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377:, followed in 1994 (17) on the same topic. Robert Almader's (29) described the work as "This is certainly one of the four or five most arresting and compelling books written on the nature of consciousness, the mind-brain problem, and human personality." The theory extends our concepts of consciousness and analyses possible geometrical and topological relations between phenomenal space and physical space linked to brane theory in physics. In 2008, the distinguished British physicist
315:, in the same year Smythies decided to tackle the mind-brain problem in a systematic way i.e. by undertaking a rigorous training in neuroscience, experimental psychology and philosophy. He first worked for one year as a resident in the EEG Department at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London (21). He then took an M.Sc. degree in neuroanatomy, philosophy and cultural anthropology with the neuroanatomist
27:
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304:(20), noting the close chemical relation between the psychotomimetic drug mescaline and the neurotransmitter catecholamines, he suggested that schizophrenia might be caused by some abnormality in catecholamine metabolism that produced a mescaline-like substance in the brain. In collaboration with the organic chemist John Harley-Mason and
599:
Olive and Evelyn's eldest son, my father's taciturn first cousin
Bertram ('Billy') Smythies, was also in the forest service Bertram's younger brother John Smythies departed from family tradition and became a distinguished neuroscientist and authority on schizophrenia and psychedelic drugs, living in
484:
On 2 December 1950 Smythies married Vanna
Gattorno of Trieste, Italy. John and Vanna published their joint autobiography "Two Coins in the Fountain" in 2006 (34). Smythies is also the author of a book of poems entitled "Poems from the Edge of Time" (35), and a satirical play "The Trial of God" (36).
319:
at the
University of British Columbia (22). The neuroanatomical research involved was a study of the synaptic structure in human cortex as revealed by silver staining and was awarded a post-graduate M.D degree by Cambridge (23). His teacher in philosophy was the distinguished American philosopher
874:
54. Edelstein L, Smythies J. The role of epigenetic-related codes in neurocomputation: dynamic hardware in the brain. in
Edelstein L, Smythies J, Noble D. (Editors) Epigenetic information-processing mechanisms in the brain. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B. Theme Issue vol. 369, No. 1652, 26 September 2014.
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41 Smythies J, Edelstein L. (2013) Transsynaptic modality codes in the brain: possible involvement of synchronized spike timing, microRNAs, exosomes and epigenetic processes. Frontiers in
Intregrative Neuroscience. 2012;6:126. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00126. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
356:
In 1956 Smythies published his first book "Analysis of
Perception" (28) on the mind-brain problem in which he presented a new theory — extended materialism — based on an analysis of fundamental flaws in the current orthodox theory (mind-brain identity) and previous work by
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53. Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran V. (2014) Molecular mechanisms for the inheritance of acquired characteristics-exosomes, microRNA shuttling, fear and stress: Lamarck resurrected? Front. Genet. 2014 May 15;5:133. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00133. eCollection 2014.
475:
For the last two decades of his life, Smythies worked with
Professor Ramachandran's Center for Brain and Cognition at UCSD, latterly on the function of the claustrum as well as the epigenetics of neurocomputation, exosomes and telocytes (37–54).
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California, where he is credited with inspiring Aldous Huxley to take mescaline and cleanse his 'doors of perception'. Yorick
Smythies, another first cousin of my father, was a devoted amanuensis of the philosopher Wittgenstein.
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46. Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran V (2014). Hypotheses relating to the function of the claustrum II: instructional oscillations and dendritic integration. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 8:7. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00007.
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10. Smythies J. R. The role of free radicals in the brain in health and disease in relation to synaptic plasticity. In: Free
Radicals in Brain Pathophysiology. (G. Poli, E. Cadenas & L. Packer, eds.) New York, Dekker.
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for twelve years, first as senior lecturer then reader (26), before being invited to a personal chair at the
University of Alabama at Birmingham, funded by the Ireland family, where he stayed for eighteen years (27).
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51. Edelstein L, Smythies J. (2014) The role of telocytes in morphogenetic bioelectrical signaling: once more unto the breach. Front Mol Neurosci. 2014 May 13;7:41. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00041. eCollection 2014.
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mechanisms in visual perception (11) and, in particular, theories of brain-consciousness relations (12–17). Smythies held positions as the Charles Byron Ireland Professor Emeritus of Psychiatric Research at the
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47. Smythies J, Edelstein L. (2013) Hypotheses concerning how Otx2 makes its incredible journey: a hitchhiker on the road to Rome. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 6, 55. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00055. eCollection 2013.
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40. Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran V. (2012) Hypotheses relating to the function of the claustrum. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2012;6:53. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00053. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
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52. Smythies J, Edelstein L. (2014) The desferrioxamine-prochlorperazine coma—clue to the role of dopamine-iron recycling in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in the brain. Front.Mol.Neurosci.
843:
45. Smythies J, Edelstein L. (2013) Telocytes, exosomes, gap junctions and the cytoskeleton: the makings of a primitive nervous system? Front. Cell. Neurosci. | doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00278.
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50. Edelstein L, Smythies J (2014). Epigenetic aspects of telocytes/cordocytes: jacks of all trades, masters of most. Front Cell. Neurosci. 8:32. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00032.
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43. Edelstein L, Smythies J. (2013) Spike dynamic and epigenetic malfunctions in epilepsy: a tale of two codes. Frontiers in Epilepsy: 27 May 2013. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00063.
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48. Edelstein L, Fuxe K and Smythies J (2014). Life without glutamate: the epigenetic effects of glutamate deletion. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 7:14. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00014.
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23. Smythies J. R., Gibson W.C., & Purkis V.A. (1957) The distribution and morphology of boutons termineaux in the human cerebrum. J Comp Neur., pp. 108, 175.
616:
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6. Smythies J. (Editor) Schizophrenia. A disorder of synaptic plasticity. Special volume (59) in The International Review of Neurobiology, San Diego, Elsevier, 2004.
308:, his psychiatric colleague at St. George's, he developed this idea, into the first specific biochemical theory of schizophrenia—the transmethylation hypothesis (5).
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studying the stroboscopic patterns (the complex geometrical hallucinations induced by looking at a flickering light). This work has been extensively reviewed by
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39. Smythies, J., Edelstein, L., Ramachandran, V. The Claustrum: Structural, Functional and Clinical Neuroscience. San Diego. Academic Press (Elsevier). 2014.
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381:(30), following a different line of research, presented a very similar theory as the basis for a necessary new paradigm shift in cosmology. In 1998 he wrote
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12. Smythies J.R. Brain and Mind, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, editor and contributor of essay "The representative theory of perception", 1965.
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286:
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7. Smythies J. R. "Hallucinogenic Drugs", Chapter 18 in Modern Trends in Neurology, Dennis Williams, editor. 3rd edition. London, Butterworth, 1962.
154:
40:
324:, who became a lifelong mentor and friend. This was followed during the tenure of a Nuffield Fellowship by six months with the Nobel Laureate
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89:
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Inspired by the fact that mescaline produces such remarkable effects on all human mental faculties and by the interdisciplinary work of
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42. Smythies J. (2013) Schizophrenia: one coat of many colors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 27 May 2013 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00043.
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from 1958 to 1991. He was elected a member of the Athenaeum in 1968 (33). He published over 200 scientific papers and 16 books.
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Smythies served as president of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology from 1970 to 1974 (31), consultant to the
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at the Worcester Foundation, before returning to London where he completed his formal clinical psychiatric training with Sir
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during information processing in the brain. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 8 July doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00017
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4. Smythies J.R and Corbett L.C. Psychiatry for Students of Medicine. London, Heinemann, 1976. Spanish edition, 1984.
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2. Smythies J.R (with H.E. Himwich and S.S. Kety, editors) Amines and Schizophrenia. New York, Pergamon Press. 1966.
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1. Smythies J.R. Schizophrenia: Chemistry, Metabolism and Treatment. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas, 1963.
82:
76:
46:
300:, Cambridge, before selecting neuropsychiatry for a speciality. Two weeks into his first psychiatric residency at
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34. Smythies J. & Smythies V. Two Coins in the Fountain. (joint autobiography). Amazon.com (Booksurge) 2006.
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and redox factors (8,9); the role in the brain of orthoquinone metabolites of catecholamines (10); the role of
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49. Smythies LE, Smythies JR. (2014) Exosomes in the gut. Front Immunol. 2014 Mar 17;5:104. eCollection 2014.
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5. Smythies J.R & Osmond H. (1952) Schizophrenia. A New Approach. J Ment Sci., pp. 98, 309–316.
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the article does not use Knowledge (XXG) style citations for references. See article Talk for more info.
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9. Smythies J. The Neuromodulators. International Review of Neurobiology, San Diego, Elsevier, 2005.
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11. Smythies J. 2009, "Philosophy, perception, and neuroscience" Perception, pp. 38, 638–651.
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16. Smythies J. Brain Mechanisms and Behaviour. Oxford, Blackwell, 1970. Japanese edition, 1973.
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15. Smythies J.R. (with Arthur Koestler, editors). Beyond Reductionism. London, Macmillan, 1969.
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13. Smythies J. R. The Neurological Foundations of Psychiatry. Oxford, Blackwell. 1966.
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3. Smythies J.R. Biological Psychiatry. London, Heinemann, 1968. German edition, 1971.
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28. Smythies, J. R. Analysis of Perception. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956.
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37. Smythies J. Every Person's Guide to Antioxidants. Rutgers University Press 1998.
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30. Carr, B. (2008) "Worlds apart?" Proc.Soc.Psychical Research, pp. 59, 1–96.
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in neurophysiology and 18 months at the Psychological Laboratory in Cambridge with
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36. Smythies J. The Trial of God. (satirical play) Amazon.com (Booksurge) 2006.
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29. Almader, R. (1997) Journal for Scientific Exploration, pp. 10, 314–318.
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He made extensive contributions to knowledge in a number of fields including the
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44. Smythies J. Edelstein L. (2013) Interactions between the spike code and the
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385:(37). Smythies gives an account of his work on synaptic plasticity in his book
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In 1932 Smythies enrolled at Cheltenham College Junior School, transferred to
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17. Smythies J. The Walls of Plato's Cave. Aldershot, Avebury Press, 1994.
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14. Smythies J. Science and ESP. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.
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based in Bermuda, he completed his basic medical postgraduate training at
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31. Records of the International Society for Neuropsychopharmacology.
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John Raymond Smythies, a Pioneer in Psychiatry, Passed Away – a Tribute
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An Appetite For Wonder : The Making of a Scientist : A Memoir
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35. Smythies J. Poems from the Edge of Time. Pulborough, Ellis, 2002.
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8. Smythies J. R. The Dynamic Neuron. Cambridge MA., MIT Press, 2002.
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336:. Then Smythies worked a further two years in neuropharmacology with
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38. Smythies JR. The Dynamic Neuron. Cambridge MA. MIT Press, 2002.
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25. Records of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London.
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at the Maudsley Hospital (25). He then joined the Faculty of the
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21. Records of the National Hospital, Queen Square, London.
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27. Records of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
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Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
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33. Records of the Athanaenum Club, Pall Mall, London.
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McGeoch, Paul D.; Ramachandran, V. S. (26 April 2019).
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Medical Center at Birmingham, visiting scholar at the
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19. Records of University College Hospital, London.
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206:(30 November 1922 – 28 January 2019) was a British
798:32. Records of the World Health Organization.
765:20. Records of St. George's Hospital, London
759:18. Records of Christs's College, Cambridge.
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780:26. Records of the University of Edinburgh.
615:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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485:He died in January 2019 at the age of 96.
396:from 1963 to 1968 (32), and editor of the
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226:Smythies was born on 30 November 1922 in
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173:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
928:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
641:. Toronto: Gutter Press. pp. 27–45.
75:This article includes a list of general
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427:with particular regard to the role of
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398:International Review of Neurobiology
383:Every Person's Guide to Antioxidants
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450:University of California, San Diego
81:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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340:in Galesburg, Illinois and with
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454:University College London
394:World Health Organization
375:The Walls of Plato’s Cave
502:Smythies, J. R. (1994).
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665:"John Raymond Smythies"
480:Personal life and death
465:The Doors of Perception
350:University of Edinburgh
277:in 1936, and thence to
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579:. London. p. 12.
298:Addenbrooke's Hospital
281:, in 1940 (18) and to
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442:University of Alabama
268:Christopher Isherwood
204:John Raymond Smythies
419:(7); the functional
238:, where his father,
155:improve this article
520:1994Natur.371..470S
504:"Alas, poor Yorick"
429:synaptic plasticity
387:The Dynamic Neuron
681:10.1136/bmj.l1873
417:psychedelic drugs
413:neuropharmacology
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57:)
53:(
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