83:) at the First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference from 11–24 August 1921. From 1914, with Coleman as director of agriculture, most entomology work was carried out by Kunhikannan. In 1923 he was made entomologist to the State of Mysore. Through his career, he took a special interest in cost-effective approaches to managing insect damage to crops and stored products. Kunhikannan was appointed to the board of Mysore University on 23 July 1927, the Vice Chancellor at the time being Sir
320:
209:
146:
22:
307:. Kunhikannan claimed that the beetle was first detected in Mysore in June 1930. A scheme for investigating plants used as fish toxins as potential insecticides was proposed by him for funding to the Imperial Council for Agricultural Research and this was approved in 1935. Work on this line was continued by T. V. Subramaniam and
176:) to burrow down as larvae but blocked the emergence of hard-bodied adults. Kunhikannan held the view that ancient practices often had their roots in well-founded facts. He examined traditional storage technique which involved the use of bamboo bins and straw. He examined the effect of mercury vapour on the control of
111:(1931). The book supported various Indian traditions with a chapter on the merits of the joint family, four chapters covering caste that include theories for its origin and rationalizations for its existence. In a talk delivered at Stanford, he explored the history and development of philosophy and science in India.
217:
Kunhikannan expressed his views on the content for agricultural education at a conference in 1923. He believed that farmers who knew the practices of farming from their traditions ought to be provided short one-year courses to supplement their knowledge rather than be provided with "alien ideas". He
169:
was trimorphic in
Bangalore. As an agricultural entomologist, he was keenly sensitive to traditional practices and the economic situation of farmers. Keeping with the idea of cost efficiency in control measures against insects, he considered the use of a mesh below manure heaps that allowed coconut
136:
recounted that
Kunhikannan was a member of a literature study group called Bangalore Study Club that ran in K.S. Krishna Iyer’s Irish Press near Siddikatte. Members included Anantapadmanabha Iyer, brother of Balasundaram Iyer a Municipal Councillor. Kunhikannan signed with his initials as "K. K. K."
102:
in this case) and the fierce individualism that was encouraged by the West. An Indian reviewer considered it one of the fair reviews of the West at a time when eastern criticism had become fashionable. After receiving a lot of interest in his 1927 book he considered several other books, one on India
189:. He found that pulse beetles emerge to the surface and do not return below, reducing the damage to pulses. He then found that a layer of sand at least half an inch thick at the top of grains helped in effectively controlling damage at little cost. A similar approach was independently arrived by
180:
in storage, a system used by Mysore farmers for centuries, and found them to inhibit the development of eggs when used in small containers. He also found that some farmers used a layer of castor oil on the top of seeds placed in a bamboo bin along with a few drops of mercury. He found that the
443:
will find enduring association with
Entomological investigations in this State, more especially with reference to the devising of methods of insect control adapted to our conditions.... Dr Kunhikannan displayed a real genius and his is a shining example for the Entomologist of the
212:
Traditional pulse storage basket ("moodai") with narrow top on which a layer of sand was introduced. This acted as a trap for pulse beetles which after emerging up were unable to return down to the seeds to lay eggs. The pulses are drawn from the bottom without disturbing the sand
277:
which initially appeared to have a seven segmented antenna as in Sri Lanka but he claimed that later populations tended to have a reduction over time in segments to five, four and finally most had three segmented antenna. He called the new South Indian form
87:. When a proposal was made to offer marine biology at the Mysore University, Kunhikannan opposed it on the grounds that students needed to be able to relate to the environment immediately around them and not be far away from it.
1175:
Vivian-Smith, Gabrielle; Gosper, Carl R.; Wilson, Anita; Hoad, Kate (2006). "Lantana camara and the fruit- and seed-damaging fly, Ophiomyia lantanae (Agromyzidae): Seed predator, recruitment promoter or dispersal disrupter?".
71:, the first government entomologist in the State of Mysore (Coleman was the first entomologist to be appointed in any province or state of India) on 19 November 1908 at a salary of Rs 150 per month. He was sent to study at
98:(1927), with admiration for some aspects and strong criticism of others. He saw first-hand, the lynching of blacks in the United States which disturbed him greatly and he wrote about the dangers of media control (by
131:
One of the reasons I have chosen to quote so largely from Dr
Kunhikannan in this chapter is because the note of bitterness is absent from his writing. His desire to be fair to the Western system is transparent.
90:
An asthmatic from an early age, he was physically not very active. As a young man he held radical views about which he was outspoken while his father, well read in
Sanskrit lore, advised him that "
67:
Kunhikannan was born in Kannur in the
Kunnathedath family (and the initial "K." would stand for Kunnathidathil). He graduated from the University of Madras and was appointed as an assistant to
226:) in Hawaii and was of the opinion that it had little effect in destroying the seeds. The fly was released in Bangalore and although populations established widely, there was no reduction in
331:
Apart from the two books and brochures published as part of the
Department of Agriculture, Kunhikannan also contributed reports and short papers, a partial list of which includes:
79:(1923). He visited Hawaii several times between 1920 and 1921 attending meetings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society and he also served as an Indian delegate (along with
230:. Later studies showed that seed viability is reduced, but not enough to be an effective control. Along with Coleman, he was involved in the introduction of scale insects
1301:
Poulton, E. B. (1926). "Proof by Dr. Kunhi Kannan that the larva of
Hyperechia xylocopiformis, Walk., preys upon the larva of Xylocopa tenuiscapa, Westw. S. India".
987:
55:
who sought a single united world government. As an agricultural entomologist, he identified several low-cost techniques to pest management and was a pioneer of
1652:
437:
Kunhikannan died suddenly from a cerebral haemorrhage at the age of 47. He was married to
Koussalia who published his 1931 book posthumously through
153:
In his early years, Kunhikannan took an interest in natural history and made several casual observations and notes, in 1907 he observed that bats (
1642:
426:
252:
for control of lepidopteran sugarcane pests. He introduced a method of using sugarcane trash to attract and destroy sugarcane shoot borers
299:) as a plant for the arid-zone and introduced it to the Hebbal farm. At the time of his death, Kunhikannan was studying the spread of the
1647:
193:
based on studies in Pusa. Kunhikannan also investigated traditionally used fish-poison plants and identified an alcoholic extract of
282:"as a mark of gratitude for the valuable scientific training I have received" from Coleman. It is sometimes treated a subspecies of
1260:
Kannan, K. Kunhi (1931). "The mass
Rearing of the Egg Parasites of the Sugarcane Moth Borer in Mysore (Preliminary Experiments)".
104:
1451:
Insecticidal value of plant fish-poisons and other forest products. Part. 1. Report of the Mysore Agricultural Department 36
185:
layer did help in keeping down emergence of pulse beetles. He also observed the practice of storing pulses under a layer of
199:
as a treatment of wood against termites. He noted the effectiveness of using a layer of kerosene in rice fields to control
1622:
1637:
446:". Kunhikannan was succeeded in his position as entomologist to the state of Mysore by T.V. Subramaniam, brother of
190:
39:
to serve as an entomologist in the state of Mysore. Aside from entomology related publications, he wrote two books
394:
172:
155:
94:
After his stay and travels to the United States and through Europe, he wrote about his views in a book called
481:
Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth annual general meeting of the United Planters' Association of Southern India
447:
99:
56:
1088:
1279:
974:
Report of the Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting Held at Pusa on the 3rd to 15th February 1919
1491:
1111:
660:"Scientific work in India [Lecture delivered at the Leland Stanford University, California, USA]"
137:
which was expanded jocularly as ಕ್ರಿಮಿಕೀಟಕಾಲಾಂತಕ (Krimi-Kīṭa-Kālāntaka = "Killer of germs and insects").
114:
103:
and still others on education and other subjects. His book on India which was to be his comments on the
1632:
1627:
909:
835:
52:
35:
in journals) (15 October 1884 – 4 August 1931) was a pioneer agricultural entomologist and the first
1219:
760:
397:
run from Poona. To this periodical, he contributed reviews of books on a range of topics including:
319:
308:
300:
287:
254:
201:
84:
72:
48:
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714:
524:
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823:
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295:
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659:
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324:
186:
80:
68:
969:
808:
1329:
1185:
917:
878:
843:
236:
208:
195:
77:
The function of the prothoracic plate in mylabrid (Bruchid) larvae: (a study in adaptation)
1376:
1318:"An Instance of Mutation: Coccus viridis, Green, a mutant from Pulvinaria psidii, Maskell"
165:
159:) that roosted in hollows of coconut palms were infested by bedbugs that he identified as
913:
839:
145:
1605:
Entomological Series. Bulletin No. 1. The Rice Grasshopper (Hieroglyphus banian, Fabr.)
1563:
1558:
1333:
678:
500:
459:
248:
133:
118:
1583:
Entomological Series. Bulletin No. 4. Some scale insect pests of coffee in South India
1390:
1007:
479:
1616:
1189:
637:
620:
561:
438:
416:
406:
357:
266:
1570:
802:
149:
Kunhikannan in 1919 at Pusa with other entomologists (second row, seventh from left)
937:
855:
327:(standing, sixth from left) and other agricultural scientists in Bangalore, c. 1928
242:
1003:
Plants of possible insecticidal value : a review of the literature up to 1941
92:
when you consider all aspects, you will feel convinced that your views are hasty."
1603:
1592:
1581:
1533:
1370:
1317:
1021:
Kannan, K. Kunhi (1914). "On some timbers which resist the attack of termites".
952:
737:
177:
1133:
Kunhi Kannan, K. (1924). "Lantana flies (Agromyza lantanae Frogg.) in Hawaii".
1594:
Entomological Series. Bulletin No. 5. Ground beetles attacking crops in Mysore
1041:
1001:
784:"An interesting principle in economic entomology and some useful applications"
738:"The Bed Bug (Cimex rotandatus) on the Common Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhli.)"
260:
182:
929:
1392:
Letter from the Director of Agriculture in Mysore No RoC 2621, Sc. 584/29-30
566:(2 ed.). Department of Agriculture, Mysore State. 1939. pp. 42–43.
47:(1931, posthumously published). He was a friend and admirer of the humanist
1241:
Kunhikannan, K. (1930). "Control of Cactus in Mysore by means of Insects".
882:
499:
Husain, M. Afzal (1939). "Entomology in India: Past, Present and Future.".
107:
to discuss the future of India was published posthumously in a book titled
897:
21:
502:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Indian Science Congress, Calcutta, 1938
1154:"The Lantana seedfly in India, Agromyza (Ophiomyia) lantanae Froggatt"
804:
Report of the Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting. Volume 2
1511:"Notes on Indian Thysanoptera with brief descriptions of new species"
1067:"Editorial Notes. The Agricultural Conference [15 July 1923]"
921:
847:
290:
did not believe that this was a mutation as claimed by Kunhikannan.
458:
from Bangalore was named after him by the Californian entomologist
264:
and was able to show that the larvae developed inside the cells of
318:
207:
144:
36:
20:
1572:
Entomological Series. Bulletin No. 6. Pulse beetles (Store Forms)
1498:. Bangalore: University of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 58–70.
954:
Entomological Series. Bulletin No. 6. Pulse beetles (Store Forms)
1496:
Agricultural College, Hebbal 1946-1971. Silver Jubilee Souvenir
1466:"The place of science in the development of Mysore agriculture"
1203:
Kannan, K. Kunhi (1928). "The control of cactus in Mysore".
869:
Larson, A.O. (1922). "Metallic mercury as an insecticide".
387:
Journal of the Mysore Agricultural & Experimental Union
957:. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State. pp. 22–24.
258:. In 1926 Kunhikannan examined the growth of robber-flies
1602:
Coleman, Leslie C. (assisted by K. Kunhi Kannan) (1911).
1243:
Journal of the Mysore Agricultural and Experimental Union
1089:"[Proceedings of the meeting of June 2nd 1921]"
1534:"A new species of Gynaikothrips from Bangalore, India"
801:
Kannan, K. Kunhi (1920). "Mercury as an insecticide".
393:
Kunhikannan was a subscriber to the newsletter of the
339:, XIX. No. 14, pp. 824–836, December 1924—from
1112:"Lantana flies (Agromyza lantanae, Frogg.) in Hawaii"
588:
A Civilisation at Bay. India-Past, Present and Future
240:
in Ceylon. He introduced techniques for mass-rearing
824:"A biochemical discovery of the Ancient Babylonians"
441:
publishers. Coleman stated that Kunhikannan's name "
1410:Kunhi Kannan, K. (1930). "The Coffee Berry Borer (
1303:Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
1284:Journal of the Madras Agricultural Students' Union
1071:Journal of the Madras Agricultural Students' Union
828:Journal of the Madras Agricultural Students' Union
1093:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
1049:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
622:Annual Report of the University of Mysore 1926-27
548:Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples
529:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
1438:(2 ed.). Bangalore: Government Press. 1939.
1435:Report on the Progress of Agriculture in Mysore
1372:Report of the Progress of Agriculture in Mysore
700:ಜ್ಞಾಪಕಚಿತ್ರಶಾಲೆ – Sahiti Sajjana Sarvajanikaru
563:Report on the progress of agriculture in Mysore
1580:Coleman, Leslie C.; Kannan, K. Kunhi (1918).
1538:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1515:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1224:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
765:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
719:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
683:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp.
8:
1591:Coleman, Leslie C.; Kunhikannan, K. (1918).
1492:"Agricultural Entomology in Mysore: 1946-71"
1449:Puttarudriah, M.; T. V. Subramaniam (1935).
601:Ayyar, T.V. Ramakrishna (1931). "Obituary".
323:Kunhikannan (standing third from left) with
234:from J.C. Hutson who had used it to control
1042:"Conditions of Entomological Work in India"
986:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1608:. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State.
1597:. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State.
1586:. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State.
1575:. Department of Agriculture, Mysore State.
525:"Condition of entomological work in India"
1509:Ayyar, T.V. Ramakrishna; Margabandhu, V.
1220:"An aggressive mimic of the red tree ant"
715:"Protective colouration in wild animals"
680:The True India. A Plea for Understanding
293:Kunhikannan was a promoter of Mesquite (
898:"Toxicity of Mercury Vapour to Insects"
807:. Calcutta: Government Press. pp.
471:
1158:Indian Journal of Agricultural Science
979:
638:"Review. The West. by K. Kunhi Kannan"
413:Civilization in Transition (1789-1870)
415:by H.C. Thomas and W.A. Hamm. (1930)
411:Evolution of Civilization. Review of
7:
577:
575:
573:
518:
516:
273:Kunhikannan recorded a variation in
382:, XX, pp. 922–924, Dec. 1925.)
141:Contributions to applied entomology
1334:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1918.tb02591.x
788:Bulletin of Entomological Research
75:and his Ph.D. dissertation was on
14:
1653:Agricultural researchers in India
1453:. Mysore Agricultural Department.
1353:The Agricultural Journal of India
1116:The Agricultural Journal of India
968:Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge 712-761.
270:bees, feeding on the bee larvae.
1190:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.07.017
590:. Madras: G.A. Natesan & Co.
427:Servant of India 13(18):212-213.
364:, pt. II, pp. 10–12, 1925.)
1280:"Pusa Entomological Conference"
603:The Madras Agricultural Journal
550:. Advaita Ashrama. p. 773.
401:A Die-hard on India. Review of
362:Ann. Rept. Agric. Dept. Mysore
1643:20th-century Indian zoologists
1490:ChannaBasavanna, G.P. (1971).
871:Journal of Economic Entomology
761:"Papilio polytes in Bangalore"
664:The Mysore University Magazine
584:"A Brief Memoir of the Author"
454:a thrips species collected on
335:A serious Pest of Cardamoms (
1:
1416:Bull. Mysore Coffee Expt. Sta
224:Agromyza (Ophiomyia) lantanae
1564:A Civilisation at Bay (1931)
1322:Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond
1262:J. Mysore Agric. Expt. Union
1205:Mysore Agricultural Calendar
822:Rao, Y. Ramachandra (1923).
417:Servant of India 13(19):226.
403:Swaraj: The Problem of India
373:Mysore Agricultural Calendar
352:Mysore Agric. Dept. Calendar
345:Mysore Agricultural Calendar
57:classical biological control
1473:Madras Agricultural Journal
1464:Coleman, Leslie C. (1931).
1414:). A preliminary Account".
341:Journal Mysore Agric. Union
218:examined the effect of the
1669:
1648:Stanford University alumni
1349:"A useful plant for India"
1152:Subramaniam, T.V. (1936).
425:by Walter Lippman. (1930)
421:The New Faith . Review of
407:Servant of India 14(3):34.
389:, VII, p. 85, 1925.)
358:Report of the Entomologist
1569:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1919).
1316:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1918).
1110:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1924).
1040:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1922).
951:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1919).
759:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1912).
736:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1912).
713:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1924).
523:Kannan, K. Kunhi (1922).
395:Servants of India Society
303:in Mysore, then known as
261:Hyperechia xylocopiformis
117:, friend and follower of
16:Agricultural entomologist
1532:Moulton, Dudley (1929).
1395:. 23 May 1930. pp.
1347:Kunhikannan, K. (1923).
1218:Kunhikannan, K. (1915).
782:Kunhikannan, K. (1910).
742:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
636:Ruthnaswamy, M. (1928).
582:Kunhikannan, K. (1931).
385:The Jola Ear-head Fly. (
163:. In 1912 he noted that
125:extensively in his book
698:Gundappa, D.V. (1950).
448:T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar
380:The Planters' Chronicle
121:, quoted Kunhikannan's
105:Round Table Conferences
100:William Randolph Hearst
51:and the British writer
1006:. USDA. 1945. p.
666:(July): 125–132. 1923.
546:Stavig, Gopal (2010).
405:by J.E. Ellam. (1931)
367:The Lime Tree Borer (
347:1925, pp. 32–36).
328:
214:
150:
25:
896:Gough, H. C. (1938).
677:Andrew, C.F. (1939).
452:Gynaikothrips kannani
375:1924: pp. 16–18)
350:The Coffee Borer. (
322:
232:Dactylopius tomentosa
211:
148:
109:A Civilisation at Bay
59:approaches in India.
45:A Civilisation at Bay
24:
1623:Indian entomologists
1412:Stephanoderes hampei
970:"Stored grain pests"
883:10.1093/jee/15.6.391
369:Chelidonium cinctum
354:1925 pp. 5–8.)
305:Stephanoderes hampei
202:Nymphula depunctalis
129:(1939) stating that
1077:(7): 345–352. 1923.
914:1938Natur.141R.922G
840:1923Natur.111..326H
625:. 1927. p. 69.
423:A Preface to Morals
378:The Coffee Borer (
337:Planters' Chronicle
309:Magadi Puttarudriah
255:Chilo infuscatellus
85:Brajendra Nath Seal
73:Stanford University
49:Brajendra Nath Seal
1638:People from Kannur
1178:Biological Control
329:
301:coffee berry borer
296:Prosopis juliflora
215:
151:
26:
908:(3577): 922–923.
325:Leslie C. Coleman
156:Scotophilus kuhli
81:Swami Abhedananda
69:Leslie C. Coleman
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1375:. 1939. p.
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1338:
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1328:(1–2): 130–148.
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848:10.1038/111326c0
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642:Servant of India
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484:. 1931. p.
476:
237:Opuntia dillenii
196:Mundulea sericea
161:Cimex rotundatus
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1559:The West (1927)
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1290:(1): 101. 1923.
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1135:Agric. J. India
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1023:Indian Forester
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280:Coccus colemani
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63:Life and career
33:K. Kunhi Kannan
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