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she calculated the hit rate from the data "overall the subject made no more hits than would be expected by chance. This implies that any hits made were likely to have been due to chance and not an OBE. Osis' conclusion therefore seems quite unjustified and the results do not unambiguously support the idea that Alex Tanous was able to influence the strain gauges with his OBE presence."
258:(OBE) experiments with the psychic Alex Tanous. For a series of these experiments he was asked whilst in an OBE state to try to identify coloured targets that were placed in remote locations. Osis reported that in 197 trials there were 114 hits. However, the controls to the experiments have been criticized and according to
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Osis and
Haraldsson's (1977) study was based on replies received from ten thousand questionnaires sent to doctors and nurses in the United States and India. Only 6.4 percent were returned. Since it was the doctors and nurses who were giving the reports, not the patients who had, presumably, actually
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to detect mechanical activity. Osis reported that from the results Tanous had left his body and was present at the target location. This conclusion has been criticized. The baseline activity of the device was not measured and the overall hit rate was not reported by Osis. According to
Blackmore when
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Their research highlighted differences between cultural experiences near death. They found that a person's religion greatly influenced what was seen and that this was most apparent when observing the differences between Indian and
American experience where Indian patients were far more likely to see
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He repeated this experiment again in 1976, this time investigating the effects high fevers, painkillers and diseases which specifically affect the brain, had on a patient's reported experiences at the time of death. Despite the far smaller pool of data (the newer study involved just 877 doctors in
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had the experience, the reports were secondhand. This means they had passed through two highly fallible and constructive human memory systems (the doctor's or nurse's and the actual patient's) before reaching Osis and
Haraldsson.
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conducted a four-year study whereby they sent out hundreds of questionnaires to doctors and nurses in both the US and northern India, asking them about their observations regarding dying patients.
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the final result was not particularly significant, as 108 hits would be expected by chance. Blackmore noted that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in the OBE".
374:
Reitman, Valerie (July 4, 2004). "When dying plan for earthly journeys: People who experience 'nearing death awareness' say they are going on a trip or trying to finish something".
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On being asked about the practical applications of his theories, Osis remarked that "One definite finding of the research is the diminishing fear of death".
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has written that none of Osis' "out-of-the-body experiments can be properly evaluated; complete data about them have never been published." Science writer
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In 1980, Osis carried out another experiment with Tanous. He would attempt to leave his body to a shielded chamber to identify a target that contained
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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558:
Search For The Soul: An
Insider's Report On The Continuing Quest By Psychics and Scientists For Evidence Of Life After Death
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228:– that the decrease of brain activity was causally linked to near death experiences – did not stand up to scrutiny.
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The method Osis and
Haraldsson used to collect data has drawn criticism from the skeptical community. According to
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Karlis' first research, conducted in the 1940s, was inspired by the work of
English physicist and parapsychologist
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also criticized the study, saying all of the data were second-hand and influenced by cultural expectations.
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Osis also conducted experiments with volunteers in a soundproof chamber in an attempt to get them to move a
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Menz, Robert L. (Winter 1984). "The Denial of Death and the Out-of-the-Body
Experience".
242:, work which continued for many years. In 1971, he and Haraldsson co-authored the book
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in New York, being elected as president in 1961. In 1962, he began working with the
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672:"The New Paranatural Paradigm: Claims of Communicating with the Dead — CSI"
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the USA alone), Osis concluded to his satisfaction that what he called the
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Evidence for
Survival from Near-Death Experiences? A Critical Appraisal
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Karlis Osis testing his stepdaughter in a psychokinesis experiment.
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Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences
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and described their results as "unreliable and unintepretable."
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Woodward, Kenneth L. (July 12, 1976). "Life After Death?".
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suggested that Osis was a "deluded or sloppy researcher."
212:. In an attempt to build on Barrett's research, he and
363:. Vol. 1. Harper Element. 2006. pp. 505–506.
331:. Hastings House / Daytrips Publishers; 3RD edition.
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461:"Near-death Experiences Illuminate Dying Itself".
480:. December 29, 1997. pp. Section B, Page 8.
361:The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World
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327:Haraldsson, Erlendur; Osis, Karlis. (2006).
246:, describing the results of their research.
181:(26 December 1917 – 26 December 1997) was a
220:a personification of death than Americans.
572:Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife
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532:. Granada Publishing Limited. pp. 193-195
234:In 1957, Osis became the director of the
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
476:"Paid Notice: Deaths Osis, Dr. Karlis".
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240:American Society for Psychical Research
729:Latvian emigrants to the United States
594:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
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491:Monaghan, Charles (November 9, 1986).
640:Psychology and Near-Death Experiences
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547:. Granada Publishing Limited. p. 223
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734:Near-death experience researchers
650:. Prometheus Books. pp. 153-169.
648:Paranormal Borderlands of Science
596:. Prometheus Books. pp. 645-684.
254:In the 1970s Osis conducted many
724:20th-century non-fiction writers
617:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
556:Christopher, Milbourne. (1979).
310:criticized the study, as it was
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575:. Canongate Books. pp. 262-263
465:. October 28, 1986. p. 8.
394:Journal of Religion and Health
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188:who specialised in exploring
619:. Prometheus Books. p. 102.
714:Latvian non-fiction writers
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541:Blackmore, Susan. (1983).
526:Blackmore, Susan. (1983).
277:from a distance. Magician
584:Hövelmann, Gerd. (1985).
236:Parapsychology Foundation
208:, specifically his book,
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16:Latvian parapsychologist
400:(4). Springer: 317–29.
226:"sick brain hypothesis"
32:Some of this article's
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256:out-of-body experience
138:Glen Ridge, New Jersey
569:Roach, Mary. (2010).
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279:Milbourne Christopher
719:Scientists from Riga
560:. Crowell. pp. 93-94
329:At the Hour of Death
244:At the Hour of Death
493:The Washington Post
214:Erlendur Haraldsson
478:The New York Times
463:The New York Times
406:10.1007/BF00991391
206:William F. Barrett
190:deathbed phenomena
709:Parapsychologists
508:Missing or empty
359:"Osis, Karlis ".
306:The psychologist
210:Death Bed Visions
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693:Categories
678:2014-04-12
638:. (1981).
590:Paul Kurtz
343:References
316:Paul Kurtz
283:Mary Roach
104:1917-12-26
501:cite news
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289:Reception
200:Biography
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670:(2000).
615:(2003).
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