the Spanish maquis, which fought against the Germans. Monzón worked with
298:. He was accused by the PCE of being opportunistic, of having prioritized the
966:
840:
733:
El último frente: la resistencia armada antifranquista en España, 1939-1952
270:
160:
127:
70:
51:
460:
323:
One source gives the number of guerrillas as 4,000 rather than 10,000.
131:
490:
488:
486:
164:
163:. He managed to hide, then escaped to France, and from there reached
785:
159:
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 Monzón was in
706:; Valle Calzado, Angel Ramón del; Morales Encinas, Olga M. (2008).
269:
was chosen for the attempt because it was on the north side of the
137:
Monzón was one of the founders of the Navarre branch of the
1038:
Jesús Monzón, el líder comunista olvidado por la Historia
1000:
Sánchez Cervelló, Josep; Agudo, Sebastián (2015-04-23).
806:"Jesús Monzón, la primera víctima de Carrillo en el PCE"
233:
in reorganizing the PCE members and placing them in the
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
130:, Navarre, in 1910 to a wealthy family. His family was
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
461:
Alía Miranda, Valle Calzado & Morales Encinas 2008
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
865:
Carrillo miente, 156 documentos contra 103 falsedades
598:
596:
551:
494:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
245:
In August 1941 the PCE in France started to form the
952:"Lagunas en la memoria y en la historia del maquis"
473:
471:
469:
336:, Carrillo betrayed Monzón to the police. However,
94:
86:
78:
59:
37:
21:
913:"Juan Astigarrabía, comunista (y disidente) vasco"
959:Hispania Nova, Revista de Historia Contemporánea
888:Diccionario histórico-político de Euskal Herria
760:Malagón : autobiografía de un falsificador
563:
1006:. Publicacions Universitat Rovira I Virgili.
167:. He and the other Basque communist leaders,
8:
587:
575:
790:Arbil, Anotaciones de Pensamiento y Critica
659:
29:
18:
424:
207:The PCE leadership left France after the
757:Asenjo, Mariano; Ramos, Victora (2008).
436:
527:
372:
348:
316:
16:Spanish lawyer and communist politician
635:
448:
227:Agrupaciones de Guerrilleros Españoles
623:
602:
477:
403:
151:(Right Block) took 70% of the votes.
7:
647:
539:
506:
14:
1044:. Pamplona: Pamiela. p. 288.
552:Sánchez Cervelló & Agudo 2015
495:Sánchez Cervelló & Agudo 2015
225:. These became the basis for the
126:Jesús Monzón Reparaz was born in
950:Moreno Gómez, Francisco (2006).
241:Spanish National Union (1941–44)
980:Ortiz, Javier (November 2000).
930:Grandes, Amudena (2014-11-02).
259:Junta Suprema de Unión Nacional
911:Elorza, Antonio (1989-03-07).
863:Cierva, Ricardo de la (1994).
824:Bengaray, Manuel (June 2007).
712:. Univ de Castilla La Mancha.
1:
826:"Biografia de Ramon Bengaray"
792:(in Spanish) (37). Foro Arbil
736:. Los Libros de la Catarata.
679:The Communist Party in Spain
804:Belasko, Ana (1998-10-25).
763:. Editorial El Viejo Topo.
676:Alba, Víctor (1983-01-01).
332:According to the historian
203:French Resistance (1939–44)
1086:
890:(in Spanish). Txalaparta.
682:. Transaction Publishers.
564:Aróstegui & Marco 2008
1036:Manuel Martorell (2000).
140:Partido Comunista Español
28:
1042:Manuel Vázquez Montalbán
1040:(in Spanish). Prolog by
784:Basaburua, José (2013).
884:"Monzón Repáraz, Jesús"
730:; Marco, Jorge (2008).
704:Alía Miranda, Francisco
660:Asenjo & Ramos 2008
302:and "diluted" the PCE.
300:Unión Nacional Española
247:Unión Nacional Española
209:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
882:Egaña, Iñaki (1996).
867:(in Spanish). Fénix.
290:Later years (1944–73)
284:José Moscardó Ituarte
251:Reconquista de España
122:Early years (1910–36)
334:Ricardo de la Cierva
108:Jesús Monzón Reparaz
23:Jesús Monzón Reparaz
932:"Hace setenta años"
638:, pp. 298–303.
231:Gabriel León Trilla
155:Civil War (1936–39)
1070:Spanish communists
961:(in Spanish) (6).
858:(in Spanish) (38).
149:Bloque de Derechas
1013:978-84-8424-363-2
897:978-84-8136-039-4
770:978-84-96831-70-4
743:978-84-8319-381-5
719:978-84-8427-555-8
689:978-1-4128-1999-2
588:Moreno Gómez 2006
576:Moreno Gómez 2006
304:Santiago Carrillo
279:Santiago Carrillo
235:French Resistance
189:fall of Catalonia
173:Juan Astigarrabía
105:
104:
1077:
1045:
1023:
1021:
1020:
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993:
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728:Aróstegui, Julio
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197:Dolores Ibárruri
98:Invasion of the
66:
47:
45:
33:
19:
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1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
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1048:
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1029:Further reading
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989:
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493:
484:
476:
467:
463:, p. 1134.
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431:
423:
410:
402:
379:
371:
350:
346:
345:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
292:
277:In his memoirs
243:
214:Manuel Azcárate
205:
169:Ramón Ormazábal
157:
124:
116:Francoist Spain
74:
68:
64:
63:24 October 1973
55:
49:
48:22 January 1910
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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997:
986:Página abierta
982:"Jesús Monzón"
977:
947:
927:
908:
896:
879:
873:
860:
851:
835:(in Spanish).
821:
801:
781:
769:
754:
742:
724:
718:
700:
688:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
662:, p. 150.
652:
650:, p. 334.
640:
628:
626:, p. 534.
607:
592:
580:
568:
556:
554:, p. 335.
544:
542:, p. 332.
532:
511:
509:, p. 316.
499:
497:, p. 336.
482:
465:
453:
441:
429:
425:Basaburua 2013
408:
406:, p. 533.
377:
347:
344:
343:
325:
315:
314:
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309:
296:Unión Nacional
291:
288:
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103:
102:
96:
95:Known for
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
67:(aged 63)
61:
57:
56:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1071:
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987:
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978:
968:
964:
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953:
948:
937:
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928:
918:
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909:
899:
893:
889:
885:
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876:
874:84-88787-03-0
870:
866:
861:
857:
856:El Catoblepas
852:
842:
838:
834:
827:
822:
811:
807:
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782:
772:
766:
762:
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637:
632:
629:
625:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
590:, p. 18.
589:
584:
581:
578:, p. 15.
577:
572:
569:
566:, p. 74.
565:
560:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
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522:
520:
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489:
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483:
479:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
445:
442:
439:, p. 23.
438:
437:Bengaray 2007
433:
430:
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421:
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415:
413:
409:
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338:Vicente Uribe
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145:Unión Navarra
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89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
62:
58:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1037:
1017:. Retrieved
1002:
990:. Retrieved
988:(in Spanish)
985:
970:. Retrieved
958:
940:. Retrieved
938:(in Spanish)
935:
920:. Retrieved
916:
901:. Retrieved
887:
864:
855:
844:. Retrieved
832:
814:. Retrieved
812:(in Spanish)
809:
794:. Retrieved
789:
774:. Retrieved
759:
747:. Retrieved
732:
708:
693:. Retrieved
678:
655:
643:
631:
605:, p. 2.
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
528:Grandes 2014
502:
456:
444:
432:
373:Belasko 1998
328:
319:
299:
295:
293:
276:
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258:
255:
250:
246:
244:
226:
223:Vichy France
219:
206:
158:
148:
144:
138:
136:
125:
112:World War II
107:
106:
65:(1973-10-24)
1065:1973 deaths
1060:1910 births
636:Cierva 1994
449:Elorza 1989
193:Juan Negrín
79:Nationality
1054:Categories
1019:2015-10-07
992:2015-10-06
972:2015-10-06
942:2015-10-06
922:2015-09-29
903:2015-10-07
846:2015-10-06
816:2015-10-06
796:2015-10-06
776:2015-10-07
749:2015-10-07
695:2015-10-07
624:Egaña 1996
603:Bueno 2005
478:Ortiz 2000
404:Egaña 1996
267:Val d'Aran
100:Val d'Aran
90:Politician
87:Occupation
44:1910-01-22
967:1138-7319
841:1887-0554
648:Alba 1983
540:Alba 1983
507:Alba 1983
810:El Mundo
271:Pyrenees
181:Albacete
177:Alicante
161:Pamplona
128:Pamplona
71:Pamplona
52:Pamplona
936:El País
917:El País
833:Antzina
669:Sources
147:of the
132:Carlist
82:Spanish
73:, Spain
54:, Spain
1010:
965:
894:
871:
839:
767:
740:
716:
686:
185:Cuenca
165:Bilbao
955:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
311:Notes
1008:ISBN
963:ISSN
892:ISBN
869:ISBN
837:ISSN
765:ISBN
738:ISBN
714:ISBN
684:ISBN
183:and
171:and
60:Died
38:Born
1056::
984:.
957:.
934:.
915:.
886:.
831:.
808:.
788:.
610:^
595:^
514:^
485:^
468:^
411:^
380:^
351:^
199:.
179:,
1022:.
995:.
975:.
945:.
925:.
906:.
877:.
849:.
819:.
799:.
779:.
752:.
722:.
698:.
530:.
480:.
451:.
427:.
375:.
46:)
42:(
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