103:
suggests that as shown in the Bhajas inscription, a list of individuals involved in land records contains a phrase 'Brahmana-Karana-Puroga-Nivasi' which may be good indication of their social status then. Historian RS Sharma also mention that
Loknatha, a Karana, was also referred to as a Brahmin in inscriptions, but they were ranked lower in most literature. Even in the current scenario they hold good political power in Odisha including several Chief Ministers in recent years.
144:
70:
mentions that several historial edicts and inscriptions have been found in the relevant geographic locations that show that the terms Karana, Karanin, Karaneeka, Karanakas and
Karaneegars are used to represent a bureaucratic range from clerks to ministers. Significant among these are Minor Rock Edict
79:
The Karna of
Mithila are called Maithil Karna Kayastha, and are mainly distributed in the Darbhanga and Madhubani districts. The community has two subgroups, namely Bhalemanush and Grihastha. The Karna Kayasthas are viewed as the most pure and ancient embodiment of Mithila culture along with Maithil
88:
The Karan caste group can also be found in Bengal region from the mediaeval era. The Brihad-dharma and Brahma-vaivarta
Puranas mentioned a caste group called Karana of mixed descent born from Vaishya father and Shudra mother, classified under the Sat-Shudra/ Uttam-Sankar-Sudra category. Vaijayanti
102:
The Karans held high position in Oriya society as being mentioned highly in early scriptures. They adopted the profession of writing and were merged in the
Kayastha community. Sinha also mentions that the word Kayastha and Karana are often used synonymously in the scriptures of Orissa. Sircar
89:(11th century A.D.), a lexicographer, appears to consider Kayastha and Karana to be synonymous and depicts them as scribes. According to Historian Ramesh Chandra Mazumdar the Karana merged themselves into the Kayastha caste who performed the same profession like them.
135:. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes. Sircar mentions that they mostly dealt with accounting, bureaucracy, teaching etc.
150:
Karuneegar is a caste of scribes of TamilNadu. Sircar mentions that they give great importance to mathematics so much so that one of the subcaste is named
333:
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No. II, the Kanas plates of
Lokavigraha, the Ghugrahati copperplate of Samacharadeva and the Tipper copperplate of Lokanath etc.
479:
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Patwari / Karanam shall be the additional secretary to the gram panchayat for keeping the record concerning lands
193:"Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India"
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Brahmins. They do not fit in four varna system but still became a dominant caste of this region.
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The archeologist B. P. Sinha says that the duty of
Karanas was rajaseva and durgantapuraraksha.
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51:, a Hindu scripture, the Karans are regarded as bratya (degraded)
418:. National Institute of Community Development. 1971. p. 334.
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Urban
Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems
415:
Community
Development and Panchayati Raj Digest, Volumes 3-5
437:. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2000. pp. 185, 186.
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was an office and title native to the Indian states of
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154:which literally stands for Mathematics in Tamil.
328:. Oxford University Press. pp. 146, 148.
107:Karanam or Sistakarnam of Andhra and Telangana
322:Harlan, Lindsey; Courtright, Paul B. (1995).
8:
197:CASTE: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion
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33:, a region now divided between India and
452:. Delhi: Archaeological Survey Of India.
257:. Delhi: Archaeological Survey Of India.
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271:People of India: India's communities
369:Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar
295:Chatterji, Roma (1 December 2014).
177:Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar
434:Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers
366:Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (2003).
325:From the Margins of Hindu Marriage
174:Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (2003).
14:
448:Sircar, Dineshchandra (1960–61).
253:Sircar, Dineshchandra (1960–61).
450:Epigraphia Indica- Volume XXXIV
255:Epigraphia Indica- Volume XXXIV
1:
385:Early Medieval Indian Society
268:Singh, Kumar Suresh (1998).
274:. Oxford University Press.
496:
355:. G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA.
372:. Impression Publication.
352:HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL
191:Mandal, Mahitosh (2022).
180:. Impression Publication.
470:Surnames of Hindu origin
349:MAJUMDAR, R. C. (1971).
398:Singh, Pradeep (2020).
210:10.26812/caste.v3i1.367
139:Karuneegar of TamilNadu
480:Social groups of Bihar
301:. Fordham Univ Press.
147:
59:Culture and profession
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112:Main article: Karanam
98:Main article: Karana
68:Dineshchandra Sircar
402:. Elsevier Science.
383:Sharma, RS (2001).
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21:is a community of
387:. Orient Longman.
335:978-0-19-508118-3
308:978-0-8232-6187-1
281:978-0-19-563354-2
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123:: కరణం) or
464:Categories
158:References
53:Kshatriyas
235:249027627
219:2639-4928
133:Telangana
23:Kayasthas
475:Kayastha
227:48674170
152:Kanakkar
29:and the
117:Karanam
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125:Karnam
121:Telugu
41:Origin
27:Orissa
231:S2CID
223:JSTOR
35:Nepal
330:ISBN
303:ISBN
276:ISBN
215:ISSN
131:and
48:Manu
205:doi
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