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wastewater and iron ore as a process catalyst use technology created by the
University of Western Australia (UWA). The Commercial Demonstration Plant project is an Australian first, and expected to produce around 100 tonnes of fuel-grade hydrogen and 380 tonnes of graphite each year starting in 2023. It was scheduled to commence in 2022. "10 December 2021: Hazer Group (ASX: HZR) regret to advise that there has been a delay to the completion of the fabrication of the reactor for the Hazer Commercial Demonstration Project (CDP). This is expected to delay the planned commissioning of the Hazer CDP, with commissioning now expected to occur after our current target date of 1Q 2022." The Hazer Group has collaboration agreements with Engie for a facility in France in May 2023, A Memorandum of Understanding with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda in Japan April 2023 and an agreement with Suncor Energy and FortisBC to develop 2,500 tonnes per Annum Burrard-Hazer Hydrogen Production Plant in Canada April 2022
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a company called
Monolith Materials built a pilot plant in Redwood City, CA to study scaling Methane Pyrolysis using renewable power in the process. A successful pilot project then led to a larger commercial-scale demonstration plant in Hallam, Nebraska in 2016. As of 2020, this plant is operational and can produce around 14 metric tons of hydrogen per day. In 2021, the US Department of Energy backed Monolith Materials' plans for major expansion with a $ 1B loan guarantee. The funding will help produce a plant capable of generating 164 metric tons of hydrogen per day by 2024. Pilots with gas utilities and
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subsidiary of South Korea's second-largest conglomerate, the SK Group. SK Gas was joined by two other new investors, Engie New
Ventures and Trafigura, one of the world's largest physical commodities trading companies, in addition to participation from existing investors including Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Eni Next, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and AP Ventures. Funding was for C-Zero's first pilot plant, which was expected to be online in Q1 2023. The plant may be capable of producing up to 400 kg of hydrogen per day from natural gas with no CO2 emissions.
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1396:(MOCVD) entails pyrolysis of volatile organometallic compounds to give semiconductors, hard coatings, and other applicable materials. The reactions entail thermal degradation of precursors, with deposition of the inorganic component and release of the hydrocarbons as gaseous waste. Since it is an atom-by-atom deposition, these atoms organize themselves into crystals to form the bulk semiconductor. Raw polycrystalline silicon is produced by the chemical vapor deposition of silane gases:
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116:. Pyrolysis is considered one of the steps in the processes of gasification or combustion. Laypeople often confuse pyrolysis gas with syngas. Pyrolysis gas has a high percentage of heavy tar fractions, which condense at relatively high temperatures, preventing its direct use in gas burners and internal combustion engines, unlike syngas.
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electronic cigarettes. Both TLW and TSW were dried at 80 °C for 24 hours and stored in a desiccator. Samples were grounded so that the contents were uniform. Tobacco Waste (TW) also contains inorganic (metal) contents, which was determined using an inductively coupled plasma-optical spectrometer.
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Pyrolysis liquids from slow pyrolysis of bark and hemp have been tested for their antifungal activity against wood decaying fungi, showing potential to substitute the current wood preservatives while further tests are still required. However, their ecotoxicity is very variable and while some are less
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The
Australian company Hazer Group was founded in 2010 to commercialise technology originally developed at the University of Western Australia. The company was listed on the ASX in December 2015. It is completing a commercial demonstration project to produce renewable hydrogen and graphite from
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from natural gas that allows removal of carbon easily (solid carbon is a byproduct of the process). The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold or landfilled and is not released into the atmosphere, avoiding emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) or ground water pollution from a landfill. In 2015,
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The coke-making or "coking" process consists of heating the material in "coking ovens" to very high temperatures (up to 900 °C or 1,700 °F) so that the molecules are broken down into lighter volatile substances, which leave the vessel, and a porous but hard residue that is mostly carbon and
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in a dynamic equilibrium state. This being the reason for seeing mass decay between 660 °C and 710 °C. Differences in differential thermogram (DTG) peaks for TLW were compared to TSW. TLW had four distinctive peaks at 87, 195, 265, and 306 °C whereas TSW had two major drop offs at 200
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plants are underway with companies like Modern
Hydrogen. Volume production is also being evaluated in the BASF "methane pyrolysis at scale" pilot plant, the chemical engineering team at University of California - Santa Barbara and in such research laboratories as Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory
1238:
as feedstock for pyrolysis include greenwaste, sawdust, waste wood, leaves, vegetables, nut shells, straw, cotton trash, rice hulls, and orange peels. Animal waste including poultry litter, dairy manure, and potentially other manures are also under evaluation. Some industrial byproducts are also
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environments. During this process the evolution of 5 different notable gases were observed. Hydrogen, Methane, Ethane, Carbon
Dioxide, and Ethylene all are produced when the thermolytic rate of TLW began to be retarded at greater than or equal to 500 °C. Thermolytic rate begins at the same
1242:
In the biomass components, the pyrolysis of hemicellulose happens between 210 and 310 °C. The pyrolysis of cellulose starts from 300 to 315 °C and ends at 360–380 °C, with a peak at 342–354 °C. Lignin starts to decompose at about 200 °C and continues until 1000 °C.
1527:
Two different types of experiments were conducted: one-stepwise pyrolysis and two-stepwise pyrolysis. One-stepwise pyrolysis consisted of a constant heating rate (10 °C min) from 30 to 720 °C. In the second step of the two-stepwise pyrolysis test the pyrolysates from the one-stepwise
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Pyrolysis has also been used for trying to mitigate tobacco waste. One method was done where tobacco waste was separated into two categories TLW (Tobacco Leaf Waste) and TSW (Tobacco Stick Waste). TLW was determined to be any waste from cigarettes and TSW was determined to be any waste from
1340:
The
American company C-Zero's technology converts natural gas into hydrogen and solid carbon. The hydrogen provides clean, low-cost energy on demand, while the carbon can be permanently sequestered. C-Zero announced in June 2022 that it closed a $ 34 million financing round led by SK Gas, a
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reaction, where we see spontaneous gasification happening when temperatures exceed 710 °C. Although these observations were seen at temperatures lower than 710 °C it is most likely due to the catalytic capabilities of inorganics in TLW. It was further investigated by doing
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Zhao, Ming; Memon, Muhammad Zaki; Ji, Guozhao; Yang, Xiaoxiao; Vuppaladadiyam, Arun K.; Song, Yinqiang; Raheem, Abdul; Li, Jinhui; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Hui (April 2020). "Alkali metal bifunctional catalyst-sorbents enabled biomass pyrolysis for enhanced hydrogen production".
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and 306 °C with one spike in between. The four peaks indicated that TLW contains more diverse types of additives than TSW. The residual mass percentage between TLW and TSW was further compared, where the residual mass in TSW was less than that of TLW for both CO
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Carbon and carbon-rich materials have desirable properties but are nonvolatile, even at high temperatures. Consequently, pyrolysis is used to produce many kinds of carbon; these can be used for fuel, as reagents in steelmaking (coke), and as structural materials.
1442:. The main advantage is the reduction in volume of the waste. In principle, pyrolysis will regenerate the monomers (precursors) to the polymers that are treated, but in practice the process is neither a clean nor an economically competitive source of monomers.
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In many settings, some amounts of oxygen, water, or other substances may be present, so that combustion, hydrolysis, or other chemical processes may occur besides pyrolysis proper. Sometimes those chemicals are added intentionally, as in the burning of
1135:. Terra preta is much sought by local farmers for its superior fertility and capacity to promote and retain an enhanced suite of beneficial microbiota, compared to the typical red soil of the region. Efforts are underway to recreate these soils through
2034:
In TGA, the sample is loaded first before the increase of temperature, and the heating rate is low (less than 100 °C min). Macro-TGA can use gram-scale samples, which can be used to investigate the pyrolysis with mass and heat transfer effects.
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A blacksmith's forge, with a blower forcing air through a bed of fuel to raise the temperature of the fire. On the periphery, coal is pyrolyzed, absorbing heat; the coke at the center is almost pure carbon, and releases a lot of heat when the carbon
2312:
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Wang, Xifan; Schmidt, Franziska; Hanaor, Dorian; Kamm, Paul H.; Li, Shuang; Gurlo, Aleksander (2019). "Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry".
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electric heavy truck transportation, gas turbine electric power generation, and hydrogen for industrial processes including producing ammonia fertilizer and cement. Methane pyrolysis is the process operating around 1065 °C for producing
787:, as well as a large number of organic compounds. Gases and volatile products leave the sample, and some of them may condense again as smoke. Generally, this process also absorbs energy. Some volatiles may ignite and burn, creating a visible
214:(oxygen free) atmosphere and produces both gases, liquids and solids. The pyrolysis can be extended to full gasification that produces mainly gaseous output, often with the addition of e.g. water steam to gasify residual carbonic solids, see
1360:, the chemical compound produced on the largest scale industrially (>110 million tons/year in 2005). In this process, hydrocarbons from petroleum are heated to around 600 °C (1,112 °F) in the presence of steam; this is called
1017:
3453:"Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon in a single reaction step commercial process (at potentially low-cost). This would provide hydrogen from natural gas, essentially forever"
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could further convert pyrolysates into CO. The results showed that the two-stepwise pyrolysis was an effective way to decrease tar content and increase gas concentration by about 10 wt.% for both TLW (64.20 wt.%) and TSW (73.71%).
1042:) air pollution is significantly reduced. In cities where people do not generally cook or heat with fires, this is not needed. In the mid-20th century, "smokeless" legislation in Europe required cleaner-burning techniques, such as
5221:
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and bitumen. The area faces legislative, economic, and marketing obstacles. Oil derived from tire rubber pyrolysis has a high sulfur content, which gives it high potential as a pollutant; consequently it should be desulfurized.
5385:
Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (2014-10-16). "Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation from the Pyrolysis/Gasification of Lignin at Different Reaction Conditions".
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Hedlund F.H., 2023, Inherent
Hazards and Limited Regulatory Oversight in the Waste Plastic Recycling Sector – Repeat Explosion at Pyrolysis Plant, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 99, 241-246 DOI:10.3303/CET2399041
3115:
Ludwig
Briesemeister; Andreas Geißler; Stefan Halama; Stephan Herrmann; Ulrich Kleinhans; Markus Steibel; Markus Ulbrich; Alan W. Scaroni; M. Rashid Khan; Semih Eser; Ljubisa R. Radovic (2002). "Coal Pyrolysis".
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Rollinson, A. N. (2018) 'Fire, explosion and chemical toxicity hazards of gasification energy from waste', Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 54, pp. 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2018.04.010.
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Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (August 2013). "The pyrolysis simulation of five biomass species by hemi-cellulose, cellulose and lignin based on thermogravimetric curves".
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environment allows a higher yield of gases than oil and biochar. When the same process is done for TSW the trends are almost identical therefore the same explanations can be applied to the pyrolysis of TSW.
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2320:
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Wang, Zhengxin; Peng, Xinggan; Xia, Ao; Shah, Akeel A.; Huang, Yun; Zhu, Xianqing; Zhu, Xun; Liao, Qiang (January 2022). "The role of machine learning to boost the bioenergy and biofuels conversion".
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Zhou, Hui; Long, Yanqiu; Meng, Aihong; Chen, Shen; Li, Qinghai; Zhang, Yanguo (2015). "A novel method for kinetics analysis of pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in TGA and macro-TGA".
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The low quality of oils produced through pyrolysis can be improved by physical and chemical processes, which might drive up production costs, but may make sense economically as circumstances change.
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environment allowed for greater concentrations of gases due to the second heating zone. The second heating zone was at a consistent temperature of 650 °C isothermally. More reactions between CO
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Other pyrolysis types come from a different classification that focuses on the pyrolysis operating conditions and heating system used, which have an impact on the yield of the pyrolysis products.
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Pyrolysis is one of the various types of chemical degradation processes that occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water or other solvents). It differs from other processes like
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When the temperature is increased from 500 to 900 °C, most PAHs increase. With increasing temperature, the percentage of light PAHs decreases and the percentage of heavy PAHs increases.
791:. The non-volatile residues typically become richer in carbon and form large disordered molecules, with colors ranging between brown and black. At this point the matter is said to have been "
908:
of the produced gases, an explosion risk exists if oxygen is present. To control the temperature of pyrolysis systems careful temperature control is needed and can be accomplished with an
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are filaments of carbon that can be used to make very strong yarns and textiles. Carbon fiber items are often produced by spinning and weaving the desired item from fibers of a suitable
5218:
3261:
Zhao, Ming; Wang, Fan; Fan, Yiran; Raheem, Abdul; Zhou, Hui (March 2019). "Low-temperature alkaline pyrolysis of sewage sludge for enhanced H2 production with in-situ carbon capture".
770:, another major wood component, starts decomposing at about 350 °C, but continues releasing volatile products up to 500 °C. The decomposition products usually include water,
5506:
Long, Yanqiu; Zhou, Hui; Meng, Aihong; Li, Qinghai; Zhang, Yanguo (September 2016). "Interactions among biomass components during co-pyrolysis in (macro)thermogravimetric analyzers".
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inorganic ash. The amount of volatiles varies with the source material, but is typically 25–30% of it by weight. High temperature pyrolysis is used on an industrial scale to convert
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environments. The differences between the environments start to occur when temperatures increase above 660 °C and the residual mass percentages significantly decrease in the CO
989:
can easily rise above the boiling point. Putting a lid on the frying pan keeps the water in, and some of it re-condenses, keeping the temperature too cool to brown for longer time.
2797:
Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (April 2015). "Thermogravimetric characteristics of typical municipal solid waste fractions during co-pyrolysis".
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Martínez, Juan Daniel; Puy, Neus; Murillo, Ramón; García, Tomás; Navarro, María Victoria; Mastral, Ana Maria (2013). "Waste tyre pyrolysis – A review, Renewable and Sustainable".
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916:. The greatest risk of fire, explosion and release of toxic gases comes when the system is starting up and shutting down, operating intermittently, or during operational upsets.
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were collected by a cold solvent trap and sorted by using chromatography. The third and final phase was analyzed using an online micro GC unit and those pyrolysates were gases.
5241:
Barbero-López, Aitor; Chibily, Soumaya; Tomppo, Laura; Salami, Ayobami; Ancin-Murguzur, Francisco Javier; Venäläinen, Martti; Lappalainen, Reijo; Haapala, Antti (2019-03-01).
4431:ผศ.ดร.ศิริรัตน์ จิตการค้า, "ไพโรไลซิสยางรถยนต์หมดสภาพ : กลไกการผลิตน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงคุณภาพสูง"วิทยาลัยปิโตรเลียมและปิโตรเคมี จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย (in Thai) Jidgarnka, S.
4385:"Energy and Economic Value of Nonrecyclable Plastics and Municipal Solid Wastes that are Currently Landfilled in the Fifty States" Columbia University Earth Engineering Center
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1196:. This is typically done in a fluidized bed reactor heated to 1,000–2,000 °C or 1,830–3,630 °F. Pyrolytic carbon coatings are used in many applications, including
2007:(TGA) is one of the most common techniques to investigate pyrolysis with no limitations of heat and mass transfer. The results can be used to determine mass loss kinetics.
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atmospheres the flow rate was 100 mL min. External heating was created via a tubular furnace. The pyrogenic products were classified into three phases. The first phase was
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pyrolysis were pyrolyzed in the second heating zone which was controlled isothermally at 650 °C. The two-stepwise pyrolysis was used to focus primarily on how well CO
6631:
2132:
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Choi, G.-G.; Jung, S.-H.; Oh, S.-J.; Kim, J.-S. (2014). "Total utilization of waste tire rubber through pyrolysis to obtain oils and CO2 activation of pyrolysis char".
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as heating medium; these systems also clean very fast but the medium does not melt or boil, nor emit any vapors or odors; the cleaning process takes one to two hours.
5471:
Zhou, Hui; Meng, AiHong; Long, YanQiu; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (July 2014). "Interactions of municipal solid waste components during pyrolysis: A TG-FTIR study".
1731:. During the thermal cleaning process, at temperatures from 310 to 540 °C (600 to 1,000 °F), organic material is converted by pyrolysis and oxidation into
855:) is often left behind, consisting of inorganic oxidized materials of high melting point. Some of the ash may have left during combustion, entrained by the gases as
2170:
1497:) and monitored under specific dynamic temperature conditions. About one gram of both TLW and TSW were used in the pyrolysis tests. During these analysis tests, CO
4231:
667:, breaking chemical bonds in its molecules. The fragments usually become smaller molecules, but may combine to produce residues with larger molecular mass, even
5178:
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is a less smoky fuel than pyrolyzed wood. Some cities ban, or used to ban, wood fires; when residents only use charcoal (and similarly treated rock coal, called
4316:
Zhou, Hui; Long, YanQiu; Meng, AiHong; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (January 2015). "Interactions of three municipal solid waste components during co-pyrolysis".
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bath is very fast but implies the risk of dangerous splatters, or other potential hazards connected with the use of salt baths, like explosions or highly toxic
4387:
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Astrup, T., & Bilitewski, B. (2011). Pyrolysis and Gasification. In Solid Waste Technology and Management (Vol. Volume 1. Chapter 8.8, pp. 502-512). Wiley.
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In recent years, machine learning has attracted significant research interest in predicting yields, optimizing parameters, and monitoring pyrolytic processes.
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When organic matter is heated at increasing temperatures in open containers, the following processes generally occur, in successive or overlapping stages:
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of the wood and the pores created by escaping gases combine to produce a light and porous material. By starting with a dense wood-like material, such as
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1476:. The project will focus on lower-value, plastics-heavy devices in the waste stream using multiple shredders and furnaces using pyrolysis technology.
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3406:
1161:, and then pyrolyzing the material at a high temperature (from 1,500–3,000 °C or 2,730–5,430 °F). The first carbon fibers were made from
3992:
1318:). No greenhouse gas is released. No deep well injection of carbon dioxide is needed. Only water is released when hydrogen is used as the fuel for
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At about 100 °C or slightly higher, any remaining water that is merely absorbed in the material is driven off. This process consumes a lot of
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6803:
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2019:
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toxic than current wood preservatives, other pyrolysis liquids have shown high ecotoxicity, what may cause detrimental effects in the environment.
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environment due to a dilution effect. Since pyrolysis is the re-distribution of carbons in carbon substrates into three pyrogenic products. The CO
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3150:
802:, often with no or little visible flame. Once carbon combustion starts, the temperature rises spontaneously, turning the residue into a glowing
5019:
4601:
5095:
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1333:(KALLA). Power for process heat consumed is only one-seventh of the power consumed in the water electrolysis method for producing hydrogen.
3593:
6848:
6842:
5716:
3398:
7057:
5423:"Influence of process conditions on the formation of 2–4 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride"
5049:
977:). The food goes brown and changes flavor. The distinctive flavors are used in many dishes; for instance, caramelized onion is used in
210:. In the chemical process industry, pyrolysis refers to a partial thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials that takes place in an
6344:
3237:
1254:, in which finely divided feedstock is quickly heated to between 350 and 500 °C (660 and 930 °F) for less than two seconds.
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Hafting, Finn K.; Kulas, Daniel; Michels, Etienne; Chipkar, Sarvada; Wisniewski, Stefan; Shonnard, David; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023).
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is essential to manage inherent explosion risks. The procedure is not trivial and failure to keep oxygen out has led to accidents.
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655:
1945:
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Akinpelu, David Akorede; Adekoya, Oluwaseun A.; Oladoye, Peter Olusakin; Ogbaga, Chukwuma C.; Okolie, Jude A. (September 2023).
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Illustrating inputs and outputs of methane pyrolysis, an efficient one-step process to produce Hydrogen and no greenhouse gas
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in TLW. This significant increase in CO concentration is why there is lower concentrations of other gases produced in the CO
4017:
3960:"NW Natural to Partner with Modern Electron on Exciting Pilot Project to Turn Methane into Clean Hydrogen and Solid Carbon"
3570:
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Catalyst Deactivation for the Continuous Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Methane
2448:"Fast Pyrolysis Behavior of Banagrass as a Function of Temperature and Volatiles Residence Time in a Fluidized Bed Reactor"
7047:
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6830:
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5422:
2518:"Effect of interactions of biomass constituents on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation during fast pyrolysis"
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environments. For both TLW and TSW the thermolytic behaviors were identical at less than or equal to 660 °C in the CO
5336:
4913:
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environment due to CO formation causing tar to be reduced. One-stepwise pyrolysis was not that effective on activating CO
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since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians used the liquid fraction obtained from the pyrolysis of cedar wood, in their
104:
of the wood or pyrolysis of biomass. In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves
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5282:"Bio-based wood preservatives: Their efficiency, leaching and ecotoxicity compared to a commercial wood preservative"
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Investigation of Deposition Parameters in Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode
4384:
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2004:
1981:
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environment but there is higher concentration of the production of Hydrogen, Ethane, Ethylene, and Methane in the N
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announced a joint effort with Igneo Technologies to build an $ 85 million large electronics recycling plant in the
1250:
by pyrolysis of organic materials is not yet economically competitive. Higher efficiency is sometimes achieved by
233:, the complete pyrolysis of organic matter, which usually leaves a solid residue that consists mostly of elemental
5337:"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation from the pyrolysis of different municipal solid waste fractions"
4967:"Cleaning objects in hot fluidised bed – with neutralisation of resultant acidic gas esp. by alkaline metals cpds"
1109:, one obtains a form of charcoal with particularly fine pores (and hence a much larger pore surface area), called
6854:
6689:
6349:
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1899:
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on carbon rearrangement due to the high quantities of liquid pyrolysates (tar). Two-stepwise pyrolysis for the CO
664:
3364:"A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels"
7062:
6992:
6798:
6714:
6694:
6671:
6434:
6199:
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5992:
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gives Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
4940:"Method for removing polymer deposits which have formed on metal or ceramic machine parts, equipment and tools"
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Hunt, Jacob; Ferrari, Anthony; Lita, Adrian; Crosswhite, Mark; Ashley, Bridgett; Stiegman, A. E. (2013-12-27).
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into the early 20th century. Pyrolysis was instrumental in the discovery of many chemical substances, such as
1820:
Pyrolysis is used in the production of chemical compounds, mainly, but not only, in the research laboratory.
798:
At 200–300 °C, if oxygen has not been excluded, the carbonaceous residue may start to burn, in a highly
6641:
6606:
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6404:
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3620:
3502:"Hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels through methane decomposition of natural gas – GHG emissions and costs"
1219:
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Carbon fibers produced by pyrolyzing a silk cocoon. Electron micrograph, scale bar at bottom left shows 100
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to avoid chemical side reactions (such as combustion or hydrolysis). Pyrolysis in a vacuum also lowers the
5335:
Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (February 2015).
3781:
728:, so the temperature may stop rising until all water has evaporated. Water trapped in crystal structure of
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Barbero-López, Aitor; Akkanen, Jarkko; Lappalainen, Reijo; Peräniemi, Sirpa; Haapala, Antti (2021-01-20).
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1197:
399:
38:
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2366:"High-density polyethylene degradation into low molecular weight gases at 1823K: An atomistic simulation"
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production with in-situ carbon capture. The use of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) has the potential to produce H
1222:. Crops studied as biomass feedstock for pyrolysis include native North American prairie grasses such as
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6379:
5672:"Machine learning applications in biomass pyrolysis: From biorefinery to end-of-life product management"
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Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Onwudili, Jude A.; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (April 2016).
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is the residue of incomplete organic pyrolysis, e.g., from cooking fires. It is a key component of the
385:
56:
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Goodacre, R.; Kell, D. B. (1996). "Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its applications in biotechnology".
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avoiding uncontrolled combustion inside the cleaning chamber; the cleaning process takes 8 to 30 hours.
155:
char, recently introduced on an industrial scale. Aspirational applications of pyrolysis would convert
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5242:
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3154:
2665:"Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review"
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2012:
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5293:
5136:
4566:
4325:
4232:"C-Zero Closes $ 34 Million Financing Round Led by SK Gas to Build Natural Gas Decarbonization Pilot"
3513:
3310:
2806:
2676:
2587:
2532:
2459:
2387:
2365:
2222:
1724:
1469:
1315:
1274:. Fast pyrolysis is also investigated for biomass conversion. Fuel bio-oil can also be produced by
1229:
909:
684:
339:
3861:
1636:
environment is significantly greater as temperatures increase past 600 °C and this is due to CO
6709:
6616:
2343:
Time Resolved Measurements of Pyrolysis Products From Thermoplastic Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)
2313:"BASF researchers working on fundamentally new, low-carbon production processes, Methane Pyrolysis"
2079:
1932:
Laboratory or industrial equipment sometimes gets fouled by carbonaceous residues that result from
1744:
1295:
1271:
956:
825:
799:
375:
5177:
Song, Y. L.; Tsai, S. C.; Chen, C. Y.; Tseng, T. K.; Tsai, C. S.; Chen, J. W.; Yao, Y. D. (2004).
4717:
Lahijani, Pooya; Zainal, Zainal Alimuddin; Mohammadi, Maedeh; Mohamed, Abdul Rahman (2015-01-01).
1505:
were used as atmospheres inside of a tubular reactor that was built using quartz tubing. For both
1142:
973:
is the pyrolysis of sugars in food (often after the sugars have been produced by the breakdown of
7027:
6496:
6424:
6389:
6384:
6239:
5736:
5693:
5652:
5531:
5453:
5152:
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3482:
3278:
2603:
2577:
2403:
2377:
2290:
1977:
1922:
1720:
1560:
1174:
1024:
3887:"Successful Demonstration Program Underpins Monolith Materials' Commercialization Plans - Zeton"
1572:
is used in cigarette papers and filter material, leading to the explanation that degradation of
5243:"Pyrolysis distillates from tree bark and fibre hemp inhibit the growth of wood-decaying fungi"
4662:
Lee, Taewoo; Jung, Sungyup; Lin, Kun-Yi Andrew; Tsang, Yiu Fai; Kwon, Eilhann E. (2021-01-05).
3395:
590:
6922:
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6808:
6699:
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6571:
6409:
6319:
6304:
6013:
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5601:
5566:
5523:
5403:
5367:
5317:
5309:
5262:
5103:
5091:
4777:
4738:
4719:"Conversion of the greenhouse gas CO2 to the fuel gas CO via the Boudouard reaction: A review"
4691:
4683:
4364:
4293:
3967:
3541:
3474:
3326:
3188:
3129:
3072:
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2144:
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2023:
2008:
1859:
1704:
1573:
1275:
1166:
978:
403:
258:
254:
120:
59:
of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere without access to oxygen.
6085:
5584:
Peacock, P. M.; McEwen, C. N. (2006). "Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers. Anal. Chem".
5057:
851:
Once combustion of the carbonaceous residue is complete, a powdery or solid mineral residue (
48:
Burning pieces of wood, showing various stages of pyrolysis followed by oxidative combustion.
6906:
6244:
5938:
5917:
5683:
5636:
5593:
5558:
5515:
5488:
5445:
5395:
5359:
5301:
5254:
5193:
5144:
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2395:
2264:
2230:
2136:
1872:
1762:
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1449:
is a well-developed technology. Other products from car tire pyrolysis include steel wires,
1417:
1413:
1223:
1193:
1110:
816:
792:
695:
618:
379:
296:
290:
264:
192:
105:
97:
3808:"CEMEX successfully deploys hydrogen-based ground-breaking cement manufacturing technology"
3229:
2626:
Jenkins, R. W.; Sutton, A. D.; Robichaud, D. J. (2016-01-01), Chuck, Christopher J. (ed.),
941:
6948:
6601:
6536:
6475:
6444:
6419:
6369:
6364:
6178:
6138:
5824:
5225:
4540:
4439:
4391:
3402:
3212:
3183:
2710:
Koller, Johann; Baumer, Ursula; Kaup, Yoka; Schmid, Mirjam; Weser, Ulrich (October 2003).
2349:
2084:
1776:
1656:
reduction into CO allows for the oxidation of pyrolysates to form CO. In conclusion the CO
1365:
1311:
913:
771:
215:
4071:"Methane pyrolysis process uses renewable electricity split CH4 into H2 and carbon-black"
2992:"Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update"
2911:
2046:(Py-GC-MS) is an important laboratory procedure to determine the structure of compounds.
5632:
5484:
5441:
5355:
5297:
5140:
4570:
4329:
3517:
3314:
2810:
2680:
2591:
2536:
2516:
Zhou, Hui; Wu, Chunfei; Meng, Aihong; Zhang, Yanguo; Williams, Paul T. (November 2014).
2463:
2391:
2226:
2026:. As the temperature increases, the volatiles generated from pyrolysis can be measured.
1568:
measurements and found that a fifth of the residual mass percentage was Ca species. CaCO
6767:
6744:
6729:
6591:
6531:
6501:
6470:
6414:
6374:
6309:
6299:
6194:
6050:
5804:
5794:
5197:
3067:
3042:
3016:
2991:
2490:
2447:
1948:(PAHs) can be generated from the pyrolysis of different solid waste fractions, such as
1804:
1506:
1446:
1369:
1361:
1235:
974:
970:
811:
778:
640:
314:
72:
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6734:
6651:
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6229:
6173:
6074:
5773:
5729:
5697:
5656:
4703:
4586:
3553:
3486:
3348:
3282:
2759:
E. Fiedler; G. Grossmann; D. B. Kersebohm; G. Weiss; Claus Witte (2005). "Methanol".
2607:
2294:
1949:
1926:
1915:
1740:
1584:
1439:
1178:
1170:
982:
920:
699:
268:
230:
113:
5535:
5457:
5305:
4664:"Mitigation of harmful chemical formation from pyrolysis of tobacco waste using CO2"
3993:"Cut the BS: This startup is converting cow manure into clean-burning hydrogen fuel"
2842:"Modular Open-Source Design of Pyrolysis Reactor Monitoring and Control Electronics"
2407:
1596:
environments concluding that TSW has higher quantities of additives than TLW.
1046:
fuel and smoke-burning incinerators as an effective measure to reduce air pollution
6891:
6777:
6656:
6646:
6581:
6546:
6506:
6465:
6429:
6219:
6214:
6184:
6025:
5966:
5809:
5640:
5156:
4534:
Large-Scale Pyrolysis Oil Production: A Technology Assessment and Economic Analysis
3274:
2099:
2069:
1969:
1855:
1848:
1728:
1457:
Alkaline pyrolysis of sewage sludge at low temperature of 500 °C can enhance H
1450:
1286:
1154:
1132:
947:
888:
884:
860:
393:
367:
347:
207:
196:
167:, waste plastics back into usable oil, or waste into safely disposable substances.
5258:
4758:"Microwave-Specific Enhancement of the Carbon–Carbon Dioxide (Boudouard) Reaction"
4679:
4289:
3700:
3125:
1520:, a solid residue produced by the reactor at 650 °C. The second phase liquid
1091:. Coke can also be produced from the solid residue left from petroleum refining.
1049:
5449:
5363:
4578:
4519:
4452:
Roy, C.; Chaala, A.; Darmstadt, H. (1999). "The vacuum pyrolysis of used tires".
4018:"low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane without forming CO2"
3090:
2818:
2472:
6611:
6566:
6556:
6449:
6394:
6359:
6254:
6055:
5971:
5945:
5819:
5814:
5122:"Silver Nanoparticles from Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Aqueous Silver Nitrate"
2858:
2841:
2599:
2124:
1985:
1973:
1836:
1758:
1736:
1532:
affects carbon redistribution when adding heat through the second heating zone.
1521:
1310:. This one-step process produces hydrogen in high volume at low cost (less than
1307:
1247:
1239:
suitable feedstock including paper sludge, distillers grain, and sewage sludge.
1124:
1080:
1072:
1043:
725:
343:
286:
140:
132:
31:
5688:
5671:
5492:
4734:
4492:
4337:
4128:"Hazer advances ENGIE collaboration for facility in France | hazergroup.com.au"
3526:
3501:
2688:
2544:
2399:
659:
Processes in the thermal degradation of organic matter at atmospheric pressure.
6871:
6724:
6224:
6209:
6189:
6035:
5799:
5519:
5148:
4902:
4830:
4533:
3007:
2268:
2234:
1887:
1840:
1823:
The area of boron-hydride clusters started with the study of the pyrolysis of
1147:
1114:
1076:
997:
986:
876:
614:
180:
176:
5527:
5407:
5313:
5266:
4781:
4757:
4742:
4687:
4543:; NREL/TP-510-37779; National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO.
4360:
3971:
3545:
3330:
2867:
2737:
2696:
2481:
2286:
1936:, the pyrolysis of organic products that come into contact with hot surfaces.
1192:
Pyrolysis is the reaction used to coat a preformed substrate with a layer of
1139:, the solid residue of pyrolysis of various materials, mostly organic waste.
6793:
6621:
6586:
6576:
6561:
6541:
6516:
6284:
6249:
6204:
6152:
6040:
6030:
6020:
5961:
5933:
3469:
3452:
2140:
1953:
1907:
1319:
892:
868:
755:
750:
Between 100 and 500 °C, many common organic molecules break down. Most
714:
710:
603:
211:
5648:
5605:
5371:
5321:
4796:
4695:
4433:"Pyrolysis of Expired Car Tires: Mechanics of Producing High Quality Fuels"
4045:"KITT/IASS - Producing CO2 Free Hydrogen From Natural Gas For Energy Usage"
3911:
3652:
Hydrogen-Powered Truck Will Offer Heavy-Duty Capability and Clean Emissions
3478:
3076:
3058:
3025:
2826:
2745:
2499:
1871:
Pyrolysis is used to turn organic materials into carbon for the purpose of
1380:
183:
in that it usually does not involve the addition of other reagents such as
5570:
5179:"Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Spherical Zirconia Particles"
1266:
There is also the possibility of integrating with other processes such as
1079:, where the higher temperatures are necessary for many processes, such as
912:
pyrolysis controller. Pyrolysis also produces various toxic gases, mainly
6886:
6596:
6551:
6274:
6264:
6163:
6008:
3500:
Timmerberg, Sebastian; Kaltschmitt, Martin; Finkbeiner, Matthias (2020).
2104:
2074:
1988:
is the most abundant PAH among all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
1891:
1824:
1607:
The one-stepwise pyrolysis experiment showed different results for the CO
1494:
1490:
1357:
1324:
1106:
1099:
1088:
1035:
993:
841:
807:
806:
and releasing carbon dioxide and/or monoxide. At this stage, some of the
680:
676:
610:
599:
361:
333:
325:
306:
282:
244:
148:
131:, and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, and even wood, or to produce
124:
101:
76:
4432:
3936:"DOE backs Neb. hydrogen, carbon black project with $ 1B loan guarantee"
2341:
Cory A. Kramer, Reza Loloee, Indrek S. Wichman and Ruby N. Ghosh, 2009,
1083:. Volatile by-products of this process are also often useful, including
261:
or steam, producing hydrogen and substantial atmospheric carbon dioxide.
4994:"Process for vacuum pyrolysis removal of polymers from various objects"
4148:"Hazer Signs MOU with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda | hazergroup.com.au"
3322:
2259:
Zhou, Hui (2017). "Combustible Solid Waste Thermochemical Conversion".
2064:
1911:
1903:
1883:
1808:
1800:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1535:
First noted was the thermolytic behaviors of TLW and TSW in both the CO
1517:
1299:
1215:
1209:
1169:
has become the most common starting material. For their first workable
1158:
1136:
1120:
1084:
856:
845:
729:
644:
389:
357:
321:
272:
164:
156:
144:
5597:
5399:
4773:
3536:
3380:
3363:
2446:
George, Anthe; Turn, Scott Q.; Morgan, Trevor James (26 August 2015).
2353:
ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
1599:
863:. Metals present in the original matter usually remain in the ash as
191:, in combustion) or water (in hydrolysis). Pyrolysis produces solids (
108:, a carbon-rich solid residue. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly
44:
5855:
5713:
2768:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1933:
1786:
1421:
1329:
1303:
1257:
1186:
1182:
872:
837:
767:
763:
691:
636:
329:
248:
234:
184:
160:
152:
128:
109:
17:
6096:
3621:"How fuel cell trucks produce electric power and how they're fueled"
2728:
2711:
904:
Because pyrolysis takes place at high temperatures which exceed the
3573:(Thesis). Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences. pp. 12–13
2582:
2382:
1925:, potentially generating volatiles that are toxic or contribute to
1480:
One-stepwise pyrolysis and Two-stepwise pyrolysis for Tobacco Waste
1062:
Typical organic products obtained by pyrolysis of coal (X = CH, N).
6927:
6881:
6107:
5912:
5870:
5865:
3463:(6365). American Association for Advancement of Science: 917–921.
1811:
industries for removing organics from heavy and large metal parts.
1598:
1372:), and many other polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene.
1348:, has been researching hydrogen pyrolysis for more than 10 years.
1285:
1214:
Pyrolysis is the basis of several methods for producing fuel from
1162:
1141:
1103:
1095:
1057:
1048:
1011:
864:
803:
788:
759:
751:
744:
654:
632:
589:
84:
43:
5120:
Pingali, Kalyana C.; Rockstraw, David A.; Deng, Shuguang (2005).
4965:
Staffin, Herbert Kenneth; Koelzer, Robert A. (28 November 1974).
4188:"Burrard Hazer Hydrogen Project Announcement | hazergroup.com.au"
6876:
5860:
5850:
5752:
4404:"The Plastic to Oil Machine, A\J – Canada's Environmental Voice"
1984:(PET). PS, PVC, and lignin generate significant amount of PAHs.
1890:
and other products, generates many volatile products (including
1772:
1680:
and gaseous pyrolysates with longer residence time meant that CO
1345:
1068:
880:
136:
6111:
5725:
3594:"Energy Department Looks to Boost Hydrogen Fuel for Big Trucks"
3420:
3362:
Ramirez, Jerome; Brown, Richard; Rainey, Thomas (1 July 2015).
1757:
belong to the oldest thermal cleaning systems; cleaning with a
1603:
Production of Hydrogen, Methane, and Tars when creating Biochar
663:
Pyrolysis generally consists in heating the material above its
82:(from Ancient Greek πῦρ : pûr - "fire, heat, fever") and
6045:
3177:
Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine
1895:
1438:
Pyrolysis can also be used to treat municipal solid waste and
1001:
852:
740:
736:
302:
200:
4831:"Cleaning with Heat: Old Technology with a Bright New Future"
4602:"Igneo targets low-grade scrap electronics with $ 85M plant"
4207:
3835:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever"
6837:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1294:
Methane pyrolysis is an industrial process for "turquoise"
981:. The temperatures needed for caramelization lie above the
4866:
4864:
4862:
2915:(Course notes for Environmental Resources Engineering 115)
721:, may partially change or decompose already at this stage.
709:
Below about 100 °C, volatiles, including some water,
609:
The dry distillation of wood remained the major source of
4168:"Hazer Group – Investor Presentation | hazergroup.com.au"
2364:
Ramin, L.; Assadi, M. Hussein N.; Sahajwalla, V. (2014).
1750:
Several types of thermal cleaning systems use pyrolysis:
5050:"Paint Stripping: Reducing Waste and Hazardous Material"
2663:
Tripathi, Manoj; Sahu, J. N.; Ganesan, P. (2016-03-01).
1652:
environment is going to be more effective because the CO
1027:, often made from compressed sawdust or similar, in use.
5721:
4442:. Chulalongkorn University Department of Petrochemistry
3206:"Liquid Transport Biofuels – Technology Status Report"
1862:
in a process called ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP).
1843:. These pyrolyses involve not only cracking (to give H
1835:) at ca. 200 °C. Products include the clusters
1489:
was used to thermally degrade four samples (TLW, TSW,
962:
This pizza is pyrolyzed, almost completely carbonized.
4091:
hazergroup.com.au | Commercialising the Hazer Process
3091:"Two-stage incinerator, United States Patent 3881430"
1465:-rich gas that can be used for fuels cells directly.
1364:. The resulting ethylene is used to make antifreeze (
992:
Pyrolysis of food can also be undesirable, as in the
969:
Pyrolysis has many applications in food preparation.
690:
Conversely, the starting material may be heated in a
356:, which breaks down plastics and other polymers into
5056:. University of Minnesota. July 2008. Archived from
4280:
Zimmermann, Heinz; Walz, Roland (2008). "Ethylene".
3675:"Auto Makers Shift Their Hydrogen Focus to Big Rigs"
2904:"Pyrolysis: Biochar, Bio-Oil and Syngas from Wastes"
2628:"Chapter 8 - Pyrolysis of Biomass for Aviation Fuel"
1416:, another semiconductor, forms upon co-pyrolysis of
810:
still remaining in the residue may be oxidized into
96:
Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the treatment of
6957:
6936:
6864:
6817:
6753:
6680:
6489:
6327:
6145:
6001:
5980:
5954:
5926:
5905:
5879:
5843:
5787:
5759:
5714:
In Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology Pathway
1719:from parts, products or production components like
1559:environment. This observation is likely due to the
240:
4101:ASX Market announcements, ASX (10 December 2021).
1906:. Similar considerations apply to the smoking of
1898:) that are responsible for the aroma and negative
305:production by destructive distillation of wood in
100:materials. It is one of the processes involved in
6632:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2966:"Cooking with Chemistry: What is Caramelization?"
2133:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1000:of carbon to produce flames and burn the food to
4938:Schwing, Ewald; Uhrner, Horst (7 October 1999).
4910:Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center
4840:. The Magazine of Critical Cleaning Technology.
4838:Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center
4351:Kaminsky, Walter (2000). "Plastics, Recycling".
88:(λύσις : lúsis - "separation, loosening").
4051:. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies
2015:or peak analysis-least square method (PA-LSM).
1344:One of the world's largest chemical companies,
996:of burnt food (at temperatures too low for the
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4353:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4311:
4309:
4282:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3396:A Watery Solution and Sustainable Energy Parks
3296:
3294:
3292:
3174:Ratner, Buddy D. (2004). Pyrolytic carbon. In
3118:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2761:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2039:Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
1632:environment. The concentration of CO in the CO
848:may be oxidized and volatilized at this stage.
598:Pyrolysis has been used for turning wood into
6123:
5737:
3862:"Hydrogen from methane without CO2 emissions"
1388:process, which entails pyrolysis of volatiles
732:may come off at somewhat higher temperatures.
702:of the byproducts, improving their recovery.
8:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4551:
4549:
4532:Ringer, M.; Putsche, V.; Scahill, J. (2006)
3759:Power From Hydrogen Gas For Carbon Reduction
3256:
3254:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2511:
2509:
37:"KALLA" redirects here. For other uses, see
5473:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4454:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
4318:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
3394:Marshall, A. T. & Morris, J. M. (2006)
2897:
2895:
2525:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
1228:and bred versions of other grasses such as
1181:used carbon filaments made by pyrolysis of
6440:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
6130:
6116:
6108:
5744:
5730:
5722:
2934:
2932:
1799:, are gas-fired and used in the painting,
1468:In early November 2021, the U.S. State of
766:fabrics, decomposes at about 350 °C.
6825:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
5779:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
5687:
3535:
3525:
3468:
3379:
3066:
3015:
2857:
2727:
2581:
2489:
2471:
2381:
1117:for a wide range of chemical substances.
251:, sometimes using molten metal catalysts.
6158:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
4901:Davis, Gary; Brown, Keith (April 1996).
4723:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3345:"Pyrolysis and Other Thermal Processing"
3263:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
3037:
3035:
2669:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2658:
2656:
1664:Harmful chemicals were reduced in the CO
1406:
1402:
1379:
831:
827:
818:
783:
627:
623:
413:
6804:Listing and approval use and compliance
5988:International Flame Research Foundation
5186:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
4872:"A Look at Thermal Cleaning Technology"
3780:Crolius, Stephen H. (27 January 2017).
3419:Westerhof, Roel Johannes Maria (2011).
2712:"Analysis of a pharaonic embalming tar"
2621:
2619:
2617:
2306:
2304:
2116:
2020:Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
139:. It is used also in the conversion of
5508:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
5054:Minnesota Technical Assistance Program
3451:Upham, D. Chester (17 November 2017).
3230:"Biomass Feedstock for Slow Pyrolysis"
3120:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–44.
1703:, an industrial application to remove
754:start decomposing at 160–180 °C.
243:, the direct conversion of methane to
226:Specific types of pyrolysis include:
6849:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
5030:from the original on 15 February 2016
3427:Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass
3219:", 14-04-08. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.
2910:. Humboldt University. Archived from
1555:environment compared to that in the N
713:. Heat-sensitive substances, such as
7:
7000:
6843:National Fire Protection Association
6081:
5717:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
4992:Dwan, Thomas S. (2 September 1980).
4882:from the original on 8 December 2015
4847:from the original on 8 December 2015
4208:"C-Zero | Decarbonizing Natural Gas"
2634:, Academic Press, pp. 191–215,
679:, in the traditional manufacture of
4878:. Process Examiner. 14 March 2014.
4829:Mainord, Kenneth (September 1994).
4762:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
3860:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
3506:Energy Conversion and Management: X
2964:Brimm, Courtney (7 November 2011).
1858:, zirconia and oxides utilizing an
267:, as in the original production of
199:liquids, (light and heavy oils and
119:The process is used heavily in the
6345:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
5198:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06332.x
4903:"Cleaning Metal Parts and Tooling"
3782:"Methane to Ammonia via Pyrolysis"
3648:"Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Class 8 Truck"
3422:Refining fast pyrolysis of biomass
2129:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1260:is usually produced by pyrolysis.
1008:Coke, carbon, charcoals, and chars
619:ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate
27:Thermal decomposition of materials
25:
6720:Fire alarm notification appliance
4919:from the original on 4 March 2016
4803:from the original on 30 June 2016
3567:Lumbers, Brock (20 August 2020).
3053:(4840): 818–20. 10 October 1953.
1394:metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy
1386:metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy
566:Vapor residence time: 10-100 min
435:Vapor residence time: 10-100 min
6999:
6988:
6987:
6318:
6091:
6080:
6070:
6069:
5286:Science of the Total Environment
5207:from the original on 2014-04-08.
5166:from the original on 2014-04-08.
3755:"Hydrogen fueled power turbines"
3728:"Hydrogen fueled power turbines"
3673:Colias, Mike (26 October 2020).
3429:(Thesis). University of Twente.
1946:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
955:
940:
651:General processes and mechanisms
6481:Vehicle fire suppression system
6169:Combustibility and flammability
5769:Control of fire by early humans
5306:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142013
5230:Georgia Institute of Technology
4024:. American Institute of Physics
3433:from the original on 2013-06-17
3240:from the original on 2012-01-02
3187:. Academic Press. pp. 171–180.
1628:environment than that in the CO
1268:mechanical biological treatment
547:Vapor residence time: >15 s
463:Vapor residence time: 0.5-20 s
203:), and non-condensable gasses.
7053:Biodegradable waste management
5641:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126099
5129:Aerosol Science and Technology
4797:"Effective Spinneret Cleaning"
4668:Journal of Hazardous Materials
4103:"Delay to Reactor Fabrication"
3275:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.040
3217:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1282:Methane pyrolysis for hydrogen
1127:soils associated with ancient
950:onions are slightly pyrolyzed.
519:Vapor residence time: <5 s
491:Vapor residence time: 0.5-5 s
485:Fast low temperature pyrolysis
429:Slow low temperature pyrolysis
423:Pyrolysis product yield (wt%)
1:
6831:Institution of Fire Engineers
6788:Fire Safety Evaluation System
6460:Personal protective equipment
5563:10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80090-5
5259:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.049
5247:Industrial Crops and Products
4680:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123416
4466:10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00017-0
4290:10.1002/14356007.a10_045.pub3
3991:Stiffler, Lisa (2022-04-26).
3126:10.1002/14356007.a07_245.pub2
1356:Pyrolysis is used to produce
758:, a major component of wood,
299:, the production of charcoal.
6902:GHS precautionary statements
6740:Manual fire alarm activation
5676:Digital Chemical Engineering
5450:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.013
5364:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.014
5217:Hamedani, Hoda Amani (2008)
4579:10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.006
4520:10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.007
4410:. 2016-12-07. Archived from
3732:Hydrogen fueled gas turbines
3627:. Commercial Carrier Journal
3234:BEST Pyrolysis, Inc. website
2819:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.027
2473:10.1371/journal.pone.0136511
2317:United States Sustainability
2011:can be calculated using the
1921:Pyrolysis occurs during the
1616:temperatures for both the CO
735:Some solid substances, like
522:Heating rate: >1000 °C/s
388:, the natural conversion of
206:Pyrolysis is different from
6773:Fire protection engineering
6705:Explosive gas leak detector
6522:Electromagnetic door holder
6355:External water spray system
4795:Heffungs, Udo (June 2010).
3619:CCJ News (13 August 2020).
3211:September 19, 2008, at the
3151:"Biochar: the new frontier"
2859:10.3390/electronics12244893
2600:10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.012
2044:Pyrolysis mass spectrometry
1886:, paper, and additives, in
1699:Pyrolysis is also used for
1487:Thermo-gravimetric analysis
1204:Liquid and gaseous biofuels
525:Feedstock size: <0.2 mm
370:involving the formation of
281:, as in the manufacture of
7079:
7058:Waste treatment technology
6949:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
6340:Automatic fire suppression
6280:K-factor (fire protection)
5689:10.1016/j.dche.2023.100103
5493:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.024
5430:Fuel Processing Technology
5020:"Vacuum pyrolysis systems"
4735:10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.034
4508:Fuel Processing Technology
4493:10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.038
4338:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.08.017
4049:European Energy Innovation
3786:Ammonia Energy Association
3527:10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100043
2902:Kaplan, Ryan (Fall 2011).
2689:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122
2545:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.09.007
2400:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.09.022
2005:Thermogravimetric analysis
2000:Thermogravimetric analysis
1982:polyethylene terephthalate
1866:Other uses and occurrences
1733:volatile organic compounds
1692:
1445:In tire waste management,
1431:
1207:
560:High temperature pyrolysis
550:Heating rate: 10-300 °C/s
494:Heating rate: 10-200 °C/s
466:Heating rate: 1.0-10 °C/s
123:, for example, to produce
112:as the residue, is called
36:
29:
6983:
6855:Underwriters Laboratories
6690:Aspirating smoke detector
6350:Detonation flame arrester
6316:
6064:
5520:10.1007/s11814-016-0102-x
5149:10.1080/02786820500380255
5084:Chemistry of the Elements
5082:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3701:"Honda Fuel-Cell Clarity"
3095:www.freepatentsonline.com
3008:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.08.003
2996:Clinics in Chest Medicine
2990:Sood, A (December 2012).
2940:"What is Caramelization?"
2423:"Mechanisms of pyrolysis"
2269:10.1007/978-981-10-3827-3
2235:10.1016/j.tca.2013.04.040
1929:if not completely burned.
1640:being liberated from CaCO
1189:splinters, respectively.
879:, from materials such as
669:amorphous covalent solids
665:decomposition temperature
569:Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s
564:Temperature: 800-1150 °C
517:Temperature: 800-1000 °C
497:Feedstock size: <3 mm
438:Heating rate: 0.1-1 °C/s
346:into lighter ones, as in
247:fuel and separable solid
6799:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
6715:Fire alarm control panel
6695:Carbon monoxide detector
6672:Standpipe (firefighting)
6435:Gaseous fire suppression
6200:Enthalpy of vaporization
5993:The Combustion Institute
5000:. European Patent Office
4973:. European Patent Office
4946:. European Patent Office
4600:Leif, Dan (2021-11-03).
4361:10.1002/14356007.a21_057
4257:"Interview Andreas Bode"
3347:. US DOE. Archived from
2944:www.scienceofcooking.com
1434:Thermal depolymerization
906:autoignition temperature
840:and other elements like
747:, may melt and separate.
545:Temperature: 350-600 °C
461:Temperature: 600-800 °C
441:Feedstock size: 5-50 mm
433:Temperature: 250-450 °C
372:polymer derived ceramics
354:Thermal depolymerization
279:Destructive distillation
30:Not to be confused with
6642:Pressurisation ductwork
6607:Firewall (construction)
6455:Passive fire protection
6405:Fire suppression system
4355:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4284:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3964:The Wall Street Journal
3679:The Wall Street Journal
3470:10.1126/science.aao5023
3047:British Medical Journal
2763:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2141:10.1351/goldbook.P04961
1894:, carbon monoxide, and
1816:Fine chemical synthesis
1220:lignocellulosic biomass
1198:artificial heart valves
489:Temperature: 250-450°C
469:Feedstock size: 1-5 mm
6818:Industry organizations
6783:Fire-resistance rating
6662:Smoke exhaust ductwork
6637:Penetration (firestop)
6627:Packing (firestopping)
6335:Active fire protection
6295:Spontaneous combustion
5835:Spontaneous combustion
5621:Bioresource Technology
5551:Curr. Opin. Biotechnol
4606:resource-recycling.com
4408:Alternativesjournal.ca
3814:. CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V
3236:. BEST Energies, Inc.
3059:10.1136/bmj.2.4840.818
2570:Additive Manufacturing
2319:. BASF. Archived from
2175:InnoFireWood's website
2135:. 2009. p. 1824.
1604:
1389:
1291:
1151:
1113:, which is used as an
1063:
1055:
1028:
660:
595:
457:Intermediate pyrolysis
400:Flash vacuum pyrolysis
49:
39:Kalla (disambiguation)
6970:Template:Firefighting
6944:Arthur B. Guise Medal
6897:GHS hazard statements
6400:Fire sprinkler system
6380:Fire-retardant fabric
5088:Butterworth-Heinemann
5080:Greenwood, Norman N.
4876:ThermalProcessing.org
4383:N.J. Themelis et al.
3600:. Scientific American
2632:Biofuels for Aviation
2095:Thermal decomposition
1923:incineration of trash
1769:Fluidized Bed Systems
1602:
1383:
1289:
1231:Miscantheus giganteus
1145:
1061:
1052:
1023:
891:, usually remains as
861:particulate emissions
658:
593:
420:Operating conditions
390:buried organic matter
257:, in the presence of
57:thermal decomposition
47:
7048:Oil shale technology
7043:Industrial processes
6754:Professions, trades,
6667:Smokeproof enclosure
6527:Electromagnetic lock
6235:Flammability diagram
6146:Fundamental concepts
5586:Analytical Chemistry
5024:thermal-cleaning.com
2970:Common Sense Science
2370:J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol
2018:TGA can couple with
1384:Illustration of the
1316:carbon sequestration
1075:. This is useful in
998:oxidative combustion
6710:Fire alarm call box
6617:Heat and smoke vent
5633:2022BiTec.34326099W
5485:2014JAAP..108...19Z
5442:2016FuPrT.144..299Z
5356:2015WaMan..36..136Z
5298:2021ScTEn.75342013B
5141:2005AerST..39.1010P
4912:. Process Heating.
4768:(51): 26871–26880.
4571:2020REne..148..168Z
4330:2015JAAP..111..265Z
3841:. New Scientist Ltd
3518:2020ECMX....700043T
3315:2015RSCAd...526509Z
3309:(34): 26509–26516.
3149:Lehmann, Johannes.
2811:2015WaMan..38..194Z
2681:2016RSERv..55..467T
2592:2019arXiv190502060W
2537:2014JAAP..110..264Z
2464:2015PLoSO..1036511M
2392:2014JAAP..110..318R
2227:2013TcAc..566...36Z
2080:Hydrogen production
2009:Activation energies
1910:and the burning of
1797:Heat-Cleaning Ovens
1785:use pyrolysis in a
1707:substances such as
1296:hydrogen production
1272:anaerobic digestion
1234:. Other sources of
1131:communities of the
1025:Charcoal briquettes
927:Occurrence and uses
800:exothermic reaction
376:preceramic polymers
71:is coined from the
7038:Chemical processes
6682:Fire alarm systems
6497:Annulus (firestop)
6425:Flashback arrestor
6390:Fire-safe polymers
6385:Fire retardant gel
6240:Flammability limit
5388:Energy & Fuels
5224:2016-03-05 at the
5060:on 8 December 2015
4539:2016-12-30 at the
4438:2015-02-20 at the
4390:2014-05-08 at the
4043:Gusev, Alexander.
4016:Fernandez, Sonia.
3734:. General Electric
3409:Journal, pp. 22–23
3401:2007-09-28 at the
3323:10.1039/C5RA02715B
3182:2014-06-26 at the
2908:users.humboldt.edu
2348:2014-11-06 at the
2323:on 19 October 2020
2215:Thermochimica Acta
1978:polyvinyl chloride
1605:
1390:
1302:by removing solid
1292:
1175:Joseph Wilson Swan
1152:
1096:vascular structure
1064:
1056:
1029:
795:" or "carbonized".
661:
596:
324:processes such as
55:is the process of
50:
7033:Organic reactions
7015:
7014:
6923:Safety data sheet
6918:List of S-phrases
6913:List of R-phrases
6809:Sprinkler fitting
6700:Circuit integrity
6572:Fire extinguisher
6410:Firefighting foam
6305:Thermal radiation
6105:
6104:
6014:List of wildfires
5598:10.1021/ac0606249
5592:(12): 3957–3964.
5400:10.1021/ef5013769
5394:(10): 6371–6379.
5192:(10): 1864–1871.
5135:(10): 1010–1014.
5097:978-0-08-037941-8
4799:. Fiber Journal.
4774:10.1021/jp4076965
4370:978-3-527-30673-2
4299:978-3-527-30673-2
3916:monolith-corp.com
3833:Cartwright, Jon.
3705:Clarity Fuel Cell
3381:10.3390/en8076765
3269:(16): 8020–8027.
3135:978-3-527-30673-2
3043:"SMOKELESS zones"
2778:978-3-527-30673-2
2641:978-0-12-804568-8
2278:978-981-10-3826-6
2171:"Burning of wood"
2150:978-0-9678550-9-7
2090:Pyrolytic coating
2024:mass spectrometry
1860:ultrasonic nozzle
1854:The synthesis of
1755:Molten Salt Baths
1747:elements remain.
1276:hydrous pyrolysis
1167:polyacrylonitrile
1021:
979:French onion soup
900:Safety challenges
583:
582:
404:organic synthesis
320:High-temperature
259:superheated water
255:Hydrous pyrolysis
241:Methane pyrolysis
121:chemical industry
16:(Redirected from
7070:
7003:
7002:
6991:
6990:
6907:Life Safety Code
6512:Compartmentation
6322:
6245:Flammable liquid
6132:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6095:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6072:
5918:Death by burning
5880:Individual fires
5746:
5739:
5732:
5723:
5702:
5701:
5691:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5514:(9): 2638–2643.
5503:
5497:
5496:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5427:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5344:Waste Management
5341:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5238:
5232:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5101:
5086:(2nd ed.).
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4907:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4868:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4835:
4826:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4659:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4559:Renewable Energy
4553:
4544:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4460:(1–2): 201–221.
4449:
4443:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4400:
4394:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3940:www.spglobal.com
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3761:. Solar Turbines
3753:Solar Turbines.
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3416:
3410:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3374:(7): 6765–6794.
3359:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3226:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3153:. Archived from
3146:
3140:
3139:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2899:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2799:Waste Management
2794:
2783:
2782:
2769:10.1002/14356007
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2585:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2475:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2385:
2361:
2355:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2256:
2239:
2238:
2209:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2177:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2121:
2050:Machine learning
2013:Kissinger method
1873:carbon-14 dating
1795:, also known as
1763:hydrogen cyanide
1701:thermal cleaning
1695:Thermal cleaning
1689:Thermal cleaning
1474:Port of Savannah
1428:Waste management
1418:trimethylgallium
1414:Gallium arsenide
1409:
1194:pyrolytic carbon
1111:activated carbon
1022:
959:
944:
835:
822:
786:
776:
696:inert atmosphere
631:in concentrated
630:
414:
380:inert atmosphere
332:, toasting, and
297:Charcoal burning
291:activated carbon
265:Dry distillation
127:, many forms of
21:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7063:Fire protection
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
6979:
6953:
6932:
6860:
6813:
6755:
6749:
6676:
6602:Firestop pillow
6537:Emergency light
6490:Building design
6485:
6476:Tank blanketing
6445:Inerting system
6420:Flame retardant
6370:Fire protection
6365:Fire prevention
6323:
6314:
6179:Dangerous goods
6141:
6139:Fire protection
6136:
6106:
6101:
6060:
5997:
5976:
5950:
5922:
5901:
5875:
5839:
5825:Fire protection
5783:
5755:
5750:
5710:
5705:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5226:Wayback Machine
5216:
5212:
5204:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5098:
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5018:
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4794:
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4789:
4755:
4754:
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4711:
4661:
4660:
4619:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4541:Wayback Machine
4531:
4527:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4440:Wayback Machine
4430:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4392:Wayback Machine
4382:
4378:
4371:
4350:
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4315:
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4279:
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4186:
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4172:
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4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4073:. December 2020
4069:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4010:
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3999:
3990:
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3859:
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3817:
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3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3698:
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3657:
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3645:
3644:
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3618:
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3603:
3601:
3591:
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3576:
3574:
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3565:
3561:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3260:
3259:
3252:
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3241:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:Wayback Machine
3203:
3199:
3184:Wayback Machine
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3041:
3040:
3033:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2917:on 3 April 2014
2914:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2729:10.1038/425784a
2709:
2708:
2704:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2458:(8): e0136511.
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2350:Wayback Machine
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2279:
2261:Springer Theses
2258:
2257:
2242:
2211:
2210:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2085:Karrick process
2060:
2052:
2041:
2032:
2002:
1997:
1943:
1941:PAHs generation
1868:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1805:electric motors
1777:aluminium oxide
1721:extruder screws
1697:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1482:
1464:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:The process of
1378:
1366:ethylene glycol
1354:
1312:steam reforming
1284:
1252:flash pyrolysis
1212:
1206:
1012:
1010:
975:polysaccharides
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
960:
952:
951:
945:
934:
929:
914:carbon monoxide
902:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
812:nitrogen oxides
785:
781:
774:
772:carbon monoxide
653:
629:
625:
621:
588:
541:Hydro pyrolysis
513:Flash pyrolysis
410:
224:
216:Steam reforming
190:
173:
94:
65:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7076:
7074:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7020:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
6997:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6768:Fire insurance
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6745:Smoke detector
6742:
6737:
6732:
6730:Flame detector
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6592:Fire sprinkler
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6532:Emergency exit
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6502:Area of refuge
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6471:Spark arrestor
6468:
6463:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:Flame arrester
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6375:Fire retardant
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6310:Water pressure
6307:
6302:
6300:Structure fire
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6195:Dust explosion
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6088:
6077:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6051:Slash-and-burn
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Dust explosion
5802:
5797:
5795:Chain reaction
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5774:Historic fires
5771:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5708:External links
5706:
5704:
5703:
5662:
5611:
5576:
5541:
5498:
5463:
5413:
5377:
5327:
5272:
5233:
5210:
5169:
5112:
5096:
5071:
5041:
5011:
4984:
4957:
4930:
4893:
4858:
4814:
4787:
4748:
4709:
4617:
4592:
4545:
4525:
4498:
4481:Energy Reviews
4471:
4444:
4424:
4395:
4376:
4369:
4343:
4305:
4298:
4272:
4248:
4223:
4199:
4179:
4159:
4139:
4119:
4093:
4084:
4062:
4035:
4008:
3983:
3966:. 2022-07-27.
3951:
3927:
3903:
3878:
3852:
3825:
3806:Pérez, Jorge.
3798:
3772:
3745:
3718:
3691:
3665:
3638:
3611:
3592:Fialka, John.
3584:
3559:
3492:
3443:
3411:
3387:
3354:
3351:on 2007-08-14.
3336:
3288:
3250:
3221:
3197:
3167:
3141:
3134:
3107:
3082:
3031:
2982:
2956:
2928:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2832:
2784:
2777:
2751:
2702:
2652:
2640:
2613:
2559:
2550:
2505:
2438:
2413:
2356:
2334:
2300:
2277:
2240:
2191:
2162:
2149:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1916:mosquito coils
1900:health effects
1880:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1847:), but also re
1844:
1832:
1828:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1793:Burn-Off Ovens
1790:
1780:
1766:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1583:reacting with
1580:
1579:causes pure CO
1575:
1569:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1481:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1447:tire pyrolysis
1429:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1377:
1376:Semiconductors
1374:
1370:vinyl chloride
1362:steam cracking
1353:
1350:
1283:
1280:
1236:organic matter
1205:
1202:
1171:electric lamps
1009:
1006:
971:Caramelization
961:
954:
953:
946:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
901:
898:
897:
896:
849:
796:
779:carbon dioxide
748:
733:
722:
687:of crude oil.
685:steam cracking
652:
649:
643:, and various
641:mercuric oxide
587:
584:
581:
580:
571:
562:
556:
555:
552:
543:
537:
536:
527:
515:
509:
508:
499:
487:
481:
480:
471:
459:
453:
452:
443:
431:
425:
424:
421:
418:
408:
407:
397:
383:
365:
351:
337:
318:
315:Caramelization
312:
311:
310:
300:
276:
262:
252:
238:
223:
220:
188:
172:
169:
151:gas and solid
93:
90:
64:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7075:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7008:
7007:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6976:
6975:Template:HVAC
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:Template:Fire
6963:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:Duct cleaning
6761:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Heat detector
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6652:Smoke control
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6270:Heat transfer
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:Friction loss
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Fire triangle
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Conflagration
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:Organizations
5979:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5108:0-08-037941-9
5105:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4958:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4414:on 2015-09-09
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3853:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3812:www.cemex.com
3809:
3802:
3799:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3726:GE Turbines.
3722:
3719:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3193:0-12-582463-7
3190:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3157:on 2008-06-18
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:(4): 649–65.
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:(6960): 784.
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2181:on 2010-02-09
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:hemicellulose
1947:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:air pollution
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:products and
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:Pyrolysis of
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:nanoparticles
1852:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:static mixers
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1662:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1578:
1567:
1562:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:plastic waste
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:→ Si + 2 H
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Thomas Edison
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Carbon fibers
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:The original
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
983:boiling point
980:
976:
972:
958:
949:
943:
931:
926:
924:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
899:
894:
890:
889:nucleic acids
886:
885:phospholipids
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
834:
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
780:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
706:
703:
701:
700:boiling point
697:
693:
688:
686:
683:, and in the
682:
678:
672:
670:
666:
657:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
592:
585:
579:
576:
572:
570:
567:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:Not assigned
553:
551:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
532:
528:
526:
523:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
500:
498:
495:
492:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
476:
472:
470:
467:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
444:
442:
439:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
415:
412:
405:
401:
398:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
313:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:sulfuric acid
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
231:Carbonization
229:
228:
227:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
114:carbonization
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
89:
87:
86:
81:
78:
74:
70:
62:
60:
58:
54:
46:
40:
33:
19:
7005:
6993:
6892:Flame spread
6778:Fireproofing
6756:and services
6657:Smoke damper
6647:Safety glass
6582:Fire hydrant
6547:Fire curtain
6507:Booster pump
6466:Relief valve
6430:Fusible link
6289:
6220:Fire loading
6215:Fire control
6185:Deflagration
6026:Firefighting
5967:Fire worship
5829:
5810:Fire ecology
5679:
5675:
5665:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5557:(1): 20–28.
5554:
5550:
5544:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5433:
5429:
5416:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5347:
5343:
5330:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5229:
5213:
5189:
5185:
5172:
5132:
5128:
5115:
5083:
5074:
5062:. Retrieved
5058:the original
5053:
5044:
5032:. Retrieved
5023:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4997:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4970:
4960:
4948:. Retrieved
4943:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4909:
4896:
4884:. Retrieved
4875:
4849:. Retrieved
4837:
4805:. Retrieved
4790:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4671:
4667:
4609:. Retrieved
4605:
4595:
4562:
4558:
4528:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4427:
4416:. Retrieved
4412:the original
4407:
4398:
4379:
4352:
4346:
4321:
4317:
4281:
4275:
4264:. Retrieved
4261:www.basf.com
4260:
4251:
4240:. Retrieved
4238:. 2022-06-16
4235:
4226:
4215:. Retrieved
4211:
4202:
4191:. Retrieved
4182:
4171:. Retrieved
4162:
4151:. Retrieved
4142:
4131:. Retrieved
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:
4096:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4048:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:
3986:
3975:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3893:. 2019-05-28
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:NewScientist
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3811:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3785:
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3758:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3731:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3704:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3651:
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2070:Gasification
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1970:polyethylene
1944:
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1849:condensation
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1737:hydrocarbons
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368:Ceramization
348:oil refining
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6567:Fire escape
6557:Fire damper
6450:Intumescent
6395:Fire safety
6360:Fire bucket
6255:Flash point
6056:Fire making
5972:Terra preta
5946:Firefighter
5820:Flash point
5815:Fire piston
5436:: 299–304.
5350:: 136–146.
5253:: 604–610.
5034:11 February
5004:26 December
4729:: 615–632.
4565:: 168–175.
4487:: 179–213.
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4077:17 December
3100:11 February
2846:Electronics
2805:: 194–200.
2675:: 467–481.
2531:: 264–269.
2376:: 318–321.
2125:"Pyrolysis"
2022:(FTIR) and
1995:Study tools
1986:Naphthalene
1980:(PVC), and
1974:polystyrene
1837:pentaborane
1759:molten salt
1308:natural gas
1248:diesel fuel
1225:switchgrass
1125:terra preta
1081:steelmaking
948:Caramelized
910:open source
575:Biochar~22
531:Biochar~12
503:Biochar~20
475:Biochar~25
473:Bio-oil~50
447:Biochar~35
386:Catagenesis
342:of heavier
197:condensable
171:Terminology
143:(primarily
141:natural gas
32:Pyrrolysine
7022:Categories
6909:(NFPA 101)
6872:CE marking
6725:Fire drill
6328:Technology
6225:Fire point
6210:Fire class
6190:Detonation
6097:Wiktionary
6036:Fire whirl
5934:Pyromanias
5892:By country
5844:Components
5800:Combustion
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5292:: 142013.
5064:4 December
4923:4 December
4886:4 December
4851:4 December
4674:: 123416.
4611:2021-11-28
4418:2016-12-16
4266:2023-05-23
4242:2023-05-23
4217:2023-05-23
4193:2023-05-23
4173:2023-05-23
4153:2023-05-23
4133:2023-05-23
4107:asx.com.au
4055:30 October
4028:19 October
4002:2022-08-24
3977:2022-08-24
3945:2022-01-05
3921:2022-01-05
3912:"Monolith"
3897:2022-01-05
3871:30 October
3845:30 October
3791:19 October
3765:19 October
3738:19 October
3711:19 October
3684:26 October
3658:19 October
3631:19 October
3604:7 November
3537:11420/6245
3512:: 100043.
3437:2012-05-30
3244:2010-07-30
3204:Evans, G.
3161:2008-07-10
2647:2023-12-12
2583:1905.02060
2383:2204.08253
2327:19 October
2185:2010-02-06
2156:2018-01-10
2112:References
1888:cigarettes
1841:decaborane
1741:carbonized
1725:spinnerets
1693:See also:
1432:See also:
1246:Synthetic
1208:See also:
1185:yarns and
1129:indigenous
1077:metallurgy
987:Frying oil
985:of water.
919:Inert gas
893:phosphates
877:Phosphorus
871:, such as
869:carbonates
615:phosphorus
417:Pyrolysis
402:, used in
317:of sugars.
181:hydrolysis
177:combustion
7028:Pyrolysis
6865:Standards
6794:Fire test
6622:Occupancy
6587:Fire pump
6577:Fire hose
6562:Fire door
6542:Exit sign
6517:Crash bar
6290:Pyrolysis
6285:Pool fire
6250:Flashover
6205:Explosive
6153:Backdraft
6041:Blue lava
6031:Firestorm
6021:Backdraft
6009:Wildfires
5962:Cremation
5830:Pyrolysis
5698:258755762
5657:238532544
5528:0256-1115
5479:: 19–25.
5408:0887-0624
5314:0048-9697
5267:0926-6690
4998:Espacenet
4971:Espacenet
4944:Espacenet
4782:1932-7447
4743:1364-0321
4704:221073670
4688:0304-3894
4587:213747026
4514:: 57–64.
3972:0099-9660
3891:Zeton Inc
3554:218919070
3546:2590-1745
3487:206663568
3331:2046-2069
3283:104385409
2868:2079-9292
2738:1476-4687
2697:1364-0321
2608:104470679
2576:: 80–90.
2482:1932-6203
2295:135947379
2287:2190-5053
2221:: 36–43.
2030:Macro-TGA
1954:cellulose
1908:marijuana
1745:Inorganic
1561:Boudouard
1320:fuel-cell
1115:adsorbent
1100:nutshells
1054:oxidizes.
756:Cellulose
715:vitamin C
711:evaporate
694:or in an
606:process.
604:embalming
578:Gases~45
534:Gases~13
506:Gases~30
478:Gases~35
450:Gases~35
378:under an
362:oligomers
307:tar kilns
75:-derived
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67:The word
63:Etymology
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6994:Category
6958:See also
6887:EN 16034
6597:Firestop
6552:Fire cut
6275:Jet fire
6265:Gas leak
6181:(HAZMAT)
6164:Boilover
6075:Category
5649:34626766
5606:16771534
5536:59127489
5458:55051115
5372:25312776
5322:32890867
5222:Archived
5202:Archived
5161:Archived
5028:Archived
4977:19 April
4950:19 April
4914:Archived
4880:Archived
4842:Archived
4807:19 April
4801:Archived
4696:32763706
4537:Archived
4436:Archived
4388:Archived
4022:Phys-Org
3997:GeekWire
3866:Phys.Org
3654:. Toyota
3646:Toyota.
3625:CCJ News
3577:16 March
3479:29146810
3431:Archived
3399:Archived
3368:Energies
3238:Archived
3209:Archived
3180:Archived
3077:13082128
3026:23153607
2827:25680236
2746:14574400
2500:26308860
2452:PLOS ONE
2408:96961784
2346:Archived
2105:Wood gas
2075:Hydrogen
2058:See also
1892:nicotine
1825:diborane
1809:plastics
1801:coatings
1717:coatings
1713:plastics
1709:polymers
1495:guar gum
1491:glycerol
1358:ethylene
1352:Ethylene
1325:hydrogen
1089:pyridine
1036:Charcoal
994:charring
842:chlorine
808:nitrogen
730:hydrates
719:proteins
681:charcoal
677:firewood
645:nitrates
611:methanol
600:charcoal
358:monomers
340:Cracking
334:grilling
326:roasting
283:charcoal
273:sulfates
245:hydrogen
149:hydrogen
147:) into
125:ethylene
102:charring
77:elements
7006:Commons
6839:(NCEES)
6160:(BLEVE)
6086:Commons
5955:Culture
5897:By year
5887:By type
5788:Science
5761:History
5629:Bibcode
5571:8791308
5481:Bibcode
5438:Bibcode
5352:Bibcode
5294:Bibcode
5157:6908181
5137:Bibcode
4567:Bibcode
4326:Bibcode
3818:4 April
3707:. Honda
3699:Honda.
3514:Bibcode
3457:Science
3311:Bibcode
3068:2029724
3017:3500516
2807:Bibcode
2677:Bibcode
2588:Bibcode
2533:Bibcode
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2460:Bibcode
2388:Bibcode
2223:Bibcode
2065:Dextrin
1912:incense
1904:smoking
1884:tobacco
1705:organic
1566:ICP-OES
1518:biochar
1470:Georgia
1300:methane
1218:, i.e.
1216:biomass
1210:Biofuel
1159:polymer
1137:biochar
1121:Biochar
1085:benzene
932:Cooking
921:purging
857:fly ash
846:arsenic
793:charred
777:and/or
586:History
322:cooking
165:biochar
157:biomass
145:methane
98:organic
6937:Awards
6851:(SFPE)
6845:(NFPA)
6827:(FEMA)
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1972:(PE),
1966:starch
1962:pectin
1958:lignin
1934:coking
1787:vacuum
1493:, and
1422:arsine
1330:biogas
1304:carbon
1258:Syngas
1187:bamboo
1183:cotton
1165:, but
1107:stones
887:, and
873:potash
865:oxides
838:Sulfur
768:Lignin
764:cotton
762:, and
752:sugars
745:sugars
743:, and
726:energy
692:vacuum
637:oxygen
330:frying
249:carbon
235:carbon
185:oxygen
161:syngas
153:carbon
129:carbon
110:carbon
6928:UL 94
6882:EN 54
6833:(IFE)
6462:(PPE)
6002:Other
5939:Child
5913:Arson
5906:Crime
5871:Smoke
5866:Flame
5694:S2CID
5653:S2CID
5532:S2CID
5454:S2CID
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5340:(PDF)
5205:(PDF)
5182:(PDF)
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4700:S2CID
4583:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3483:S2CID
3279:S2CID
2604:S2CID
2578:arXiv
2521:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2404:S2CID
2378:arXiv
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1743:gas.
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1592:and N
1547:and N
1539:and N
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1501:and N
1314:with
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1163:rayon
1104:peach
1071:into
814:like
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760:paper
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639:from
633:urine
626:NaHPO
617:from
374:from
271:from
222:Types
212:inert
159:into
135:from
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6857:(UL)
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5851:Fuel
5753:Fire
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5602:PMID
5567:PMID
5524:ISSN
5404:ISSN
5368:PMID
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5310:ISSN
5263:ISSN
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3847:2020
3820:2021
3793:2020
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3579:2022
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2977:2019
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2734:ISSN
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1073:coke
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1040:coke
881:bone
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737:fats
717:and
360:and
289:and
287:coke
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