31:
1019:
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of a komatiite flow and reflects magmatic processes which komatiites are susceptible to during their eruption and cooling. The typical mineralogical variation is from a flow base composed of olivine cumulate, to a spinifex textured zone composed of bladed olivine and ideally a pyroxene spinifex zone
1193:
However, the initial flux of the most magnesian magmas is interpreted to form a channelised flow facie, which is envisioned as a fissure vent releasing highly fluid komatiitic lava onto the surface. This then flows outwards from the vent fissure, concentrating into topographical lows, and forming
726:
from high-magnesium compositions in the flow bases where olivine cumulates dominate, to lower magnesium compositions higher up in the flow. Thus, the current metamorphic mineralogy of a komatiite will reflect the chemistry, which in turn represents an inference as to its volcanological
1346:, formed by injection of komatiitic magma into the stratigraphy, and inflation of the magma chamber. Economic nickel-mineralised olivine adcumulate bodies may represent a form of sill-like conduit, where magma pools in a staging chamber before erupting onto the surface.
1338:
country rocks have been recognised within the low-strain contacts. The previous interpretations of these large komatiite bodies was that they were "super channels" or reactivated channels, which grew to over 500 m in stratigraphic thickness during prolonged volcanism.
1232:
The channel and sheeted flows are then covered by high-magnesian basalts and tholeiitic basalts as the volcanic event evolves to less magnesian compositions. The subsequent magmatism, being higher silica melts, tends to form a more typical shield volcano architecture.
1228:
Individual flow units may not be entirely preserved, as subsequent flow units may thermally erode the A zone spinifex flows. In the distal thin flow facies, B zones are poorly developed to absent, as not enough through-flowing liquid existed to grow the adcumulate.
1045:
of alteration minerals after olivine) or pyroxene which give the rock a bladed appearance especially on a weathered surface. Spinifex texture is the result of rapid crystallization of highly magnesian liquid in the thermal gradient at the margin of the flow or
152:) examples known. This restriction in age is thought to be due to cooling of the mantle, which may have been 100–250 °C (212–482 °F) hotter during the Archaean. The early Earth had much higher heat production, due to the residual heat from
1608:
Waterton, P., Pearson, D. G., Kjarsgaard, B., Hulbert, L., Locock, A., Parman, S. W., & Davis, B. 2017. Age, Origin, and
Thermal Evolution of the ultra-fresh ~1.9 Ga Winnipegosis Komatiites, Manitoba, Canada. Lithos, 268–271, 114–130.
1975:
Rosengren, N. M., Beresford, S. W., Grguric, B. A., & Cas, R.A.F. 2005. An intrusive origin for the komatiitic dunite-hosted Mount Keith disseminated nickel sulfide deposit, Western
Australia. Economic Geology, 100(1), 149–156.
436:
Another line of evidence is that the MgO content of olivines formed in komatiites is toward the nearly pure MgO forsterite composition, which can only be achieved in bulk by crystallisation of olivine from a highly magnesian melt.
271:
or honey does, the komatiitic lava would have flowed swiftly across the surface, leaving extremely thin lava flows (down to 10 mm thick). The major komatiitic sequences preserved in
Archaean rocks are thus considered to be
1523:
Viljoen, M. J., & Viljoen, R. P. 1969a. Evidence for the existence of a mobile extrusive peridotitic magma from the Komati
Formation of the Onvernacht Group. Geological Survey of South Africa, Special Publication, 21, 87 –
34:
Komatiite lava at the type locality in the Komati Valley, Barberton
Mountainland, South Africa, showing the distinctive "spinifex texture" formed by dendritic plates of olivine (scale shown by a hammer on the right edge of
1080:
of pyroxene and olivine up to 1 metre in length. Harrisite texture is found in some very thick lava flows of komatiite, for example in the
Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt of Western Australia, in which crystallization of
311:
source difference between the two types related to depth of melt generation. Al-depleted komatiites have been modeled by melting experiments as being produced by high degrees of partial melting at high pressure where
981:
structure, autobrecciated upper margins consistent with underwater eruption forming a rigid upper skin to the lava flows. Proximal volcanic facies are thinner and interleaved with sulfidic sediments, black shales,
294:
There are two geochemical classes of komatiite; aluminium undepleted komatiite (AUDK) (also known as Group I komatiites) and aluminium depleted komatiite (ADK) (also known as Group II komatiites), defined by their
1622:
Hanski, E.; Kamenetsky, V.S. (2013). "Chrome spinel-hosted melt inclusions in
Paleoproterozoic primitive volcanic rocks, northern Finland: Evidence for coexistence and mixing of komatiitic and picritic magmas".
1307:
Komatiite magma is extremely dense and unlikely to reach the surface, being more likely to pool lower within the crust. Modern (post-2004) interpretations of some of the larger olivine adcumulate bodies in the
1563:
Nisbet, E. G., Cheadle, M. J., Arndt, Nicholas T., & Bickle, M. J. 1993. Constraining the potential temperature of the
Archaean mantle: A review of the evidence from komatiites. Lithos, 30(3–4), 291–307.
942:). Through a typical komatiite flow sequence the chemistry of the rock will change according to the internal fractionation which occurs during eruption. This tends to lower MgO, Cr, Ni, and increase Al, K
686:
There are thus two main classes of metamorphic komatiite; carbonated and hydrated. Carbonated komatiites and peridotites form a series of rocks dominated by the minerals chlorite, talc, magnesite or
335:
ratios, calling into question this interpretation of the formations of the different komatiite groups. Komatiites probably form in extremely hot mantle plumes or in
Archaean subduction zones.
746:-chlorite mineralogy in the upper spinifex zones. The more magnesian-rich olivine-rich flow base facies tend to be free from tremolite and chlorite mineralogy and are dominated by either
1580:, Byerly, G. R., Sobolev, A. V., & Wilson, A. 2012. A new model for Barberton komatiites: Deep critical melting with high melt retention. Journal of Petrology, 53(11), 2191–2229.
1596:, Campbell, I. H., O'Neill, H. St. C., Van Kranendonk, M., & Davies, R. D. 2016. Petrogenesis and geochemistry of Archean Komatiites. Journal of Petrology, 57(1), 147–184.
249:
normally have eruption temperatures of about 1100 to 1250 °C. The higher melting temperatures required to produce komatiite have been attributed to the presumed higher
316:
in the source is not melted, whereas Al-undepleted komatiites are produced by high degrees of partial melts at lesser depth. However, recent studies of fluid inclusions in
2009:
Physical volcanology of komatiites; A field guide to the komatiites of the
Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia.
1551:
Herzberg, C., Condie, K., & Korenaga, J. 2010. Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 292(1–2), 79–88.
2041:
1941:; Gole, M.J.; Dowling, S.E. (1995). "The volcanology of komatiites as deduced from field relationships in the Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt, Western Australia".
702:. Traces of talc, tremolite and dolomite may be present, as it is very rare that no carbon dioxide is present in metamorphic fluids. At higher metamorphic grades,
1479:
1421:
323:
from the cumulate zones of komatiite flows have shown that a single komatiite flow can be derived from the mixing of parental magmas with a range of Al
1215:
A3 – Olivine spinifex sequence composed of sheaf and book-like olivine spinifex, representing a downward-growing crystal accumulation on the flow top
448:
in contact with overlying water or air. Because they are rapidly cooled, they represent the liquid composition of the komatiites, and thus record an
3744:
2164:
427:
of the olivine in a thermal gradient in the upper part of a lava flow. "Spinifex" texture is named after the common name for the Australian grass
2111:
283:. Komatiites are considered to have been formed by high degrees of partial melting, usually greater than 50%, and hence have high MgO with low K
604:, therefore should technically be termed 'metakomatiite' though the prefix meta is inevitably assumed. Many komatiites are highly altered and
723:
624:
The metamorphic mineralogy of ultramafic rocks, particularly komatiites, is only partially controlled by composition. The character of the
3420:
2404:
2083:
Faure, F., Arndt, N.T. Libourel, G. (2006), Formation of spinifex texture in komatiite: An experimental study. J. Petrol 47, 1591–1610.
1658:
McDonough, W. F.; Ireland, T. R. (September 1993). "Intraplate origin of komatiites inferred from trace elements in glass inclusions".
2095:
30:
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Komatiite chemistry is different from that of basaltic and other common mantle-produced magmas, because of differences in degrees of
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2030:
2016:
2001:
1407:
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587:
419:. Part of the evidence that komatiites are not magnesium-rich simply because of cumulate olivine is textural: some contain spinifex
1093:
377:
The pristine volcanic mineralogy of komatiites is composed of forsteritic olivine (Fo90 and upwards), calcic and often chromian
231:, Canada. Specimen is 9 cm wide. Bladed olivine crystals are visible, though spinifex texture is weak or absent in this sample.
3831:
1511:
Le Bas, M. J. 2000. IUGS reclassification of the high-Mg and picritic volcanic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 41(10), 1467–1470.
1837:
Troll, V R; Mattsson, T; Upton, B G J; Emeleus, C H; Donaldson, C H; Meyer, R; Weis, F; Dahrén, B; Heimdal, T H (2020-10-09).
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Geochemistry of the Komatiite–Tholeiite Rock Association in the Vedlozero–Segozero Archean Greenstone Belt, Central Karelia
452:
MgO content of up to 32% MgO. Some of the highest magnesian komatiites with clear textural preservation are those of the
1798:"An Origin for Harrisitic and Granular Olivine in the Rum Layered Suite, NW Scotland: a Crystal Size Distribution Study"
762:
if carbonated. The upper flow facies tend to be dominated by talc, chlorite, tremolite, and other magnesian amphiboles (
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The above geochemical classification must be the essentially unaltered magma chemistry and not the result of
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in South Africa, where liquids with up to 34% MgO can be inferred using bulk rock and olivine compositions.
224:
118:
2889:
2150:
1420:
The economic importance of komatiite was first widely recognised in the early 1960s with the discovery of
1494: – Igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating.
2854:
2076:
Arndt, N.T., and Lesher, C.M. (2005), Komatiites, in Selley, RC, Cocks, L.R.M., Plimer, I.R. (Editors),
1839:"Fault-Controlled Magma Ascent Recorded in the Central Series of the Rum Layered Intrusion, NW Scotland"
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flanked by a 'sheeted flow facies' aprons of lower MgO olivine and pyroxene thin-flow spinifex sheets.
460:
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1950:
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Arndt, N., Lesher, C. M., & Barnes, S. J. 2008. Komatiite. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
346:
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1701:
Parman, S. W. (1 June 2004). "A subduction origin for komatiites and cratonic lithospheric mantle".
1428:. Komatiite-hosted nickel-copper sulfide mineralisation today accounts for about 14% of the world's
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B1 – Olivine mesocumulate to orthocumulate, representing a harrisite grown in flowing liquid melt
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Primary (magmatic) mineral species also encountered in komatiites include olivine, the pyroxenes
228:
2136:
1542:
Davies, G. F. 1999. Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1061:
913:
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A3 facies bladed olivine spinifex, drill hole WDD18, Widgiemooltha Komatiite, Western Australia
203:
off the Pacific coast of Colombia, and a rare example of Proterozoic komatiite is found in the
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2012:
1997:
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B3 – Lower chill margin composed of olivine adcumulate to mesocumulate, with finer grain size.
420:
261:
196:
1312:
have revealed that the majority of komatiite olivine adcumulate occurrences are likely to be
690:
and tremolite. Hydrated metamorphic rock assemblages are dominated by the minerals chlorite,
373:
Graph of komatiite geochemistry MgO% vs Cr ppm, from basal flows, Wannaway, Western Australia
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1958:
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1796:
O'Driscoll, B.; Donaldson, C. H.; Troll, V. R.; Jerram, D. A.; Emeleus, C. H. (2006-11-13).
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magmatism is similar to komatiite magmatism but is produced by fluid-fluxed melting above a
180:
86:
44:
1208:
A2 – Zone of quickly chilled, feathery acicular olivine-clinopyroxene-glass representing a
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A1 – pillowed and variolitic chilled flow top, often grading and transitional with sediment
260:
close to that of water but with the density of rock). Compared to the basaltic lava of the
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edifices, as the magmatic event which forms komatiites erupts less magnesian materials.
242:, with calculated eruption temperatures up to, and possibly in excess of 1600 °C.
179:
Geographically, komatiites are predominantly restricted in distribution to the Archaean
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1962:
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For example, the typical flow facies (see below) may have the following mineralogy;
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633:
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have essentially replaced komatiites as an eruptive lava on the Earth's surface.
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B2 – Olivine adcumulate composed of >93% interlocking equant olivine crystals
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and pillow margin zones in some komatiite flows are essentially volcanic glass,
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olivine, though chromian pyroxene cumulates are also possible (though rarer).
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83:
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1874:
1823:
1782:
1769:
Le Bas, M.; Streckeisen, A. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
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ratios. These two classes of komatiite are often assumed to represent a real
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The typical komatiite lava flow has six stratigraphically related elements;
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Volcanic rocks rich in magnesium may be produced by accumulation of olivine
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1467: – Rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
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of 0.5, metamorphic reactions in the presence of water favor production of
17:
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616:. This results in significant changes to the mineralogy and the texture.
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and olivine-rich chill zone on the upper eruptive rind of the flow unit.
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The mineralogy of a komatiite varies systematically through the typical
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Komatiites are rare rocks; almost all komatiites were formed during the
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morphology is interpreted to have the general form and structure of a
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of komatiite showing spinifex texture of pyroxene needle-like crystals
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1977:
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deposits in Australia, Canada, South Africa and most recently in the
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728:
523:
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350:
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2040:, Geochemistry International, Vol. 39, Suppl. 1, 2001, pp. S24–S38.
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Komatiitic lava was extremely fluid when it erupted (possessing the
1473: – size, shape and mutual relations of the particles of a rock
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3174:
3169:
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2999:
2919:
2874:
2869:
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1098:
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1017:
983:
368:
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101:(MgO). It is classified as a 'picritic rock'. Komatiites have low
29:
2382:
1092:
A2 facies dendritic feathery olivine crystals, drill hole WDD18,
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3481:
3024:
2969:
2884:
2816:
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999:
881:
869:
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246:
94:
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1996:, President and Fellows of Harvard College (pp. 276–285),
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628:
which are present during low temperature metamorphism whether
533:
276:, ponds of lava etc., where the komatiitic lava accumulated.
59:
3398:
2007:
Hill R.E.T, Barnes S.J., Gole M.J. and Dowling S.E. (1990),
1432:
production, mostly from Australia, Canada and South Africa.
659:
is above 0.5, the metamorphic reactions favor formation of
71:
65:
50:
2051:, (pp. 43–69, 150–152) Cambridge University Press.
1592:
Sossi, P. A., Eggins, S. M., Nesbitt, R. W., Nebel, O.,
1072:, is formed by nucleation of crystals on the floor of a
868:
Komatiite can be classified according to the following
636:
control the metamorphic assemblage of a metakomatiite (
392:
A considerable population of komatiite examples show a
1455: – List of rock textural and morphological terms
643:
The factor controlling the mineral assemblage is the
68:
47:
1475:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
144:
Eon (4.03–2.5 billion years ago), with few younger (
74:
62:
3727:
3569:
3436:
3210:
3048:
2835:
2418:
2086:Arndt, N.T., Lesher, C.M. and Barnes, S.J. (2008),
1461: – List of rock types recognized by geologists
415:in basalt melts of normal chemistry: an example is
56:
53:
2090:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 488 pp.,
1194:channel environments composed of high MgO olivine
994:. Evidence of this is from their association with
195:. The youngest komatiites are from the island of
2036:S. A. Svetov, A. I. Svetova, and H. Huhma, 1999,
990:. Komatiites were produced from a relatively wet
345:. Boninites with 10–18% MgO tend to have higher
1330:deposit where wall-rock intrusive textures and
927:, more than 8 wt% MgO and less than 0.5 wt% TiO
718:Mineralogic variations in komatiite flow facies
160:isotopes, particularly shorter lived ones like
267:basalts at ~1200 °C, which flows the way
129:texture composed of large dendritic plates of
3414:
2398:
2158:
1488: – Type of igneous and meta-igneous rock
1033:A common and distinctive texture is known as
433:, which grows in clumps with similar shapes.
8:
1888:Emeleus, C. H.; Troll, V. R. (August 2014).
1611:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.10.033
1566:https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(93)90042-B
1513:https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.10.1467
651:within the metamorphic fluid, called the XCO
238:of komatiitic compositions have a very high
1388:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1275:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1146:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1076:. Harrisites are known to form megacrystal
779:
568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
495:. Secondary (metamorphic) minerals include
3421:
3407:
3399:
2405:
2391:
2383:
2188:
2165:
2151:
2143:
2139:(with text in French) retrieved 2009-05-17
1748:"Igneous Rock Associations 10. Komatiites"
1553:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.022
1435:Komatiites are associated with nickel and
1913:
1864:
1854:
1813:
1771:Journal of the Geological Society, London
1730:
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1295:Learn how and when to remove this message
1166:Learn how and when to remove this message
588:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:. Lower temperature mantle melts such as
125:in South Africa, and frequently displays
2049:A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure
1598:https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw004
1582:https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs042
912:is more than 1 wt%, it is classified as
2080:3, Elsevier, New York, pp. 260–267
2021:Blatt, Harvey and Robert Tracy (1996),
1576:Robin-Popieul, C. C. M., Arndt, N. T.,
1504:
2061:Arndt, N.T., and Nisbet, E.G. (1982),
1342:These intrusions are considered to be
965:or other rare ultramafic, potassic or
714:dominate as the rock mass dehydrates.
156:, as well as the greater abundance of
93:defined as having crystallised from a
2025:, 2nd ed., Freeman (pp. 196–7),
1422:massive nickel sulfide mineralisation
638:hereafter the prefix meta- is assumed
117:content. Komatiite was named for its
7:
3802:
1386:adding citations to reliable sources
1273:adding citations to reliable sources
1144:adding citations to reliable sources
566:adding citations to reliable sources
223:Komatiite sample collected from the
3826:
2137:Photos of Abitibi komatiite, Canada
2011:, Geological Society of Australia.
1480:Komatiitic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation
919:A similar high-Mg volcanic rock is
908:When meeting the above, but the TiO
1978:https://doi.org/10.2113/100.1.0149
1890:"The Rum Igneous Centre, Scotland"
857:Talc-magnesite-tremolite-chlorite
824:Talc-magnesite-tremolite-chlorite
734:Typical metamorphic mineralogy is
423:, a texture attributable to rapid
25:
832:Serpentine-chlorite-anthophyllite
3825:
3813:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3560:
1703:South African Journal of Geology
1482: – Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE ore deposit
1358:
1245:
1116:
1094:Widgiemooltha, Western Australia
671:amphibole. These are classed as
538:
503:, amphibole, sodic plagioclase,
43:
2127:Komatiites and the Plume Debate
600:All known komatiites have been
1010:O-borne rich mineralizations.
440:The rarely preserved flow top
1:
1645:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.02.009
810:Serpentine-tremolite-chlorite
347:large-ion lithophile elements
113:, and high to extremely high
1963:10.1016/0024-4937(95)90019-5
1915:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.4.04
998:, occurrences of komatiitic
950:toward the top of the flow.
731:and stratigraphic position.
183:areas, and occur with other
2122:Komatiites and astrobiology
1426:Kambalda, Western Australia
1212:on the top of the flow unit
1041:phenocrysts of olivine (or
854:Serpentine-brucite-chlorite
667:(magnesium carbonate), and
205:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
191:volcanic rocks in Archaean
27:Magnesium-rich igneous rock
3895:
1323:This is recognised at the
843:Massive serpentine-brucite
3785:
3558:
2186:
1856:10.1093/petrology/egaa093
1006:anomalies and by S- and H
973:Morphology and occurrence
957:O, Ba, Cs, and Rb may be
620:Hydration vs. carbonation
507:, iron oxides and rarely
404:is highly magnesium rich
3464:Cryptovolcanic structure
2132:Volcanic fireworks on Io
1994:Origins of Igneous Rocks
1815:10.1093/petrology/egl059
1783:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
1186:, typical of most large
813:Talc-tremolite-chlorite
802:Talc-chlorite-tremolite
3745:Eruptions by death toll
2470:Basaltic trachyandesite
2438:Alkali feldspar granite
2078:Encyclopedia of Geology
1056:, first described from
846:Massive talc-magnesite
385:(An85 and upwards) and
253:in the Archaean Earth.
225:Abitibi greenstone belt
1894:Mineralogical Magazine
1104:
1096:
1030:
977:Komatiites often show
923:, having 52–63 wt% SiO
872:geochemical criteria:
612:from metamorphism and
491:and rarely pargasitic
374:
232:
36:
2855:Banded iron formation
1453:List of rock textures
1102:
1091:
1037:and consists of long
1021:
758:if hydrated, or talc-
461:stratigraphic section
400:. The usual cumulate
372:
289:incompatible elements
222:
33:
1992:Hess, P. C. (1989),
1843:Journal of Petrology
1802:Journal of Petrology
1382:improve this section
1269:improve this section
1237:Intrusive komatiites
1140:improve this section
1060:(not komatiites) at
953:Rocks rich in MgO, K
936:crystal accumulation
886:MgO more than 18 wt%
675:reactions. Below XCO
562:improve this section
251:geothermal gradients
2047:Vernon R.H., 2004,
1955:1995Litho..34..159H
1906:2014MinM...78..805E
1746:Dostal, J. (2008).
1723:10.2113/107.1-2.107
1715:2004SAJG..107..107P
1672:1993Natur.365..432M
1637:2013ChGeo.343...25H
1471:Rock microstructure
1350:Economic importance
821:Serpentine-chlorite
781:
722:Komatiite tends to
361:) than komatiites.
187:and high-magnesian
164:which produce more
154:planetary accretion
97:of at least 18 wt%
3740:Lists of volcanoes
3527:Subglacial volcano
3502:Pyroclastic shield
3211:Specific varieties
2313:Diabase (Dolerite)
2118:accessed 7-25-2005
2114:2017-10-23 at the
2109:Unusual lava types
2044:accessed 7-25-2005
1459:List of rock types
1443:of South America.
1105:
1097:
1031:
946:O, Na, CaO and SiO
799:Chlorite-tremolite
780:
375:
233:
229:Englehart, Ontario
37:
3879:Subvolcanic rocks
3869:Metamorphic rocks
3864:Igneous petrology
3841:
3840:
3594:Basaltic andesite
3532:Submarine volcano
3396:
3395:
2646:Nepheline syenite
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2347:Microgranodiorite
2277:Subvolcanic rocks
1752:Geoscience Canada
1666:(6445): 432–434.
1418:
1417:
1410:
1344:channelised sills
1305:
1304:
1297:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1064:on the island of
1054:Harrisite texture
1014:Textural features
897:O less than 1 wt%
861:
860:
598:
597:
590:
199:on the Caribbean
16:(Redirected from
3886:
3854:Ultramafic rocks
3829:
3828:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3792:
3750:Decade Volcanoes
3728:Lists and groups
3719:Pyroclastic flow
3714:Pyroclastic fall
3564:
3497:Pyroclastic cone
3423:
3416:
3409:
3400:
3338:Rapakivi granite
3050:Metamorphic rock
2837:Sedimentary rock
2706:Quartz monzonite
2407:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2189:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1949:(1–3): 159–188.
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1709:(1–2): 107–118.
1698:
1692:
1691:
1680:10.1038/365432a0
1655:
1649:
1648:
1625:Chemical Geology
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1476:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1362:
1354:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1249:
1241:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1120:
1112:
1085:has occurred.
1035:spinifex texture
782:
673:talc-carbonation
645:partial pressure
593:
586:
582:
579:
573:
542:
534:
394:cumulate texture
193:greenstone belts
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
21:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3781:
3723:
3689:Tephriphonolite
3565:
3556:
3552:Harmonic tremor
3454:Complex volcano
3432:
3427:
3397:
3392:
3206:
3150:Pseudotachylite
3044:
2831:
2763:Tephriphonolite
2414:
2411:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2182:
2179:silicon dioxide
2171:
2116:Wayback Machine
2105:
2065:. Unwin Hyman,
1989:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1486:Ultramafic rock
1474:
1449:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1379:
1363:
1352:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1266:
1250:
1239:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1137:
1121:
1110:
1058:intrusive rocks
1023:Photomicrograph
1016:
1009:
986:and tholeiitic
975:
956:
949:
945:
930:
926:
911:
904:less than 1 wt%
903:
896:
892:
879:
866:
835:Talc-magnesite
720:
678:
658:
654:
622:
594:
583:
577:
574:
559:
543:
532:
425:crystallization
367:
343:subduction zone
334:
330:
326:
306:
302:
298:
286:
281:partial melting
217:
201:oceanic plateau
99:magnesium oxide
46:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3874:Volcanic rocks
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3765:Volcanic field
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Trachyandesite
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3571:Volcanic rocks
3567:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Shield volcano
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Parasitic cone
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Rhomb porphyry
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3185:Talc carbonate
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:Trachyandesite
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Quartz diorite
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:Picrite basalt
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:Types of rocks
2412:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2304:
2295:Picrite basalt
2292:
2290:
2284:Plutonic rocks
2270:Volcanic rocks
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:classified by
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2104:
2103:External links
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:978-0521874748
2084:
2081:
2074:
2059:
2045:
2034:
2019:
2005:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1937:Hill, R.E.T.;
1929:
1900:(4): 805–839.
1880:
1829:
1808:(2): 253–270.
1788:
1761:
1738:
1693:
1650:
1614:
1601:
1585:
1569:
1556:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1416:
1415:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1310:Yilgarn craton
1303:
1302:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:chilled margin
1206:
1184:shield volcano
1174:
1173:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1015:
1012:
1007:
974:
971:
954:
947:
943:
928:
924:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
877:
865:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
837:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
719:
716:
710:, olivine and
676:
656:
652:
649:carbon dioxide
626:connate fluids
621:
618:
596:
595:
546:
544:
537:
531:
528:
521:hydrogrossular
454:Barberton belt
366:
363:
332:
328:
324:
304:
300:
296:
284:
216:
213:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3891:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Volcanic belt
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Phonotephrite
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Volcanic cone
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Stratovolcano
3520:
3518:
3517:Somma volcano
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Rootless cone
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Litchfieldite
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Hyaloclastite
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Litchfieldite
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Phonotephrite
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Hyaloclastite
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Alkali basalt
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:igneous rocks
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:0-04-552019-4
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:0-521-81443-X
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:0-7167-2438-3
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:0-909869-55-3
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:0-674-64481-6
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1492:Cumulate rock
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1441:Guiana shield
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1398:November 2020
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1367:This section
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1285:November 2020
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:This section
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1156:November 2020
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:This section
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:magma chamber
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
972:
970:
968:
967:ultrapotassic
964:
960:
951:
941:
937:
932:
922:
917:
915:
899:
888:
885:
883:
880:less than 52
875:
874:
873:
871:
863:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
817:
816:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
783:
778:
775:
773:
769:
768:cummingtonite
765:
764:anthophyllite
761:
757:
756:anthophyllite
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:anthophyllite
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:serpentinized
603:
602:metamorphosed
592:
589:
581:
578:November 2020
571:
567:
563:
557:
556:
552:
547:This section
545:
541:
536:
535:
529:
527:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
322:
319:
315:
310:
292:
290:
282:
277:
275:
270:
266:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
245:
241:
240:melting point
237:
230:
226:
221:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:type locality
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:volcanic rock
88:
85:
82:is a type of
79:
41:
32:
19:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3755:Volcanic arc
3699:Trachybasalt
3628:
3537:Supervolcano
3469:Fissure vent
3313:Luxullianite
3293:Lapis lazuli
3238:Blue Granite
3165:Serpentinite
3140:Metapsammite
2890:Conglomerate
2812:Trondhjemite
2790:Trachybasalt
2731:Pantellerite
2636:Monzogranite
2610:
2581:Hornblendite
2566:Granodiorite
2420:Igneous rock
2364:Microgranite
2358:
2351:Granodiorite
2341:
2330:Microdiorite
2324:
2307:
2293:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2235:Intermediate
2222:Intermediate
2087:
2077:
2073:. Hardcover.
2062:
2048:
2037:
2022:
2008:
1993:
1987:Bibliography
1971:
1946:
1942:
1939:Barnes, S.J.
1932:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1604:
1594:Hergt, J. M.
1588:
1572:
1559:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1507:
1465:Igneous rock
1434:
1419:
1404:
1395:
1380:Please help
1368:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1306:
1291:
1282:
1267:Please help
1255:
1231:
1227:
1200:
1192:
1177:
1162:
1153:
1138:Please help
1126:
1053:
1052:
1043:pseudomorphs
1034:
1032:
1027:thin section
976:
959:lamprophyres
952:
933:
918:
907:
867:
864:Geochemistry
776:
733:
721:
685:
681:serpentinite
642:
637:
623:
614:metasomatism
599:
584:
575:
560:Please help
548:
530:Metamorphism
466:
458:
439:
435:
428:
410:
391:
376:
337:
309:petrological
293:
287:O and other
278:
255:
234:
178:
139:
123:Komati River
39:
38:
3859:Volcanology
3832:WikiProject
3775:polygenetic
3770:monogenetic
3649:Nephelinite
3604:Blairmorite
3579:Agglomerate
3487:Mud volcano
3459:Cryovolcano
3449:Cinder cone
3202:Whiteschist
3093:Greenschist
3073:Cataclasite
3063:Amphibolite
2990:Phosphorite
2940:Itacolumite
2865:Calcarenite
2711:Quartzolite
2651:Nephelinite
2621:Lamprophyre
2576:Harzburgite
2534:Napoleonite
2507:Charnockite
2502:Carbonatite
2492:Blairmorite
2443:Anorthosite
1866:10023/23208
1777:: 825-833.
1732:11427/24075
1578:Chauvel, C.
1320:in nature.
1314:subvolcanic
1108:Volcanology
979:pillow lava
963:kimberlites
791:Carbonated
724:fractionate
513:baddeleyite
481:plagioclase
413:phenocrysts
162:uranium 235
158:radioactive
150:Phanerozoic
146:Proterozoic
3848:Categories
3674:Rhyodacite
3624:Ignimbrite
3599:Benmoreite
3368:Teschenite
3353:Shonkinite
3328:Pietersite
3323:Novaculite
3233:Borolanite
3218:Adamellite
3135:Metapelite
3103:Calcflinta
3068:Blueschist
3058:Anthracite
3040:Wackestone
3020:Travertine
2965:Lumachelle
2945:Jaspillite
2900:Diamictite
2822:Websterite
2807:Troctolite
2783:Benmoreite
2743:Shonkinite
2716:Rhyodacite
2696:Pyroxenite
2671:Peridotite
2631:Lherzolite
2606:Kimberlite
2596:Ignimbrite
2591:Icelandite
2571:Granophyre
2480:Shoshonite
2300:Peridotite
2196:Ultramafic
2063:Komatiites
1499:References
1196:adcumulate
1178:Komatiite
1078:aggregates
1062:Harris Bay
940:peridotite
914:meimechite
748:serpentine
696:antigorite
692:serpentine
634:retrograde
610:carbonated
509:phlogopite
497:serpentine
406:forsterite
402:mineralogy
398:morphology
365:Mineralogy
274:lava tubes
211:, Canada.
185:ultramafic
166:decay heat
121:along the
84:ultramafic
18:Komatiites
3659:Phonolite
3644:Leucitite
3629:Komatiite
3477:Lava dome
3473:Lava cone
3430:Volcanoes
3383:Variolite
3373:Theralite
3363:Tachylite
3348:Rodingite
3318:Mangerite
3298:Larvikite
3283:Jasperoid
3278:Jadeitite
3243:Epidosite
3197:Tectonite
3190:Soapstone
3155:Quartzite
3125:Migmatite
3110:Itabirite
3088:Granulite
3030:Turbidite
3010:Sylvinite
3005:Siltstone
2995:Sandstone
2980:Oil shale
2960:Limestone
2935:Gritstone
2930:Greywacke
2925:Geyserite
2915:Evaporite
2905:Diatomite
2880:Claystone
2845:Argillite
2758:Tachylyte
2726:Comendite
2676:Phonolite
2666:Pegmatite
2641:Monzonite
2616:Lamproite
2611:Komatiite
2551:Foidolite
2512:Enderbite
2475:Mugearite
2088:Komatiite
2023:Petrology
1924:0026-461X
1875:0022-3530
1824:0022-3530
1631:: 25–37.
1369:does not
1332:xenoliths
1318:intrusive
1256:does not
1127:does not
1083:cumulates
774:, etc.).
760:magnesite
736:tremolite
708:enstatite
669:tremolite
665:magnesite
549:does not
493:amphibole
473:pigeonite
450:anhydrous
383:anorthite
258:viscosity
215:Petrology
115:magnesium
111:aluminium
107:potassium
89:-derived
40:Komatiite
3796:Category
3704:Trachyte
3679:Rhyolite
3654:Obsidian
3584:Andesite
3358:Taconite
3333:Pyrolite
3258:Ganister
3228:Aphanite
3223:Appinite
3145:Phyllite
3130:Mylonite
3098:Hornfels
3078:Eclogite
2975:Mudstone
2950:Laterite
2910:Dolomite
2827:Wehrlite
2802:Trachyte
2795:Hawaiite
2773:Tonalite
2768:Tephrite
2721:Rhyolite
2686:Porphyry
2661:Obsidian
2546:Essexite
2497:Boninite
2487:Basanite
2433:Andesite
2360:Rhyolite
2326:Andesite
2255:>69%
2199:<45%
2112:Archived
1447:See also
1325:Mt Keith
1070:Scotland
1039:acicular
921:boninite
788:Hydrated
740:chlorite
712:diopside
688:dolomite
655:. If XCO
630:prograde
501:chlorite
489:ilmenite
485:chromite
477:bronzite
446:quenched
387:chromite
379:pyroxene
339:Boninite
262:Hawaiian
244:Basaltic
209:Manitoba
142:Archaean
135:pyroxene
127:spinifex
3808:Commons
3735:Hotspot
3634:Lapilli
3619:Felsite
3444:Caldera
3378:Unakite
3308:Llanite
3273:Ijolite
3248:Felsite
3180:Suevite
3015:Tillite
2955:Lignite
2895:Coquina
2860:Breccia
2753:Syenite
2601:Ijolite
2561:Granite
2529:Diorite
2524:Diabase
2428:Adakite
2368:Granite
2334:Diorite
2242:63–69%
2225:52–63%
2212:45–52%
2181:content
2173:Common
1951:Bibcode
1902:Bibcode
1711:Bibcode
1688:4257168
1668:Bibcode
1633:Bibcode
1390:removed
1375:sources
1277:removed
1262:sources
1180:volcano
1148:removed
1133:sources
1004:niobium
996:felsics
988:basalts
969:rocks.
938:(as in
785:Facies:
772:gedrite
752:brucite
700:brucite
570:removed
555:sources
442:breccia
430:Triodia
421:texture
417:picrite
349:(LILE:
321:spinels
269:treacle
197:Gorgona
174:picrite
131:olivine
103:silicon
3820:Portal
3684:Tephra
3669:Pumice
3639:Latite
3614:Dacite
3609:Cinder
3589:Basalt
3542:Tossol
3288:Kenyte
3263:Gossan
3160:Schist
3120:Marble
3083:Gneiss
2985:Oolite
2850:Arkose
2748:Sovite
2738:Scoria
2691:Pumice
2656:Norite
2626:Latite
2556:Gabbro
2541:Dunite
2519:Dacite
2453:Basalt
2448:Aplite
2343:Dacite
2317:Gabbro
2309:Basalt
2252:Felsic
2239:felsic
2094:
2069:
2055:
2029:
2015:
2000:
1943:Lithos
1922:
1873:
1849:(10).
1822:
1686:
1660:Nature
1430:nickel
1336:felsic
1328:nickel
1188:basalt
992:mantle
984:cherts
893:O + Na
729:facies
524:garnet
517:pyrope
515:, and
505:quartz
469:augite
318:chrome
314:garnet
236:Magmas
181:shield
170:basalt
87:mantle
35:photo)
3437:Types
3253:Flint
3175:Slate
3170:Skarn
3035:Varve
3000:Shale
2920:Flint
2875:Chert
2870:Chalk
2209:Mafic
1684:S2CID
1025:of a
1000:tuffs
742:, or
265:plume
247:lavas
227:near
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