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571:, conducting sea-cliff interferometric observations from both New Zealand and Australia. These observations corrected the positions of the sources in the 1948 paper by over 1 degree. With 10 arcminute precision and a better handle on systematic uncertainties due to ionospheric refraction, Bolton could now reasonably suggest optical counterparts. While the optical candidate of Cygnus A remained elusive, Bolton showed that Taurus A was associated with the peculiar
432:. Bolton was soon appointed to the new research officer position, with duties of `research and development in connection with the application of radar techniques'. The expertise in radar technology by the Radiophysics Laboratory was world-class at the time, largely because Britain had shared the secret of radar with its Dominions as World War 2 began and due to a relatively large Australian radio physics community that had intimate ties with the
668:. One of the first scientific contributions from the Owens Valley telescopes was confirmation of radio emission from Jupiter, which gained significant media and institutional recognition for the instrument. With the successful building of the Owens Valley interferometer, Bolton was promoted to full-professor. He was also awarded a PhD from Caltech, but he refused to use the title throughout his life and referred to it as a "de facto" PhD.
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radio sources in a constellation alphabetically descending in brightness. This nomenclature is still in use in radio astronomy today for some of the brightest radio sources. Bolton showed that Cygnus A was not unique - either in its existence or in its lack of association with bright optical stellar counterparts. He had identified such famous radio sources as
326:, his degree was reduced from three to two years. In his second year, Bolton decided to focus on physics rather than mathematics. He completed his degree in May 1942 with second-class honours. While an average result for a student that had previously finished in top third of his cohort, his mother had deteriorated and died during Bolton's examination period.
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NASA's initial request was for Parkes to provide back-up in case the Apollo 11 moonwalk was delayed or in case of any failures in NASA's own tracking stations. Bolton and the Parkes technical crew took responsibility for ensuring the telescope's drive and control systems were in working order. Due to
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and
Caltech. Along with Gordon Stanley, Bolton identified Owens Valley as an ideal site for a radio observatory because its natural mountain ranges shielded interference from coastal Californian cities and since it was reasonably close to Caltech. Bolton's priority for the type of instrument to build
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During Bolton's detour away from radio astronomy, he worked on understanding how to seed rainfall using silver iodide smoke jettisoned from aircraft. However, Bolton was aware during his brief stint in Cloud physics of the potential opportunity to start the radio astronomy group being established in
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The Parkes radio telescope, under guidance of Bolton, was completed on schedule and quickly contributed to two key radio astronomy results. Firstly, the telescope confirmed polarised radio emission from
Centaurus A and Vela X. Detection of linear polarisation was confirmation that the radio emission
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Despite the expectation that acclaim would soon follow the revelations of a new class of objects previously unknown to astronomers, the astronomy community generally responded with skepticism due to the poor positional uncertainties and because the implications did not easily fit within the orthodox
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After the discovery of the first quasars at Parkes, Bolton settled into the project that would occupy most of his time for the rest of the 1960s: surveying the southern sky with Parkes as to find new radio sources to associate to optical sources and determining their distances. He managed to follow
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radio interferometer. This decision led Bolton to direct conflict with his immediate boss Pawsey, after which he was reassigned by Bowen to the Cloud
Physics division of Radio Astrophysics. This allowed Bowen to alleviate the conflict and provided the expertise of Bolton to his Cloud Physics group.
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Bolton's experience of radar during World War 2 would establish key relationships and experiences that would heavily influence his future radio astronomy career. Bolton's first war posting saw him responsible for two coastal radar stations and testing the latest radar sets in night fighters. At the
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Following the Cygnus result, Bolton, Stanley, and Slee set about systematically surveying the sky with an improved sea-cliff interferometer for other discrete radio sources. By
February 1948, Bolton had evidence of six new discrete radio sources, and introduced the nomenclature of referring to the
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While Bolton was wrong in suggesting
Centaurus A and Virgo A were peculiar Galactic sources, Bolton changed his opinion within months of the paper's publication as new optical data was analysed. The results of the 1949 paper gained the interest of traditional optical astronomers and is often
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Bolton stepped down as Parkes director in 1971 to ease his administrative workload. While stepping down as director, Bolton continued pursuing science. For the remainder of his scientific career, he would focus on optical identifications of radio sources that were being surveyed by Parkes at
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came from an area less than 8'. While Hey is credited with the discovery of the first radio 'star', Bolton's result confirmed Hey's conclusion that the source had to be compact. In tandem, these results represented the beginning of the science associated with discrete radio sources. Further
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Despite his successes at
Caltech, Bolton had an understanding with Bowen that he would return to Australia when a giant radio telescope was being built. Along with poor health caused by the low air quality in Pasadena smog, Bolton and his family decided to return to Australia in 1960.
700:, and the Australian government to develop a 64 m dish. Bolton had already played an important role in helping assess the design of the telescope, and now took ownership of construction and commission of the Parkes dish. He was also to be the inaugural director of the telescope.
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expedition after finding the antennas not pointing at the Sun. However, the expedition collapsed and Bolton was again ordered to observe the Sun with the new equipment during the day, but was permitted to use the equipment at night to investigate other potential radio sources.
795:, and Parkes. NASA switched between Goldstone and Honeysuckle for the first few minutes of the moonwalk but the signal from Parkes was used for the reminder of the moonwalk. The role Parkes and Bolton played in the Apollo 11 Moon landing was dramatised in the 2000 film
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returned to
Britain in December 1945, Bolton decided to remain in Sydney. The choice to make Australia his new home was largely due to the positive influence the climate had on his health but also because his application to enrol in postgraduate studies at the
307:, in 1922 to two high school teachers. While suffering from various sicknesses in his youth, such as severe asthma and migraines, Bolton showed an early interest and proficiency in sports, mathematics, and science. He was awarded a scholarship to the secondary
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at Owens Valley was one that could accurately localise the position of sources to find their optical counterparts and resolve their radio structure, building on the many poor resolution detections coming from such instruments as the Mills Cross.
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Bolton led the building of a two-element interferometer, composed of two 90-foot antennas. This instrument would go on to be incredibly scientifically productive, the test-bed for many leading
American radio astronomers, and a prototype for the
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astronomical knowledge of the time. Furthermore, the amount of resources Bolton was occupying at the
Radiophysics Lab for his discrete source investigation was leading to direct conflict with the Solar investigation team, in particular with
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The superior resolution of the Owens Valley interferometer meant Bolton and his team were beginning to identify radio sources that still remained unresolved at 10 arcsecond resolution. Following up one of these sources in the optical,
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Despite Bolton's academic success, Radio
Astrophysics could only afford to build one large telescope in the 1950s. While Bolton insisted on building a larger dish modeled on his Dover Heights prototype, the laboratory favoured the
676:, identified the counterpart as a galaxy at a redshift of 0.46, more than doubling the distance to an object in the Universe. This line of science reasoning set the course for Bolton's career as he returned to Australia.
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In the effort to improve the impact of his results on discrete radio sources, Bolton chose to refine his source positions and eliminate any systematic uncertainties. Bolton and Stanley did this via an expedition to
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After leaving the Navy, Bolton searched for a job through his Navy connections in Australia. Through one government official associated with finding work for veterans, an appointment was made for Bolton to meet
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in 1973. Furthermore, he was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal in 1977 for his contributions to optical and radio astronomy. After a series of heart attacks, Bolton passed away in 1993.
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On the basis of his recent academic success, Bolton did a tour of the key astronomy and radio engineering labs of the Northern Hemisphere in 1950. He was met with a frosty reception at the Cavendish by
358:, the headquarters of Britain's wartime radar research and development. At this location he met many of what would be many of the leaders of the post-war radio astronomy efforts, including Martin Ryle.
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618:, they built a 72-ft parabolic dish into the soil. Using this instrument in 1953, Bolton and new CSIRO recruit Dick McGee surveyed the Galactic Plane, identifying the centre of the Milky Way -
775:(JPL). Bolton was keen to join this effort as he thought Parkes had a debt to NASA and the US for their help in construction and the numerous personal relationships he had developed there.
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at Cambridge University had been rejected. His abbreviated wartime undergraduate degree was deemed inadequate training for postgraduate study by the head of the Cavendish Laboratory,
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With the sea-cliff interferometer, Bolton and Stanley achieved a resolution greater than 15 times than that of Hey's observations. They could be confident that the radio emission in
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After returning from his trip, Bolton decided sea-cliff interferometry had reached its limit in terms of discovery, and decided to emulate the 220-ft parabolic aerial used by the
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While Bolton played a key role in the scientific direction of Parkes in these first two discoveries, his greatest scientific contribution with Parkes came with the discovery of
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Observatories. At this career stage, Bolton was also being commissioned to chair government panels and present keynote lectures - with the pinnacle presenting the talk at the
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2.7 GHz. One significant result from this survey, when combined with previous low-frequency surveys, was Bolton's discovery of the peaked-spectrum source PKS B1934-638.
315:, he was elected prefect and was awarded the school's mathematics prize in his final year. His upbringing is considered middle-class for the 1920s and 1930s United Kingdom.
365:, Bolton first worked on developing a new airborne radar system operating at a wavelength of 3 cm, which included extensive testing during flights. By the time of the
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498:, the pair completed a shallow survey of the southern sky with the sea-cliff interferometer. They confirmed the existence of the bright Cygnus source, later named
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considered the beginning of extragalactic radio astronomy. The 1949 paper was likely the most important and impactful paper produced in Bolton's career.
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in polarised radio sources. This was the first astrophysical detection of the phenomenon and a result which was used as conclusive evidence that the
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was about the role of the Parkes Radio Telescope in the Moon landing in 1969. The role of the director of the observatory (Cliff Buxton, played by
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Following his intuition, Bolton and his colleague Bruce Slee pointed the two Yagi antennas towards the horizon and used the instruments as a
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landing, Bolton had grown tired of inflight testing radar. He was offered a position as radio officer on the British light aircraft carrier
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to gain greater resolution than possible by using the antennas by themselves. Such a decision led to direct conflict with Bolton's boss
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510:. It was also during these nighttime observing runs that Bolton largely self-taught himself astrophysics using recent publications in
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radiations, an area of active investigation as the Sun was recently confirmed to be radio bright during World War 2. Bolton built two
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Through discussions with Pawsey, Bolton learnt there had been conflicting reports about a radio source in the constellation of
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as head of the radio astronomy program, Bolton set about establishing an American radio observatory using funds from the
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is credited with developing his hands-on expertise with electronics and the ideas that would help him later to build a
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in California. Bolton's students held directorships at most of the radio observatories in the world and one was a
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Stanley, G; Slee, B (1950). "Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. II. The Discrete Sources".
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had a reasonably safe war experience, with no major damage reported. Bolton's experience on
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Open Skies: The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and Its Impact on US Radio Astronomy
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Open Skies: The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and Its Impact on US Radio Astronomy
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Open Skies: The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and Its Impact on US Radio Astronomy
723:. Building on his work identifying optical sources to radio galaxies at Caltech, such as
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Bolton enlisted with the military after completing his final examinations, and chose the
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801:. Bolton would ensure Parkes would be involved in tracking for all the Apollo missions.
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winner. Bolton is considered a key figure in the development of astronomy in Australia.
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CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope in 1969, around the time of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.
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changes in the moonwalk schedule, NASA received TV signals from three sources -
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California. Bolton accepted the position to set up a large radio telescope near
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Bolton was awarded a place to study pure mathematics and natural philosophy at
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This article is about the astronomer. For other people named John Bolton, see
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1808:"Variable Source of Radio Frequency Radiation in the Constellation of Cygnus"
1704:"Variable Source of Radio Frequency Radiation in the Constellation of Cygnus"
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in 1940, and two scholarships to cover his fees and living expenses. Due to
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2386:"Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation"
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2282:"Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation"
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2203:"Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation"
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2149:"Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation"
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271:, rather than stars. He also played a significant role in the discovery of
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but no convincing optical counterpart, such as a bright star, was found.
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due to his love of ships. He was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in the
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during his time at Cambridge University, and from observations onboard
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2596:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 334.
2338:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
2259:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
2072:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
2047:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
1968:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
1943:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
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1473:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
1423:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
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1973 Vice-President of the International Astronomical Union (1973–79)
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1556:"Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. V. The Sea Interferometer"
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Bolton was first assigned to measure the polarisation properties of
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Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
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this science path due to strong ties with optical astronomers at
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2819:"Radio Emission from Jupiter at a Wavelength of 31 Centimeters"
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in 1964. In the 1960s, Bolton was also elected a Fellow of the
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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
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Radio Astronomer: John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe
3188:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 314–315.
2467:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 116–117.
2792:
Kellermann, Kenneth; Bouton, Ellen; Brandt, Sierra (2020).
2767:
Kellermann, Kenneth; Bouton, Ellen; Brandt, Sierra (2020).
2717:
Kellermann, Kenneth; Bouton, Ellen; Brandt, Sierra (2020).
2540:"Probable observation of the galactic nucleus at 400 Mc./s"
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mechanism. Secondly, and more importantly, Parkes detected
1681:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 72–75.
1498:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 66–67.
466:
Sea Cliff Interferometer at Dover Heights, New South Wales
607:, which started a lifelong friendship and collaboration.
3791:
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
1048:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 1–8.
1023:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 1–8.
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As director of Parkes, Bolton also played a part in the
3317:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 351.
3213:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 324.
3163:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 310.
3138:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 309.
3113:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 307.
3077:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 260.
3052:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 254.
3027:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 251.
3002:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 244.
2977:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 214.
2952:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 199.
2927:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 198.
2902:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 193.
2877:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 192.
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Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2746:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 168.
2696:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 167.
2671:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 148.
2646:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 144.
2621:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 133.
2517:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 129.
2492:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 117.
2442:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 100.
2363:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 100.
562:
Optical image of Centaurus A with radio lobes overlaid.
4517:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1864:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 78.
1785:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 76.
1760:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 74.
1656:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 72.
1631:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 69.
1606:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 67.
1448:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 65.
1398:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 43.
1373:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 40.
1348:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 40.
1323:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 35.
1298:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 38.
1273:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 35.
1248:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 34.
1223:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 28.
1198:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 29.
1173:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 29.
1148:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 28.
1123:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 26.
1098:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 16.
1073:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 20.
590:
Parabolic Radio Dish at Dover Heights, New South Wales
259:(5 June 1922 – 6 July 1993) was a British-Australian
4492:
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
2095:"Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio Frequency Noise"
1991:"Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio Frequency Noise"
1887:"Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio Frequency Noise"
962:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
346:
he chose to do research and development of airborne
4373:
4335:
4189:
4154:
4041:
4006:
3733:
3555:
3540:
3487:
211:
185:
177:
149:
128:
118:
95:
72:
41:
3895:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
279:. Bolton served as the inaugural director of the
2594:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
2336:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
2257:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
2070:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
2045:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
1966:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
1941:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
1471:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
1421:Cosmic Noise: A history of early radio astronomy
3781:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
957:"John Gatenby Bolton. 5 June 1922-6 July 1993"
419:CSIR, Cygnus, and the sea-cliff interferometer
3465:
3236:"A Radio Source with a Very Unusual Spectrum"
853:1972 Elected Foreign Honorary Member of the
522:observations produced a refined position for
8:
4502:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
3771:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
881:1980 Elected Foreign Associate of the U.S.
877:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
157:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
3565:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
849:Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
354:end of 1942, Bolton was transferred to the
3552:
3472:
3458:
3450:
767:suggested to CSIRO for Parkes to join the
263:who was fundamental to the development of
64:
38:
3339:"John Gatenby Bolton [1922-1993]"
3234:Bolton, J; Gardner, F; Mackey, M (1963).
2842:
1579:
1560:Australian Journal of Scientific Research
1521:Australian Journal of Scientific Research
974:
428:, the head of Radiophysics Laboratory of
363:Telecommunications Research Establishment
356:Telecommunications Research Establishment
203:Telecommunications Research Establishment
3885:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
3722:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
2384:Bolton, J; Stanley, G; Slee, B. (1949).
2280:Bolton, J; Stanley, G; Slee, B. (1949).
2201:Bolton, J; Stanley, G; Slee, B. (1949).
2147:Bolton, J; Stanley, G; Slee, B. (1949).
937:
841:1967 First Karl Jansky Lecturer (U.S.)
830:Bolton received the following awards:
4386:Cosmic microwave background radiation
4123:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
3845:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
943:
941:
855:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
771:and be in directly involved with the
755:Parkes and the Apollo 11 Moon Landing
704:from such sources is produced by the
7:
4527:Royal Navy personnel of World War II
4497:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
4451:
4099:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3993:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
398:shuttled cargo and personnel in the
4487:20th-century Australian astronomers
4091:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
899:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3925:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
844:1968 Henry Norris Lecturer (U.S.)
25:
3761:Australia Telescope Compact Array
3583:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
3526:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
2817:Roberts, J.; Stanley, G. (1959).
283:in Australia and established the
4450:
4441:
4440:
819:International Astronomical Union
805:Later years at Parkes and awards
694:Carnegie Institution for Science
299:John Gatenby Bolton was born in
3815:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3683:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
3289:"Library and Archive catalogue"
869:Elected Honorary Fellow of the
447:antennas and installed them at
342:. While at officer training at
4532:British emigrants to Australia
3915:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
3751:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1806:Bolton, J; Stanley, G (1948).
1702:Bolton, J; Stanley, G (1948).
616:Dover Heights, New South Wales
391:As World War 2 ended in 1945,
285:Owens Valley Radio Observatory
1:
3402:Australian Academy of Science
745:Australian Academy of Science
90:Sheffield, Yorkshire, England
27:British-Australian astronomer
4512:Fellows of the Royal Society
4365:Gravitational-wave astronomy
3943:Primeval Structure Telescope
3361:"Bolton, Prof. John Gatenby"
2538:McGee, R; Bolton, J (1954).
883:National Academy of Sciences
716:possessed a magnetic field.
340:Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve
34:John Bolton (disambiguation)
4277:Christiaan Alexander Muller
4143:Vermilion River Observatory
4051:Algonquin Radio Observatory
3516:Astronomical interferometer
2592:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
2334:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
2255:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
2068:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
2043:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
1964:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
1939:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
1554:Bolton, J; Slee, B (1953).
1469:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
1419:Sullivan, Woodruff (2009).
889:Order of the British Empire
864:Fellow of the Royal Society
4548:
3617:Large Millimeter Telescope
3365:Indian Academy of Sciences
991:"The Discovery of Quasars"
921:) is based on John Bolton.
871:Indian Academy of Sciences
817:and vice-president of the
813:Bolton was elected to the
751:Karl Jansky prize holder.
330:World War 2 and radar work
320:Trinity College, Cambridge
31:
4436:
3905:Murchison Widefield Array
3825:Green Bank Interferometer
3649:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
3532:Astronomical radio source
3313:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3209:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3184:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3159:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3134:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3109:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3073:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3048:Robertson, Peter (2017).
3023:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2998:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2973:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2948:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2923:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2898:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2873:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2796:. Springer. p. 298.
2771:. Springer. p. 297.
2742:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2721:. Springer. p. 297.
2692:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2667:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2642:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2617:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2513:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2488:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2463:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2438:Robertson, Peter (2017).
2359:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1860:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1781:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1756:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1677:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1652:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1627:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1602:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1494:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1444:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1394:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1369:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1344:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1319:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1294:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1269:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1244:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1219:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1194:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1169:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1144:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1119:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1094:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1069:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1044:Robertson, Peter (2017).
1019:Robertson, Peter (2017).
773:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
512:The Astrophysical Journal
237:
170:
63:
4115:Onsala Space Observatory
4107:Nançay Radio Observatory
4083:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3983:Very Long Baseline Array
3659:Sardinia Radio Telescope
3341:. CSIRO. 13 January 2015
924:Bolton had the asteroid
657:Office of Naval Research
647:Caltech and Owens Valley
472:sea-cliff interferometer
402:back to Australia. When
386:sea-cliff interferometer
4345:Submillimetre astronomy
3957:Australia, South Africa
3809:Event Horizon Telescope
887:1982 Commander of the
815:Royal Society of London
436:physicists in England.
123:University of Cambridge
4067:Green Bank Observatory
3953:Square Kilometre Array
976:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0005
783:
747:and was the inaugural
698:Rockefeller Foundation
591:
563:
467:
313:King Edward VII School
309:King Edward VII School
281:Parkes radio telescope
275:and the centre of the
141:Parkes Radio Telescope
4360:High-energy astronomy
4247:Sebastian von Hoerner
3855:Long Wavelength Array
3801:European VLBI Network
3741:Allen Telescope Array
3641:Qitai Radio Telescope
911:The Australian movie
836:Edgeworth David Medal
781:
589:
561:
465:
229:Robert Woodrow Wilson
4428:Solar radio emission
4217:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
4075:Haystack Observatory
3609:Green Bank Telescope
3593:Effelsberg Telescope
928:named in his honour.
409:Cavendish Laboratory
4401:Pulsar timing array
4207:Edward George Bowen
4197:Elizabeth Alexander
4059:Arecibo Observatory
3963:Submillimeter Array
3865:Low-Frequency Array
3835:Korean VLBI Network
3701:Southern Hemisphere
3612:(West Virginia, US)
3398:Biographical memoir
3252:1963Natur.199..682B
2835:1959PASP...71..485R
2556:1954Natur.173..985M
2402:1949Natur.164..101B
2298:1949Natur.164..101B
2219:1949Natur.164..101B
2165:1949Natur.164..101B
2111:1948Natur.162..141B
2007:1948Natur.162..141B
1903:1948Natur.162..141B
1824:1948Natur.161..312B
1720:1948Natur.161..312B
1572:1953AuJPh...6..420B
1533:1950AuSRA...3..234S
506:and at the edge of
244:John Gatenby Bolton
77:John Gatenby Bolton
4381:Aperture synthesis
4350:Infrared astronomy
4287:Joseph Lade Pawsey
4257:Kenneth Kellermann
4227:Nan Dieter-Conklin
3935:One-Mile Telescope
3714:Parkes Observatory
2093:Bolton, J (1948).
1989:Bolton, J (1948).
1885:Bolton, J (1948).
906:In popular culture
826:Honours and awards
784:
769:Deep Space Network
688:Bolton arrived in
684:Parkes and quasars
641:Lee Alvin DuBridge
592:
564:
468:
224:Kenneth Kellermann
181:Astronomy, physics
4522:Radio astronomers
4464:
4463:
4406:Radio propagation
4355:Optical astronomy
4252:Karl Guthe Jansky
4062:(Puerto Rico, US)
4037:
4036:
3829:West Virginia, US
3578:(Puerto Rico, US)
3575:Arecibo Telescope
3246:(4894): 682–683.
2550:(4412): 985–987.
2396:(4159): 101–102.
2292:(4159): 101–102.
2213:(4159): 101–102.
2159:(4159): 101–102.
2105:(4108): 141–142.
2001:(4108): 141–142.
1897:(4108): 141–142.
1818:(4087): 312–313.
1714:(4087): 312–313.
1541:10.1071/CH9500234
953:Radhakrishnan, V.
793:Honeysuckle Creek
741:Solvay conference
241:
240:
172:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4539:
4454:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4421:HD 164595 signal
4396:Odd radio circle
4374:Related articles
4292:Ruby Payne-Scott
4222:Arthur Covington
4212:Ronald Bracewell
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710:Faraday rotation
666:Very Large Array
553:Ruby Payne-Scott
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686:
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532:
421:
400:Pacific theatre
344:HMNB Portsmouth
332:
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265:radio astronomy
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233:
207:
166:
145:
136:Radio astronomy
119:Alma mater
114:
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91:
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4269:
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4199:
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3709:(South Africa)
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3633:Ooty Telescope
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763:Moon landing.
756:
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4262:Frank J. Kerr
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4043:Observatories
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4336:Astronomy by
4297:Arno Penzias
4237:Cyril Hazard
4201:
3879:South Africa
3670:(Uzbekistan)
3510:Radio window
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3388:Jansky Prize
3368:. Retrieved
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490:reported by
485:
469:
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422:
403:
394:
390:
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377:
372:
360:
352:
333:
317:
298:
243:
242:
219:Ronald Ekers
186:Institutions
171:
101:(1993-07-03)
29:
4482:1993 deaths
4477:1922 births
4416:Wow! signal
4307:Martin Ryle
4302:Grote Reber
4232:Frank Drake
4173:(Australia)
4007:Space-based
3997:Netherlands
3869:Netherlands
3839:South Korea
3717:(Australia)
3667:Suffa RT-70
1000:. p. 3
949:Wild, J. P.
895:Bruce Medal
838:(Australia)
706:synchrotron
651:On joining
639:offered by
628:Mills Cross
597:Martin Ryle
573:Crab Nebula
569:New Zealand
541:Centaurus A
530:Radio stars
492:Stanley Hey
457:HMS Unicorn
434:ionospheric
426:Taffy Bowen
324:World War 2
289:Nobel Prize
162:Bruce Medal
113:, Australia
99:3 July 1993
87:5 June 1922
43:John Bolton
4471:Categories
4338:EM methods
3558:telescopes
3556:Individual
3445:(1994) 225
3436:(1996) 729
3418:(1993) 115
3408:Obituaries
3370:29 October
3345:29 October
1566:(4): 420.
1527:(2): 234.
1004:29 October
933:References
614:group. At
605:Fred Hoyle
545:Hercules A
476:Joe Pawsey
295:Early life
269:supernovae
261:astronomer
111:Queensland
83:1922-06-05
4322:Paul Wild
4155:Multi-use
4135:(SAORAS,
3909:Australia
3897:(MERLIN,
3889:Australia
3775:Australia
3765:Australia
3694:(Ukraine)
3686:(Ukraine)
3596:(Germany)
3427:(1994) 86
3400:from the
3298:24 August
3273:25 August
2858:24 August
2853:123610274
2577:24 August
2423:24 August
2319:24 August
2240:24 August
2186:24 August
2132:24 August
2028:24 August
1924:24 August
1845:24 August
1741:24 August
1587:24 August
969:: 72–86.
919:Sam Neill
866:of London
789:Goldstone
761:Apollo 11
714:Milky Way
643:in 1954.
504:Centaurus
453:Milky Way
393:HMS
371:HMS
301:Sheffield
277:Milky Way
4446:Category
4282:Jan Oort
4181:(Canada)
4165:(Canada)
4118:(Sweden)
4110:(France)
4054:(Canada)
4024:Spektr-R
3867:(LOFAR,
3847:(LLAMA,
3804:(Europe)
3793:(CARMA,
3783:(CHIME,
3773:(ASKAP,
3620:(Mexico)
3604:(Russia)
3488:Concepts
1840:34238798
1736:34238798
955:(1995).
914:The Dish
862:Elected
798:The Dish
537:Taurus A
524:Cygnus A
500:Cygnus A
4456:Commons
3995:(WSRT,
3985:(VLBA,
3945:(PaST,
3887:(MOST,
3875:MeerKAT
3817:(GMRT,
3763:(ATCA,
3753:(ALMA,
3706:HartRAO
3678:(Japan)
3662:(Italy)
3644:(China)
3636:(India)
3567:(FAST,
3520:History
3494:Units (
3268:4280713
3248:Bibcode
2831:Bibcode
2572:4188235
2552:Bibcode
2418:4073162
2398:Bibcode
2314:4073162
2294:Bibcode
2235:4073162
2215:Bibcode
2181:4073162
2161:Bibcode
2127:4043654
2107:Bibcode
2023:4043654
2003:Bibcode
1919:4043654
1899:Bibcode
1820:Bibcode
1716:Bibcode
1568:Bibcode
1529:Bibcode
897:of the
733:Palomar
721:quasars
653:Caltech
637:Caltech
494:. With
441:sunspot
404:Unicorn
395:Unicorn
382:Unicorn
378:Unicorn
373:Unicorn
361:At the
273:quasars
198:Caltech
107:Buderim
4190:People
4137:Russia
4127:Russia
4028:Russia
3975:(VLA,
3965:(SMA,
3955:(SKA,
3929:France
3907:(MWA,
3857:(LWA,
3837:(KVN,
3827:(GBI,
3785:Canada
3743:(ATA,
3653:Russia
3585:(CSO,
3528:(VLBI)
3500:jansky
3441:QJRAS
3423:PASAu
3321:
3266:
3240:Nature
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1995:Nature
1972:
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893:1988
875:1977
834:1951
690:Parkes
543:, and
519:Cygnus
508:Cygnus
488:Cygnus
178:Fields
150:Awards
4018:Japan
4014:HALCA
3947:China
3919:Italy
3819:India
3811:(EHT)
3755:Chile
3569:China
3432:PASP
3414:JApA
3264:S2CID
2849:S2CID
2568:S2CID
2414:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2231:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2123:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1836:S2CID
1732:S2CID
998:CSIRO
994:(PDF)
674:3C295
367:D-day
348:radar
254:
250:
193:CSIRO
54:
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4411:SETI
4178:PARL
4162:DRAO
4146:(US)
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3938:(UK)
3725:(NZ)
3628:(UK)
3547:List
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3496:watt
3372:2017
3347:2017
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737:Lick
735:and
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