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while he learns a trade. They leave
Merrythought, and lose themselves in a wood where she misplaces her jewellery. Jasper arrives to meet Luce and finds the jewels. Luce and Humphrey appear. Jasper, as planned, knocks over Humphrey and escapes with Luce. The Grocer Errant arrives, believing when he sees the distraught Mrs Merrythought that he has met a damsel in distress. He takes the Merrythoughts to an inn, expecting the host to accommodate them chivalrously without charge. When the host demands payment, the Grocer Errant is perplexed. The host tells him there are people in distress he must save from an evil barber named Barbaroso (a barber surgeon who is attempting cures on people with venereal diseases). He effects a daring rescue of Barbaroso's patients.
270:
and writes a letter to the merchant with a pretend dying apology for his behaviour. The coffin, with Jasper hiding within, is carried to the merchant's house, where Luce laments his demise. Jasper rises and explains his plan to save her from marriage to
Humphrey: Luce is to take Jasper's place in the coffin while Jasper remains hidden in the house. When the merchant enters, Jasper pretends to be his
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that the performance took place in a house known for biting satire and sexual innuendo. Blackfriars specialised in satire, according to Andrew Gurr (quoted in
Hattaway, ix), and Michael Hattaway suggests that the dissonance of the youth of the players and the gravity of their roles combined with the multiple internal references to holiday revels because the play had a
112:
353:
he makes fun of that class's actual taste for an exoticism and a chivalry that is entirely hyperbolic. The
Citizen and his Wife are bombastic, sure of themselves, and certain that their prosperity carries with it mercantile advantages (the ability to demand a different play for their admission fee than the one the actors have prepared).
445:
use of several "interludes," which would have been spare entertainments between the acts (but which are integrated into the performance in this case), again emphasising the smallness and spareness of the initial staging (as interludes would have allowed for technicians to arrange the lights and scenery and to put actors in place).
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Jasper tests Luce's love by pretending he intends to kill her because of the way her father has treated him. She is shocked, but declares her devotion to him. Humphrey and her father arrive with other men. They attack Jasper and drag Luce away. The merchant locks Luce in her room. Jasper feigns death
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in
Hattaway ix), which is a framing device for this play's action. Additionally, the higher cost of a private theatre (sixpence, compared to a penny at some public theatres) changed the composition of the audience and would have suggested a more critically aware (and demanding) crowd. The play makes
352:
The play hits a number of satirical and parodic points. The audience is satirised, with the interrupting grocer, but the domineering and demanding merchant class is also satirised in the main plot. Beaumont makes fun of the new demand for stories of the middle classes for the middle classes, even as
265:
The
Citizen and his Wife demand more chivalric and exotic adventures for Rafe, and a scene is created in which the Grocer Errant must go to Moldavia where he meets a princess who falls in love with him. But he says that he has already plighted his troth to Susan, a cobbler's maid in Milk Street. The
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Meanwhile, Jasper's mother has decided to leave her husband, Old
Merrythought, who has spent all his savings in drinking and partying. When Jasper seeks his mother's help, she rejects him in favour of his younger brother Michael. She tells Michael that she has jewellery that she can sell to live on
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in which Jasper
Merrythought, the merchant's apprentice, is in love with his master's daughter, Luce, and must elope with her to save her from marriage to Humphrey, a City man of fashion. Luce pretends to Humphrey that she has made an unusual vow: she will only marry a man who has the spirit to run
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had previously had plays produced. In addition to the textual history testifying to a
Blackfriars origin, there are multiple references within the text to Marston, to the actors as children (notably from the Citizen's Wife, who seems to recognise the actors from their school), and other indications
237:
is about to be performed, a
Citizen and his Wife 'in the audience' interrupt to complain that the play will misrepresent the middle-class citizens of the city. The Citizen, who identifies himself as a grocer, climbs onto the stage, bringing his Wife up to sit with him. They demand that the players
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The broader humour of the play derives from innuendo and sexual jokes, as well as joking references to other dramatists. The players, for example, plant a winking joke at the Citizen's expense, as the pestle of Rafe's herald is a phallic metaphor, and a burning pestle/penis implies
361:, on the one hand, and sexual bravado, on the other. The inability of the Citizen and Wife to comprehend how they are satirised, or to understand the main plot, allows the audience to laugh at itself, even as it admits its complicity with the Citizen's boorish tastes.
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or midsummer's day first production (Hattaway xxi and xiii). The play is certainly carnivalesque, but the date of the first performance is purely speculative. The second quarto publication came in 1635, with a third the same year. The play was omitted from the
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would have initially been produced in a small private theatre, with minimal stage properties. However, the private theatres were first to introduce the practice of having audience members seated on the stage proper (according to Gurr,
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and scares the merchant into expelling Humphrey. A chastened Mrs Merrythought returns to her husband. Jasper reveals he is still alive. The merchant asks for Old Merrythought's forgiveness and consents to Jasper's match with Luce.
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away with her. She knows that Humphrey will immediately inform her father. She intends to fake an elopement with Humphrey, knowing that her father will allow this to happen, but then to drop him and meet up with Jasper.
628:, staged a 90-minute version of the play with eight actors, four in the play–within–the–play playing multiple roles. With a cast of 12, The Independent Shakespeare Company of Los Angeles staged a full performance in
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put on a play of their own choosing and suggest that the Citizen's own apprentice, Rafe, should be given a part. Rafe demonstrates his dramatic skills by quoting Shakespeare, and a part is created for him as a
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620:. The American Shakespeare Center's "Rough, Rude, and Boisterous tour" of 2009 to 2010 also included the play. The Theater at Monmouth staged the play in the summer of 2013. In June 2016,
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in 1662 and again in 1665 and 1667 (Hattaway xxix). The play "has proved popular with amateur and university groups," according to Hattaway, but not with professional troupes.
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The Citizen and his Wife demand that Rafe's part in the drama should also have an appropriate ending, and he is given a heroic death scene. Everyone is satisfied.
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princess reluctantly lets him go, lamenting that she cannot come to England, as she has always dreamed of tasting English beer.
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of 1647 but included in the second folio of 1679. The play was later widely thought to be the joint work of Beaumont and
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Whitted, Brent E. (2012). "Staging Exchange: Why "The Knight of the Burning Pestle" Flopped at Blackfriars in 1607".
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Revivals of the play are largely undocumented, but some are attested. Hattaway suggests that it was performed in the
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592:(then the Shenandoah Shakespeare Express) staged it in 1999 and revived it in 2003 at the Blackfriars Playhouse in
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The play was a failure when it was first performed, although it won approval over the next generation or two. In
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1082:"Review: GROCERS GONE WILD IN KNIGHT OF THE BURNING PESTLE at Independent Shakespeare Company In Griffith Park"
478:(1635), the character Rebecca desires to see it "above all plays." Beaumont's comedy was performed at Court by
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It was so credited in the London revivals of 1904, 1920, 1932, 1975 and 1981 detailed in the "Staging" section
564:, who was named after the character in the play. The play was performed as part of the opening season of the
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by Red Bull Theater in association with Fiasco Theater in the first major New York revival in over 50 years.
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Scene: London and the neighbouring Country, except for Act IV Scene ii which is set in Moldavia.
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In mid-20th century revivals the name was usually rendered as "Ralph": see "A Jacobean Romp",
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called the play "the jolliest thing in London". In 1932 the play was staged at the
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in 1635, at court the next year, and then after the Restoration at the
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This meta-plot is intercut with the main plot of the interrupted play,
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Sheldon P. Zitner, ed. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2004.
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243:
62:
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It is most likely that the play was written for the child actors at
950:"The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, review"
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110:
31:
1177:
Michael Hattaway, ed. New Mermaids. New York: W. W. Norton, 2002.
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Wardle, Irving, "'The Knight of the Burning Pestle', Greenwich,"
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Wardle, Irving, "'The Knight of the Burning Pestle', Aldwych,"
1004:"Peter Schickele: Songs from the Knight of the Burning Pestle"
368:
285:
242:. He refers to himself as a 'Grocer Errant' and has a burning
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in July 2022. In 2023, the play is being presented at the
1054:"Theater at Monmouth finds surprising depth in 'Our Town'"
1927:† = Not published in the Beaumont and Fletcher folios
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A 90-minute television film version was broadcast by
893:"The Old Vic: 'The Knight Of The Burning Pestle'.",
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979:"The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1938 TV Movie)"
932:Spencer, Charles, "The unfunniest show in town",
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648:on 19 and 30 December 1938. The film had music by
1096:"THE KNIGHT OF THE BURNING PESTLE | Off-Broadway"
514:in the principal role of Rafe. In 1920 the young
522:production which transferred to the West End.
1371:The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn
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510:The play was revived in London in 1904, with
8:
1733:Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One
808:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
403:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
320:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
69:) play in English. The play is a satire on
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1235:
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608:, CT, presented a shortened adaptation by
217:Pompiona, Daughter of the King of Moldavia
776:"The Knight of the Burning Pestle review"
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:Learn how and when to remove this message
774:Billington, Michael (27 February 2014).
973:
971:
693:
948:Dominic Cavendish (27 February 2014).
556:in the lead. In a 2005 revival at the
7:
1783:with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson
401:adding citations to reliable sources
318:adding citations to reliable sources
220:Susan, Cobbler's maid in Milk Street
1151:. BBC. 23 December 1938. p. 38
1126:. BBC. 16 December 1938. p. 18
61:in 1613. It is the earliest whole
1793:with Massinger, Ford & Webster
624:, a small professional theater in
36:Title page from a 1635 edition of
25:
1181:The Knight of the Burning Pestle.
1175:The Knight of the Burning Pestle.
544:presented the play in 1975, with
138:first Beaumont and Fletcher folio
1364:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
1217:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
1210:
1195:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
800:Patterson, Michael, ed. (2005).
728:Smith, Joshua S. (Summer 2012).
596:, a recreation of Shakespeare's
586:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
437:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
373:
290:
181:Jasper Merrythought, another son
46:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
38:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
858:See Zitner's edition, pp. 42–3.
560:Rafe was played by Spall's son
1024:"Knight of the Burning Pestle"
804:The Oxford Dictionary of Plays
1:
1905:(Shakespeare & Fletcher?)
1680:with Beaumont & Massinger
208:Luce, Daughter of Venturewell
178:Michael Merrythought, his son
27:1607 play by Francis Beaumont
1874:Beaumont and Fletcher folios
520:Birmingham Repertory Theatre
435:If written for Blackfriars,
193:Three Men, supposed captives
86:The Four Prentices of London
18:Knight of the Burning Pestle
1864:English Renaissance theatre
1570:Rule a Wife and Have a Wife
1220:public domain audiobook at
1028:American Shakespeare Center
590:American Shakespeare Center
552:performed it in 1981, with
540:as the Citizen's Wife. The
57:in 1607 and published in a
1981:
1704:with Massinger & Field
49:is a play in five acts by
1960:Plays by Francis Beaumont
1950:English Renaissance plays
1925:
1619:The Custom of the Country
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884:, 25 November 1920, p. 10
871:, 19 November 1904, p.703
550:Royal Shakespeare Company
214:Woman, supposed a captive
1827:(Middleton & Rowley)
1798:The Fair Maid of the Inn
1709:The Honest Man's Fortune
1598:The Little French Lawyer
1472:The Faithful Shepherdess
458:Theatre Royal Drury Lane
205:Soldiers, and Attendants
1902:The History of Cardenio
1788:Rollo, Duke of Normandy
1535:The Humorous Lieutenant
938:, 4 October 2005, p. 26
897:, 5 January 1932, p. 10
849:, 5 January 1932, p. 10
169:Venturewell, a Merchant
154:Speaker of the Prologue
96:The Shoemaker's Holiday
73:in general, similar to
1955:Parodies of literature
1824:Wit at Several Weapons
923:, 18 April 1981, p. 10
672:as George Greengoose.
634:Lucille Lortel Theatre
612:that turned it into a
507:
119:
41:
1751:The Two Noble Kinsmen
1685:Thierry and Theodoret
1259:Beaumont and Fletcher
1146:"Radio Times Archive"
1121:"Radio Times Archive"
746:10.1353/sip.2012.0027
566:Sam Wanamaker Theatre
518:starred as Rafe in a
502:
482:on 28 February 1636 (
480:Queen Henrietta's Men
211:Mistress Merrythought
114:
53:, first performed at
35:
1778:The Maid in the Mill
1716:The Queen of Corinth
1626:The Lovers' Progress
1556:The Wild Goose Chase
1173:Beaumont, Francis.
910:, 13 June 1975, p. 9
734:Studies in Philology
572:American productions
397:improve this section
314:improve this section
255:The London Merchant,
163:Rafe, his Apprentice
1914:(possibly based on
1723:The Knight of Malta
1612:The Double Marriage
1542:The Island Princess
1454:The Noble Gentleman
1299:William Shakespeare
935:The Daily Telegraph
880:"A Jacobean Romp",
626:St. Paul, Minnesota
598:Blackfriars Theatre
475:The Sparagus Garden
246:on his shield as a
235:The London Merchant
124:Blackfriars Theatre
55:Blackfriars Theatre
1633:The Spanish Curate
1563:A Wife for a Month
1433:A King and No King
1426:The Maid's Tragedy
1206:Text of play (PDF)
682:1613 in literature
616:with new songs by
602:Long Wharf Theatre
594:Staunton, Virginia
508:
157:A Citizen (George)
120:
79:, and a parody of
71:chivalric romances
42:
1932:
1931:
1884:Humphrey Robinson
1850:
1849:
1832:The Laws of Candy
1768:Wit Without Money
1654:The Elder Brother
1521:The Loyal Subject
1479:The Woman's Prize
1447:The Scornful Lady
1440:Love's Pilgrimage
1012:. 28 August 2022.
819:978-0-19-860417-4
656:as Merrythought,
654:Frederick Ranalow
578:Old Globe Theatre
542:Greenwich Theatre
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233:As a play called
202:George Greengoose
199:William Hammerton
103:from its outset.
16:(Redirected from
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1911:Double Falsehood
1879:Humphrey Moseley
1761:The Night Walker
1738:with Shakespeare
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1286:Philip Massinger
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1030:. Archived from
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1070:. 9 June 2016.
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666:Manning Whiley
662:Margaret Yarde
658:Hugh E. Wright
646:BBC Television
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614:musical comedy
600:. In 1974 the
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512:Nigel Playfair
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1756:with Shirley
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1662:A Very Woman
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1580:Fletcher and
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1383:and Fletcher
1369:
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1349:conjectural)
1347:attributions
1334:John Webster
1294:Nathan Field
1284:
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1270:
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1194:
1180:
1174:
1153:. Retrieved
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
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986:. Retrieved
983:www.imdb.com
982:
958:. Retrieved
953:
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783:. Retrieved
780:The Guardian
779:
769:
757:. Retrieved
737:
733:
723:
706:
702:
696:
652:and starred
643:
640:1938 TV film
610:Brooks Jones
585:
576:In 1957 the
575:
536:as Rafe and
523:
509:
473:
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447:
441:
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419:
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395:Please help
383:
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312:Please help
300:
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229:
128:John Marston
121:
118:, circa 1600
94:
84:
74:
45:
44:
43:
37:
29:
1855:Performance
1819:(Middleton)
1773:with Rowley
1699:Love's Cure
1549:The Pilgrim
1514:The Chances
1486:Valentinian
1419:The Captain
1405:The Coxcomb
1105:22 February
785:12 November
759:12 November
668:as Tim and
546:Gordon Reid
516:Noël Coward
504:Noël Coward
101:fourth wall
76:Don Quixote
1945:1607 plays
1939:Categories
1869:King's Men
1744:Henry VIII
1728:with Field
1674:and others
1324:Ben Jonson
1200:Faded Page
1168:References
584:presented
454:Drury Lane
148:Characters
133:Shrovetide
1843:(Shirley)
1591:Barnavelt
1582:Massinger
1412:Philaster
1319:John Ford
1155:3 January
1130:3 January
988:3 January
960:3 January
921:The Times
908:The Times
895:The Times
882:The Times
867:"Drama",
847:The Times
843:The Times
754:162251374
664:as Wife,
606:New Haven
582:San Diego
568:in 2014.
525:The Times
484:new style
464:Reception
384:does not
301:does not
272:own ghost
1916:Cardenio
1672:Fletcher
1464:Fletcher
1381:Beaumont
1356:Beaumont
1222:LibriVox
1202:(Canada)
715:43499628
676:See also
490:Revivals
359:syphilis
196:Sergeant
172:Humphrey
126:, where
67:pastiche
1893:Related
1493:Bonduca
1261:" Canon
1038:25 July
1009:YouTube
532:, with
530:Old Vic
442:op cit.
405:removed
390:sources
365:Staging
322:removed
307:sources
187:Tapster
1835:(Ford)
1808:Others
816:
752:
713:
588:. The
282:Satire
244:pestle
190:Barber
63:parody
59:quarto
1345:(some
1343:Plays
1257:The "
1149:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
750:S2CID
711:JSTOR
688:Notes
1157:2015
1132:2015
1107:2023
1040:2020
990:2015
962:2015
814:ISBN
787:2017
761:2017
562:Rafe
388:any
386:cite
305:any
303:cite
226:Plot
166:Boys
107:Text
89:and
65:(or
1198:at
810:224
742:doi
738:109
604:in
580:in
486:).
472:'s
452:in
399:by
316:by
93:'s
83:'s
1941::
1098:.
1026:.
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981:.
970:^
952:.
812:.
778:.
748:.
736:.
732:.
707:15
705:.
250:.
144:.
1918:)
1908:†
1899:†
1741:†
1659:†
1588:†
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
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1134:.
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992:.
964:.
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744::
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420:(
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411:(
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393:.
343:)
337:(
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328:(
324:.
310:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
