474:
because anxiety, to some extent, is seen in almost all psychiatric disorders. This caused the elementary symptom to fail at categorizing clinical descriptions and proper treatments. Another difficulty for
Wernicke and other psychologists was determining which symptom was the elementary symptom and given priority over other symptoms that might be just as important to treat and might not be a direct result of another symptom. Lastly, Wernicke preserved traditional German psychiatry and described clinical vignettes, being unable to distinguish between physical and psychological causes of symptoms instead of using Kraepelin's approach of delineation of syndromes and disorders.
36:
430:. Incorporating Broca's findings on motor aphasia, Wernicke described both forms of aphasia as being results of brain damage. However, the location of damage determined which aphasia a patient developed. He described sensory aphasia as a result from lesions to the left temporal lobe and motor / Broca's aphasia as a result from lesions to the left posterior frontal lobe. These two concepts were the foundation for his theory on the neural bases of language.
466:
Wernicke's "anxiety-psychosis" as "cycloid psychosis," which does resemble schizophrenia and
Bipolar cycling. Kraepelin also rejected the elementary symptom theory by describing all of the clinical aspects of a particular disorder (nosology) in contrast to Wernicke's theory, which attempted to home in on the key symptom instead of looking at each disorder as a whole.
104:
434:
severing this connection, assuming both structures remain intact. The area affecting sensory aphasia would still function, so a patient could hypothetically retain comprehension of oral speech and silent reading. However, the connection to Broca's area would be broken, causing prevention of effective translation of mental processes into verbal speech.
445:
Ludwig
Lichtheim, a professor of medicine at Bern University Hospital, wrote his work "Über Aphasie," which was influenced by Broca, Wernicke and Adolf Kussmaul. Lichtheim's work analyzed language abilities and categorized language disorders into seven different aphasias, Wernicke's aphasia being one
441:
Wernicke proposed a theory of localization and suggested that different identifiable regions of the brain control different behaviors and these areas interact to produce more behaviors. This is the case with Broca's and
Wernicke's areas interacting to produce language. Broca and Wernicke's work paved
465:
also followed
Wernicke's studies. Although Leonhard rejected the "elementary symptom" theory because it overgeneralizes symptoms of disorders, he did incorporate Wernicke's psychopathological categories of disorders into Emil Kraepelin's binary system of classification. For example, Leonhard renamed
469:
The theory of elementary symptom was generally rejected and is not a well-known concept today because of the lack of supporting evidence for the theory. Although the theory itself is not supported in modern nosology and etiology, it does have a general influence in psychopharmacology practices with
433:
Wernicke hypothesized that motor activity was accompanied by sensory stimulation and that there were fibers connected the motor and sensory cortexes in the brain, so there must also be a connection between the lesioned areas contributing to sensory and motor aphasia. He discussed the problems with
473:
Wernicke himself did not pursue research on the elementary symptom theory because of his devotion to aphasiology. One of the fundamental problems with the elementary symptom theory is that
Wernicke described anxiety as the elementary symptom of many disorders. This was problematic for the theory
458:
described paranoia based on a case study that
Wernicke was familiar with. Wernicke described the case study as an example of what he called the "elementary symptom," which is the notion that there is a single, fundamental symptom and all other symptoms are derived from the elementary symptom.
418:
Wernicke was heavily inspired by the research on language and communication coming from Paris, France, specifically from Paul Pierre Broca. Broca's work on motor aphasia influenced
Wernicke's interests in psychophysiology and aphasiology relating to language. Wernicke began to question the
390:
and psychiatry at
Breslau, where he also attained a conference chair. By 1890 Wernicke became the director of the psychiatric wing at the Allerheiligen Hospital, and he also became head of the University Hospital's Department of Neurology and Psychiatry. In 1904, Wernicke worked at the
411:
426:. In his book, Wernicke described sensory aphasia, which is now known as Wernicke's aphasia, as being distinctly different from motor aphasia, described by Broca. He categorized sensory aphasia as fluent but disordered speech, impaired understanding of speech, and impaired
347:, Poland. He obtained his secondary education at the Königliche Gymnasium in Oppeln and the Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium in Breslau. Wernicke then studied medicine at the University of Breslau and did graduate work studying language and aphasia at Breslau, Berlin, and Vienna.
437:
Wernicke additionally discussed the dangers of mistaking sensory aphasia with a confused or psychotic state, and he emphasized the importance of distinguishing between aphasia and agnosia, the failure to recognize objects, which was described by
Sigmund Freud in 1891.
470:
its notion of a target symptom. Clinical psychopharmacology typically treats particular symptoms instead of disorders and diagnoses as a whole. Modern psychiatry does rest on assumptions that some symptoms result from other symptoms, parallel to Wernicke's theory.
442:
the way for others to study and identify localized areas of the brain, including the identification of the motor homunculus as well as the theory that brain damage in specific areas is responsible for different disorders, diseases, and abnormal behaviors.
362:
broke out, where Wernicke served as an army surgeon. After serving in the war, he returned to the Allerheiligen Hospital and worked in the psychiatric department as an assistant under Professor Heinrich Neumann. Neumann sent him to
385:
In 1878 Wernicke founded a private neuropsychiatric practice in Berlin and published numerous articles until he left the practice in 1881. In 1885, he succeeded his mentor Professor Neumann and served as associate professor of
712:
1105:
835:
1155:
1138:
1252:
1010:
956:
1247:
1262:
1257:
57:
845:
801:
652:
79:
1232:
528:
180:
1237:
1045:
176:
1242:
491:
379:
50:
44:
1061:
Krahl, A; Schifferdecker, M (1998). "Carl Wernicke and the concept of "elementary symptom": A historical vignette".
419:
relationship between dysphasia and the location of lesions that caused brain damage resulting in language problems.
742:
1029:
767:
490:. It is the inability to understand speech, or to produce meaningful speech, caused by lesions to the posterior
61:
279:
319:, led to groundbreaking realizations of the localization of brain function, specifically in speech. As such,
497:
308:
168:
446:
of them. Wernicke then adopted Lichtheim's aphasia classification and became the Wernicke-Lichtheim model.
351:
215:
154:
483:
312:
1227:
1222:
455:
355:
354:(1870), he worked in Breslau at Allerheiligen Hospital as an assistant to an ophthalmology professor
517:
392:
359:
219:
1198:
1086:
991:
125:
534:
Wernicke's pupillary reaction: The absence of direct reaction to light in the blind part of the
344:
320:
172:
117:
1190:
1078:
1041:
920:
902:
841:
797:
648:
410:
399:
304:
299:. He is known for his influential research into the pathological effects of specific forms of
1182:
1117:
1070:
983:
892:
542:
509:
296:
245:
164:
539:
487:
368:
624:
Atlas des Gehirns; Schnitte durch das menschliche Gehirn in photographischen Originalen
398:
Wernicke died on June 15, 1905, due to injuries suffered from a bicycle accident in the
573:
427:
300:
1216:
462:
336:
143:
139:
121:
1202:
1090:
987:
865:
734:
595:
Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis
292:
1173:
Yamanaka, H (2003). "Scandal and psychiatry in early nineteenth-century Prussia".
820:
307:, both of which are commonly associated with Wernicke's name and referred to as
1106:"Language and brain: historical introduction to models of language and aphasia"
1074:
861:
1186:
941:
897:
880:
375:
316:
211:
197:
17:
1122:
501:
387:
332:
288:
284:
201:
1194:
1082:
906:
881:"Wernicke's Encephalopathy Presenting With Severe Dysphagia: A Case Report"
585:
Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychische-Gerichtliche Medizin
524:
521:
505:
103:
995:
684:
382:, where he stayed until 1878 studying psychiatry and nervous diseases.
340:
1034:
Reader in the History of Aphasia: From Franz Gall to Normal Geschwind
794:
Reader in the History of Aphasia: From Franz Gall to Norman Geschwind
535:
513:
364:
323:(a.k.a. Wernicke's Speech Area) has been named after the scientist.
1160:
Investigating Psychology: Key Concepts, Key Studies, Key Approaches
891:(3). Medical Council on Alcohol; Oxford University Press: 295–296.
409:
714:
Google Ngram Viewer, "Carl Wernicke" + "Karl Wernicke", 1800–2010
792:
Keyser, Antoine (1994). "Carl Wernicke". In Elling, Paul (ed.).
606:
Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten : für Aerzte und Studirende
879:
Truedsson, Mikael; Ohlsson, Bodil; Sjöberg, Klas (1 May 2002).
630:
Krankenvorstellungen aus der psychiatrischen klinik in Breslau
371:, who would have a profound influence upon Wernicke's career.
254:
29:
374:
In 1875, Wernicke was appointed the first assistant in the
266:
974:
Gerstell, M (1975). "Prussian education and mathematics".
583:
Conference proceedings from Breslau were published in the
260:
422:
While studying with Meynert in 1874, Wernicke published
675:
His first name has long appeared in print in both the
601:
Das Urwindungssystem des menschlichen Gehirns , 1876.
263:
257:
837:
In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience
645:
Wernicke's works on aphasia: A sourcebook and review
618:
Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen
251:
248:
207:
193:
160:
150:
132:
110:
94:
315:, respectively. His research, along with that of
27:German physician and neuropathologist (1848–1905)
508:deficiency. It is characterized by the triad of
395:, heading its Psychiatry and Neurology Clinic.
614:, in Fortschritte der Medicin, 1883, 1: 49–53.
367:for six months to study with neuropathologist
590:Principal written works by Wernicke include:
8:
578:Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie
283:; 15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905) was a German
1110:Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
350:After he earned his medical degree at the
91:
1121:
936:
934:
896:
516:and mental confusion. When combined with
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:Hutchinson's Biography Database (2011).
815:
813:
772:A History of Speech - Language Pathology
761:
759:
454:At the 59th Breslau conference in 1892,
43:This article includes a list of general
1253:Physicians from the Province of Silesia
704:
668:
597:; Breslau, M. Crohn und Weigert, 1874.
486:: The eponymous term for receptive or
331:Wernicke was born on May 15, 1848, in
278:
7:
927:. US: National Institutes of Health.
576:(1862-1950), he founded the journal
834:Heinrichs, R. Walter (2001-03-29).
612:Über hemiopische Pupillenreaktion
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
976:The American Mathematical Monthly
244:
102:
34:
955:Brittanica Biographies (2012).
942:"Wernicke's pupillary reaction"
424:Der Aphasische Symptomencomplex
988:10.1080/00029890.1975.11993806
1:
921:"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome"
796:. John Benjamins Publishing.
358:for six months. In 1870, the
1258:University of Breslau alumni
643:Eggert, Gertrude H. (1977).
527:syndrome, it is then called
1248:People from Tarnowskie Góry
840:. Oxford University Press.
741:. New Taipei City, Taiwan:
529:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
181:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1279:
1075:10.1177/0957154X9800903605
1015:Biography Reference Center
961:Biography Reference Center
743:Fu Jen Catholic University
735:"Carl Wernicke: Biography"
560:Wernicke-Korsakoff disease
1263:Physicians of the Charité
1187:10.1177/0957154X030142001
414:Wernicke's area animation
225:
186:
101:
1156:"Language and the brain"
563:Wernicke-Mann hemiplegia
504:dysfunction caused by a
177:Wernicke–Geschwind model
1233:History of neuroscience
1123:10.4414/sanp.2013.00211
898:10.1093/alcalc/37.3.295
683:spelling variants (see
498:Wernicke encephalopathy
492:superior temporal gyrus
309:Wernicke encephalopathy
169:Wernicke encephalopathy
64:more precise citations.
1238:German neuroscientists
885:Alcohol and Alcoholism
450:The Elementary Symptom
415:
303:and also the study of
136:15 June 1905 (aged 57)
1175:History of Psychiatry
1137:Sarno, M. T. (1998).
1063:History of Psychiatry
538:. First described by
413:
352:University of Breslau
216:University of Breslau
155:University of Breslau
862:"Wernicke's aphasia"
1243:German pathologists
1104:Krestel, H (2013).
554:Wernicke's dementia
518:Korsakoff psychosis
393:University of Halle
360:Franco-Prussian War
280:[ˈvɛɐ̯nɪkə]
220:University of Halle
1154:Toates, F (2012).
1028:Keyser, A (1994).
557:Wernicke's disease
484:Wernicke's aphasia
416:
406:Studies in aphasia
335:, a small town in
313:Wernicke's aphasia
126:Kingdom of Prussia
548:Wernicke's centre
400:Thuringian Forest
305:receptive aphasia
229:
228:
188:Scientific career
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1270:
1207:
1206:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:Acquired Aphasia
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1000:
999:
971:
965:
964:
952:
946:
945:
938:
929:
928:
917:
911:
910:
900:
876:
870:
869:
858:
852:
851:
831:
825:
824:
817:
808:
807:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
763:
754:
753:
751:
749:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
709:
688:
673:
658:
551:Wernicke's cramp
543:Hermann Wilbrand
510:ophthalmoparesis
378:in Berlin under
297:neuropathologist
282:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
165:Wernicke aphasia
106:
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1181:(54): 139–160.
1172:
1171:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1069:(36): 503–508.
1060:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1030:"Carl Wernicke"
1027:
1026:
1022:
1011:"Carl Wernicke"
1008:
1007:
1003:
973:
972:
968:
957:"Carl Wernicke"
954:
953:
949:
944:. Who Named It.
940:
939:
932:
919:
918:
914:
878:
877:
873:
860:
859:
855:
848:
833:
832:
828:
823:. Who Named It.
821:"Carl Wernicke"
819:
818:
811:
804:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
768:"Carl Wernicke"
765:
764:
757:
747:
745:
733:
732:
728:
719:
717:
711:
710:
706:
697:
692:
691:
674:
670:
665:
655:
642:
570:
540:ophthalmologist
488:sensory aphasia
480:
452:
408:
369:Theodor Meynert
356:Ostrid Foerster
345:Tarnowskie Góry
329:
321:Wernicke's area
275:
247:
243:
179:
175:
173:Wernicke's area
171:
167:
151:Alma mater
146:
137:
128:
115:
97:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1165:
1146:
1143:. Vol. 3.
1129:
1116:(8): 262–265.
1096:
1053:
1046:
1020:
1001:
982:(3): 240–245.
966:
947:
930:
912:
871:
853:
846:
826:
809:
802:
784:
766:Duchan, Judy.
755:
726:
703:
702:
696:
693:
690:
689:
667:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
653:
639:
638:
634:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
598:
574:Theodor Ziehen
572:In 1897, with
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
532:
495:
479:
476:
451:
448:
428:silent reading
407:
404:
328:
325:
301:encephalopathy
227:
226:
223:
222:
209:
205:
204:
195:
191:
190:
184:
183:
162:
161:Known for
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
138:
134:
130:
129:
116:
112:
108:
107:
99:
98:
95:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
916:
913:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
867:
863:
857:
854:
849:
847:9780195352795
843:
839:
838:
830:
827:
822:
816:
814:
810:
805:
803:9789027218933
799:
795:
788:
785:
773:
769:
762:
760:
756:
744:
740:
736:
730:
727:
716:
715:
708:
705:
701:
699:
694:
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
662:
656:
654:9789027979858
650:
646:
641:
640:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
581:
579:
575:
567:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
464:
463:Karl Leonhard
460:
457:
456:Karl Kahlbaum
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
420:
412:
405:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
383:
381:
380:Karl Westphal
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:Upper Silesia
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
271:
241:
237:
233:
224:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
144:German Empire
141:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Upper Silesia
119:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:Carl Wernicke
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2020
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Karl Wernicke
1178:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1004:
979:
975:
969:
960:
950:
925:MedLine Plus
924:
915:
888:
884:
874:
866:Who Named It
856:
836:
829:
793:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
746:. Retrieved
738:
729:
718:, retrieved
713:
707:
700:
698:
680:
676:
671:
644:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
600:
594:
589:
584:
582:
577:
571:
568:Publications
502:neurological
472:
468:
461:
453:
444:
440:
436:
432:
423:
421:
417:
397:
384:
373:
349:
330:
293:psychiatrist
239:
235:
231:
230:
208:Institutions
187:
76:
67:
48:
1228:1905 deaths
1223:1848 births
777:January 17,
748:January 17,
637:Anthologies
500:: An acute
114:15 May 1848
62:introducing
1217:Categories
1162:: 282–319.
1047:9027218935
739:fju.edu.tw
720:2013-10-11
695:References
647:. Mouton.
317:Paul Broca
198:Psychiatry
140:Gräfenroda
45:references
1040:: 59–68.
388:neurology
333:Tarnowitz
327:Biography
289:anatomist
285:physician
202:neurology
118:Tarnowitz
1203:21451912
1195:14518486
1091:21416724
1083:11623615
907:12003921
545:in 1881.
525:dementia
522:subacute
506:thiamine
240:Wernicke
996:2319845
685:Charles
632:, 1899.
626:, 1897.
620:, 1894.
608:, 1881.
478:Eponyms
376:Charité
341:Prussia
276:German:
212:Charité
58:improve
1201:
1193:
1089:
1081:
1044:
994:
905:
844:
800:
651:
536:retina
514:ataxia
365:Vienna
343:, now
194:Fields
47:, but
1199:S2CID
1087:S2CID
992:JSTOR
663:Notes
1191:PMID
1079:PMID
1042:ISBN
903:PMID
842:ISBN
798:ISBN
779:2017
750:2017
681:Carl
679:and
677:Karl
649:ISBN
520:, a
311:and
295:and
236:Karl
234:(or
232:Carl
133:Died
111:Born
1183:doi
1118:doi
1114:164
1071:doi
984:doi
893:doi
255:ɛər
1219::
1197:.
1189:.
1179:14
1177:.
1158:.
1112:.
1108:.
1085:.
1077:.
1065:.
1036:.
1032:.
1013:.
990:.
980:82
978:.
959:.
933:^
923:.
901:.
889:37
887:.
883:.
864:.
812:^
770:.
758:^
737:.
687:).
587:.
580:.
512:,
402:.
339:,
291:,
287:,
274:;
238:)
218:,
214:,
200:,
142:,
124:,
120:,
1205:.
1185::
1126:.
1120::
1093:.
1073::
1067:9
1050:.
1038:4
1017:.
998:.
986::
963:.
909:.
895::
868:.
850:.
806:.
781:.
752:.
723:.
657:.
531:.
494:.
270:/
267:ə
264:k
261:ɪ
258:n
252:v
249:ˈ
246:/
242:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
