275:
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1895:. The mechanical devices which allow hatches to be opened and closed are called hatch cover. In general, hatch covers are between 45% and 60% of the ship's breadth, or beam, and 57% to 67% of the length of the holds. To efficiently load and unload cargo, hatches must be large, but large hatches present structural problems. Hull stress is concentrated around the edges of the hatches, and these areas must be reinforced. Often, hatch areas are reinforced by locally increasing the
1347:. This is often done by 'beaching' the ship on open sand, then cutting it apart by hand with gas torches, a dangerous operation that results in injuries and fatalities, as well as exposure to toxic materials such as asbestos, lead, and various chemicals. Half a million deadweight tons worth of bulk carriers were scrapped in 2004, accounting for 4.7% of the year's scrapping. That year, bulk carriers fetched particularly high scrap prices, between $ 340 and $ 350 per LDT.
949:
328:
1881:
2247:
1125:
139:
1023:
310:
1519:. This led ship-owners to commission a study seeking to explain the effect of various factors on the crew's effectiveness and competence. The study showed that crew performance aboard bulk carriers was the lowest of all groups studied. Among bulk carrier crews, the best performance was found aboard younger and larger ships. Crews on better-maintained ships performed better, as did crews on ships where fewer languages were spoken.
1953:, are almost universal, and as a result, bulk carriers are inherently slow. This is offset by their efficiency. Comparing a ship's carrying capacity in terms of deadweight tonnage to its weight when empty is one way to measure its efficiency. A small Handymax ship can carry five times its weight. In larger designs, this efficiency is even more pronounced: Capesize vessels can carry more than eight times their weight.
1292:
1097:
981:
38:
2169:
2122:
567:. However, on the Great Lakes, bulk carriers hauled vast amounts of iron ore from Minnesota and Michigan's northern mines to the steel mills. In 1929, 73 million tons of iron ore was transported on the Lakes, and an almost equal amount of coal, limestone, and other products were also moved. Two defining characteristics of bulk carriers were already emerging: the
1930:
1003:
1562:
35 hours for a lumber carrier of similar size. This time in port increases to 74 hours for
Handymax and 120 hours for Panamax vessels. Compared with the 12-hour turnarounds common for container ships, 15-hour turnarounds for car carriers, and 26-hour turnarounds for large tankers, bulk carrier crews have more opportunities to spend time ashore.
2617:
1979:. Some manufacturers have preferred high-tensile steel recently in order to reduce the tare weight. However, the use of high-tensile steel for longitudinal and transverse reinforcements can reduce the hull's rigidity and resistance to corrosion. Forged steel is used for some ship parts, such as the propeller shaft support. Transverse partitions are made of
413:, and cargo saturation. The use of old ships that have corrosion problems—as well as the bulk carriers' large hatchways—have been linked to a spate of bulk carrier sinkings in the 1990s. These large hatchways, important for efficient cargo handling, can allow the entry of large volumes of water in storms and accelerate sinking once a vessel has
1598:, reaching 2,000 tons per hour, is growing. A crane's discharge rate is limited by the bucket's capacity (from 6 to 40 tons) and by the speed at which the crane can take a load, deposit it at the terminal and return to take the next. For modern gantry cranes, the total time of the grab-deposit-return cycle is about 50 seconds.
2001:. This increases the volume of the holds, and simplifies their structure which helps in loading, unloading, and cleaning. Double sides also improve a ship's capacity for ballasting, which is useful when carrying light goods: the ship may have to increase its draft for stability or seakeeping reasons, which is done by adding ballast water.
2219:
1828:, which may also incorporate an output for an alternator. The average design ship speed for bulk carriers of Handysize and above is 13.5–15 knots (25.0–27.8 km/h; 15.5–17.3 mph). The propeller speed is relatively low, at about 90 revolutions per minute, although it depends on the size of the propeller.
575:, particularly between the European countries, the United States and Japan. Due to the economics of this trade, ocean bulk carriers became larger and more specialized. In this period, Great Lakes freighters increased in size, to maximize economies of scale, and self-unloaders became more common to cut
2008:
Since the adoption of double hull has been more of an economic than a purely architectural decision, some argue that double-sided ships receive fewer comprehensive surveys and suffer more from hidden corrosion. In spite of opposition, double hulls became a requirement for
Panamax and Capesize vessels
1605:
Once the cargo is discharged, the crew begins to clean the holds. This is particularly important if the next cargo is of a different type. The immense size of cargo holds and the tendency of cargoes to be physically irritating add to the difficulty of cleaning the holds. When the holds are clean, the
1601:
Conveyor belts offer a very efficient method of loading, with standard loading rates varying between 100 and 700 tons per hour, although the most advanced ports can offer rates of 16,000 tons per hour. Start-up and shutdown procedures with conveyor belts, though, are complicated and require
1299:
Several factors affect the cost to move a bulk cargo by ship. The bulk freight market is very volatile, with the type of cargo, size of the vessel, and the route traveled all affecting the final price. Moving a capesize load of coal from South
America to Europe cost anywhere from $ 15 to $ 25 per ton
1902:
As recently as the 1950s, hatches had wooden covers that would be broken apart and rebuilt by hand, rather than opened and closed. Newer vessels have hydraulic-operated metal hatch covers that can often be operated by one person. Hatch covers can slide forwards, backwards, or to the side, lift up or
1132:
The world's bulk transport has reached immense proportions: in 2005, 1.7 billion metric tons of coal, iron ore, grain, bauxite, and phosphate was transported by ship. Today, the world's bulk carrier fleet includes 6,225 ships of over 10,000 DWT, and represent 40% of all ships in terms
1011:
are bulk carriers without cranes or conveyors. These ships depend on shore-based equipment at their ports of call for loading and discharging. They range across all sizes, the larger bulk carriers (VLOCs) can only dock at the largest ports, some of these are designed with a single port-to-port trade
2209:
convention focused on problems such as reinforcing bulkheads and the longitudinal frame, more stringent inspections (with a particular focus on corrosion) and routine in-port inspections. The 1997 additions also required bulk carriers with restrictions (for instance, forbidden from carrying certain
2193:
Advanced methods of loading were not foreseen when the ships were designed. While the new processes are more efficient, loading is more difficult to control (it can take over an hour just to halt the operation), occasionally resulting in overloading the ship. These unexpected shocks, over time, can
2164:
Previous practices had required ships to withstand the flooding of a single forward hold but did not guard against situations where two holds would flood. The case where two after (rear) holds are flooded is no better, because the engine room is quickly flooded, leaving the ship without propulsion.
1971:
The double bottoms are also subject to design constraints. The primary concern is that they be high enough to allow the passage of pipes and cables. These areas must also be roomy enough to allow people safe access to perform surveys and maintenance. On the other hand, concerns of excess weight and
1617:
are often used to keep the cargo in check. Leveling is particularly important when the hold is only partly full, since cargo is more likely to shift. Extra precautions are taken, such as adding longitudinal divisions and securing wood atop the cargo. If a hold is full, a technique called tomming is
2234:
In
December 2002, Chapter XII of the SOLAS convention was amended to require the installation of high-level water alarms and monitoring systems on all bulk carriers. This safety measure quickly alerts watch standers on the bridge and in the engine room in case of flooding in the holds. In cases of
2065:
The 1980s and 1990s were a very unsafe time for bulk carriers. Many bulk carriers sank during this time; 99 were lost between 1990 and 1997 alone. Most of these sinkings were sudden and quick, making it impossible for the crew to escape: more than 650 sailors were lost during this same period. Due
2004:
A recent design, called Hy-Con, seeks to combine the strengths of single-hull and double-hull construction. Short for Hybrid
Configuration, this design doubles the forward-most and rear-most holds and leaves the others single-hulled. This approach increases the ship's solidity at key points, while
1561:
Because bulk cargo is so difficult to discharge, bulk carriers spend more time in port than other ships. A study of mini-bulk carriers found that it takes, on average, twice as much time to unload a ship as it does to load it. A mini-bulk carrier spends 55 hours at a time in port, compared to
1315:
a ship, paying a daily rate instead of a set price per ton. In 2005, the average daily rate for a
Handymax ship varied between $ 18,000 – $ 30,000. A Panamax ship could be chartered for $ 20,000 – $ 50,000 per day, and a Capesize for $ 40,000 – $ 70,000
991:
are designed to transport both liquid and dry bulk cargoes. If both are carried simultaneously, they are segregated in separate holds and tanks. Combined carriers require special design and are expensive. They were prevalent in the 1970s, but their numbers have dwindled since 1990. (Photo: The oil
2230:
located on the stern, behind the deckhouse. This arrangement allows the crew to abandon ship quickly in case of a catastrophic emergency. One argument against the use of free-fall lifeboats is that the evacuees require "some degree of physical mobility, even fitness" to enter and launch the boat.
2081:
Cargo shifting poses a great danger for bulk carriers. The problem is even more pronounced with grain cargoes, since grain settles during a voyage and creates extra space between the top of the cargo and the top of the hold. Cargo is then free to move from one side of the ship to the other as the
1144:
As of 2005, the average bulk carrier was just over 13 years old. About 41% of all bulk carriers were less than ten years old, 33% were over twenty years old, and the remaining 26% were between ten and twenty years of age. All of the 98 bulk carriers registered in the Great Lakes trade are over 20
2028:
These analyses are conducted when traveling empty, loading and unloading, when partially and fully loaded, and under conditions of temporary overloading. Places subject to the largest stresses are studied carefully, such as hold-bottoms, hatch-covers, bulkheads between holds, and the bottoms of
2085:
The 1960 SOLAS Convention sought to control this sort of problem. These regulations required the upper ballast tanks designed in a manner to prevent shifting. They also required cargoes to be leveled, or trimmed, using excavators in the holds. The practice of trimming reduces the amount of the
397:
On bulk carriers, crews are involved in operation, management, and maintenance of the vessel, taking care of safety, navigation, maintenance, and cargo care, in accordance with international maritime legislation. Crews can range in size from three people on the smallest ships to over 30 on the
386:(DWT). A number of specialized designs exist: some can unload their own cargo, some depend on port facilities for unloading, and some even package the cargo as it is loaded. Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek, Japanese, or Chinese owners, and more than a quarter are registered in
2185:
Most shipwrecks involved ships over 20 years in age. A glut of ships of this age occurred in the 1980s, caused by an overestimate of the growth of international trade. Rather than replace them prematurely, shipping companies were compelled on cost grounds to keep their aging vessels in
1589:
The loading method used depends on both the cargo and the equipment available on the ship and on the dock. In the least advanced ports, cargo can be loaded with shovels or bags poured from the hatch cover. This system is being replaced with faster, less labor-intensive methods.
1717:
The overall cargo weight is the limiting factor in the design of an ore carrier, since the cargo is so dense. Coal carriers, on the other hand, are limited by overall volume, since most bulk carriers can be completely filled with coal before reaching their maximum draft.
493:. The second method required the shipper to charter an entire ship and spend time and money to build plywood bins into the holds. Then, to guide the cargo through the small hatches, wooden feeders and shifting boards had to be constructed. These methods were slow and
2197:
Recent use of high-tensile steel allows building a structure with less material and weight while retaining similar strength. However, because it is thinner than regular steel, HT steel can corrode more easily, plus it can develop metal fatigue in choppy
469:" describes a bulk carrier that carries a combination of ore, bulk, and oil, and "O/O" is used for combination oil and ore carriers. The terms "VLOC", "VLBC", "ULOC", and "ULBC" for very large and ultra-large ore and bulk carriers were adapted from the
1133:
of tonnage and 39.4% in terms of vessels. Including smaller ships, bulk carriers have a total combined capacity of almost 346 million DWT. Combined carriers are a very small portion of the fleet, representing less than 3% of this capacity. The
1141:, with 98 ships of 3.2 million total DWT, despite forming a small fraction of the total fleet by tonnage and only operating 10 months a year, carried a tenth of the world's bulk cargo because of the short trip distance and fast turnarounds.
379:. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to increased size and sophistication of these ships. Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.
2024:
The set of dimensions of these members is called the ship's scantlings. Naval architects calculate the stresses a ship can be expected to be subjected to, add in safety factors, and then can calculate the required scantlings.
2135:
In 1990 alone, 20 bulk carriers sank, taking with them 94 crewmen. In 1991, 24 bulk carriers sank, killing 154. This level of loss focused attention on the safety aspects of bulk carriers, and a great deal was learned. The
872:
and also have the highest rate of growth. This is partly due to new regulations coming into effect which put greater constraints on the building of larger vessels. Handymax ships are typically 150–200 m in length and
401:
Cargo loading operations vary in complexity, and loading and discharging of cargo can take several days. Bulk carriers can be gearless (dependent upon terminal equipment) or geared (having cranes integral to the vessel).
1839:, and the resulting rise in oil prices, experimental designs using coal to fuel ships were tested in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Australian National Lines (ANL) constructed two 74,700-ton coal-burner ships called
1338:
and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LDT) and prices in the scrap metal market. In 1998, almost 700 ships were scrapped in places like
440:
defines a bulk carrier as "a ship constructed with a single deck, top side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry cargo in bulk; an ore carrier; or a combination carrier." Most
2089:
Another sort of risk that can affect dry cargoes is absorption of ambient moisture. When very fine concretes and aggregates mix with water, the mud created at the bottom of the hold shifts easily and can produce a
1913:. The Load Line Conference of 1966 imposed a requirement that hatch covers be able to withstand load of 1.74 tons/m due to sea water, and a minimum scantling of 6 mm for the tops of the hatch covers. The
957:
are typically in the handysize to handymax size range although there are a small number of geared panamax vessels, like all bulk carriers they feature a series of holds covered by prominent hatch covers. They have
2189:
Corrosion, due to a lack of maintenance, affected the seals of the hatch covers and the strength of the bulkheads which separate holds. The corrosion is difficult to detect due to the immense size of the surfaces
1871:
and similar fuel cargoes, but suffered from poor engine yield compared to higher maintenance cost and efficient modern diesels, maintenance problems due to the supply of ungraded coal, and high initial costs.
2052:
The rules apply to bulk carriers more than 90 meters in length and require that scantlings' calculations take into account items such as the effect of corrosion, the harsh conditions often found in the
449:
can carry bulk cargo, but can also carry other cargoes and are not specifically designed for bulk carriage. The term "dry bulk carrier" is used to distinguish bulk carriers from bulk liquid carriers such as
4932:
2695:
579:. The thousand-footers of the Great Lakes fleets, built in the 1970s, were among the longest ships afloat, and, in 1979, a record 214 million tons of bulk cargo were moved on the Great Lakes.
2110:
1526:
are employed on bulk carriers than on similarly sized ships of other types. A mini-bulk carrier carries two to three deck officers, while larger
Handysize and Capesize bulk carriers carry four.
1921:
in 1998. This standard requires that the pressure due to sea water be calculated as a function of freeboard and speed, especially for hatch covers located on the forward portion of the ship.
1275:, ranked second among builders, with 643 ships. The People's Republic of China, with large shipyards such as Dalian, Chengxi, and Shanghai Waigaoqiao, ranked third, with 509 ships.
3200:
2106:
1041:
that is fitted on a traverse running over the vessel's entire hatch, and that is able to move sideways as well. This allows them to discharge their cargo quickly and efficiently. (Photo:
974:
without shore-based equipment. This gives geared bulk carriers flexibility in the cargoes they can carry and the routes they can travel. (Photo: A typical geared handysize bulk carrier.)
1200:
Greece, Japan, and China are the top three owners of bulk carriers, with 1,326, 1,041, and 979 vessels respectively. These three nations account for over 53% of the world's fleet.
571:, which was adopted in 1890, and the triangular structure of the ballast tanks, which was introduced in 1905. After World War II, an international bulk trade began to develop among
437:
382:
Today, bulk carriers make up 21 percent of the world's merchant fleets, and they range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000
4766:
1914:
1964:
area. The corner tanks are reinforced and serve another purpose besides controlling the ship's trim. Designers choose the angle of the corner tanks to be less than that of the
2855:
From Lamb, 2003. This is measured in terms of the tonnage of cargo carried multiplied by the distance traveled, and could be expressed in terms of (miles x tons), for example.
4793:
2086:
cargo's surface area in contact with air which has a useful side-effect: reducing the chances of spontaneous combustion in cargoes such as coal, iron, and metal shavings.
4770:
925:
on its maiden voyage, becoming the first bulk carrier to be partially powered by hard sail wind power propulsion technology. A five percent fuel savings was anticipated.
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3595:
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4875:
4857:
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1903:
fold up. It is essential that the hatch covers be watertight: unsealed hatches lead to accidental cargo hold flooding, which has caused many bulk carriers to sink.
2550:
3631:
2102:
3671:
2343:
1993:
have become popular in the past ten years. Designing a vessel with double sides adds primarily to its breadth, since bulk carriers are already required to have
274:
462:. Very small bulk carriers are almost indistinguishable from general cargo ships, and they are often classified based more on the ship's use than its design.
4667:
2732:
2082:
ship rolls. This can cause the ship to list, which, in turn, causes more cargo to shift. This kind of chain reaction can capsize a bulk carrier very quickly.
1496:
The crew on a bulk carrier typically consists of 20 to 30 people, though smaller ships can be handled by 8. The crew includes the captain or master, the
4279:
Cargo
Handling and Stowage: A Guide for Loading, Handling, Stowage, Securing, and Transportation of Different Types of Cargoes, Except Liquid Cargoes and Gas
1714:, is the key factor. Densities for common bulk cargoes vary from 0.6 tons per cubic meter for light grains to 3 tons per cubic meter for iron ore.
1687:
2703:
2649:
1642:
1733:. For most designs, the ratio of length-to-width ranges between 5 and 7, with an average of 6.2. The ratio of length-to-height will be between 11 and 12.
1259:
Asian companies dominate the construction of bulk carriers. Of the world's 6,225 bulk carriers, almost 62% were built in Japan by shipyards such as
421:. New international regulations have since been introduced to improve ship design and inspection and to streamline the process for crews to abandon ship.
5155:
1657:
1672:
5406:
4861:
1627:
3197:
3779:
4771:"21: Evaluation of Scantlings of Hatch Covers and Hatch Coamings of Cargo Holds of Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and Combination Carriers (Rev. 4)"
3937:
3401:
1113:, shown in the photo, is a BIBO bulk carrier. In one hour, this ship can unload 300 tons of bulk sugar and package it into 50 kg sacks
4038:
910:
to the ocean. Very large ore carriers and very large bulk carriers are a subset of the capesize category reserved for vessels over 200,000
1949:
allows a ship to move more efficiently through the water, designers lean towards simple vertical bows on larger ships. Full hulls, with large
4736:
4634:
4592:
4287:
4191:
1169:
884:, which can accommodate ships with a beam of up to 32.31 m, a length overall of up to 294.13 m, and a draft of up to 12.04 m.
1244:
1157:
3238:
4969:
4663:
2201:
According to Lloyd's
Register, a principal cause of sinkings was the attitude of ship-owners, who sent ships with known problems to sea.
2098:
717:
4461:
2381:
1867:
were able to generate a shaft-power of 19,000 horsepower (14,000 kW). This strategy gave an interesting advantage to carriers of
1240:
4555:
1997:. One of the advantages of the double hull is to make room to place all the structural elements in the sides, removing them from the
138:
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With two holds rapidly filling with water, the bow submerges, and the ship quickly sinks, leaving little time for the crew to react.
1821:
552:. This greatly decreased the unloading time of bulk carriers by using conveyor belt to move the cargo. The first bulk carriers with
121:
3697:
2663:
868:
Handysize and
Handymax ships are general purpose in nature. These two segments represent 71% of all bulk carriers over 10,000
563:, the international shipping demand for bulk products was low—about 25 million tons for metal ores—and most of this trade was
4800:
2012:
Freighters are in continual danger of "breaking their backs" and thus longitudinal strength is a primary architectural concern. A
1283:, ranked fourth, accounting for 129 ships. Shipyards in these top four countries built over 82% of the bulk carriers afloat.
405:
Bulk cargo can be very dense, corrosive, or abrasive. This can present safety problems that can threaten a ship: problems such as
5045:
4519:
3045:
1899:
or by adding structural members called stiffeners. Both of these options have the undesired effect of adding weight to the ship.
3344:
1128:
Growth of bulk carrier deadweight tonnage in green and percentage of bulk carriers to the entire fleet in red, from 1977 to 1999
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sets out international standards and codes for the safe stowage and transportation of bulk carrier cargoes. These include the
4962:
4143:
2144:
added that the hull sides could not withstand "the combination of local corrosion, fatigue cracking and operational damage."
1968:
of the anticipated cargoes. This greatly reduces side-to-side movement, or "shifting," of cargo which can endanger the ship.
1618:
used, which involves digging out a 6 feet (2 m) hole below the hatch cover and filling it with bagged cargo or weights.
1609:
It is crucial to keep the cargo level during loading in order to maintain stability. As the hold is filled, machines such as
1280:
1185:
537:
which used seawater instead of sandbags. These features helped her succeed in the competitive British coal market. The first
59:
3324:
3076:
4113:
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If two holds in the middle of the ship are flooded, the stress on the hull can become so great that the ship snaps in two.
1578:. International regulations require that the captain and terminal master agree on a detailed plan before operations begin.
481:
Before specialized bulk carriers were developed, shippers had two methods to move bulk goods by ship. In the first method,
102:
4879:
2966:
55:
2359:
2094:. The only way to control these risks is by good ventilation practices and careful monitoring for the presence of water.
74:
2558:
1586:
oversee the operations. Occasionally loading errors are made that cause a ship to capsize or break in half at the pier.
1188:
with 492 ships, Malta (435), Cyprus (373), and China (371). Panama also dominates bulk carrier registration in terms of
739:, and very large. Very large bulk and ore carriers fall into the capesize category but are often considered separately.
2893:
2867:
1956:
Bulk carriers have a cross-section typical of most merchant ships. The upper and lower corners of the hold are used as
5437:
2473:
2137:
1012:
in mind. The use of gearless bulk carriers avoids the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining cranes. (Photo:
4413:
2992:
81:
4940:
3370:
1594:, which can load at a rate of 1,000 tons per hour, represent a widely used method, and the use of shore-based
3297:
1542:
A bulk carrier's voyages are determined by market forces; routes and cargoes often vary. A ship may engage in the
789:: Maximum beam 50 meters, and maximum length overall of 300 meters Refers to the largest vessel able to enter the
704:
48:
4377:
4349:
1602:
time to carry out. Self-discharging ships use conveyor belts with load rates of around 1,000 tons per hour.
1452:
906:
exceed Panamax dimensions but they are limited to use on the Great Lakes as they cannot pass through the smaller
2057:, and dynamic stresses during loading. The rules also establish margins for corrosion, from 0.5 to 0.9 mm.
2020:
to manage problems of longitudinal strength and stresses. A ship's hull is composed of individual parts called
1272:
899:. Recent deepening of the Suez canal to 66 ft (20 m) permits most Capesize ships to pass through it.
4678:
3568:
3471:
2743:
88:
1082:
damage and have a much longer lifespan than saltwater ships. As of 2005, there were 98 lakers of 10,000
4780:. Unified Requirements. International Association of Classification Societies. pp. 21–1. Archived from
3726:
2231:
Also, injuries have occurred during launches, for example, in the case of incorrectly secured safety belts.
1505:
1239:
also own notable bulk carrier fleets. Other companies specialize in mini-bulk carrier operations: England's
1232:
1216:
1146:
1570:
Loading and unloading a bulk carrier is time-consuming and dangerous. The process is planned by the ship's
291:
5427:
5269:
5082:
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4551:
1551:
1487:
1264:
1075:
521:
442:
410:
70:
5254:
3675:
3157:
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1721:
For a given tonnage, the second factor which governs the ship's dimensions is the size of the ports and
1512:
aboard cargo ships, once almost universal, is very rare today and almost non-existent on bulk carriers.
1312:
1301:
1211:
in Canada operates a fleet of over 80 bulk carriers, including two designed to work in Arctic ice.
1204:
1055:
572:
3790:
1152:
853:
Mini-bulk carriers are prevalent in the category of small vessels with a capacity of under 10,000
3948:
3458:
2073:, a series of international safety resolutions regarding bulk carriers were adopted during the 1990s.
5259:
4046:
2311:
2275:
2227:
1809:
987:
903:
817:
226 m max / 7.92 m draft. Refers to the largest vessel that can pass through the canal locks of the
748:
466:
1754:
1184:
combined. In terms of the number of bulk carriers registered, the top five flag states also include
429:
5432:
5386:
5330:
5112:
3127:
2091:
1768:
1260:
922:
907:
902:
Capesize bulk carriers are specialized: 93% of their cargo is iron ore and coal. Some ships on the
818:
504:
406:
4747:
4563:. Notices to Shipping. Balboa-Ancon: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. pp. 11–12. Archived from
1906:
Regulations regarding hatch covers have evolved since the investigation following the loss of the
891:
to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Earlier, Capesize ships could not traverse the
394:
is the largest single builder of bulk carriers, and 82 percent of these ships were built in Asia.
5340:
5015:
4083:
3625:
2042:
2038:
1836:
1745:
1707:
1575:
1469:
1462:
1189:
1173:
1083:
911:
881:
874:
869:
857:. Mini-bulk carriers carry from 500 to 2,500 tons, have a single hold, and are designed for
854:
828:
800:
445:
use a broader definition, by which a bulk carrier is any ship that carries dry unpackaged goods.
383:
360:
226:
4173:
1725:
it will travel to. For example, a vessel that will pass the Panama Canal will be limited in its
948:
3408:
3246:
2140:
concluded that the losses were "directly traceable to failure of the cargo hold structure" and
1880:
827:: LOA 330 m / 20 m draft / 300,000 DWT, Refers to the largest vessel that can pass through the
501:, the problem of efficient loading and unloading has driven the evolution of the bulk carrier.
5117:
5020:
4912:
4843:
4824:
4721:
4702:
4649:
4630:
4607:
4588:
4381:
4353:
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4283:
4187:
3895:
2814:
2775:
2289:
2226:
Since December 2004, Panamax and Capesize bulk carriers have been required to carry free-fall
2048:
Since 1 April 2006, the International Association of Classification Societies has adopted the
1983:, reinforced at the bottom and at connections. The construction of bulk carrier hulls using a
1950:
1942:
1938:
1817:
1501:
1220:
896:
790:
526:
316:
3605:. MTCP Work Package 2.1, Quality and Efficiency. Bremen/Brussels. p. 3.3. Archived from
2808:
2769:
1937:
Bulk carriers are designed to be easy to build and to store cargo efficiently. To facilitate
5365:
5350:
5284:
5228:
5127:
5030:
4469:
4179:
3975:
Hatch Covers on Bulk Carriers: The Effect on Procurement Costs of Changes in Design Pressure
2389:
2252:
2172:
2126:
1794:
1224:
1208:
3722:
Some companies specialize in providing cruises on various kinds of freighters, for example
2666:, The Heritage Museum and Cultural Center (HMCC) and Michigan Shipwreck Research Associates
1124:
1022:
5355:
5345:
5165:
5150:
5097:
5025:
4944:
4564:
3730:
3204:
2897:
2871:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2268:
2246:
2013:
1980:
1965:
1832:
1726:
1591:
1497:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1424:
1029:
959:
838:
576:
494:
490:
455:
95:
2157:
Water enters hold number two and alters the trim so much that more water enters the holds
3077:"'Wind Challenger': World's first partially wind-powered cargo ship successfully sailed"
2016:
uses the correlation between longitudinal strength and a set of hull thicknesses called
327:
309:
5325:
5185:
5107:
5092:
5087:
4623:
3053:
2260:
2154:
The extra water weight in hold number one compromises the partition to hold number two,
2054:
1790:
1711:
1550:
season and later move on to carry other cargoes or work on a different route. Aboard a
1442:
1432:
1305:
1134:
1071:
1062:
1046:
877:
with five cargo holds and four cranes. These ships are also general purpose in nature.
814:
764:
542:
517:
516:
became more popular. The first steam ship recognized as a bulk carrier was the British
498:
414:
1710:
is largely defined by the cargo it will carry. The cargo's density, also known as its
1558:, the crew will often not know the next port of call until the cargo is fully loaded.
1291:
5421:
5396:
5391:
5274:
5142:
5035:
4986:
4175:
Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (1998)
3348:
2638:
2303:
2151:
Sea water enters the forward hatch, due to a large wave, a poor seal, corrosion, etc.
2067:
1994:
1961:
1907:
1801:
1477:
1331:
1325:
1243:
owns a fleet of eight mini-bulk carriers and five small Handysize bulk carriers, and
1034:
568:
553:
538:
459:
418:
356:
201:
4491:
2643:
1863:. These ships were financially effective for the duration of their lives, and their
1308:
to Japan that year could cost as little as $ 40 per ton to as much as $ 70 per ton.
1203:
Several companies have large private bulk carrier fleets. The multinational company
1096:
5310:
5102:
2235:
catastrophic flooding, these detectors could speed the process of abandoning ship.
1957:
1864:
1730:
1595:
1579:
1523:
1340:
804:
560:
534:
530:
482:
4583:
Bliault, Charles; Jonas, Martin; The North of England P&I Association (2016).
4151:
3645:
980:
3328:
5305:
5279:
5233:
5223:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5170:
5160:
5132:
5122:
4121:
2943:
2511:
2317:
2297:
1990:
1946:
1892:
1782:
1555:
1543:
1527:
1419:
1399:
1367:
1330:
Generally, ships are removed from the fleet by going through a process known as
1138:
1067:
549:
470:
391:
368:
337:
37:
4888:
2890:
2864:
1774:
Typical midship section of a bulk carrier with a single hull and double bottom.
1192:. Positions two through five are held by Hong Kong, Greece, Malta, and Cyprus.
5335:
5218:
5175:
5077:
5054:
5005:
4949:
2242:
2168:
1998:
1976:
1813:
1571:
1482:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1344:
1335:
1181:
892:
709:
451:
446:
376:
364:
4587:(First ed.). UK: The North of England P&I Association. p. 280.
5360:
5320:
5072:
2034:
2030:
2029:
ballast tanks. Great Lakes bulk carriers also must be designed to withstand
2017:
1896:
1805:
1798:
1614:
1610:
1583:
1516:
1509:
1409:
1079:
1038:
888:
842:
752:
724:
624:
513:
164:
4414:"Formal Safety Assessment of Bulk Carriers, Fore-End Watertight Integrity'"
2481:
2218:
2121:
4421:
1929:
1002:
755:, Setouchmax, Dunkirkmax, and Newcastlemax also appear in regional trade.
5370:
5315:
5264:
4023:"Concrete sandwiches: structural strength and safety for bulk carriers".
2996:
2322:
2282:
2210:
types of cargoes) to mark their hulls with large, easy-to-see triangles.
1984:
1816:
coupled to the propeller shaft. On the smaller bulk carriers, one or two
1722:
1228:
967:
887:
Capesize ships are too large to traverse the Panama canal and must round
736:
728:
713:
681:
646:
176:
172:
160:
17:
4954:
4937:
3378:
2653:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 881.
436:
The term bulk carrier has been defined in varying ways. As of 1999, the
5289:
3433:
3301:
2904:
2878:
1868:
1825:
1547:
1515:
During the 1990s, bulk carriers were involved in an alarming number of
1212:
963:
846:
780:
768:
732:
659:
564:
298:
168:
4178:. Marine Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. 1998.
2833:
Ranges vary slightly. MAN Diesel Group 2005, p.4. UNCTAD 2006, p. xii.
914:. Carriers of this size are almost always designed to carry iron ore.
428:
3501:
1531:
1276:
1268:
1248:
1177:
862:
841:= 45 m / LOA 289 m. max (175,000 DWT approx) for the eastern harbour
776:
772:
486:
473:
designations very large crude carrier and ultra-large crude carrier.
387:
4909:
Ore-Oil Bulk: Pictorial History of Bulk Shipping Losses of the 1980s
3990:
International Association of Classification Societies 2007, p. 21-1.
3766:
Bulk Carrier Crews; Competence, Crew composition & Voyage Cycles
1933:
Unloaded Trillium-class dry bulk carrier at the Port of Redwood City
723:
Bulk carriers are segregated into six major size categories: small,
3479:
2356:"• Global merchant fleet - number of ships by type 2019 | Statista"
2177:
suffered a catastrophic fracture in number 4 hold in December 2004.
5213:
5062:
5010:
4183:
4039:"New IMO bulk carrier regulations enter into force on 1 July 1999"
2664:
Shipwrecks – A Deep Look, The Rise of the Self-unloading Freighter
2217:
2167:
2120:
1928:
1879:
1786:
1236:
1151:
1123:
858:
703:
503:
4720:. Jersey City: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
3723:
5000:
3052:. Thomson Reuters (af.reuters.com). 26 July 2010. Archived from
1793:. Larger bulk carriers, from Handymax up, usually have a single
971:
4958:
3780:"MSC Circular 947: Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers"
3035:
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 2005, pp. 11 – 12.
465:
A number of abbreviations are used to describe bulk carriers. "
3198:
Great Lakes Navigation System: Economic Strength to the Nation
2981:(Accessed August 2013), Harris, Steve, [www.stevesmaritime.com
2901:
2875:
372:
31:
4068:"NG-Bulk20: a new Turkish double-skin bulk carrier design".
3163:
3135:
2111:
Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes
2642:
1176:
or greater worldwide. More bulk carriers are registered in
1109:
bulk carriers are equipped to bag cargo as it is unloaded.
3594:
Maritime Transport Coordination Platform (November 2006).
3046:"Egypt's Suez canal H1 revenue, traffic up; upgrade helps"
2842:
From Lamb, 2003 and the 2005 CIA World Factbook. See also
917:
In October 2022, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL)'s bulk carrier
4144:""Ultra Handymax" Semi-Double Hull Handymax Bulk Carrier"
2107:
International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk
1972:
wasted volume keep the double bottoms very tight spaces.
1078:. Operating in fresh water, these ships suffer much less
861:
transport. They are often built to be able to pass under
4876:
United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
4858:
United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
2382:"Maritime Safety Committee's 70th Session, January 1999"
4799:. United States Maritime Administration. Archived from
3676:"Shipbreaking » Inventory of Hazardous Materials"
3021:"Handysize re-vamp: the next move in bulk carriers?".
1917:
then increased this strength standard by creating its
1696:
The gantry crane moves the cargo to a bin on the pier.
438:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
4887:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from
4866:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from
4767:
International Association of Classification Societies
4418:
International Association of Classification Societies
1915:
International Association of Classification Societies
1651:
The bulldozer pushes cargo to the center of the hold.
1574:
under the direct and continued supervision of ship's
1530:
of the same size have an additional deck officer and
767:
229 meters refers to a new type of ship, larger than
4462:"Maritime Safety Committee's 71st Session, May 1999"
1145:
years old and the oldest still sailing in 2009, the
485:
loaded the cargo into sacks, stacked the sacks onto
5379:
5298:
5242:
5184:
5141:
5053:
4993:
4520:"Review of Lifeboat and Launching System Accidents"
4214:"Double-skin bulk carriers: paradise or problem?".
2900:, p. 82. Five (Ten for Handysize) year old ship in
1891:A hatch or hatchway is the opening at the top of a
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4933:Bulk Carriers @ United Nations Atlas of the Oceans
4792:Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006).
4622:
3438:PORTLINE Transportes MarĂtimos Internacionais, S.A
1180:, with 1,703 ships, more than any four other
783:is restricted to vessels not more than 229 meters.
5156:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
2205:The new rules adopted in the 1997 annexes to the
1681:The gantry crane removes the cargo from the ship.
803:, being the largest vessels able to navigate the
489:, and put the pallets into the cargo hold with a
3128:"BIBO – Bulk In – Bags Out – Bulk In – Bulk Out"
2797:International Maritime Organization, 1999: 1, 2.
1172:counted 6,225 bulk carriers of 10,000
3562:
3560:
2265:, the largest bulk carrier from 1986 until 2011
880:The size of a Panamax vessel is limited by the
865:and have small crews of three to eight people.
4451:International Maritime Organization, 1999:7,8.
4442:International Maritime Organization, 1999:5,6.
3159:Lloyd's Register World Fleet Statistics Tables
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2103:International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code
1975:Bulk carrier hulls are made of steel, usually
970:that allow them to load or discharge cargo in
268:Rear house, full hull, series of large hatches
4970:
4842:. Christchurch, NZ: Willsonscott Publishing.
4238:
4236:
4234:
3862:
3860:
3532:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:5.
3286:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:4.
3274:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:6.
3228:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:2.
3215:
3213:
3184:
3182:
3117:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:1.
2147:The accident studies showed a clear pattern:
1016:, a 225,000 ton gearless bulk carrier.)
512:Specialized bulk carriers began to appear as
8:
4403:International Maritime Organization, 1999:5.
4305:International Maritime Organization, 1999:4.
4266:International Maritime Organization, 1999:2.
4252:"Implications of commons structural rules".
4013:International Maritime Organization, 1999:8.
3854:International Maritime Organization, 1999:7.
3103:International Maritime Organization, 1999:6.
2813:. Wayne State University Press. p. 28.
2774:. Wayne State University Press. p. 26.
2682:International Maritime Organization, 1999:1.
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2181:Other contributing factors were identified:
1295:Average time charter rates for bulk carriers
27:Ship made to transport unpackaged bulk cargo
4629:. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press.
3461:, from the French Marine–Marchande website.
2810:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes
2771:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes
2633:
2631:
1847:. along with two constructed by TNT called
1820:diesels are used to turn either a fixed or
1227:operates a fleet of 19 bulk carriers.
4977:
4963:
4955:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3569:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?"
3300:. Gearbulk Holding Limited. Archived from
3016:
3014:
1251:owns a fleet of seven mini-bulk carriers.
1219:has a fleet of 14 bulk carriers. The
591:
5407:List of merchant navy capacity by country
4778:Requirements Concerning Strength of Ships
4625:Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
2793:
2791:
1760:Line plan of a 1990 Capesize ore carrier.
1300:in 2005. Hauling a panamax-sized load of
1070:, often identifiable by having a forward
640:
637:
634:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
4009:
4007:
4005:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3698:"Alang: The place where ships go to die"
2891:UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2011
2865:UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2011
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
1941:, bulk carriers are built with a single
1365:
1359:
1290:
932:
4399:
4397:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4299:
3986:
3984:
3938:"Improving the safety of bulk carriers"
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3162:. London: Lloyd's. 2000. Archived from
3099:
3097:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2551:"Bulk Carrier – Improving Cargo Safety"
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2336:
2194:damage the hull's structural integrity.
1987:-steel sandwich has been investigated.
1808:. Electricity is produced by auxiliary
1620:
1066:are the bulk carriers prominent on the
779:), where the major loading terminal of
771:, that is suitable for berthing at the
279:Plans of a geared Handymax bulk carrier
4606:. Washington, D.C., U.S.: World Bank.
4585:Bulk Cargoes: A Guide to Good Practice
3759:
3623:
1785:on a bulk carrier is usually near the
1267:. South Korea, with notable shipyards
525:, built in 1852. She featured a metal
252:2-stroke diesel engine and 1 propeller
133:
4668:"IMO and the safety of bulk carriers"
4557:MR Notice to Shipping Number N-1-2005
4514:
4512:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3506:Cornships Management & Agency Inc
3282:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2733:"IMO and the safety of bulk carriers"
2308:, the largest bulk carrier in service
1170:United States Maritime Administration
7:
4840:Bulk Carriers: The Ocean Cinderellas
4823:. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press.
4737:"Propulsion Trends in Bulk Carriers"
4604:Bulk Shipping and Terminal Logistics
4527:Marine Accident Investigation Branch
4324:(3rd ed.). Kandy Publications.
2967:Definition, World Shipping Directory
2844:graph and table at Wikimedia Commons
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
1666:The gantry crane picks up the cargo.
1636:A bulldozer is loaded into the hold.
1245:Cornships Management and Agency Inc.
1231:in Portugal, owns 10 bulk carriers.
873:52,000 – 58,000
297:Bulk carrier and loading apparatus,
60:adding citations to reliable sources
4718:Ship Design and Construction Vol. I
4664:International Maritime Organization
4043:International Maritime Organization
3945:International Maritime Organization
3787:International Maritime Organization
3575:. International Labour Organization
3459:description of the main ship-owners
3407:. H. Vogemann Group. Archived from
2740:International Maritime Organization
2131:, and the double-bottom tank leaks.
2099:International Maritime Organization
718:Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge
593:Major bulk carrier size categories
4881:Review of Maritime Transport, 2006
4863:Review of Maritime Transport, 2005
4701:. London: The Nautical Institute.
3696:Andrew Buncombe (31 August 2009).
3596:"3: The London Tonnage Convention"
3207:, US Army Corps of Engineers, 2006
2611:Le Transport maritime des céréales
2555:United Nations Atlas of the Oceans
2358:. 22 December 2019. Archived from
2316:, the largest bulk carrier on the
2005:reducing the overall tare weight.
1804:directly coupled to a fixed-pitch
1241:Stephenson Clarke Shipping Limited
992:pipeline and dry bulk hold aboard
146:is a modern Handymax bulk carrier.
25:
5402:International Chamber of Shipping
5250:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
4646:American Merchant Seaman's Manual
4276:Grunau, Peter (3 December 2015).
3977:. Conférence internationale RINA.
3375:Atlantska Plovidba d.d. Dubrovnik
375:, steel coils, and cement—in its
209:General characteristics (typical)
5044:
4938:Bulk Carriers at MRI Netherlands
4794:"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005"
3973:Byrne, David (10 October 2001).
2615:
2245:
1767:
1753:
1686:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1626:
1311:Some shippers choose instead to
1207:has over 70 bulk carriers.
1095:
1054:
1021:
1001:
979:
947:
793:, Australia at about 185,000 DWT
460:liquefied petroleum gas carriers
326:
308:
290:
273:
137:
36:
4950:Histories of WWII bulk carriers
3075:Tamim, Baba (28 October 2022).
2979:Steve's Guide to Bulk Carriers
2925:MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4.
2222:Launch of a free-fall lifeboat.
1090:, a Great Lakes bulk carrier.)
47:needs additional citations for
4911:. Bethel, CT: Rutledge Books.
3476:Stephenson Clarke Shipping Ltd
3347:. Fednav Group. Archived from
3327:. Fednav Group. Archived from
3239:"The CIA World Factbook, 2005"
2874:, p. 81. Price for new vessel
1622:A typical bulk carrier offload
1281:China Shipbuilding Corporation
1:
4552:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá
3894:. Fairplay Publications Ltd.
3573:Sectoral Activities Programme
2125:Diagram showing the wreck of
200:12,700 vessels over 500
186:
4148:Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd
4118:Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd
4114:"Oshima Hy-Con bulk carrier"
3833:Packard, William V. (1985).
2504:"Acronyms and Abbreviations"
2478:The Transportation Institute
2142:Lloyd's Register of Shipping
1822:controllable-pitch propeller
1156:Bulk carriers by flag state
895:and needed to go around the
882:Panama canal's lock chambers
716:bulk carrier approaches the
596:
4746:. p. 4. Archived from
4644:Hayler, William B. (2003).
4466:American Bureau of Shipping
2386:American Bureau of Shipping
2138:American Bureau of Shipping
1884:The sliding hatchcovers of
1606:process of loading begins.
934:General Bulk Carrier Types
5454:
4819:Thompson, Mark L. (1994).
4602:Frankel, Ernst G. (1985).
3400:H. Vogemann Group (2007).
3371:"Atlantska Plovidba Fleet"
3081:interestingengineering.com
2700:United Nations Ocean Atlas
1592:Double-articulation cranes
1528:Liquid natural gas tankers
1390:
1361:Typical bulk carrier crew
1323:
1093:
1052:
1019:
999:
977:
945:
679:
657:
644:
631:
628:
623:
5042:
4735:MAN Diesel Group (2005).
4380:. 2015. p. 598-599.
4378:Witherby Publishing Group
4350:Witherby Publishing Group
4282:. BoD – Books on Demand.
3603:Tonnage Measurement Study
3472:"Stephenson Clarke Fleet"
2807:Mark L. Thompson (1991).
2768:Mark L. Thompson (1991).
2066:partly to the sinking of
1945:curvature. Also, while a
1744:Examples of bulk carrier
1508:. The practice of taking
1279:, with shipyards such as
1235:in Denmark and Elcano in
1074:that helps in transiting
743:Categories as per regions
556:began to appear in 1911.
384:metric tons of deadweight
272:
208:
151:
136:
4907:Zera, Thomas F. (1996).
4621:George, William (2005).
3837:. Fairplay Publications.
3567:Bailey, Paul J. (2000).
2896:11 December 2019 at the
2870:11 December 2019 at the
2625:, mémoire de DESS, 1999.
2050:Common Structural Rules.
1273:Hyundai Heavy Industries
1037:, or with the use of an
447:Multipurpose cargo ships
443:classification societies
363:to transport unpackaged
236:300 m (980 ft)
5229:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
5128:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
4838:Nick, Tolerton (2005).
4697:Isbester, Jack (1993).
4648:. Cornell Maritime Pr.
4374:21st Century Seamanship
4346:21st Century Seamanship
3724:Freighter World Cruises
2650:Encyclopædia Britannica
1919:Unified Requirement S21
1233:Dampskibsselskabet Torm
1217:Atlantska Plovidba d.d.
1033:are bulk carriers with
244:40 m (130 ft)
5270:Platform supply vessel
5083:Coastal trading vessel
4492:"Pioneers of Survival"
4320:Kemp, John F. (1971).
3875:George, 2005:341, 344.
3646:"Safety still missing"
2969:(accessed August) 2013
2608:Bruno-Stéphane Duron,
2508:The Nautical Institute
2344:Dry Bulk Market Primer
2223:
2178:
2132:
1934:
1888:
1345:Chittagong, Bangladesh
1296:
1265:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho
1160:
1129:
720:
708:Post-deepening of the
573:industrialized nations
509:
433:
411:spontaneous combustion
5255:Diving support vessel
4716:Lamb, Thomas (2003).
4699:Bulk Carrier Practice
4352:. 2015. p. 646.
3768:. Cardiff University.
3502:"The Cornships Fleet"
3343:Fednav Group (2007).
3323:Fednav Group (2007).
2221:
2171:
2124:
1932:
1883:
1566:Loading and unloading
1294:
1205:Gearbulk Holding Ltd.
1155:
1149:, was 106 years old.
1147:St. Mary's Challenger
1127:
1120:Fleet characteristics
821:(Great Lakes, Canada)
751:, such as Kamsarmax,
707:
507:
432:
315:Bulk carriers in the
5260:Emergency tow vessel
4472:on 30 September 2007
4088:"Oshima looks ahead"
4049:on 26 September 2007
3890:Ewart, W.D. (1984).
3729:7 April 2007 at the
3203:18 July 2011 at the
3138:on 26 September 2019
2561:on 27 September 2007
1506:steward's department
955:Geared bulk carriers
904:Great Lakes Waterway
837:: Maximum allowable
747:Categories occur in
56:improve this article
5387:Nautical operations
5331:Floating restaurant
5113:Lighter aboard ship
4943:30 May 2009 at the
4806:on 21 February 2007
4322:Notes on Cargo Work
4254:The Naval Architect
4216:The Naval Architect
4094:on 14 February 2007
4070:The Naval Architect
4025:The Naval Architect
3764:Lane, Tony (2001).
3219:UNCTAD 2006, p. 23.
3188:UNCTAD 2006, p. 21.
3023:The Naval Architect
2474:"Maritime Glossary"
2392:on 4 September 2007
2362:on 22 December 2019
2117:Structural problems
2092:free surface effect
1831:As a result of the
1746:architectural plans
1488:Steward's assistant
1362:
1302:aggregate materials
1261:Oshima Shipbuilding
1107:"Bulk In, Bags Out"
1045:a self-discharging
935:
908:St. Lawrence Seaway
819:St. Lawrence Seaway
594:
514:steam-powered ships
225:up to 400,000
5438:1852 introductions
5341:Merchant submarine
5016:Maritime transport
4821:Queen of the Lakes
4753:on 31 October 2008
4666:(September 1999).
4424:on 6 February 2007
4084:Det Norske Veritas
3866:Hayler, 2003:5–11.
3652:. 6 September 2009
3176:UNCTAD 2006, p.11.
3166:on 6 January 2010.
3056:on 19 January 2012
2588:Hayler, 2003:5–13.
2224:
2179:
2133:
2077:Stability problems
2041:, which can cause
1951:block coefficients
1935:
1889:
1837:1979 energy crisis
1532:unlicensed mariner
1360:
1297:
1190:deadweight tonnage
1161:
1130:
933:
829:Straits of Malacca
777:Republic of Guinea
721:
592:
510:
434:
5415:
5414:
5118:Livestock carrier
5021:Freight transport
4636:978-0-87033-564-8
4594:978-0-9574936-3-6
4289:978-3-7392-1757-4
4242:George, 2005:218.
4228:George, 2005:217.
4193:978-0-309-06370-8
3999:George, 2005:221.
3914:Hayler, 2003:5–9.
3814:George, 2005:245.
3345:"Fleet Chartered"
3296:Gearbulk (2008).
2624:
2313:Paul R. Tregurtha
2277:Edmund Fitzgerald
2043:fatigue fractures
1706:A bulk carrier's
1502:engine department
1494:
1493:
1221:H. Vogemann Group
1117:
1116:
1088:Edward L. Ryerson
1086:or over. (Photo:
1009:Gearless carriers
988:Combined carriers
897:Cape of Good Hope
799:": About 203,000
791:port of Newcastle
702:
701:
664:60,000 to 80,000
651:35,000 to 59,000
629:10,000 to 35,000
554:diesel propulsion
535:ballasting system
508:Bulk carrier ship
317:Port of Liverpool
284:
283:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5445:
5366:Semi-submersible
5351:Pipe-laying ship
5048:
5031:Maritime history
4979:
4972:
4965:
4956:
4922:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4871:
4853:
4834:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4775:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4744:MAN Diesel Group
4741:
4731:
4712:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4684:on 14 April 2008
4683:
4677:. Archived from
4672:
4659:
4640:
4628:
4617:
4598:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4562:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4468:. Archived from
4458:
4452:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4420:. Archived from
4410:
4404:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4317:
4306:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4154:on 30 April 2006
4150:. Archived from
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:on 30 April 2006
4120:. Archived from
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4090:. Archived from
4080:
4074:
4073:
4072:. November 2005.
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4045:. Archived from
4035:
4029:
4028:
4027:. February 2005.
4020:
4014:
4011:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3947:. Archived from
3942:
3934:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3789:. Archived from
3784:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3734:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3612:on 30 March 2007
3611:
3600:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3564:
3555:
3552:
3533:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3478:. Archived from
3468:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3434:"Portline Frota"
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3377:. Archived from
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:on 24 March 2008
3340:
3338:
3336:
3331:on 20 April 2008
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3304:on 23 April 2008
3293:
3287:
3284:
3275:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3245:. Archived from
3235:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3134:. Archived from
3124:
3118:
3115:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2942:. Archived from
2936:"Kamsarmax 82BC"
2932:
2926:
2923:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:on 14 April 2008
2748:
2742:. Archived from
2737:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2702:. Archived from
2692:
2683:
2680:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2589:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2557:. Archived from
2547:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2510:. Archived from
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2484:on 15 April 2008
2480:. Archived from
2470:
2464:
2461:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2388:. Archived from
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2255:
2253:Transport portal
2250:
2249:
2033:, or developing
1824:via a reduction
1771:
1757:
1690:
1675:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1448:Fourth engineers
1363:
1225:Hamburg, Germany
1209:The Fednav Group
1168:As of 2005, the
1099:
1058:
1030:Self-dischargers
1025:
1005:
983:
951:
936:
686:80,000 and over
595:
334:Federal Margaree
330:
312:
294:
277:
191:
188:
141:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5375:
5356:Research vessel
5346:Narco-submarine
5294:
5238:
5180:
5166:Hydrogen tanker
5151:Chemical tanker
5137:
5098:Heavy-lift ship
5049:
5040:
5026:Merchant marine
4989:
4983:
4945:Wayback Machine
4929:
4919:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4894:on 28 July 2011
4891:
4884:
4874:
4870:on 13 May 2008.
4856:
4850:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4787:on 30 May 2008.
4784:
4773:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4715:
4709:
4696:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4643:
4637:
4620:
4614:
4601:
4595:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4570:on 11 June 2011
4567:
4560:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4086:(28 May 2003).
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3954:on 13 July 2017
3951:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3796:on 10 June 2007
3793:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3737:
3731:Wayback Machine
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3702:The Independent
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3482:on 1 April 2007
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3381:on 7 April 2007
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3205:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:. January 2006.
3020:
3019:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2911:
2898:Wayback Machine
2889:
2885:
2872:Wayback Machine
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2696:"Bulk Carriers"
2694:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2607:
2592:
2587:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2514:on 8 April 2007
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2216:
2119:
2079:
2063:
2014:naval architect
1981:corrugated iron
1966:angle of repose
1927:
1878:
1849:TNT Capricornia
1833:1973 oil crisis
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1568:
1552:coastal carrier
1540:
1498:deck department
1485:
1480:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Second engineer
1435:
1425:Ordinary seamen
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1358:
1353:
1328:
1322:
1289:
1287:Freight charges
1257:
1198:
1166:
1135:lake freighters
1122:
931:
845:in the Port of
745:
618:
613:
602:
590:
588:Size categories
585:
577:turnaround time
548:in 1902 on the
495:labor-intensive
479:
427:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
331:
322:
321:
320:
313:
304:
303:
302:
295:
280:
189:
147:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Fishing vessel
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Lake freighter
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Container ship
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4987:merchant ships
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4935:
4928:
4927:External links
4925:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4904:
4872:
4854:
4848:
4835:
4829:
4816:
4789:
4763:
4732:
4726:
4713:
4707:
4694:
4660:
4654:
4641:
4635:
4618:
4612:
4599:
4593:
4580:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4508:
4483:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4405:
4393:
4386:
4365:
4358:
4337:
4330:
4307:
4295:
4288:
4268:
4259:
4244:
4230:
4221:
4206:
4192:
4165:
4135:
4105:
4075:
4060:
4030:
4015:
4001:
3992:
3980:
3965:
3916:
3907:
3900:
3877:
3868:
3856:
3840:
3816:
3807:
3771:
3735:
3715:
3688:
3663:
3650:The Daily Star
3637:
3586:
3556:
3534:
3518:
3493:
3463:
3450:
3425:
3414:on 30 May 2008
3392:
3362:
3315:
3288:
3276:
3260:
3249:on 10 May 2013
3230:
3221:
3209:
3190:
3178:
3169:
3149:
3119:
3105:
3093:
3067:
3050:Reuters Africa
3037:
3028:
3010:
2999:on 1 July 2017
2984:
2972:
2957:
2946:on 6 July 2007
2940:Tsuneishi Corp
2927:
2909:
2883:
2857:
2848:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2799:
2787:
2780:
2760:
2717:
2706:on 13 May 2007
2684:
2668:
2656:
2641:, ed. (1911).
2639:Chisholm, Hugh
2627:
2590:
2572:
2525:
2495:
2465:
2403:
2373:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2291:Lake Illawarra
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2237:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2118:
2115:
2078:
2075:
2062:
2059:
2055:North Atlantic
1995:double bottoms
1926:
1923:
1877:
1874:
1861:Endeavor River
1853:TNT Capentaria
1791:superstructure
1773:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1712:stowage factor
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1567:
1564:
1539:
1536:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1443:Third engineer
1433:Chief engineer
1428:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:Captain/Master
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1334:or scrapping.
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1306:Gulf of Mexico
1288:
1285:
1256:
1253:
1197:
1196:Largest fleets
1194:
1165:
1162:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1047:lake freighter
1035:conveyor belts
1026:
1018:
1017:
1006:
998:
997:
984:
976:
975:
952:
944:
943:
940:
930:
927:
851:
850:
832:
822:
808:
794:
787:"Newcastlemax"
784:
773:Port of Kamsar
765:length overall
749:regional trade
744:
741:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:
615:
610:
607:
604:
599:
589:
586:
584:
581:
543:lake freighter
499:container ship
497:. As with the
478:
475:
426:
423:
407:cargo shifting
332:
325:
324:
323:
314:
307:
306:
305:
296:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
198:
194:
193:
184:
180:
179:
158:
154:
153:
152:Class overview
149:
148:
142:
130:
129:
71:"Bulk carrier"
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5450:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Bulk carriers
5426:
5425:
5423:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Admiralty law
5395:
5393:
5392:Affreightment
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5037:
5036:Shipping line
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4918:0-9643937-7-8
4914:
4910:
4905:
4890:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4849:9780958253567
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4830:0-8143-2393-6
4826:
4822:
4817:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4727:0-939773-40-6
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4708:1-870077-16-4
4704:
4700:
4695:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4655:0-87033-549-9
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4615:
4613:0-8213-0531-X
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4387:9781856096324
4383:
4379:
4376:. Edinburgh:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4359:9781856096324
4355:
4351:
4348:. Edinburgh:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4331:0-85309-040-8
4327:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4256:. March 2006.
4255:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4184:10.17226/5798
4181:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3901:0-905045-42-4
3897:
3893:
3892:Bulk Carriers
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:According to
3454:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3325:"Fleet Owned"
3319:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3132:biboships.com
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2820:0-8143-2359-6
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:0-8143-2359-6
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2174:Selendang Ayu
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2128:Selendang Ayu
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:double bottom
1959:
1958:ballast tanks
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:steam engines
1862:
1858:
1857:Fitzroy River
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:diesel engine
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:gantry cranes
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:Deck officers
1577:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:deck officers
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:Chief steward
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:ship breaking
1327:
1326:Ship breaking
1320:Ship breaking
1319:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1158:(source data)
1154:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1111:CHL Innovator
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
985:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
937:
929:General types
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
756:
754:
750:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
715:
711:
706:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
626:
622:
616:
611:
608:
605:
600:
597:
587:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:double bottom
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
539:self-unloader
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
519:
515:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
439:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:merchant ship
354:
350:
339:
335:
329:
318:
311:
300:
293:
276:
271:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
196:
195:
185:
182:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5311:Crane vessel
5103:Hopper barge
5068:Bulk carrier
5067:
4908:
4896:. Retrieved
4889:the original
4880:
4868:the original
4862:
4839:
4820:
4808:. Retrieved
4801:the original
4782:the original
4777:
4755:. Retrieved
4748:the original
4743:
4717:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4679:the original
4675:Focus on IMO
4674:
4645:
4624:
4603:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4565:the original
4556:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:
4499:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4470:the original
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4417:
4408:
4373:
4368:
4345:
4340:
4321:
4278:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4247:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4174:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4152:the original
4147:
4138:
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4122:the original
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3701:
3691:
3681:12 September
3679:. Retrieved
3666:
3656:12 September
3654:. Retrieved
3649:
3640:
3614:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3602:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3572:
3554:UNCTAD 2005.
3509:. Retrieved
3505:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3475:
3466:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3402:"Fleet List"
3395:
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3374:
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3333:. Retrieved
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2699:
2659:
2648:
2644:"Ship"
2609:
2563:. Retrieved
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2554:
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2360:the original
2350:
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2312:
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2283:
2276:
2270:Bright Field
2269:
2261:
2233:
2225:
2204:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2146:
2134:
2127:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2064:
2049:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1991:Double hulls
1989:
1974:
1970:
1960:, as is the
1955:
1939:construction
1936:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1855:and renamed
1852:
1848:
1845:River Embely
1844:
1840:
1830:
1789:, under the
1780:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1702:Architecture
1693:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1569:
1560:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1495:
1475:
1466:0–3 Greasers
1430:
1392:
1366:
1341:Alang, India
1329:
1310:
1298:
1258:
1202:
1199:
1167:
1143:
1131:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1061:
1043:John B. Aird
1042:
1028:
1013:
1008:
993:
986:
954:
942:Description
939:Illustration
918:
916:
901:
886:
879:
867:
852:
835:"Dunkirkmax"
834:
825:"Malaccamax"
824:
810:
805:Setouchi Sea
796:
786:
761:Kamsarmax":
760:
746:
722:
561:World War II
558:
545:
531:steam engine
520:
511:
483:longshoremen
480:
464:
435:
404:
400:
396:
381:
352:
349:bulk carrier
348:
346:
333:
217:Bulk carrier
143:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5306:Cable layer
5299:Other types
5280:Salvage tug
5234:Train ferry
5224:Ocean liner
5209:Cruiseferry
5204:Cruise ship
5199:Cargo liner
5194:Cable ferry
5171:LNG carrier
5161:Gas carrier
5133:Train ferry
5123:Reefer ship
4218:. May 2003.
3835:Sea-trading
3674:(US Govt).
3142:27 February
3003:11 December
2993:"Seawaymax"
2964:Kamsarmax,
2463:Lamb, 2003.
2318:Great Lakes
2298:New Carissa
2262:Berge Stahl
2214:Crew safety
1947:bulbous bow
1841:River Boyne
1818:four-stroke
1783:engine room
1556:tramp trade
1546:during the
1544:grain trade
1420:Able seamen
1400:Second mate
1387:department
1336:Ship-owners
1182:flag states
1164:Flag states
1139:Great Lakes
1068:Great Lakes
1014:Berge Athen
921:arrived in
811:"Seawaymax"
797:"Setouchmax
550:Great Lakes
471:supertanker
392:South Korea
377:cargo holds
338:Great Lakes
190: 1850
5433:Ship types
5422:Categories
5336:Icebreaker
5219:Narrowboat
5176:Oil tanker
5078:Chain boat
5006:Cargo ship
4545:References
3958:2 November
3298:"About Us"
3086:1 November
2305:Ore Brasil
2070:Derbyshire
2018:scantlings
1977:mild steel
1910:Derbyshire
1897:scantlings
1893:cargo hold
1814:alternator
1812:and/or an
1810:generators
1797:low-speed
1795:two-stroke
1615:bulldozers
1611:excavators
1584:stevedores
1572:chief mate
1517:shipwrecks
1510:passengers
1504:, and the
1483:Chief cook
1415:Deck cadet
1405:Third mate
1395:Chief mate
1382:department
1377:department
919:Shofu Maru
710:Suez Canal
583:Categories
522:John Bowes
425:Definition
365:bulk cargo
359:specially
249:Propulsion
157:Subclasses
82:newspapers
5361:Riverboat
5321:Drillship
5186:Passenger
5073:Car float
5055:Dry cargo
4994:Overviews
3626:cite book
2228:lifeboats
2190:involved.
2037:with the
2035:resonance
2031:springing
2009:in 2005.
1806:propeller
1799:crosshead
1737:Machinery
1723:waterways
1410:Boatswain
1385:Steward's
1351:Operation
1316:per day.
1304:from the
1186:Hong Kong
1080:corrosion
1039:excavator
968:conveyors
923:Newcastle
889:Cape Horn
753:Seawaymax
725:handysize
625:Handysize
398:largest.
367:—such as
165:Handysize
144:Sabrina I
112:July 2023
18:Kamsarmax
5371:Snagboat
5265:Fireboat
4941:Archived
4878:(2006).
4860:(2005).
4810:13 March
4769:(2007).
4757:12 April
4554:(2005).
4532:10 April
4501:10 April
4476:10 April
4199:10 April
4158:10 April
4128:14 April
4098:15 April
4053:10 April
3800:15 April
3727:Archived
3511:15 April
3486:15 April
3443:15 April
3385:15 April
3355:21 April
3335:21 April
3308:22 April
3201:Archived
3060:26 March
2950:12 April
2907:in 2010.
2894:Archived
2881:in 2010.
2868:Archived
2710:12 April
2518:12 April
2366:29 March
2239:See also
2186:service.
2109:and the
2068:MV
2022:members.
1985:concrete
1908:MV
1458:Motormen
1255:Builders
1229:Portline
964:derricks
849:(France)
763:Maximum
737:capesize
729:handymax
714:capesize
682:Capesize
647:Handymax
609:Traffic
546:Hennepin
541:was the
533:, and a
456:chemical
371:, coal,
361:designed
260:12 knots
192:–present
177:Chinamax
173:Capesize
161:Handymax
5380:Related
5316:Dredger
5290:Tugboat
5243:Support
5143:Tankers
5088:Collier
4985:Modern
4688:9 April
4574:1 April
4428:9 April
3253:9 April
3243:cia.gov
2753:9 April
2565:9 April
2396:9 April
1876:Hatches
1869:bauxite
1826:gearbox
1576:captain
1554:in the
1548:harvest
1538:Voyages
1313:charter
1213:Croatia
1137:of the
863:bridges
847:Dunkirk
807:, Japan
781:bauxite
769:panamax
733:panamax
660:Panamax
601:Size in
565:coastal
559:Before
518:collier
487:pallets
477:History
336:on the
299:Seattle
222:Tonnage
169:Panamax
96:scholar
5285:Tender
5275:Pusher
4915:
4846:
4827:
4724:
4705:
4652:
4633:
4610:
4591:
4384:
4356:
4328:
4286:
4190:
3898:
3616:29 May
3579:29 May
2817:
2778:
2105:, the
2061:Safety
1886:Zaira.
1835:, the
1708:design
1522:Fewer
1500:, the
1470:Wipers
1463:Oilers
1380:Engine
1277:Taiwan
1269:Daewoo
1249:Turkey
1178:Panama
1063:Lakers
960:cranes
698:$ 54M
695:$ 58M
676:$ 25M
673:$ 35M
641:$ 20M
638:$ 25M
619:price
614:price
606:Ships
419:heeled
415:listed
388:Panama
353:bulker
340:(2005)
319:(2018)
301:(2010)
241:Height
233:Length
204:(2021)
197:Active
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5214:Ferry
5063:Barge
5011:Cargo
4898:2 May
4892:(PDF)
4885:(PDF)
4804:(PDF)
4797:(PDF)
4785:(PDF)
4774:(PDF)
4751:(PDF)
4740:(PDF)
4682:(PDF)
4671:(PDF)
4568:(PDF)
4561:(PDF)
4523:(PDF)
3952:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3794:(PDF)
3783:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3599:(PDF)
3418:1 May
3412:(PDF)
3405:(PDF)
2747:(PDF)
2736:(PDF)
2614:
2488:6 May
2331:Notes
2324:Sygna
2284:Flare
2207:SOLAS
2198:seas.
2039:waves
1999:holds
1787:stern
1731:draft
1237:Spain
1076:locks
1072:house
972:ports
859:river
598:Name
491:crane
458:, or
369:grain
355:is a
265:Notes
257:Speed
183:Built
103:JSTOR
89:books
5001:Ship
4913:ISBN
4900:2008
4844:ISBN
4825:ISBN
4812:2007
4759:2007
4722:ISBN
4703:ISBN
4690:2007
4650:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4576:2008
4534:2007
4503:2007
4496:NOVA
4478:2007
4430:2007
4382:ISBN
4354:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4201:2007
4188:ISBN
4160:2007
4130:2007
4100:2007
4055:2007
3960:2015
3896:ISBN
3802:2007
3710:2009
3704:. UK
3683:2009
3672:OSHA
3658:2009
3632:link
3618:2007
3581:2007
3513:2007
3488:2007
3445:2007
3420:2008
3387:2007
3357:2008
3341:and
3337:2008
3310:2008
3255:2007
3144:2017
3088:2022
3062:2011
3005:2018
2952:2007
2815:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2755:2007
2712:2007
2567:2007
2520:2007
2490:2008
2398:2007
2368:2021
2097:The
1943:hull
1925:Hull
1859:and
1851:and
1843:and
1781:The
1729:and
1727:beam
1613:and
1582:and
1468:1–3
1461:1–3
1456:0–2
1451:0–1
1446:1–2
1423:0–2
1418:2–6
1375:Deck
1356:Crew
1343:and
1271:and
1263:and
1103:BIBO
994:Maya
893:Suez
843:lock
839:beam
712:, a
692:62%
689:10%
670:20%
667:19%
654:37%
635:18%
632:34%
617:Used
603:DWT
529:, a
527:hull
214:Type
75:news
4180:doi
2622:DOC
1453:ETO
1247:in
1223:in
1215:'s
1174:DWT
1105:or
1084:DWT
1049:.)
996:.)
966:or
912:DWT
875:DWT
870:DWT
855:DWT
815:LOA
801:DWT
612:New
467:OBO
452:oil
417:or
373:ore
351:or
227:DWT
58:by
5424::
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