1293:
1358:
1172:
1371:
1796:
3039:
1395:
1767:
1003:
1831:
2019:
1569:
3531:
Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of
Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-
1816:
96:
1385:
72:
3545:, p. 98: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."
397:
1405:
1199:. However this indirectly damaged the Turkish integrity of the nobility, which had opposed the power of the non-Turks. This left them vulnerable to the Khalji faction, which took power through a series of assassinations. One by one the Mamluk officers were murdered, and the last ruler of the Turkic Mamluk dynasty - the 17-year old Muiz ud din Qaiqabad - was killed in the Kailu-gheri Palace during the coup known as the
1659:
increased and Delhi
Sultanate witnessed increasingly worse and extended periods of famines. The Sultan banned private storage of food by anyone. Rationing system was introduced by Alauddin as shortages multiplied; however, the nobility and his army were exempt from the per family quota-based food rationing system. During these famines, Khalji's sultanate granaries and wholesale
1518:, as regent. Qutb killed his younger brother and appointed himself sultan; to win over the loyalty of the amirs and the Malik clan he offered Ghazi Malik the position of army commander in the Punjab. Others were given a choice between various offices and death. After ruling in his own name for less than four years, Mubarak Shah was murdered in 1320 by one of his generals,
1502:
1251:
5161:
1867:, is full of adulation for his employer, the reigning Sultan. Khusrau's adulation-filled narrative poetry has been used as a source of Khalji dynasty history, but this is a disputed source. Three historical sources, composed 30 to 115 years after the end of Khalji dynasty, are considered more independent but also questioned given the gap in time. These are
3576:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."
1629:
in the court" to create "rules and regulations in order to grind down the common man, so as to reduce them to abject poverty and deprive them of wealth and any form of surplus property that could foster a rebellion; At the same time, he confiscated all landed property from his courtiers and officers. Revenue assignments to Muslim
1441:
that family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to fears of an uprising. He also killed his own family members and nephews, in 1299–1300, after he suspected them of rebellion, by first gouging out their eyes and then beheading them.
1171:
1850:
Historians have questioned the reliability of historical accounts about the Khalji dynasty. Genuine primary sources and historical records from 1260 to 1349 period have not been found. One exception is the short chapter on Delhi
Sultanate from 1302 to 1303 AD by Wassaf in Persia, which is duplicated
1440:
during his raids in the south. He also withstood two Mongol raids. Alauddin was also known for his cruelty against attacked kingdoms after wars. Historians note him as a tyrant, and that anyone
Alauddin Khalji suspected of being a threat to this power was killed, along with the women and children of
4081:
the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles...Nusrat Khan confiscated property worth about one crore. This brought to an end the influence of the Jalali nobles and strengthened the government treasury. Also the Sultan got a happy riddance from a nobility, whose loyalty
1628:
seize by force half of all produce any farmer generates, as a tax on standing crop, so as to fill sultanate granaries. His officers enforced tax payment by beating up middlemen responsible for rural tax collection.Furthermore, Alauddin Khalji demanded, state Kulke and
Rothermund, from his "wise men
1213:
Jalaluddin succeeded in overcoming the opposition of the
Turkish nobles and ascended the throne of Delhi in January 1290. Jalal-ud-din was not universally accepted: during his six-year reign (1290–96), Balban's nephew revolted due to his assumption of power and the subsequent sidelining of nobility
1548:
Alauddin Khalji changed the tax policies to strengthen his treasury to help pay the keep of his growing army and fund his wars of expansion. He raised agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% – payable in grain and agricultural produce (or cash), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by
966:
Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where
Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks". Muhammad ibn Najib
953:
According to C. E. Bosworth, the
Ghilzai, who make up the majority of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, are the modern result of the Khalaj assimilation into the Pashtuns. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not. Minorsky argues
1701:
Within
Sultanate's capital city of Delhi, during Alauddin Khalji's reign, at least half of the population were slaves working as servants, concubines and guards for the Muslim nobles, amirs, court officials and commanders. Slavery in India during the Khalji dynasty, and later Islamic dynasties,
1663:
system with price controls ensured sufficient food for his army, court officials and the urban population in Delhi. Price controls instituted by Khalji reduced prices, but also lowered wages to a point where ordinary people did not benefit from the low prices. The price control system collapsed
1637:
Alauddin Khalji taxation methods and increased taxes reduced agriculture output and the
Sultanate witnessed massive inflation. In order to compensate for salaries that he had cut and fixed for Muslim officials and soldiers, Alauddin introduced price controls on all agriculture produce, goods,
3530:
A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of
1658:
rules were severely punished, such as by cutting out their flesh. Taxes collected in form of seized crops and grains were stored in sultanate's granaries. Over time, farmers quit farming for income and shifted to subsistence farming, the general food supply worsened in north India, shortages
1468:. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with loot and war booty from Deccan peninsula which he submitted to Alauddin Khalji. This made Malik Kafur, born in a Hindu family and who had converted to Islam before becoming Delhi Sultanate's army commander, a favorite of Alauddin Khalji.
3604:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."
971:
explicitly describes them as Turkic, although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. However, the Jahan-nama describes them as "tribe of Turks" going through a
3043:
3204:
Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it
3474:
The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high
898:. According to R.S. Chaurasia, the Khaljis slowly inherited many Afghan habits and customs, and that they were treated as Afghans by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate. Even to the point where Turkic nobles in the Delhi Sultanate opposed
3262:
This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of
1702:
included two groups of people - persons seized during military campaigns, and people who defaulted on their taxes. The institution of slavery and bondage labor became pervasive during the Khalji dynasty; male slaves were referred to as
1871:'s epic of 1349, Diya-yi Barani's work of 1357 and Sirhindi's account of 1434, which possibly relied on now lost text or memories of people in Khalji's court. Of these Barani's text is the most referred and cited in scholarly sources.
1513:
Over the next three years following Malik Kafur's death, another three sultans assumed power violently and/or were killed in coups. First, the amirs installed a six-year-old named Shihab-ud-din Omar as sultan and his teenage brother,
4232:
1292:
1795:
2983:
1549:
local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him; he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars in his kingdom.
1522:. Amirs persuaded Ghazi Malik, who was still army commander in the Punjab, to lead a coup. Ghazi Malik's forces marched on Delhi, captured Khusraw Khan, and beheaded him. Upon becoming sultan, Ghazi Malik renamed himself
1497:
Alauddin Khalji died in January 1316. Thereafter, the sultanate witnessed chaos, coup and succession of assassinations. Malik Kafur became the sultan but lacked support from the amirs and was killed within a few months.
3937:
1633:
were also cancelled and the revenue was collected by the central administration. Henceforth, state Kulke and Rothermund, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion."
913:
in the thirteenth century the Khalji were regarded as a separate people distinct from the Turks. The so-called “Khalji revolution” was the transfer of power from a Turkish ruling elite to a non-Turkish one.
1766:
1676:
Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (
1464:
in Tamil Nadu. He then looted the treasury in capitals and from the temples of south India. Among these loots was the Warangal loot that included one of the largest known diamond in human history, the
3614:
1342:
who would later become a military general. Alauddin continued expanding Delhi Sultanate into South India, with the help of generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusraw Khan, collecting large war booty (
3174:, based on clan affiliation. Jalal al-Din Firuz, the first Khalji Sultan, even refused to attend the court in Delhi, and built a new capital a few kilometers away in the Afghan enclave of Kilokhri.
1357:
4009:
2976:
4179:
1273:- then the capital of the state of Maharashtra, looting their treasure. He returned to Delhi in 1296, murdered Jalal-ud-din and assumed power as Sultan. He would appoint his allies such as
3441:
In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
3108:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).
2969:
1195:, as a minor part of the Muslim nobility. The last major Turkic ruler, Balban, in his struggle to maintain power over his insubordinate Turkish officers, destroyed the power of the
3054:
In medieval Persian manuscripts, the word can be read as either "Khalji" or "Khilji" because of the omission of short vowel signs in orthography, but "Khalji" is the correct name.
4306:
The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307
5248:
1475:
wherein between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongol settlers, who had recently converted to Islam, were killed after Khalji suspected them of plotting an uprising against him.
1472:
5243:
2018:
1210:
Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.
2997:
1421:
1646:
to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Alauddin deployed an extensive network of
3641:
1002:
1857:, and which covers the Balban rule, start of Jalal-ud-din Chili's rule and circumstances of the succession of Alauddin Khalji. A semi-fictional poetry (
1214:
and commanders serving the Mamluk dynasty. Jalal-ud-din suppressed the revolt and executed some commanders, then led an unsuccessful expedition against
4247:
Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): an historical perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), pp 264-289
1654:
and had the power to seize anyone trying to buy or sell anything at a price different from the official controlled prices. Those found violating these
1552:
Regarding the military, historians states the standing army of sultanate during Khilji dynasty consist of 300,000-400,000 horse cavalry and 2500-3000
857:
514:
95:
1305:
5213:
1433:
1158:
5238:
4640:(1984), The price regulations of Alauddin Khalji - a defense of Zia Barani, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 393-414
3038:
5208:
1429:
1370:
1664:
shortly after the death of Alauddin Khalji, with prices of various agriculture products and wages doubling to quadrupling within a few years.
30:
This article is about the Khalji dynasty centered in Delhi between 1290 and 1320. For the Khalji dynasty in Bengal between 1204 and 1227, see
5088:
5064:
5000:
4974:
4915:
4894:
4859:
4832:
4571:
4299:
3569:
3523:
3467:
3434:
3302:
3197:
3163:
4274:
4064:
5233:
4585:
Kenneth Kehrer (1963), The Economic Policies of Ala-ud-Din Khalji, Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society, vol. 16, pp. 55-66
1830:
3346:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: Chorasan Tegin Shah"
1754:
in Delhi. The Alai Darwaza, completed in 1311, was included as part of Qutb Minar and its Monuments UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993.
1394:
5218:
4657:
4626:
1539:
910:
1815:
5109:
5043:
4542:
4508:
4474:
4431:
4216:
4189:
4159:
4132:
4074:
4019:
3729:
3704:
3651:
3624:
3597:
1543:
3220:
1738:
Alauddin Khalji is credited with the early Indo-Mohammedan architecture, a style and construction campaign that flourished during
1672:
The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had a long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration,
720:
710:
380:
for three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate which covered large swaths of the
4082:
was always doubtful. After this he created a new nobility whose distinctive feature was its loyalty and friendship of Ala-ud-Din
3668:
2660:
4799:
Irfan Habib (1981), "Barani's theory of the history of the Delhi Sultanate", Indian Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 99-115
3277:
334:
309:
295:
281:
5228:
5223:
4457:
3678:
3131:
3007:
767:
690:
3927:
Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press
3762:
Indeed, it seems very likely that formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name being derived from Khalaj.
3274:
850:
757:
4206:
1638:
livestocks and slaves in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these could be sold. Markets called
1323:. Its Rai defended it with a large Rajput army, but he was defeated by Multani who became the governor of the province.
3890:. A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. 5. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 312.
3513:
3424:
1425:
1274:
4122:
5203:
4334:
3694:
3453:
3250:
71:
5165:
5074:
1907:
1222:
1204:
385:
176:
1308:. The victory consolidated Alauddin's power and prestige, thus stabilizing his position on the throne of Delhi.
5198:
2924:
2570:
2549:
1976:
1515:
843:
700:
212:
31:
3884:
A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
3953:
5193:
2578:
1188:
1176:
990:
923:
286:
4702:
Raychaudhuri et al. (1982), The Cambridge Economic History of India: c. 1200-1750, Orient Longman, pp 89-93
3407:
3170:
The Khaljis and other Afghan tribes kept apart from their mostly Hindu subjects, living in cantonments, or
5171:
4760:
Alexander Cunningham (1873), Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the year 1871-72, Volume 3, page 8
2875:
2740:
2541:
1523:
1488:
1077:
638:
601:
435:
314:
4566:
N. Jayapalan (2008), Economic History of India: Ancient to Present Day, Atlantic Publishers, pp. 81-83,
3121:
2454:
1568:
1398:). Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307. The trading ship raises the flag of the
938:. Contemporary historians clearly distinguish the Khaljis from the Turks" The Khalaj are, according to
934:
who later merged with the Afghans. Also, stating that "at that time they were not perceived as Turks or
1384:
4734:
Scott Levi (November 2002). "Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade".
4417:
4035:
3345:
2228:
1327:
1278:
1192:
650:
534:
524:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2318:
1312:
1282:
899:
571:
544:
381:
124:
5140:
4743:
4103:
4043:
3837:
3746:
3388:
3327:
3099:
3002:
2825:
2696:
1953:
1751:
1346:) from those they defeated. His commanders collected war spoils from conquered kingdoms and paid
1218:. Jalal-ud-din used an Afghan enclave in the suburb of Delhi, Kilokhri, as his de facto capital.
1057:
959:
660:
494:
200:
4052:
Nusrat Khan Jalesari who was the Kotwal in the first year of the Alai reign was an Indian Muslim
1686:) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class.
946:
who were Turkicized. These Khalaj were later Afghanized and are believed to be the ancestors of
4330:
3246:
5105:
5084:
5060:
5039:
5020:
4996:
4970:
4951:
4932:
4911:
4905:
4890:
4884:
4855:
4849:
4828:
4653:
4622:
4567:
4538:
4504:
4470:
4427:
4376:
4359:
4295:
4212:
4185:
4155:
4149:
4128:
4070:
4015:
3978:
3891:
3725:
3700:
3674:
3647:
3620:
3593:
3565:
3559:
3519:
3487:
3463:
3430:
3380:
3298:
3193:
3159:
3127:
2684:
2450:
2381:
1868:
1608:(pasture tax). He also decreed that his Delhi-based revenue officers assisted by local Muslim
1331:
1200:
1117:
1097:
994:
903:
474:
444:
113:
5078:
4988:
4822:
4452:
4450:
3155:
954:
that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name
5132:
4964:
4094:
SHAIKH ABDUL LATIF (1993). "The Indian Elements in the Bureaucracy of the Delhi Sultanate".
3091:
2802:
2672:
2495:
2398:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2264:
2219:
2210:
2193:
1853:
1757:
1577:
1484:
1354:(booty collected during war) to Sultan's treasury, which helped strengthen the Khalji rule.
1316:
1215:
1163:
1126:
1086:
1017:
804:
591:
504:
129:
4907:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
2889:
2861:
2559:
2372:
2363:
2345:
2282:
2255:
2246:
1930:
1772:
1739:
1557:
1527:
1417:
1389:
1297:
1262:
1245:
1066:
939:
629:
581:
420:
377:
327:
300:
188:
35:
4537:
Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998), A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge,
1180:
4715:(January 1978). "Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation".
4669:
Vincent A Smith (1983), The Oxford History of India, Oxford University Press, pp 245-247
3828:
Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)".
3318:
Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)".
1334:
king. Nusrat Khan plundered its chief cities and sacked its temples, such as the famous
3224:
2531:
2481:
2471:
2354:
2336:
2327:
2273:
2237:
2031:
2007:
1453:
1335:
1266:
1233:
1196:
973:
879:
738:
1404:
1338:
which had been rebuilt in the twelfth century. It was here where Nusrat Khan captured
1162:
The Delhi Sultanate and main Asian polities circa 1300. Mongol forces, especially the
5187:
5144:
5120:
4880:
4621:
M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of Delhi, Konark publishers,
3555:
3103:
3028:
2949:
2938:
2788:
2130:
1457:
1375:
927:
919:
915:
875:
814:
680:
484:
409:
80:
1642:
were created. Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these
396:
34:. For the Khilji dynasty which ruled the Malwa Sultanate between 1436 and 1531, see
4364:
4292:
The worlds of the Indian Ocean: a global history: a revised and updated translation
3983:
2912:
2624:
2591:
2520:
2085:
1864:
1837:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1553:
1506:
1255:
1108:
1035:
1026:
887:
871:
824:
795:
670:
611:
373:
4181:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) = Part One
3426:
An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century
5099:
5054:
5033:
5014:
4945:
4926:
4498:
4461:
4421:
3885:
3587:
3457:
3187:
3095:
4984:
4712:
4637:
2563:
2049:
1990:
1519:
1492:
1445:
1339:
1286:
1226:
963:
895:
891:
883:
140:
5136:
4257:
4255:
4253:
2900:
2849:
2776:
2648:
2636:
1573:
1465:
747:
401:
17:
5024:
4955:
4936:
3384:
5010:
3895:
3369:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
2764:
2612:
2436:
2412:
2184:
2094:
1413:
1399:
1148:
1048:
777:
464:
454:
150:
5121:"When Slaves were Nobles: The Shamsi Bandagan in the Early Delhi Sultanate"
4824:
Beyond Hindu and Muslim: Multiple Identity in Narratives from Village India
1501:
5160:
3221:"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India"
1300:(AH 695-715 / AD 1296–1316). Dar al-Islam mint. Dated AH 709 (AD 1309–10).
1250:
1232:
In a plot by his nephew, Jalaluddin was assassinated by Muhammad Salim of
5035:
World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa
4377:
The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji- By Ghulam Sarwar Khan Niazi
3960:
salim of samana, the silahdar, accompanied the position behind the Sultan
2837:
2506:
2426:
2408:
2121:
2058:
1859:
1786:
1581:
1449:
1437:
1366:
1304:
At the beginning of his reign, defeated a major Mongol invasion, at the
894:
as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist
356:
4747:
4124:
Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate
4107:
4047:
4011:
Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)
3841:
3392:
3368:
3331:
5177:
4360:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
2813:
2600:
2175:
2139:
2103:
2076:
2067:
2040:
1777:
1461:
1270:
1008:
935:
890:
from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day
405:
1760:
inscriptions on monuments have been traced to the Khalji dynasty era.
1588:
Alauddin Khalji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate -
4770:
2166:
2157:
2148:
1678:
1596:
1137:
947:
943:
157:
42:
4388:
4386:
4384:
3126:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (i).
3079:
1225:
and was successful in destroying a Mongol force on the banks of the
976:, speaking the Khalaj dialect, which was summarized by V. Minorsky.
5053:
Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis, eds. (1977).
4605:
4603:
2752:
2440:
2422:
2112:
1590:
1567:
1500:
1356:
1347:
1320:
1291:
1249:
1170:
395:
352:
109:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4652:
K.S. Lal (1967), History of the Khaljis, Asian Publishing House,
1179:. Delhi mint. Dated AH 691 (1291-2 AD). Legend citing the caliph
1560:, which recorded to possess a standing army of 500,000 cavalry.
931:
4261:
1576:
diamond was seized by Alauddin Khalji's army in 1310, from the
1361:
Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of
4234:
Old NCERT History Medieval India by Satish Chandra (Class 11)
1265:
was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din. He raided the
3855:
3853:
3851:
3811:
3809:
3772:
3770:
2017:
5180:, Aziz Ahmad, Studia Islamica, No. 31 (1970), pp. 1–13
1330:
was sent to conquer Gujarat itself, where he defeated its
78:
Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary
4316:
4314:
4594:
3871:
3542:
1691:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,
1388:), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the
1229:
in central India with the help of his nephew Juna Khan.
3619:(Volume 3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2010.
1289:, Malik Tughlaq, and Malik Nayk (Master of the Horse).
5101:
History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
4989:"Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy"
3589:
History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
3515:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
3026:
Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the
5080:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
3979:
The Indian Empire: Its Peoples, History, and Products
3073:
3071:
3044:
depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
1878:
962:(11th century) does not include the Khalaj among the
27:
1290–1320 Turco-Afghan dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate
41:"Khalji" redirects here. For the Pashtun tribe, see
3722:
The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages
1742:. Among works completed during Khalji dynasty, are
1412:Alauddin Khalji reigned for 20 years. He conquered
348:
244:
234:
222:
206:
194:
182:
170:
156:
146:
136:
120:
105:
52:
4886:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate
4038:(1972). "the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi".
3955:Journal of the University of Bombay: Volumes 17-18
3942:. the University of California. 1939. p. 545.
3643:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE
3561:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate
4808:
4392:
3995:
2022:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
1556:. Which is smaller than its successor state, the
5172:Khilji - A Short History of Muslim Rule in India
4500:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE
4367:, Chapter 2, pp 231-235, Oxford University Press
4151:Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE
3800:
3788:
3152:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
1674:
100:Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320.
3699:. Oxford University Press. 2021. p. 469.
3673:(Volume 2 ed.). E.J. Brill. p. 116.
3189:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
3084:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie
1311:To secure a route to Gujarat's trading ports,
1258:, completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty.
4991:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.).
4787:
4609:
4554:
4463:War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate
3908:
3859:
3670:Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World
2977:
1650:(spies, secret police) who would monitor the
851:
8:
4066:The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji
3348:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. 2012–2013
3215:
3213:
2998:Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
1863:) by Yamin al-Din Abul Hasan, also known as
4995:. Vol. 1, c.1200–c.1750. CUP Archive.
4690:
4678:
4404:
4353:
4351:
4262:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
3815:
3776:
3518:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 165.
1166:, kept threatening the northwestern border.
902:ascension to the throne of Delhi after the
4963:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4208:History of medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.)
4096:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4040:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3830:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3646:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
3320:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3145:
3143:
2984:
2970:
2476:
2003:
1980:
1971:
1957:
1948:
1934:
1925:
1911:
1901:
1473:massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
858:
844:
415:
94:
49:
4928:The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.
4581:
4579:
4121:Fouzia Farooq Ahmed (27 September 2016).
3958:. University of Bombay. 1948. p. 8.
5178:The Role of Ulema in Indo-Muslim History
4648:
4646:
4423:History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest
4290:Beaujard, Philippe (2019). "Chapter 8".
4069:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1992.
3986:, WH Allen & Co., London, pp 334-336
3488:"ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3409:Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period)
1989:
5249:14th-century disestablishments in India
4993:The Cambridge Economic History of India
4931:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala.
4827:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
4276:Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore
4014:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 269.
3067:
3019:
2947:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2589:
2529:
2504:
2479:
2006:
1789:, which also has his tomb to the south.
1762:
1750:enclosure, the Idgah at Rapri, and the
427:
418:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3696:Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages
3423:Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018).
1416:, attacking and seizing the states of
4851:Allahabad School of History 1915-1955
4503:. Taylor & Francis. p. 219.
3512:Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017).
3412:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
3295:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
243:
233:
229:
205:
193:
181:
169:
165:
155:
36:Malwa Sultanate § Khalji dynasty
7:
5244:13th-century establishments in India
4821:Peter Gottschalk (27 October 2005).
4736:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4426:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 327.
4166:Malik Naik(a Hindu convert to Islam)
3745:Pierre Oberling (15 December 2010).
3326:. Indian History Congress: 832–841.
918:however, states that Khaljis were a
878:, are said to have been initially a
4771:Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
3887:The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
3186:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008),
1436:and plundered the wealthy state of
5174:I. Prasad, University of Allahabad
5016:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
3616:The New Cambridge History of Islam
3459:History of Medieval India:800-1700
1993:ended the Khalji dynasty in 1320.
1718:, while female slaves were called
1540:Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji
1526:, becoming the first ruler of the
911:The New Cambridge History of Islam
25:
4944:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1953).
4925:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966).
4469:. Orient Monographs. p. 24.
3724:. Variorum Reprints. p. 53.
1544:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji
5159:
4102:. Indian History Congress: 159.
4042:. Indian History Congress: 194.
3836:. Indian History Congress: 841.
3297:. Primus Books. pp. 80–89.
3123:A Historical atlas of South Asia
3120:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
3037:
1829:
1814:
1794:
1765:
1534:Government & administrations
1444:In 1308, Alauddin's lieutenant,
1403:
1393:
1383:
1369:
1191:and served the Sultan of Delhi,
1001:
721:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
711:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq
332:
307:
293:
279:
70:
5214:Medieval history of Afghanistan
5098:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002).
5019:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
3586:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002).
3278:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
882:who migrated together with the
5239:1320 disestablishments in Asia
5083:. Cambridge University Press.
5059:. Cambridge University Press.
5056:The Cambridge History of Islam
4889:. Penguin Books. p. 178.
4294:. Cambridge University Press.
3564:. Penguin Books. p. 126.
3462:. Orient Longman. p. 93.
3429:. Cambridge University Press.
3008:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1378:(1375). On top of the city of
691:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
1:
5209:Empires and kingdoms of India
4595:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava 1953
3939:New Indian Antiquary:Volume 2
3872:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava 1966
3543:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava 1966
3033:
2008:History of the Turkic peoples
1306:Battle of Jaran-Manjur (1298)
85:
4717:The Indian Historical Review
3223:. Asi.nic.in. Archived from
1984:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1892:
1471:In 1311, Alauddin ordered a
1187:Khaljis were vassals of the
922:group and remnants of early
874:origin whose ancestors, the
412:", dated to the year 728 CE.
5234:1290 establishments in Asia
5032:Marshall Cavendish (2006).
4127:. Bloomsbury. p. 151.
3720:Minorsky, Vladimir (1978).
3406:Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971).
2814:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
2661:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
1809:added by Khalji in 1300 CE.
5265:
5137:10.1177/025764309401000102
4848:Heramb Chaturvedi (2016).
4184:. Har-Anand Publications.
3154:. Reaktion Books. p.
3096:10.29091/9783954909537/009
2421:Chief gods and goddesses:
1746:- the southern gateway of
1537:
1482:
1243:
988:
870:The Khalji dynasty was of
40:
29:
5219:Muslim dynasties of India
4904:Ahmad Hasan Dani (1999).
4320:Sastri (1955), pp 206–208
4279:. 1936. pp. 264–265.
3150:Lee, Jonathan L. (2022).
2842:11th century–13th century
1221:He also repelled several
1205:Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji
386:Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji
258:
254:
230:
218:
177:Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji
166:
93:
67:
62:
4854:. Prabhat. p. 222.
4237:. Mocktime Publications.
3373:The Numismatic Chronicle
2925:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
2571:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2550:Western Turkic Khaganate
2496:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1887:
1884:
1881:
1516:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah
1382:floats a peculiar flag (
1374:) at the center, in the
1315:was sent to conquer the
701:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah
32:Khalji dynasty of Bengal
4910:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4335:Encyclopædia Britannica
4178:Satish Chandra (2004).
4008:Satish Chandra (2004).
3976:William Wilson Hunter,
3367:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
3293:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
3251:Encyclopædia Britannica
2579:Second Turkic Khaganate
1479:The last Khalji sultans
1223:Mongol attacks on India
1189:Mamluk dynasty of Delhi
1177:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji
991:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji
958:is still to be proved.
376:dynasty that ruled the
287:Mamluk dynasty of Delhi
5038:. Marshall Cavendish.
4947:The Sultanate of Delhi
4809:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4393:P. M. Holt et al. 1977
4211:. TKonark Publishers.
4205:AL. P. Sharma (1987).
3996:P. M. Holt et al. 1977
3592:Atlantic. p. 28.
2741:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2542:First Turkic Khaganate
2023:
1803:Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
1801:Courts to the east of
1694:
1585:
1524:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1510:
1489:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1409:
1301:
1259:
1184:
639:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
602:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
413:
315:Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
246:• Disestablished
5229:14th century in India
5224:13th century in India
4773:, World Heritage Site
3801:Ahmad Hasan Dani 1999
3789:Ahmad Hasan Dani 1999
3751:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3080:"On the Timurid flag"
2850:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
2482:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
2021:
1571:
1504:
1360:
1295:
1253:
1174:
399:
121:Common languages
5168:at Wikimedia Commons
5119:Sunil Kumar (1994).
4969:. Psychology Press.
4497:Kaushik Roy (2015).
4418:Ram Shankar Tripathi
4148:Kaushik Roy (2003).
4036:Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi
3667:Wink, André (1991).
3640:Wink, André (2020).
3227:on 29 September 2011
3078:Kadoi, Yuka (2010).
1193:Ghiyas ud din Balban
1159:class=notpageimage|
930:, Hephthalites, and
651:Muhammad bin Tughluq
535:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
525:Ghiyas ud din Balban
384:. It was founded by
4612:, pp. 244–248.
4597:, pp. 156–158.
4557:, pp. 196–202.
3791:, pp. 180–181.
2730:Eastern Kara-Khanid
2723:Western Kara-Khanid
2709:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1313:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
1283:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
1277:(Minister of War),
985:Jalal-ud-din Khalji
545:Shamsuddin Kayumars
382:Indian subcontinent
236:• Established
213:Qutb ad-Din Mubarak
5125:Studies in History
4966:A History of India
4950:. S. L. Agarwala.
4788:Peter Jackson 2003
4610:Peter Jackson 2003
4555:Peter Jackson 2003
3909:Peter Jackson 2003
3860:Peter Jackson 2003
3003:Persianate society
2826:Khwarazmian Empire
2697:Karluk Yabgu State
2435:Epics and heroes:
2024:
1846:Historical sources
1752:Jamat Khana Masjid
1586:
1511:
1422:Ranthambhor (1301)
1410:
1302:
1281:(Wazir of Delhi),
1260:
1185:
960:Mahmud al-Kashgari
661:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
495:Muiz ud din Bahram
414:
408:(sub-King) of the
201:Shihab ad-Din Umar
5204:Pashtun dynasties
5164:Media related to
5090:978-0-521-54329-3
5066:978-0-521-29138-5
5011:Kishori Saran Lal
5002:978-0-521-22692-9
4976:978-0-415-32919-4
4917:978-81-208-1540-7
4896:978-93-5118-658-8
4861:978-81-8430-346-9
4834:978-0-19-976052-7
4790:, pp. 49–52.
4693:, pp. 62–63.
4681:, pp. 87–88.
4572:978-8-126-90697-0
4407:, pp. 61–62.
4357:Vincent A Smith,
4301:978-1-108-42456-1
3911:, pp. 81–86.
3571:978-93-5118-658-8
3525:978-1-4744-0030-5
3492:iranicaonline.org
3469:978-81-250-3226-7
3436:978-1-107-11162-2
3304:978-9-38060-734-4
3199:978-0-08-087774-7
3165:978-1-78914-019-4
2994:
2993:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2901:Qarlughid Kingdom
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2765:Pecheneg Khanates
2758:
2746:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2685:Oghuz Yabgu State
2678:
2666:
2654:
2649:Türgesh Khaganate
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2583:
2575:
2554:
2546:
2512:
2487:
2462:
2461:
2389:
2388:
2201:
2200:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1604:(house tax), and
1434:conquered Gujarat
1336:temple of Somnath
1201:Khalji Revolution
995:Khalji Revolution
904:Khalji Revolution
868:
867:
833:
832:
786:
785:
729:
728:
620:
619:
553:
552:
515:Nasiruddin Mahmud
475:Rukn ud din Firuz
445:Qutb al-Din Aibak
362:
361:
344:
343:
340:
339:
320:
319:
208:• 1316–1320
184:• 1296–1316
172:• 1290–1296
16:(Redirected from
5256:
5163:
5148:
5115:
5094:
5070:
5049:
5028:
5006:
4980:
4959:
4940:
4921:
4900:
4866:
4865:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:Irfan Habib 1982
4688:
4682:
4679:Irfan Habib 1982
4676:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4650:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4574:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4535:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4468:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4414:
4408:
4405:Irfan Habib 1982
4402:
4396:
4395:, pp. 9–13.
4390:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4331:"Khalji Dynasty"
4327:
4321:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4005:
3999:
3998:, pp. 8–14.
3993:
3987:
3974:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3846:
3845:
3825:
3819:
3816:Sunil Kumar 1994
3813:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3777:Sunil Kumar 1994
3774:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3747:"ḴALAJ i. TRIBE"
3742:
3736:
3735:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3284:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3247:"Khalji Dynasty"
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3075:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3024:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2953:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2803:Sultanate of Rum
2792:
2780:
2777:Ghaznavid Empire
2768:
2756:
2744:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2673:Uyghur Khaganate
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2601:Khazar Khaganate
2581:
2573:
2552:
2544:
2510:
2485:
2477:
2472:Pre-14th century
2449:Major concepts:
2404:
2403:
2399:Turkic Mythology
2216:
2215:
2211:Turkic Languages
2194:Crimean Karaites
2131:Cherniye Klobuki
2037:
2036:
2011:pre–14th century
2010:
2004:
1982:
1973:
1959:
1950:
1936:
1927:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1854:Jami al-Tawarikh
1833:
1818:
1798:
1769:
1692:
1578:Kakatiya dynasty
1485:Shihabuddin Omar
1452:, overthrew the
1418:Jaisalmer (1299)
1407:
1397:
1387:
1373:
1296:Gold coinage of
1164:Chagatai Khanate
1153:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1019:CHAGATAI KHANATE
1013:
1011:
1005:
860:
853:
846:
805:Bahlul Khan Lodi
801:
800:
744:
743:
645:
635:
634:
592:Shihabuddin Omar
568:
567:
505:Ala ud din Masud
441:
440:
428:Ruling dynasties
416:
404:, described as "
336:
335:
324:
323:
311:
310:
297:
296:
283:
282:
276:
275:
260:
259:
98:
87:
74:
50:
21:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5199:Delhi Sultanate
5184:
5183:
5156:
5151:
5118:
5112:
5097:
5091:
5073:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5031:
5009:
5003:
4983:
4977:
4962:
4943:
4924:
4918:
4903:
4897:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4565:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4382:
4375:
4371:
4356:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4077:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3849:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3803:, pp. 180.
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3768:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3470:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3273:
3269:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3166:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3025:
3021:
3016:
2990:
2961:
2960:
2890:Tughlaq dynasty
2862:Delhi Sultanate
2560:Tokhara Yabghus
2521:Tiele (Gaoche)
2486:202 BCE–13th CE
2474:
2464:
2463:
2407:Belief system:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2346:Karachay-Balkar
2213:
2203:
2202:
2034:
2002:
1981:مبارک خان خلجی
1979:
1970:
1956:
1947:
1935:علی گرشاسپ خلجی
1933:
1924:
1910:
1900:
1877:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1821:The unfinished
1819:
1810:
1799:
1790:
1773:Alauddin Khalji
1770:
1740:Tughlaq dynasty
1736:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1670:
1640:shahana-i-mandi
1566:
1558:Tughlaq dynasty
1546:
1538:Main articles:
1536:
1528:Tughluq dynasty
1495:
1483:Main articles:
1481:
1390:Delhi Sultanate
1365:("Deogiri", or
1350:(one fifth) on
1298:Alauddin Khalji
1263:Alauddin Khalji
1248:
1246:Alauddin Khalji
1242:
1240:Alauddin Khalji
1169:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
997:
989:Main articles:
987:
982:
926:nomads such as
864:
835:
834:
798:
788:
787:
741:
731:
730:
643:
632:
630:Tughlaq dynasty
622:
621:
565:
555:
554:
438:
421:Delhi Sultanate
394:
378:Delhi Sultanate
355:
333:
328:Tughlaq dynasty
308:
301:Vaghela dynasty
294:
280:
247:
237:
209:
197:
189:Alauddin Khalji
185:
173:
128:
127:(lingua franca)
112:
101:
89:
76:
75:
58:
55:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:Khalji dynasty
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5166:Khalji dynasty
5155:
5154:External links
5152:
5150:
5149:
5116:
5110:
5095:
5089:
5071:
5065:
5050:
5044:
5029:
5007:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4960:
4941:
4922:
4916:
4901:
4895:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4840:
4833:
4813:
4811:, p. 385.
4801:
4792:
4775:
4762:
4753:
4742:(3): 281–283.
4726:
4704:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4662:
4658:978-8121502115
4642:
4630:
4627:978-8122002263
4614:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4559:
4547:
4523:
4509:
4489:
4475:
4446:
4432:
4409:
4397:
4380:
4369:
4347:
4322:
4310:
4300:
4282:
4266:
4249:
4240:
4224:
4217:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4160:
4140:
4133:
4113:
4086:
4075:
4056:
4027:
4020:
4000:
3988:
3964:
3945:
3929:
3913:
3901:
3876:
3874:, p. 141.
3864:
3847:
3820:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3766:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3705:
3686:
3679:
3659:
3652:
3632:
3625:
3606:
3598:
3578:
3570:
3547:
3535:
3524:
3504:
3479:
3468:
3454:Satish Chandra
3445:
3435:
3415:
3398:
3359:
3337:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3275:Dynastic Chart
3267:
3238:
3209:
3198:
3178:
3164:
3139:
3132:
3112:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2883:Khalji dynasty
2879:
2876:Mamluk dynasty
2869:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2838:Kerait Khanate
2833:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2032:Turkic peoples
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:ملک فیروز خلجی
1905:
1898:(Jalal-ud-din)
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:Personal Name
1883:
1876:
1875:List of rulers
1873:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1771:
1764:
1735:
1732:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1669:
1666:
1565:
1562:
1535:
1532:
1480:
1477:
1454:Hoysala Empire
1269:peninsula and
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1234:Samana, Punjab
1157:
1156:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
986:
983:
981:
978:
974:language shift
948:Ghilzai/Ghilji
900:Jalal-ud-din's
866:
865:
863:
862:
855:
848:
840:
837:
836:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
799:
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
742:
739:Sayyid dynasty
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
697:
696:
693:
687:
686:
683:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
647:
646:
641:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
566:
563:Khalji dynasty
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
439:
436:Mamluk dynasty
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
393:
390:
370:Khilji dynasty
360:
359:
350:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
330:
321:
318:
317:
312:
304:
303:
298:
290:
289:
284:
272:
271:
266:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
204:
203:
198:
195:
192:
191:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
122:
118:
117:
116:(Delhi suburb)
107:
103:
102:
99:
91:
90:
77:
69:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
26:
24:
18:Khilji Dynasty
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5261:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5111:81-269-0123-3
5107:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5075:Peter Jackson
5072:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5045:0-7614-7571-0
5041:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4881:Abraham Eraly
4878:
4877:
4872:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4543:0-415-15482-0
4540:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4512:
4510:9781317586920
4506:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4490:
4478:
4476:9780903871006
4472:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4433:9788120804784
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:, p. 217, at
4362:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4218:9788122000429
4214:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4191:9788124110645
4187:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4161:9781317586913
4157:
4154:. Routledge.
4153:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4134:9781786730824
4130:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:9788171563623
4072:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4021:9788124110645
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:, p. 334, at
3981:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:, p. 31.
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:, p. 36.
3778:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3731:9780860780281
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3706:9780191077432
3702:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3653:9781108417747
3649:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3626:9781316184363
3622:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3599:81-269-0123-3
3595:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:Abraham Eraly
3551:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3029:Catalan Atlas
3023:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2950:Ottoman State
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:Bahri dynasty
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2789:Seljuk Empire
2785:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:Sabiri People
2588:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1946:
1945:Shihab-ud-din
1942:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1894:Shāyista Khān
1891:
1882:Titular Name
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:Krishna River
1456:south of the
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1376:Catalan Atlas
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:Then in 1299
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
979:
977:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
951:
949:
945:
942:, perhaps of
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Indo-European
921:
917:
912:
909:According to
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Turkic people
877:
873:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
841:
839:
838:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
815:Sikandar Lodi
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
791:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
768:Muhammad Shah
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
734:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:Abu Bakr Shah
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
625:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
570:
569:
564:
559:
558:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
485:Razia Sultana
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
431:
426:
423:
422:
417:
411:
407:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
358:
354:
351:
349:Today part of
347:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
313:
306:
305:
302:
299:
292:
291:
288:
285:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
225:
221:
217:
214:
211:
202:
199:
190:
187:
178:
175:
161:
159:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
97:
92:
83:
82:
81:Catalan Atlas
73:
66:
61:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5131:(1): 23–52.
5128:
5124:
5100:
5079:
5055:
5034:
5015:
4992:
4965:
4946:
4927:
4906:
4885:
4873:Bibliography
4850:
4843:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4795:
4765:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4665:
4660:, pp 201-204
4633:
4617:
4590:
4562:
4550:
4545:, pp 161-162
4514:. Retrieved
4499:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4462:
4437:. Retrieved
4422:
4412:
4400:
4372:
4365:Google Books
4358:
4338:. Retrieved
4325:
4305:
4291:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4243:
4233:
4227:
4207:
4200:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4150:
4143:
4123:
4116:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4051:
4039:
4030:
4010:
4003:
3991:
3984:Google Books
3977:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3938:
3932:
3904:
3886:
3879:
3867:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3796:
3784:
3761:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3695:
3689:
3669:
3662:
3642:
3635:
3615:
3609:
3588:
3581:
3560:
3550:
3538:
3529:
3514:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3473:
3458:
3448:
3440:
3425:
3418:
3408:
3401:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3340:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3270:
3261:
3254:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3203:
3192:, Elsevier,
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3151:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3087:
3083:
3050:
3027:
3022:
2948:
2937:
2923:
2913:Golden Horde
2911:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2801:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2728:
2721:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2625:Kangar Union
2623:
2611:
2599:
2590:
2557:
2530:
2519:
2505:
2494:
2480:
1977:Mubarak Khan
1967:
1958:عمر خان خلجی
1944:
1931:Ali Gurshasp
1921:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1865:Amir Khusrau
1858:
1852:
1849:
1838:Alai Darwaza
1807:Qutb complex
1783:Qutb complex
1776:
1758:Perso-Arabic
1756:
1748:Qutb complex
1744:Alai Darwaza
1737:
1734:Architecture
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:(land tax),
1595:
1594:(poll tax),
1589:
1587:
1554:war elephant
1551:
1547:
1520:Khusraw Khan
1512:
1507:Khusrau Khan
1496:
1470:
1443:
1411:
1379:
1362:
1351:
1343:
1325:
1310:
1303:
1261:
1256:Alai Darwaza
1231:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1186:
1181:Al-Musta'sim
1088:
1028:GOLDEN HORDE
968:
955:
952:
908:
888:Hephthalites
872:Turko-Afghan
869:
825:Ibrahim Lodi
796:Lodi dynasty
758:Mubarak Shah
671:Tughluq Khan
612:Khusrau Khan
562:
419:
374:Turco-Afghan
369:
365:
363:
269:Succeeded by
268:
263:
240:13 June 1290
196:• 1316
79:
47:
4985:Irfan Habib
4713:Irfan Habib
4638:Irfan Habib
4467:(Hardcover)
4458:Simon Digby
4340:13 November
3256:13 November
3231:14 November
2564:Turk Shahis
2511:71 BC–?? AD
2229:Azerbaijani
2050:Oghuz Turks
1991:Khusro Khan
1968:Qutb-ud-din
1949:شھاب الدین
1908:Malik Fīroz
1902:جلال الدین
1505:Coinage of
1493:Khusro Khan
1460:and raided
1446:Malik Kafur
1430:Malwa(1305)
1426:Chittorgarh
1340:Malik Kafur
1328:Nusrat Khan
1319:kingdom of
1287:Malik Kafur
1279:Nusrat Khan
1216:Ranthambhor
1175:Coinage of
896:Turk Shahis
892:Afghanistan
264:Preceded by
141:Sunni Islam
5188:Categories
5104:Atlantic.
3680:9004102361
3497:15 January
3133:0226742210
3062:References
2637:Turk Shahi
2319:Karakalpak
1985:1316–1320
1972:قطب الدین
1939:1296–1316
1926:علاءالدین
1922:Ala-ud-din
1916:1290–1296
1836:Window of
1823:Alai Minar
1622:chaudharis
1574:Koh-i-Noor
1466:Koh-i-Noor
1432:, he also
1275:Zafar Khan
1227:Sind River
1041:GREAT KHAN
969:Jahan-nama
950:Pashtuns.
920:Turkicized
916:André Wink
748:Khizr Khan
572:Jalaluddin
402:Tegin Shah
250:1 May 1320
147:Government
132:(official)
5145:162388463
5025:685167335
4956:555201052
4937:575452554
4723:(2): 293.
3385:0078-2696
3104:263250872
2954:1299–1922
2929:1250–1517
2917:1242–1502
2905:1224–1266
2866:1206–1526
2854:1136–1225
2830:1077–1231
2818:1067–1239
2793:1037–1194
2613:Xueyantuo
2455:Grey wolf
2437:Ergenekon
2413:Shamanism
2185:Krymchaks
2095:Kutrigurs
1954:Umar Khan
1648:Munhiyans
1631:jagirdars
1626:zamindars
1618:mukkadims
1610:jagirdars
1448:captured
1414:Rajputana
1400:Ilkhanate
1150:MAJAPAHIT
1130:SULTANATE
1070:SULTANATE
1050:ILKHANATE
967:Bakran's
829:1517–1526
819:1489–1517
809:1451–1489
782:1445–1451
778:Alam Shah
772:1434–1445
762:1421–1434
752:1414–1421
725:1394–1413
715:1394–1398
695:1390–1393
685:1389–1390
675:1388–1389
665:1351–1388
655:1325–1351
644:1320–1325
606:1316–1320
586:1296–1316
576:1290–1296
539:1287–1290
529:1266–1287
519:1246–1266
509:1242–1246
499:1240–1242
489:1236-1240
469:1211–1236
465:Iltutmish
459:1210–1211
455:Aram Shah
449:1206–1210
151:Sultanate
137:Religion
63:1290–1320
5077:(2003).
5013:(1950).
4987:(1982).
4883:(2015).
4769:UNESCO,
4748:25188289
4516:14 April
4482:14 April
4460:(1971).
4439:14 April
4420:(1989).
4108:44142942
4048:44145331
3896:31870180
3842:44252438
3558:(2015).
3456:(2007).
3393:44710198
3332:44252438
3280:, v. 2,
2781:963–1186
2769:860–1091
2757:856–1335
2745:848–1036
2713:840–1212
2689:750–1055
2665:743–1035
2605:618–1048
2532:Göktürks
2507:Dingling
2409:Tengrism
2382:Krymchak
2122:Kipchaks
2059:Saragurs
2000:See also
1860:mathnawi
1787:Mehrauli
1689:—
1582:Warangal
1450:Warangal
1438:Devagiri
1428:(1303),
1367:Devagiri
1317:Paramara
944:Sogdians
582:Alauddin
400:Coin of
357:Pakistan
114:Kilokhri
3475:offices
3379:: 279.
3352:22 July
3282:p. 368.
3172:mahalas
3090:: 148.
3042:in the
3036:1375):
2701:756–940
2677:744–840
2653:699–766
2641:665-850
2629:659–750
2617:628–646
2582:682–744
2574:581–650
2553:581–657
2545:552–581
2310:Qasgqai
2301:Chuvash
2292:Bashkir
2265:Turkmen
2220:Turkish
2176:Dolgans
2140:Uyghurs
2104:Karluks
2077:Bulgars
2068:Utigurs
2041:Onogurs
1778:Madrasa
1697:Slavery
1564:Economy
1462:Madurai
1352:ghanima
1344:Anwatan
1332:Solanki
1271:Deogiri
1119:BEYLIKS
1079:YADAVAS
1059:GEORGIA
980:History
940:Doerfer
936:Mongols
928:Kushans
406:Iltäbar
392:Origins
223:History
130:Persian
125:Hindavi
106:Capital
5143:
5108:
5087:
5063:
5042:
5023:
4999:
4973:
4954:
4935:
4914:
4893:
4858:
4831:
4746:
4656:
4625:
4570:
4541:
4507:
4473:
4430:
4298:
4215:
4188:
4158:
4131:
4106:
4073:
4046:
4018:
3894:
3840:
3756:4 July
3728:
3703:
3677:
3650:
3623:
3596:
3568:
3522:
3466:
3433:
3391:
3383:
3330:
3301:
3263:India.
3205:Hindwi
3196:
3162:
3130:
3102:
2373:Karaim
2364:Gagauz
2283:Kyrgyz
2256:Uyghur
2247:Kazakh
2167:Yakuts
2158:Kumyks
2149:Tatars
1888:Reign
1728:laundi
1716:burdah
1712:ghulam
1679:kharaj
1668:Legacy
1597:kharaj
1491:, and
1380:Diogil
1363:Diogil
1267:Deccan
1128:MAMLUK
1089:Tungus
1039:OF THE
1037:EMPIRE
956:Khalaj
876:Khalaj
410:Khalaj
372:was a
366:Khalji
226:
162:
158:Sultan
88:1375).
54:Khalji
43:Ghalji
5141:S2CID
4744:JSTOR
4104:JSTOR
4044:JSTOR
3838:JSTOR
3389:JSTOR
3328:JSTOR
3100:S2CID
3014:Notes
2753:Qocho
2451:Sheka
2441:Asena
2427:Ülgen
2423:Kayra
2355:Tuvan
2337:Kumyk
2328:Sakha
2274:Tatar
2238:Uzbek
2113:Kimek
2086:Sabir
1962:1316
1869:Isami
1805:, in
1724:kaniz
1720:bandi
1714:, or
1704:banda
1661:mandi
1656:mandi
1652:mandi
1644:mandi
1614:khuts
1606:chari
1591:jizya
1348:khums
1321:Malwa
1197:Forty
1110:KHMER
1101:SAING
1099:MYIN-
1068:DELHI
964:Oghuz
932:Sakas
884:Hunas
353:India
110:Delhi
5106:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5061:ISBN
5040:ISBN
5021:OCLC
4997:ISBN
4971:ISBN
4952:OCLC
4933:OCLC
4912:ISBN
4891:ISBN
4856:ISBN
4829:ISBN
4654:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4568:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4518:2024
4505:ISBN
4484:2024
4471:ISBN
4441:2024
4428:ISBN
4342:2014
4296:ISBN
4213:ISBN
4186:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4129:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3892:OCLC
3758:2020
3726:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3621:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3499:2021
3464:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3381:ISSN
3354:2017
3299:ISBN
3258:2014
3233:2010
3194:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3128:ISBN
2453:and
2439:and
2425:and
2411:and
1708:qaid
1624:and
1602:kari
1572:The
1542:and
1254:The
1141:RYEO
1010:1300
993:and
886:and
705:1393
616:1320
596:1316
549:1290
479:1236
364:The
57:خلجي
5133:doi
3377:174
3092:doi
1851:in
1775:'s
1726:or
1684:mal
1682:or
1580:in
1203:by
1139:GO-
368:or
5190::
5139:.
5129:10
5127:.
5123:.
4778:^
4740:12
4738:.
4721:IV
4719:.
4645:^
4602:^
4578:^
4526:^
4449:^
4383:^
4350:^
4333:.
4313:^
4304:.
4252:^
4164:.
4100:54
4098:.
4079:.
4050:.
3967:^
3916:^
3850:^
3832:.
3808:^
3769:^
3760:.
3749:.
3528:.
3490:.
3472:.
3439:.
3387:.
3375:.
3371:.
3322:.
3260:.
3249:.
3212:^
3202:,
3168:.
3158:.
3156:55
3142:^
3106:.
3098:.
3086:.
3082:.
3070:^
3034:c.
2566:)
2562:,
1785:,
1781:,
1730:.
1722:,
1710:,
1706:,
1620:,
1616:,
1612:,
1530:.
1487:,
1424:,
1420:,
1408:).
1285:,
1236:.
1207:.
906:.
388:.
86:c.
5147:.
5135::
5114:.
5093:.
5069:.
5048:.
5027:.
5005:.
4979:.
4958:.
4939:.
4920:.
4899:.
4864:.
4837:.
4750:.
4520:.
4486:.
4443:.
4344:.
4264:.
4221:.
4194:.
4137:.
4110:.
4024:.
3898:.
3862:.
3844:.
3834:3
3734:.
3709:.
3683:.
3656:.
3629:.
3602:.
3574:.
3501:.
3395:.
3356:.
3334:.
3324:3
3307:.
3235:.
3136:.
3094::
3088:2
3032:(
2985:e
2978:t
2971:v
2558:(
1840:.
1584:.
1509:.
1402:(
1392:(
1183:.
859:e
852:t
845:v
84:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
