1024:
759:, which had been steadily growing for 50 years, reached its all-time peak of 199 ships in 1858. By 1860, just two years later, the fleet had dropped to 167 ships. The Civil War cut into American whaling temporarily, but only 105 whaling ships returned to sea in 1866, the first full year of peace, and that number dwindled until only 39 American ships set out to hunt whales in 1876. Kerosene, made first from coal and oil shale, then from petroleum, had largely taken over whaling's lucrative market in lamp oil.
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paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum in the 1860s. The petroleum-based illuminating oil was widely sold as
Kerosene, and the trade name soon lost its proprietary status, and became the lower-case generic product "kerosene". Because Gesner's original Kerosene had been also known as "coal oil", generic kerosene from petroleum was commonly called "coal oil" in some parts of the United States well into the 20th century.
721:. Many people knew of his work, but paid little attention to it. On the night of 31 July 1853, doctors at the local hospital needed to perform an emergency operation, virtually impossible by candlelight. They therefore sent a messenger for Łukasiewicz and his new lamps. The lamp burned so brightly and cleanly that the hospital officials ordered several lamps plus a large supply of fuel. Łukasiewicz realized the potential of his work and quit the pharmacy to find a business partner, and then traveled to
429:
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gasoline-powered automobile in the early 20th century created a demand for the lighter hydrocarbon fractions, and refiners invented methods to increase their output of gasoline, while decreasing their output of kerosene. In addition, some of the heavier hydrocarbons that previously went into kerosene were incorporated into diesel fuel. Kerosene kept some market share by being increasingly used in stoves and portable heaters.
940:
1032:
450:
1255:(for "Jet Propellant 8"), a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the United States military as a replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also used by the U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks, and as a replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and electrical generators.
987:" are kerosene space heaters used on construction sites to dry out building materials and to warm workers. Before the days of electrically lighted road barriers, highway construction zones were marked at night by kerosene fired, pot-bellied torches. Most of these uses of kerosene created thick black smoke because of the low temperature of combustion.
1353:. Because of its low flame temperature when burnt in free air, the risk is lower should the performer come in contact with the flame. Kerosene is generally not recommended as fuel for indoor fire dancing, as it produces an unpleasant (to some) odor, which becomes poisonous in sufficient concentration.
3348:
However, John Butt characterized Gesner's book as " … a piece of propaganda designed to get people to believe that he had been constantly interested in inventing burning oil from 1846 to 1854." Butt also stated that "No independent documentary proof has ever been produced to support Gesner's claim."
1263:
Aliphatic kerosene is a type of kerosene which has a low aromatic hydrocarbon content, the aromatic content of crude oil varies greatly from oil field to oil field. However by solvent extraction it is possible to separate aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic (alkane) hydrocarbons. A common method is
1294:
and other artificial hydrocarbons such as TPH (Hydrogenated
Propylene Trimer). Traditionally the UK plants at Sellafield used aromatic kerosene to reduce the radiolysis of TBP while the French nuclear industry tended to use diluents with very little aromatic content. The French nuclear reprocessing
1109:
or gasoline. The project, codenamed "Project
Lapponia", was headed by Simo Vuorio, and towards the end of the 1970s, a working prototype was produced based on the Saab 99 GL. The car was designed to run on two fuels. Gasoline was used for cold starts and when extra power was needed, but normally it
1014:
at the same temperature would. These types of lamps are still in use today in areas of the world without electricity, because they give a much better light than a simple wick-type lamp does. Recently, a multipurpose lantern that doubles as a cook stove has been introduced in India in areas with no
1039:
In countries such as
Nigeria, kerosene is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor, and kerosene stoves have replaced traditional wood-based cooking appliances. As such, increase in the price of kerosene can have a major political and environmental consequence. The Indian government
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in 1858, and southern Poland, where Ignacy Łukasiewicz had been distilling lamp oil from petroleum seeps since 1852. The increased supply of petroleum allowed oil refiners to entirely side-step the oil-from-coal patents of both Young and Gesner, and produce illuminating oil from petroleum without
651:
in 1851, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal. In 1852, he took out a United States patent for the same invention. These patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series of lawsuits, and other producers were obliged to pay him royalties.
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is their particularly high thermal output and their ability to operate at very low temperature in winter or at high altitude. Wick stoves like
Perfection's or wickless like Boss continue to be used by the Amish and off grid living and in natural disasters where there is no power available.
1040:
subsidizes the fuel to keep the price very low, to around 15 U.S. cents per liter as of
February 2007, as lower prices discourage dismantling of forests for cooking fuel. In Nigeria an attempt by the government to remove a fuel subsidy that includes kerosene met with strong opposition.
391:. BS 2869 Class C2 is a heavier distillate, which is used as domestic heating oil. Premium kerosene is usually sold in 5- or 20-litre containers from hardware, camping and garden stores, and is often dyed purple. Standard kerosene is usually dispensed in bulk by a tanker and is undyed.
762:
Electric lighting started displacing kerosene as an illuminant in the late 19th century, especially in urban areas. However, kerosene remained the predominant commercial end-use for petroleum refined in the United States until 1909, when it was exceeded by motor fuels. The rise of the
1081:. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. On some engines a heat valve on the manifold would route the exhaust gasses around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it was vaporized and could be ignited by an
624:. Gesner registered the word "Kerosene" as a trademark in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil "Kerosene" in the United States.
612:'s United States patent. Gesner's method of purifying the distillation products appears to have been superior to Young's, resulting in a cleaner and better-smelling fuel. Manufacture of kerosene under the Gesner patents began in New York in 1854 and later in
1121:
Kerosene is used to fuel smaller-horsepower outboard motors built by Yamaha, Suzuki, and
Tohatsu. Primarily used on small fishing craft, these are dual-fuel engines that start on gasoline and then transition to kerosene once the engine reaches optimum
47:
1088:
In Europe following the Second World War, automobiles were similarly modified to run on kerosene rather than gasoline, which they would have to import and pay heavy taxes on. Besides additional piping and the switch between fuels, the
593:. He was blocked from using it by the New Brunswick coal conglomerate because they had coal extraction rights for the province, and he lost a court case when their experts claimed albertite was a form of coal. In 1854, Gesner moved to
637:
experimented with oil discovered seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminating fuel. When the seep became exhausted, he experimented with the dry distillation of coal, especially the resinous "boghead coal"
386:
In the United
Kingdom, two grades of heating oil are defined. BS 2869 Class C1 is the lightest grade used for lanterns, camping stoves, and wick heaters, and mixed with petrol in some vintage combustion engines as a substitute for
2187:
Then in 1846, a Nova
Scotian physician and geologist named Abraham Gesner invented kerosene. This pioneering form of fossil fuel, which some called coal oil, burned cleaner and brighter than whale oil, and didn't have a pungent
1051:
invented in 1892. Portable kerosene stoves earn a reputation of reliable and durable stove in everyday use, and perform especially well under adverse conditions. In outdoor activities and mountaineering, a decisive advantage of
1295:
plants typically use TPH as their diluent. In recent times it has been shown by Mark
Foreman at Chalmers that aliphatic kerosene can be replaced in solvent extraction with HVO100 which is a second generation biodiesel made by
646:
because at low temperatures, it congealed into a substance that resembled paraffin wax. Young took out a patent on his process and the resulting products in 1850, and built the first truly commercial oil-works in the world at
900:
said, "The vapor of this substance mixed with air is as explosive as gunpowder." This statement may have been due to the common practice of adulterating kerosene with cheaper but more volatile hydrocarbon mixtures, such as
499:). The distillation process was repeated until most of the volatile hydrocarbon fractions had been removed and the final product was perfectly clear and safe to burn. Kerosene was also produced during the same period from
1093:
was replaced by a much thicker one to diminish the compression ratio (making the engine less powerful and less efficient, but able to run on kerosene). The necessary equipment was sold under the trademark "Econom".
1249:, which has since become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost.
2672:. Baird. pp. 395. This reference uses "benzene" in the obsolescent generic sense of a volatile hydrocarbon mixture, now called benzine, petroleum ether, ligroin, or naphtha, rather than the modern meaning of
382:
by weight) and 2-K (0.3% sulfur by weight). Grade 1-K kerosene burns cleaner with fewer deposits, fewer toxins, and less frequent maintenance than 2-K, and is the preferred grade for indoor heaters and stoves.
955:
and Japan, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to homes in some cases. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, kerosene is often used as a heating fuel in areas not connected to a
511:, the Chinese made use of kerosene through extracting and purifying petroleum and then converted it into lamp fuel. The Chinese made use of petroleum for lighting lamps and heating homes as early as 1500 BC.
1508:
3100:
2549:
Zoller, Stefan; Koepf, Erik; Nizamian, Dustin; Stephan, Marco; Patané, Adriano; Haueter, Philipp; Romero, Manuel; González-Aguilar, José; Lieftink, Dick; de Wit, Ellart; Brendelberger, Stefan (2022).
1118:(a version of the Chrysler Horizon that integrated many Saab components) were made. One reason to manufacture kerosene-fueled cars was that in Finland kerosene was less heavily taxed than gasoline.
744:
in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused a great deal of public excitement and investment drilling in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in Canada, where petroleum had been discovered at
1403:
It can be used to remove candle wax that has dripped onto a glass surface; it is recommended that the excess wax be scraped off prior to applying kerosene via a soaked cloth or tissue paper.
1437:
considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that "governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use". Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful
249:
considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that "governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use". Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful
779:
to produce kerosene from carbon dioxide and water in July 2022. The product can be used in existing aviation applications, and "can also be blended with fossil-derived kerosene."
1672:
1471:
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As a petroleum product miscible with many industrial liquids, kerosene can be used as both a solvent, able to remove other petroleum products, such as chain grease, and as a
463:
The process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, was first written about in the ninth century by the Persian scholar
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1806:
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Kerosene made up 8.5 percent by volume of petroleum refinery output in 2021 in the United States, of which nearly all was kerosene-type jet fuel (8.4 percent).
3119:
2182:
994:
mounted above the wick on a kerosene lamp. Looking like a delicate woven bag above the woven cotton wick, the mantle is a residue of mineral materials (mostly
752:
In the United Kingdom, manufacturing oil from coal (or oil shale) continued into the early 20th century, although increasingly overshadowed by petroleum oils.
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3417:
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975:, who generally abstain from the use of electricity, rely on kerosene for lighting at night. More ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
534:
and coal tar, it burned with a smoky flame that prevented its use for indoor illumination. In cities, much indoor illumination was provided by piped-in
422:
is 220 °C (428 °F). The freezing point of kerosene depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at −47 °C (−53 °F).
1728:
398:. Flash point and freezing point properties are particularly interesting for operation and safety; the standards also define additives for control of
2796:
570:, and distilled from it a clear, thin fluid that he showed made an excellent lamp fuel. He coined the name "kerosene" for his fuel, a contraction of
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3145:
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1751:
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were often built into kitchen ranges, and kept many farm and fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time, citrus growers used a
2058:
2203:
2081:
1467:, but health agencies warn against this as it can cause burns and serious illness. A kerosene shampoo can even be fatal if fumes are inhaled.
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as useless waste, but later he began experimenting with several distillates of the crude oil, along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania.
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1936:
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605:. There, he secured backing from a group of businessmen. They formed the North American Gas Light Company, to which he assigned his patents.
520:
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968:. Additives such as RangeKlene can be put into kerosene to ensure that it burns cleaner and produces less soot when used in range cookers.
230:, some jurisdictions regulate markings or colourings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. For example, in the United States,
1891:
2984:
Foreman, Mark R. StJ.; Johansson, Richard K.; Mariotti, Gloria; Persson, Ingmar; Tebikachew, Behabitu E.; Tyumentsev, Mikhail S. (2024).
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2928:
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1668:
905:. Kerosene was a significant fire risk; in 1880, nearly two of every five New York City fires were caused by defective kerosene lamps.
211:
Confusingly, the name "paraffin" is also used to refer to a number of distinct petroleum byproducts other than kerosene. For instance,
3426:
2006:
3223:
2953:
2032:
983:
fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops. "
538:, but outside the cities, and for spot lighting within the cities, the lucrative market for fueling indoor lamps was supplied by
3026:
3605:
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In his U.S. patent of 1850, Gesner called the product of his distillations an "illuminating gas", not an oil: Gesner, Abraham
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region of Poland in 1854, and sank several wells across southern Poland over the following decade, setting up a refinery near
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2357:
1619:
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People can be exposed to kerosene in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The US
1268:. Aromatic kerosene is a grade of kerosene with a large concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons, an example of this would be
2720:
3780:
3377:
1584:
294:
3450:
2324:
2304:
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had been experimenting with different distillation techniques, trying to improve on Gesner's kerosene process, but using
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used in fine art. Some artists even use it to clean their brushes; however, it leaves the bristles greasy to the touch.
1010:
oxide combination produces both a whiter light and a greater fraction of the energy in the form of visible light than a
756:
681:
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1111:
234:
requires that portable containers used at retail service stations for kerosene be colored blue, as opposed to red (for
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in Australia, where a temporary thin floating layer above the water protects it until the defective tank is repaired.
1342:
141:. World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 5,500,000 barrels per day as of July 2023.
3182:
Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
3147:
Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
2493:
United States Bureau of the Census, 1960, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, p.445.
2172:
1788:
Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
1753:
Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
1224:
launch vehicle was powered by the reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five 6.4 meganewton sea-level thrust
526:
distilled kerosene from bituminous coal and oil shale experimentally in 1846; commercial production followed in 1854
3800:
3600:
3572:
2974:
A.I. Ali, J.A. Daoud and H.F. Aly, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 1996, volume 67, pages 137-142
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1475:
316:
Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched- and straight-chain
197:
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Although "coal oil" was well known by industrial chemists at least as early as the 1700s as a byproduct of making
3392:
1434:
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Despite clear priority of discovery, Gesner did not obtain his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after
246:
38:
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Radiological signs of pneumonia were shown in nine out of 27 patients who had chest X-rays. There was one death.
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1314:
may occur slowly. This makes the color of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air away from the crystal.
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to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of
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1023:
921:
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being preferred because it is easier to light. Kerosene is often the fuel of choice for range cookers such as
2382:
1317:
It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid, and to store alkali metals such as
332:(single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams.
82:
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Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures.
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282:
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Furthermore, "He omitted to mention that kerosene had first been used to describe an illuminating gas."
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by a process of his own invention. He also invented a new lamp to burn his product. He has been dubbed the
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436:(or Rhazes) was the first to distil kerosene in the ninth century. He is depicted here in a manuscript by
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1377:. It can also be used as a cooling agent in metal production and treatment (oxygen-free conditions).
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rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1.62 × 10
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National and international standards define the properties of several grades of kerosene used for
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3393:"Prospectus of Gesner's patent kerosene gas, obtained from bitumen, asphaltum, or mineral pitch."
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ran on kerosene or turpentine. The idea was that the gasoline could be made from peat using the
1902:
475:), the physician and chemist Razi described two methods for the production of kerosene, termed
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192:. The term "lamp oil", or the equivalent in the local languages, is common in the majority of
103:
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It can be used to clean bicycle and motorcycle chains of old lubricant before relubrication.
1126:. Multiple fuel Evinrude and Mercury Racing engines also burn kerosene, as well as jet fuel.
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began selling lamp oil to local miners, under the name "Carbon Oil". He distilled this from
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was sometimes used instead, but the flames it produces look less impressive, and its lower
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2520:"All-in-one solar-powered tower makes carbon-neutral kerosene in the field at pilot-scale"
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1998:
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Advertisement for an oil stove, from the Albion Lamp Company, Birmingham, England, c. 1900
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976:
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617:
2551:"A solar tower fuel plant for the thermochemical production of kerosene from H2O and CO2"
2028:
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In his book of 1861 and its second edition of 1865, Gesner claimed to have demonstrated
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2151:
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Greater Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Past, Present, Future; The Pioneer Oil Refiner
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of kerosene is harmful. Kerosene is sometimes recommended as a folk remedy for killing
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kerosene – an "oil" – in 1846 during his public lectures on Prince Edward's Island.
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1153:. The combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C
939:
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or adhesive left by stickers on a glass surface (such as in show windows of stores).
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by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. During the Chinese
418:
of kerosene is between 37 °C (99 °F) and 65 °C (149 °F), and its
219:
in the US) is a more viscous and highly refined product which is used as a laxative.
169:
129:. It is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel, and for fire toys such as
122:
77:
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Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industry for fire performances, such as
912:
kerosene is an important source of energy for cooking and lighting. It is used as a
519:
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329:
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Collins, Chris (2007). "Implementing Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons".
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The fuel, also known as heating oil in the UK and Ireland, remains widely used in
3353:
1627:
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between 150 and 275 °C (300 and 525 °F), resulting in a mixture with a
3681:
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3512:
2986:"Sustainable solvent extraction of gold and other metals with biomass chemicals"
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To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile
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924:. As a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some
772:
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201:
138:
114:
46:
2421:(Excerpt from Yo-Ho-Ho and a Bottle of Unrefined Complex Liquid Hydrocarbons)
1275:
Kerosene is commonly used in metal extraction as the diluent, for example in
3709:
3666:
3517:
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2416:(1). Oil Region Alliance of Business, Industry & Tourism. Archived from
2278:
Gesner, Abraham, "Improvement in kerosene burning-fluids," U.S. Patent no.s
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3108:. Australian Government Department of Health. March 2011. pp. 22, 23.
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A notable exception, discovered in the early 19th century, is the use of a
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2470:
Scientists and Swindlers: Consulting on Coal and Oil in America, 1820–1890
828:
642:). He extracted a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named
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1824:. Methods in Biotechnology. Vol. 23. Humana Press. pp. 99–108.
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In his prospectus of 1850, Gesner repeatedly identified "kerosene" as a
725:
to register his technique with the government. Łukasiewicz moved to the
17:
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Mahdi, Awad Hassan (1988). "Kerosene Poisoning in Children in Riyadh".
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as a home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In
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290:
165:
31:
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Feng, Lianyong; Hu, Yan; Hall, Charles A. S; Wang, Jianliang (2013).
1952:
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for corrosion experiments to simulate crude oil in field conditions.
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2509:(Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, 1963) 170, 172, 194, 204.
425:
Grade 1-K kerosene freezes around −40 °C (−40 °F, 233 K).
172:, while the term paraffin (or a closely related variant) is used in
3435:
3366:
As late as 1850, Gesner promoted his "kerosene" as an illuminating
3044:"S and P Block Elements – Solved Problems for IIT JEE - askIITians"
1855:"Flash Point and Chemical Composition of Aviation Kerosene (Jet A)"
1648:
1441:, and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of
1133:
in several grades. One highly refined form of the fuel is known as
680:
in the 1840s. At first, Kier simply dumped the oil into the nearby
324:(cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% of volume.
253:, and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of
3333:
A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils.
2343:
The golden flood: an informal history of America's first oil field
2227:
A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home
1296:
1287:
1214:
1030:
1022:
972:
952:
948:
938:
930:
518:
448:
427:
173:
157:
45:
3342:
A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils
1380:
In the petroleum industry, kerosene is often used as a synthetic
133:. In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small
3493:
1520:
1269:
1252:
1229:
1134:
872:
695:
484:
193:
126:
73:
3463:
3073:"Oil atomisation puts a different face on iron alloy powders".
1290:
extraction process, but it is increasingly being supplanted by
928:. It is sometimes used as a heat source during power failures.
3459:
3345:, 2nd ed., New York, New York, USA: Bailliere Brothers, p. 9.
2778:. Ibnlive.in.com (14 February 2011). Retrieved on 2 June 2015.
91:
2507:
The American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy, 1899–1959
558:
claimed that in 1846, he had given a public demonstration in
2820:"Nigeria Kerosene Too Expensive For Oil-Rich Country's Poor"
1333:, which is less dense than kerosene, causing it to float).
892:
and lanterns in the developing world. Although it replaced
2668:
Crew, Benjamin Johnson; Ashburner, Charles Albert (1887).
281:, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from the
3363:
PhD thesis (University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK), p. 227.
3354:"James Young, Scottish Industrialist and Philanthropist,"
3284:"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Kerosene"
2210:, Petroleum History Institute, accessed 17 November 2014.
2163:
2161:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
1725:
Horizon Distributors - Irrigation & Landscape Supply
1114:. Between 1980 and 1984, 3,756 Saab 99 Petros and 2,385
755:
As kerosene production increased, whaling declined. The
566:
of a new process he had discovered. He heated coal in a
479:(نفط ابيض"white naphtha"), using an apparatus called an
378:
recognizes two grades of kerosene: 1-K (less than 0.04%
3214:
Levine, Michael D.; Gresham, Chip III (30 April 2009).
1279:
extraction by LIX-84 it can be used in mixer settlers.
2867:
Bakrutan: "Saab 99 Petro" by Petri Tyrkös, n. 4, 2008
1853:
Shepherd, J.E.; Nuyt, C.D.; Lee, J.J. (2 March 2000).
1373:, with less risk of combustion when compared to using
578:. The cost of extracting kerosene from coal was high.
1472:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1145:. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications for
801:. It condenses at a temperature intermediate between
2121:. Springer (published 28 November 2012). p. 2.
1695:"Pennsylvania Combustible and Flammable Liquids Act"
1669:"Lamp oil Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"
1513:
emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels
960:
pipeline network. It is used less for cooking, with
3700:
3659:
3571:
3500:
3402:
New York, New York, USA: Trehern & Williamson.
3336:
New York, New York, USA: Bailliere Brothers, p. 9.
2381:. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from
336:are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.
3033:. Oilfielddirectory.com. Retrieved on 2 June 2015.
2721:"Heating Your Home in Winter: Kerosene Fan Heater"
2655:Elements of Chemistry: for Common and High Schools
2637:
2251:
1890:American Institute of Petroleum (September 2010).
491:, and later the other method using chemicals like
3185:. Geneva, Switzerland. p. 49. Archived from
1791:. Geneva, Switzerland. p. 49. Archived from
1306:, kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a
313:, predominantly containing 9 to 16 carbon atoms.
3384:U.S. Patent no. 7,052 (issued: 29 January 1850).
3150:. Geneva, Switzerland. p. X. Archived from
1756:. Geneva, Switzerland. p. X. Archived from
1232:(J/s) (162 gigawatt) or 217 million horsepower.
1101:, Saab-Valmet developed and series-produced the
581:Gesner recalled from his extensive knowledge of
50:A kerosene bottle, containing blue-dyed kerosene
3339:Gesner, Abraham; Gesner, George Weltden (1865)
2406:"Samuel Kier – Medicine Man & Refiner"
2331:U.S. Patent no. 8,833 (issued: 23 March 1852).
3375:"Manufacture of illuminating-gas from bitumen"
2356:World, American Manufacturer and Iron (1901).
1927:Annamalai, Kalyan; Ishwar Kanwar Puri (2006).
1069:In the early to mid-20th century, kerosene or
305:molecules that typically contain between 6-20
3475:
2790:"Fuel Subsidies Overseas Take a Toll on U.S."
2142:Chang, Samuel Hsu; Robinson, Paul R. (2006).
1721:"Fuel Storage Cans - Getting the Color Right"
80:as well as households. Its name derives from
8:
3448:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2603:U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2119:The Chinese Oil Industry: History and Future
2362:. The American Manufacturer and Iron World.
453:A queue for kerosene. Moscow, Russia, 1920s
3482:
3468:
3460:
3199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3164:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2879:"Kerosene Outboards: An Alternative Fuel?"
2473:. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 232–233.
2220:
2218:
2216:
2144:Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing
1805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1770:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1620:"Has kerosene become a generic trademark?"
1264:solvent extraction with methanol, DMSO or
223:is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum.
3001:
2894:
2892:
2851:"Report from abroad on kerosene-fed cars"
2574:
1979:"1301:7-5-10 Fuel for kerosene heaters".
1478:of 100 mg/m over an 8-hour workday.
371:is 46.2 MJ/kg (19,900 Btu/lb).
144:The term "kerosene" is common in much of
2946:"How a Plan for Bus Fuel Grew Expensive"
670:Grandfather of the American Oil Industry
515:Illuminating oil from coal and oil shale
94:", and was registered as a trademark by
3316:
3253:(6). Oxford University Press: 316–318.
2751:"Additives (KeroKlene and Range Klene)"
2697:The Good Old Days – They Were Terrible!
1892:"Kerosene/Jet Fuel Assessment Document"
1538:
293:of 0.78–0.81 g/cm. It is miscible with
3391:, not an oil: Gesner, Abraham (1850)
3192:
3157:
2676:as the specific aromatic hydrocarbon C
2322:"Improvement in making paraffine-oil,"
1864:. California Institute of Technology.
1798:
1763:
1548:Webster's New World College Dictionary
767:Kerosene from carbon dioxide and water
204:, it is also commonly referred to as "
3294:from the original on 23 November 2015
3054:from the original on 12 December 2017
2185:from the original on 6 October 2019.
2061:from the original on 22 December 2015
1953:"Standard Specification for Kerosine"
1871:from the original on 26 February 2021
1241:is a custom-blended fuel used by the
1220:In the initial phase of liftoff, the
947:Kerosene is widely used in Japan and
546:, which burned brighter and cleaner.
7:
2849:Baer, Frederick H. (December 1951).
2146:. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 2.
935:A truck delivering kerosene in Japan
110:in scientific and industrial usage.
3024:Kerosene: Other uses: Miscellaneous
2956:from the original on 5 January 2018
2905:. Cengage Learning. pp. 251–.
2899:Ebbing, Darrell (3 December 2007).
2857:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 193.
2830:from the original on 7 January 2014
2799:from the original on 5 January 2018
2776:Lanstove:A lamp that's also a stove
1073:(TVO) was used as a cheap fuel for
3226:from the original on 18 April 2021
3179:World Health Organization (2016).
3144:World Health Organization (2016).
3102:Guidance on use of rainwater tanks
2757:from the original on 29 March 2017
2753:. Craggs Energy. 25 January 2016.
2727:. 30 November 2011. Archived from
2657:. Scribner, Armstrong. p. 98.
2446:. MBI Publishing. pp. 19–20.
2173:"The cautionary tale of whale oil"
2035:from the original on 29 April 2009
2009:from the original on 18 April 2023
1929:Combustion Science and Engineering
1862:Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories
1785:World Health Organization (2016).
1750:World Health Organization (2016).
1731:from the original on 10 April 2021
1658:. Ingoeoils.co.uk. on 2 June 2015,
1457:, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
1129:Today, kerosene is mainly used in
343:of kerosene is similar to that of
269:, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
25:
2670:A Practical Treatise on Petroleum
2609:from the original on 4 April 2020
2530:from the original on 24 July 2022
2254:Canadian Scientists and Inventors
1649:What is Kerosene – Ingoe Oils Ltd
1582:Kerosene consumption in the World
585:'s geology a naturally occurring
113:Kerosene is widely used to power
2788:Bradsher, Keith (28 July 2008).
2628:Aglionby, John (17 March 2016).
2442:Steil, Tim; Luning, Jim (2002).
1987:. Banks-Baldwin Law.: 1109 1984.
1701:from the original on 7 July 2016
1675:from the original on 9 July 2021
1002:by the flame from the wick. The
406:Melting, freeze and flash points
125:in a highly refined form called
3606:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
2229:. University of Toronto Press.
1626:. 23 March 2020. Archived from
1421:It has seen use for water tank
1243:New York City Transit Authority
1035:Old kerosene stoves from India.
414:: 25 °C (77 °F). The
102:in 1854 before evolving into a
3247:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
2877:Banse, Timothy (7 July 2010).
2818:Ibikun, Yinka (25 July 2011).
2345:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 35.
1043:Kerosene is used as a fuel in
805:, which is less volatile, and
301:with water. It is composed of
27:Combustible hydrocarbon liquid
1:
3087:10.1016/S0026-0657(04)00279-6
2855:Popular Science December 1951
2653:Cooley, Le Roy Clark (1873).
2630:"Lightbulb moment for M-Kopa"
1981:Baldwin's Ohio Monthly Record
68:liquid which is derived from
3677:Automatic transmission fluid
3611:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3563:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
2699:. Random House. p. 34.
1409:It can also be used to thin
1105:Petro that ran on kerosene,
682:Pennsylvania Main Line Canal
3420:, Webster Online Dictionary
2725:Nagoya International Center
2567:10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.012
2201:Whale oil versus the others
1901:. p. 8. Archived from
1830:10.1007/978-1-59745-098-0_8
1489:Adiabatic flame temperature
1392:Kerosene can be used as an
1137:, and is often burned with
1054:pressurized kerosene stoves
813:, which are more volatile.
736:The petroleum discovery by
3822:
3756:Brands that became generic
3601:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
3436:Material Safety Data Sheet
2444:Fantastic Filling Stations
2375:"Kier, Samuel Martin- Bio"
2225:Russell, Loris S. (2003).
2094:(1): 20–27. Archived from
1931:. CRC Press. p. 851.
1562:"Kerosene Outboard Motors"
1499:Gasoline gallon equivalent
1476:recommended exposure limit
1445:, respiratory infections,
786:
456:
410:Kerosene is liquid around
257:, respiratory infections,
198:Southeastern United States
106:. It is sometimes spelled
81:
36:
29:
3429:11 September 2009 at the
1606:Oxford English Dictionary
1435:World Health Organization
1239:Ultra-low sulfur kerosene
542:, specifically that from
320:(hydrocarbon chains) and
247:World Health Organization
72:. It is widely used as a
39:Kerosene (disambiguation)
3586:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3380:24 February 2021 at the
3359:25 February 2021 at the
3216:"Toxicity, Hydrocarbons"
3029:29 December 2011 at the
2341:Asbury, Herbert (1942).
2311:(issued: 27 June 1854).
1099:fuel crisis of the 1970s
910:less-developed countries
793:Kerosene is produced by
676:began to be fouled with
420:autoignition temperature
30:Not to be confused with
3692:Windshield washer fluid
3636:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3616:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3528:Lead Replacement Petrol
3453:25 October 2017 at the
3330:Gesner, Abraham (1861)
3259:10.1093/tropej/34.6.316
2695:Bettmann, Otto (1974).
2258:. Pembroke Publishers.
1329:(with the exception of
1247:ultra-low-sulfur diesel
1112:Fischer–Tropsch process
795:fractional distillation
694:pharmacist residing in
656:Kerosene from petroleum
283:fractional distillation
98:geologist and inventor
3543:Compressed natural gas
2404:Harper, J. A. (1995).
2206:4 January 2018 at the
1526:Tractor vaporizing oil
1282:Kerosene is used as a
1071:tractor vaporizing oil
1036:
1028:
977:kerosene space heaters
944:
936:
896:, the 1873 edition of
757:American whaling fleet
672:by historians. Kier's
616:—being distilled from
527:
454:
441:
389:tractor vaporizing oil
51:
3441:15 April 2016 at the
2952:. 25 September 2008.
2599:"U.S. Refinery Yield"
2250:Black, Harry (1997).
1654:2 August 2017 at the
1587:5 August 2022 at the
1304:X-ray crystallography
1124:operating temperature
1034:
1026:
943:Kerosene Storage Tank
942:
934:
898:Elements of Chemistry
787:Further information:
522:
452:
431:
326:Aromatic hydrocarbons
273:Properties and grades
49:
3781:Hydrocarbon solvents
3424:Kerosene Fuel Primer
3398:1 March 2021 at the
3189:on 24 November 2017.
3154:on 24 November 2017.
2883:Marine Engine Digest
2642:on 10 December 2022.
2503:Harold F. Williamson
2467:Paul Lucier (2008).
2410:Pennsylvania Geology
2327:12 June 2018 at the
2307:12 June 2018 at the
2296:12 June 2018 at the
2285:12 June 2018 at the
1795:on 24 November 2017.
1760:on 24 November 2017.
1591:. World Data Atlas,
1347:fire juggling or poi
1131:fuel for jet engines
1058:gas cartridge stoves
884:Heating and lighting
746:Oil Springs, Ontario
564:Prince Edward Island
556:Abraham Pineo Gesner
467:(or Rhazes). In his
402:and other purposes.
369:higher heating value
37:For other uses, see
3806:Scottish inventions
3761:Canadian inventions
3746:American inventions
3081:(10): 26–06. 2004.
3075:Metal Powder Report
2931:27 May 2008 at the
2152:2006papp.book.....H
1908:on 28 February 2014
1361:poses a high risk.
1079:hit 'n miss engines
797:of crude oil in an
771:A pilot project by
349:lower heating value
121:), as well as some
3796:Petroleum products
3786:Iranian inventions
3766:Chinese inventions
3596:1,2-Dichloroethane
3352:Butt, John (1963)
3048:www.askiitians.com
3003:10.1039/D3SU00078H
2990:RSC Sustainability
2950:The New York Times
2524:Green Car Congress
2178:The Globe and Mail
2171:(4 October 2019).
2087:Saudi Aramco World
1958:ASTM International
1630:on 7 February 2021
1474:(NIOSH) has set a
1439:particulate matter
1396:on hard-to-remove
1259:Chemical processes
1037:
1029:
945:
937:
688:Ignacy Łukasiewicz
662:Samuel Martin Kier
528:
483:. One method used
455:
442:
400:static electricity
341:heat of combustion
295:petroleum solvents
277:Kerosene is a low-
251:particulate matter
52:
3801:Polish inventions
3728:
3727:
3651:Tetranitromethane
3631:Metal deactivator
3591:1,2-Dibromoethane
3115:978-1-74241-325-9
2926:Kerosene blending
2912:978-1-111-80895-2
2902:General Chemistry
2706:978-0-394-70941-3
2480:978-1-4214-0285-7
2453:978-0-7603-1064-9
2265:978-1-55138-081-0
2236:978-0-8020-3765-7
2128:978-1-4419-9409-7
2082:"The Oil Weapons"
2057:. 4 August 2015.
1938:978-0-8493-2071-2
1839:978-1-58829-541-5
1518:Rocket propellant
1504:Kerosene jet fuel
1272:'s Solvesso 150.
881:
880:
833:Fuels for heating
493:ammonium chloride
438:Gerard of Cremona
238:) or yellow (for
228:gasoline (petrol)
104:generic trademark
16:(Redirected from
3813:
3715:MTBE controversy
3484:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3405:
3321:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3155:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3125:on 21 March 2019
3124:
3118:. Archived from
3107:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3040:
3034:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2942:
2936:
2935:, (pdf from EPA)
2923:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:on 3 August 2017
2717:
2711:
2710:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2636:. Archived from
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2561:(7): 1606–1616.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2526:. 21 July 2022.
2516:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2423:on 15 March 2012
2422:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2373:McInnis, Karen.
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2318:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2211:
2199:Samuel T. Pees,
2197:
2191:
2190:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1822:Phytoremediation
1817:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1423:mosquito control
1394:adhesive remover
1337:In entertainment
1310:is left in air,
1308:hydrated crystal
1047:, especially in
926:filling stations
829:
712:
432:Persian scholar
412:room temperature
85:
21:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:Pay at the pump
3696:
3655:
3626:Ethylenediamine
3567:
3508:Gasoline/petrol
3496:
3488:
3455:Wayback Machine
3443:Wayback Machine
3431:Wayback Machine
3414:
3409:
3408:
3400:Wayback Machine
3382:Wayback Machine
3361:Wayback Machine
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3031:Wayback Machine
3022:
3011:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2933:Wayback Machine
2924:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2824:Huffington Post
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2634:Financial Times
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2385:on 13 June 2010
2372:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2329:Wayback Machine
2319:
2315:
2309:Wayback Machine
2298:Wayback Machine
2287:Wayback Machine
2277:
2273:
2266:
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2208:Wayback Machine
2198:
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2159:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2080:Bilkadi, Zayn.
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2003:eWorldTrade.com
1997:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1894:
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1656:Wayback Machine
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1624:genericides.org
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:Wayback Machine
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1512:
1484:
1431:
1419:
1411:oil-based paint
1390:
1367:
1339:
1261:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1116:Talbot Horizons
1067:
1045:portable stoves
1021:
996:thorium dioxide
918:portable stoves
886:
877:
827:
822:
791:
785:
769:
706:
658:
618:bituminous coal
517:
473:Book of Secrets
461:
447:
408:
359:(around 18,500
275:
213:liquid paraffin
135:outboard motors
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Aviation fuels
3748:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
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3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:Tetraethyllead
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
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3573:Fuel additives
3569:
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3464:
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3421:
3413:
3412:External links
3410:
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2996:(3): 655–675.
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2793:New York Times
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2333:
2320:Young, James,
2313:
2271:
2264:
2242:
2235:
2212:
2192:
2157:
2134:
2127:
2109:
2098:on 9 June 2011
2072:
2046:
2020:
1990:
1971:
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1937:
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1389:
1386:
1366:
1363:
1343:fire breathing
1338:
1335:
1260:
1257:
1218:
1217:
1213: = -7513
1198:
1190:
1189:) → 24 CO
1182:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1083:electric spark
1066:
1063:
1020:
1017:
890:kerosene lamps
885:
882:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
836:
835:
826:
823:
821:
818:
784:
781:
768:
765:
719:petroleum seep
657:
654:
524:Abraham Gesner
516:
513:
469:Kitab al-Asrar
446:
443:
407:
404:
274:
271:
200:, although in
190:United Kingdom
123:rocket engines
100:Abraham Gesner
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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2083:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
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1841:
1835:
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1827:
1823:
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1524:
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1519:
1516:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Aviation fuel
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
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1197:) + 26 H
1196:
1188:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1152:
1151:freeze points
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:liquid oxygen
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
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1055:
1050:
1049:Primus stoves
1046:
1041:
1033:
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1018:
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1015:electricity.
1013:
1009:
1005:
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1000:incandescence
998:), heated to
997:
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717:from a local
716:
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697:
693:
689:
685:
683:
679:
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671:
667:
663:
655:
653:
650:
645:
644:paraffine oil
641:
636:
633:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:Newtown Creek
592:
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583:New Brunswick
579:
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569:
565:
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560:Charlottetown
557:
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551:
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381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:alkylbenzenes
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
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218:
214:
209:
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203:
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195:
191:
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167:
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142:
140:
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116:
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75:
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3776:Liquid fuels
3641:Nitromethane
3581:Butyl rubber
3558:Butanol fuel
3537:
3388:
3367:
3341:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3278:
3270:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3187:the original
3181:
3174:
3152:the original
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3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3101:
3095:
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3056:. Retrieved
3047:
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2745:
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2729:the original
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2639:the original
2633:
2623:
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2602:
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2523:
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2383:the original
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2096:the original
2091:
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2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1903:the original
1898:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1861:
1848:
1821:
1815:
1793:the original
1787:
1780:
1758:the original
1752:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1663:
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1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1623:
1614:
1605:
1604:"Kerosene".
1599:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1546:"Kerosene".
1541:
1469:
1459:
1451:tuberculosis
1432:
1420:
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1351:fire dancing
1340:
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1237:
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1219:
1208:
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1147:smoke points
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1096:
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1042:
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989:
970:
946:
907:
897:
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799:oil refinery
792:
770:
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751:
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686:
669:
659:
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626:
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575:
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544:sperm whales
529:
509:Ming Dynasty
497:sal ammoniac
496:
476:
472:
468:
462:
424:
409:
393:
385:
373:
338:
315:
276:
263:tuberculosis
244:
232:Pennsylvania
225:
221:Paraffin wax
210:
182:South Africa
143:
112:
107:
87:
58:
54:
53:
43:
3682:Brake fluid
3533:Electricity
3523:Biogasoline
3288:www.cdc.gov
3058:12 December
2960:22 February
2834:11 December
2803:22 February
2427:12 December
2389:12 December
2102:13 February
2065:14 December
1875:16 February
1382:hydrocarbon
1365:In industry
1359:flash point
1312:dehydration
1143:rocket fuel
1097:During the
1091:head gasket
985:Salamanders
922:backpackers
863:Natural gas
848:Wood pellet
843:Heating oil
803:diesel fuel
777:solar power
738:Edwin Drake
707: [
635:James Young
610:James Young
599:Long Island
572:keroselaion
416:flash point
367:), and its
345:diesel fuel
303:hydrocarbon
217:mineral oil
178:East Africa
162:New Zealand
139:motorcycles
115:jet engines
96:Nova Scotia
90:) meaning "
66:hydrocarbon
63:combustible
3791:Lubricants
3735:Categories
3672:Antifreeze
3501:Fuel types
3418:"Kerosene"
3298:6 November
3230:1 December
2735:3 November
2029:"Kerosene"
1999:"KEROSENE"
1912:28 October
1735:20 October
1634:28 January
1567:25 October
1533:References
1509:List of CO
1107:turpentine
1012:black body
992:gas mantle
981:smudge pot
783:Production
773:ETH Zurich
742:Drake Well
698:, and his
674:salt wells
574:, meaning
477:naft abyad
457:See also:
322:naphthenes
309:atoms per
299:immiscible
202:Appalachia
188:, and the
168:, and the
3710:Fuel card
3667:Motor oil
3518:Biodiesel
3220:emedicine
3195:cite book
3160:cite book
2379:biography
2055:"Ask.com"
1801:cite book
1766:cite book
1465:head lice
1461:Ingestion
1371:lubricant
1319:potassium
1266:sulfolane
894:whale oil
733:in 1859.
700:Hungarian
678:petroleum
666:crude oil
660:In 1851,
640:torbanite
627:In 1848,
622:oil shale
591:albertite
587:asphaltum
553:geologist
540:whale oil
501:oil shale
489:absorbent
287:petroleum
279:viscosity
267:cataracts
150:Australia
146:Argentina
70:petroleum
3771:Coolants
3687:Gear oil
3548:Hydrogen
3538:Kerosene
3451:Archived
3439:Archived
3427:Archived
3396:Archived
3378:Archived
3357:Archived
3292:Archived
3224:Archived
3129:16 March
3052:Archived
3027:Archived
2954:Archived
2929:Archived
2828:Archived
2797:Archived
2755:Archived
2613:8 August
2607:Archived
2585:35915707
2528:Archived
2325:Archived
2305:Archived
2294:Archived
2283:Archived
2204:Archived
2183:Archived
2169:Ed Butts
2059:Archived
2033:Archived
2007:Archived
1866:Archived
1729:Archived
1705:28 April
1699:Archived
1673:Archived
1652:Archived
1585:Archived
1482:See also
1455:cataract
1429:Toxicity
1398:mucilage
1375:gasoline
1327:rubidium
1292:dodecane
1222:Saturn V
1181:) + 37 O
1163:dodecane
1075:tractors
916:fuel in
853:Kerosene
811:gasoline
789:Jet fuel
702:partner
649:Bathgate
629:Scottish
603:New York
550:Canadian
536:coal gas
532:coal gas
459:Coal oil
396:jet fuel
351:is 43.1
328:such as
311:molecule
236:gasoline
215:(called
206:coal oil
196:and the
137:or even
119:jet fuel
108:kerosine
78:aviation
59:paraffin
55:Kerosene
18:Kerosine
3741:Alkanes
3621:Ecalene
3553:Ethanol
3267:3221417
2674:benzene
2576:9332358
2534:24 July
2148:Bibcode
2039:10 June
2013:3 March
1964:21 July
1388:Solvent
1355:Ethanol
1331:lithium
1286:in the
1284:diluent
1103:Saab 99
1065:Engines
1019:Cooking
1004:thorium
966:Rayburn
914:cooking
903:naphtha
858:Propane
825:As fuel
807:naphtha
727:Gorlice
704:Jan Zeh
632:chemist
589:called
576:wax-oil
505:bitumen
481:alembic
445:History
334:Olefins
318:alkanes
291:density
166:Nigeria
61:, is a
32:Kerogen
3702:Retail
3660:Fluids
3513:Diesel
3325:liquid
3265:
3112:
2909:
2761:30 May
2703:
2583:
2573:
2477:
2450:
2302:11,205
2291:11,204
2280:11,203
2262:
2233:
2125:
1935:
1836:
1679:4 July
1593:Knoema
1447:asthma
1443:cancer
1417:Others
1349:, and
1325:, and
1323:sodium
1277:copper
1008:cerium
723:Vienna
692:Polish
614:Boston
568:retort
487:as an
380:sulfur
347:; its
307:carbon
259:asthma
255:cancer
240:diesel
186:Norway
154:Canada
3494:fuels
3491:Motor
3311:Notes
3123:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
2555:Joule
2188:odor.
1906:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1297:Neste
1288:PUREX
1230:watts
1056:over
973:Amish
953:Chile
949:Chile
775:used
731:Jasło
711:]
174:Chile
158:India
88:kērós
83:κηρός
57:, or
3370::
3300:2015
3263:PMID
3232:2009
3201:link
3166:link
3131:2019
3110:ISBN
3060:2017
2962:2017
2907:ISBN
2836:2012
2805:2017
2763:2017
2737:2016
2701:ISBN
2615:2022
2581:PMID
2536:2022
2475:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2429:2008
2391:2008
2260:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2104:2009
2067:2015
2041:2009
2015:2023
1966:2024
1933:ISBN
1914:2016
1877:2020
1834:ISBN
1807:link
1772:link
1737:2020
1707:2014
1681:2021
1636:2021
1569:2011
1521:RP-1
1433:The
1270:Exon
1253:JP-8
1149:and
1135:RP-1
1077:and
1006:and
971:The
920:for
873:Coal
868:Wood
809:and
696:Lviv
690:, a
620:and
503:and
485:clay
465:Rāzi
434:Rāzi
376:ASTM
374:The
339:The
297:but
245:The
194:Asia
127:RP-1
74:fuel
3389:gas
3368:gas
3255:doi
3083:doi
2998:doi
2571:PMC
2563:doi
1899:EPA
1826:doi
1302:In
1226:F-1
1205:);
1169:2 C
1165:):
1141:as
962:LPG
958:gas
908:In
715:oil
361:Btu
285:of
242:).
208:".
131:poi
92:wax
76:in
3737::
3290:.
3286:.
3269:.
3261:.
3251:34
3249:.
3222:.
3218:.
3197:}}
3193:{{
3162:}}
3158:{{
3079:59
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2160:^
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2090:.
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2031:.
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1171:12
1159:26
1155:12
1085:.
740:-
709:pl
601:,
597:,
562:,
365:lb
357:kg
353:MJ
265:,
261:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
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