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eliminated by reducing overlap between side and rear-view mirrors by adjusting side mirrors so the side of the car is barely visible when your head is between the front seats (for the passenger-side mirror) and almost touching the driver's window (for the driver-side mirror), then checking to be sure
609:
Blind spots also exist around trams (streetcars/trolleys) and trains (locomotives with railway carriages and multiple units). Heavier rolling stocks can have up to several meters of blind spot. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a train. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed
437:
and making the car body stronger in a frontal collision, at the expense of reducing driver visibility in a 180° field of view from left to right. A flatter A-pillar (and therefore windscreen) is also a factor when calculating the effects of a collision with a pedestrian. In general, a flatter angle
156:
classes and takes some getting used to. Calculated elimination of blind spots by properly trained drivers is inexpensive and obviates the need for costly technological solutions to that problem, provided drivers take the time to set up and use their mirrors effectively. The arrangement—pointing the
678:
Blind spots also exist around aircraft (helicopters, airships, airplanes, gliders). When the aircraft (airplane) accelerates for take off, the size of the blind spot below fuselage increases. Heavier aircraft can have up to several meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual
589:
Other design factors may prevent a manufacturer from maximizing visibility. These include safety, as narrower pillars cannot be made strong as easily as thicker pillars, and size restraints about aerodynamics, as taller, more vertical windshields create additional drag and reduce fuel efficiency.
369:
are curved, which makes it possible to design vertical A-pillars that give the driver maximum forward visibility. However, it is impossible to design an aerodynamic small car with a vertical A-pillar because the more vertical the A-pillar is, the less space the door opening has, and the greater
650:
Blind spots also exist in front of boats and ships. When the boat accelerates, the bow rises, increasing the size of the blind spot. Large vessels can have up to several hundreds of meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a ship. To address this, cameras are
172:, particularly involving pedestrians, children, and objects directly aft of a vehicle. That area has been called a "killing zone". These problems are the object of several technological solutions, including (in rough order of technological complexity, simplest first):
488:
visibility problems. In some cars, the windshield is fillet with the roof-line with a big radius. A fillet round A-pillar can give a tall driver visibility problems. Also sometimes the A-pillar can block the driver from seeing motorcyclists.
196:. A similar problem attaches to positions left and right of a vehicle's rear bumper as the driver attempts to back out of a parking space. Specially designed cross-traffic alert warning systems have been developed to address these.
507:
A driver may reduce the size of a blind spot or eliminate it by turning their head in the direction of the obstruction. This allows the driver to see better around the obstruction and allows the driver better depth perception.
236:
areas towards the rear of the vehicle on both sides. Vehicles in the adjacent lanes of the road that fall into these blind spots may not be visible using only the car's mirrors. Rear quarter blind spots can be:
101:
Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses, trucks, agricultural equipment, heavy equipment, boats, ships, trams and trains. Blind spots may occur in the front of the driver when the
160:
However, one source considers that method a driving mistake and claims it is even more dangerous than not using it, because it creates other blind spots directly behind the vehicle—nine reasons are listed,
157:
side-view mirrors substantially outboard in a fixed mechanical formula—is relatively simple to achieve. Still, it takes some knowledgeable effort and getting used to it. It is reputed to be a lifesaver.
610:
around the train driver's cab to cover the missing field of view during coupling/decoupling between locomotives and railcars, multiple units, special railway equipments or another locomotives.
1278:
1370:
256:
Other areas that are sometimes called blind spots are those that are too low to see behind, in front, or to the sides of a vehicle, especially those with a high seating point.
1499:
132:
is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks (locomotives and multiple units), where the train driver cannot see. Accidents frequently occur in blind zones.
1306:
1279:"See It, Hear It, Feel It: Ford Seeks Most Effective Driver Warnings for Active Safety Technology. Increased warnings indicate potentially hazardous lane changes"
438:
will result in a more gentle impact, directing the pedestrian "up and over" rather than directly into the windscreen. This is particularly true for cars like the
839:
770:
346:
is approximately 40 degrees with a straight pillar that is not too thick. This gives the car a strong, aerodynamic body with an adequately sized front door.
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1573:
280:
This diagram shows the blocked view in a horizontal plane in front of the driver. The front-end blind spots caused by this can create problems in
1172:
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135:
118:
may reduce visibility. Proper adjusting of mirrors and using other technical solutions can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots.
689:
679:
range of an aircraft. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the aircraft to cover the missing field of view.
1386:
1344:
750:
1052:"The Geometry of Automotive Rearview Mirrors - Why Blind Zones Exist and Strategies to Overcome Them – SAE Technical Paper 950601"
1477:
1321:
232:
or side mirrors (expecting that the side mirrors are properly adjusted on a passenger auto – see above). The most common are the
49:
is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly seen by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances. In
1334:
152:
The side view mirrors of a car should be adjusted to reduce blind spots on the sides. The method is frequently overlooked in
1411:
760:
125:
is one of several areas around a large truck, where the truck driver cannot see. Collisions frequently occur in no zones.
1303:
887:
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The blue car's driver sees the green car through the mirrors but cannot see the red car without turning to check the
349:
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1143:
593:
Side radar systems offer better performance and also warn of fast-approaching vehicles entering the blind spot.
414:
140:
1521:
1692:
824:
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They also include fashion and cost, whereby design and appearance considerations can be deemed preeminent.
430:
from 1993 to 2002 had a windshield angle of 68° with the vertical, which equals just 22° with the horizon.
1201:
987:
799:
499:
168:
Rearward invisibility is an entirely different matter. The area directly behind vehicles is the source of
1658:
1547:
1598:
1224:
1074:
445:
439:
325:
153:
1438:"A Novel Method of Near-Miss Event Detection with Software Defined RADAR in Improving Railyard Safety"
626:
Blind spots also exist around heavy equipment (excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, cranes, etc.).
578:
1436:
Subharthi
Banerjee; Jose Santos; Michael Hempel; Pejman Ghasemzadeh; Hamid Sharif (14 August 2019).
1367:
http://esvc000873.wic017u.server-web.com/iPublish/archives/1/080.010.020/83/fs_nx_general_pack_8.pdf
928:
775:
618:
Blind spots also exist around agricultural equipment (utility tractors, combine harvesters, etc.).
531:
375:
343:
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82:
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Some modern car designs have an extremely flat A-pillar angle with the horizon. For example, the
57:
can see and identify prominent objects around the vehicle. Visibility is primarily determined by
1639:
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However, with the top down there are no B or C pillars, improving visibility behind the driver.
342:
Most passenger cars have a diagonal pillar in the side view. The angle between the horizon and
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765:
694:
293:
66:
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904:"Wide-angle driver visibility and safety innovations distinguish Volvo BeeVan Truck Concept"
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NX General
Packaging Intelligent Tools for Automotive Mechanical and Occupancy Packaging]
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Area around vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver while at the controls
719:
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Other traffic can not see the driver through the reflection if the driver can see them.
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block a driver's view of the road. Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional
1624:
955:
17:
1681:
1139:
1135:
929:"California Driver Handbook - Sharing the Road—Trucker's Blind Spots - The "No Zone""
724:
704:
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Because there is no roof connection between the A- and B-pillars, the A-pillars of a
481:
245:
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It is best if the inside of the A-pillar has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface.
264:
30:
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745:
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371:
272:
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115:
78:
1500:"Long Range Visual and Digital Rail Visibility with Optical-IR-Radar Technologies"
1304:
Automobile Blind-Spot
Monitoring System, Tri-City Insurance News, January 27, 2006
967:, which includes good illustrations of vision zones involved in proper adjustment.
834:
790:
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sometimes placed in the front of the vessel to cover the missing field of view.
517:
285:
1252:"The danger of blind zones: The area behind your vehicle can be a killing zone"
861:
714:
663:
654:
Blind spots exist where areas behind the sail are obscured from the view of a
396:
365:
221:
70:
62:
1463:
1202:"State Drivers' Manuals Can Kill Your Kids, SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0445"
884:
547:
A small dashboard gives some reflection on the lower part of the windshield.
829:
601:
252:
you can see cars approaching from behind on either side when on the highway.
74:
50:
605:
Generic warning sign used to warn about blind spots around trams and trains
165:, when backing up—which are impossible to eliminate by a "shoulder check".
1454:
1437:
1209:
659:
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574:
493:
402:
391:
330:
296:. Front-end blind spots are influenced by the following design criteria:
103:
34:
780:
729:
670:; consequently, transparent windows are sometimes sewn into the sails.
667:
570:
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If the side of the window is curved there is less A-pillar reflection.
544:
It is best if the dashboard has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface.
485:
281:
217:
58:
54:
53:, driver visibility is the maximum distance at which the driver of a
1478:"Avante Grade Crossing Visibility and Blind Spot Visibility Systems"
480:
An A-pillar that is split up and has a small triangle window (Front
241:
checked by turning one's head briefly (risking rear-end collisions),
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The driver cannot reach the whole flat window to clean it easily.
465:
The flat windshield angle does not let the snow slide off easily.
1051:
449:
Car with a "quarter glass", Visibility of short and tall drivers
228:
that cannot be seen while looking forward or through either the
225:
69:. The parts of a vehicle that influence visibility include the
92:
Traffic sign is used in some countries to warn of a blind spot
462:
The heater needs more time to heat the bigger window surface.
433:
A flatter A-pillar's advantages include reducing the overall
1548:"Highway Work Zone Safety Construction Equipment Visibility"
496:
can block the vision of a tall driver in small 4-door cars.
1389:. Smart Learner Driving School. 2013-01-20. Archived from
931:. State of California—Department of Motor Vehicles. 2017
1665:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1054:. Detroit, Michigan: Society of Automotive Engineers.
309:
The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane front view
1281:. Gale, Cengage Learning/Free Library. Archived from
1108:"Adjust Your Car Mirrors Properly To Avoid Accidents"
577:
through the roof lights up the dashboard and gives a
550:
A big dashboard can give a reflection on eye height.
306:
The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane side view
276:
An accident caused in part by an A-pillar blind spot.
381:Examples of cars with an almost vertical A-pillar:
1021:"How to Adjust Your Mirrors to Avoid Blind Spots"
520:automobile have to be stronger and even thicker.
1144:"A Great New Way to Set Your Side View Mirrors"
1173:"Setting Outside Mirrors to the Correct Angle"
454:Other disadvantages of a flat windshield angle
312:the form of the pillar is straight or arc-form
840:Work-related road safety in the United States
771:Objects in mirror are closer than they appear
8:
1576:. State of Maine. 2002-02-28. Archived from
1019:Quiroga, Tony; Philpot, Chris (March 2010).
148:Adjusting mirrors to reduce side blind spots
1625:"How To Eliminate The Dreaded "Blind Spot""
1599:"The Dangers of the Blind Spot in Aviation"
1130:
1128:
956:"How To Eliminate The Dreaded "Blind Spot""
950:
948:
946:
442:which also have a low angled engine cover.
418:Flat A-pillar bars reduce driver visibility
477:Driver height can also affect visibility.
353:Vertical A-pillar having small blind spots
300:Distance between the driver and the pillar
244:reduced by installing mirrors with larger
1453:
1045:
1043:
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1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
81:. Good driver visibility is essential to
1522:"Learn about the dangers of blind spots"
1101:
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981:
979:
977:
975:
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666:. This is especially true when they are
318:Height of the driver about the dashboard
263:
29:
1195:
1193:
986:Jensen, Christopher (August 18, 2009).
853:
212:(the mirrors are not properly adjusted)
1233:
1222:
1083:
1072:
1336:Camaro - Steve Statham - Google Books
106:(also called the windshield pillar),
7:
1659:"Construction Equipment Blind Areas"
1106:Pinola, Melanie (December 6, 2011).
1050:Platzer, George (February 1, 1995).
569:Some new model cars have a very big
503:Turning your head reduces blind spot
139:A split rear window blind spot on a
1204:. Society of Automotive Engineers.
646:A blind spot in a (large) motorboat
224:, blind spots are the areas of the
1322:smart micro – Blind Spot Detection
690:Advanced driver-assistance systems
25:
1502:. Avante International Technology
1480:. Avante International Technology
751:Intelligent Parking Assist System
1177:Driving Myths and Misconceptions
638:A blind spot in a (large) vessel
585:Other automobile design factors
1200:Wren, Eddie (April 16, 2007).
1:
761:Lane departure warning system
565:Light through roof reflection
535:Sunlight dashboard reflection
1412:"Blind spot offenders named"
1339:. MotorBooks International.
358:Panoramic vertical A-pillars
1640:"Public Awareness: Posters"
1277:Ford Motor Company (2008).
740:Experimental Safety Vehicle
512:Visibility in a convertible
1709:
1309:December 13, 2009, at the
97:Conditions for blind spots
988:"Are Blind Spots a Myth?"
890:February 7, 2007, at the
321:Speed of the opposite car
234:rear quarter blind spots,
1663:Highway Work Zone Safety
1387:"Blindspots and Mirrors"
1373:October 1, 2007, at the
338:Types of A-pillar design
141:Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross
1574:"State v. Warren Haven"
1333:Statham, Steve (1998).
862:"Blind spot definition"
825:Train protection system
378:the vehicle will have.
315:Angle of the windshield
303:Thickness of the pillar
284:situations, such as in
1232:Cite journal requires
1082:Cite journal requires
800:Positive train control
647:
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614:Agricultural equipment
606:
536:
527:Windshield reflections
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213:
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38:
18:Lane change assistance
1455:10.3390/safety5030055
866:Thefreedictionary.com
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637:
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448:
440:Mercedes-Benz A-Class
417:
352:
328:
275:
267:
207:
138:
91:
33:
1210:10.4271/2007-01-0445
1171:Wren, Eddie (2003).
842:for trucks and buses
540:Dashboard reflection
473:Height of the driver
410:Flat A-pillar design
776:Omniview technology
581:in the windshield.
554:A-pillar reflection
376:coefficient of drag
268:A-pillar blind spot
1644:workzonesafety.org
992:The New York Times
793:vertical A-pillar
710:Blind spot monitor
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607:
537:
505:
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355:
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278:
270:
260:Forward visibility
214:
154:driver's education
145:
94:
47:vehicle blind spot
39:
1688:Automotive safety
1554:. 2 November 2021
766:Laser rangefinder
695:Automatic parking
484:) can give short
405:from 1954 to 1959
170:backup collisions
83:safe road traffic
16:(Redirected from
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1285:on July 30, 2017
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815:Side-view mirror
810:Rear-view mirror
700:Backup collision
597:Trams and trains
573:. Sometimes the
435:drag coefficient
428:Chevrolet Camaro
424:Pontiac Firebird
388:Step Bus Concept
178:side-view mirror
174:rear-view mirror
112:rear-view mirror
108:side-view mirror
67:vehicle's design
61:conditions (see
45:in a vehicle or
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892:Wayback Machine
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805:Precrash system
786:Parking sensors
756:Intelligent car
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630:Boats and ships
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622:Heavy equipment
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362:The sides of a
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333:bar blind spots
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190:parking sensors
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28:
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1618:External links
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1528:. 26 July 2019
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1234:|journal=
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1140:Magliozzi, Ray
1136:Magliozzi, Tom
1124:
1112:Car and Driver
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1084:|journal=
1060:10.4271/950601
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1025:Car and Driver
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294:road crossings
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200:Motor vehicles
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110:, or interior
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1580:on 2011-07-16
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1667:. Retrieved
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1647:. Retrieved
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1628:. Retrieved
1603:. Retrieved
1601:. Atlas Blue
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
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1504:. Retrieved
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1420:. Retrieved
1418:. 2006-08-07
1416:Auto Express
1415:
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1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1381:
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1350:. Retrieved
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1328:
1317:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1258:. April 2014
1255:
1246:
1225:cite journal
1213:. Retrieved
1180:. Retrieved
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1154:. Retrieved
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1111:
1075:cite journal
1063:. Retrieved
1028:. Retrieved
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995:. Retrieved
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933:. Retrieved
923:
912:. Retrieved
910:. 2007-03-09
907:
898:
880:
869:. Retrieved
865:
856:
795:Ferrari P4/5
746:Fresnel lens
735:Dry steering
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1558:15 November
1182:January 14,
935:October 15,
835:Wing mirror
791:Pininfarina
668:heeled over
518:convertible
401:Almost all
286:roundabouts
65:) and by a
1682:Categories
1584:2009-10-06
1532:23 October
1484:12 January
1422:2011-11-13
1397:2014-02-10
1352:2011-11-13
1289:August 11,
1117:August 29,
914:2011-11-13
908:Gizmag.com
871:2011-11-13
848:References
715:Car safety
664:windsurfer
579:reflection
492:Also, the
397:School bus
366:windshield
364:panoramic
329:40° angle
222:automobile
216:As one is
210:blind spot
130:blind zone
71:windshield
63:visibility
43:blind spot
37:blind spot
1669:August 9,
1630:August 9,
1605:5 October
1526:Farms.com
1506:4 October
1464:2313-576X
1448:(3): 55.
1156:August 9,
1065:August 9,
1030:August 9,
997:August 9,
961:August 9,
830:Volvo SCC
403:Cadillacs
230:rear-view
75:dashboard
51:transport
1371:Archived
1307:Archived
1151:Car Talk
888:Archived
683:See also
674:Aircraft
660:sailboat
656:helmsman
575:sunlight
494:B-pillar
392:Saab 900
344:A-pillar
331:A-pillar
104:A-pillar
77:and the
35:A-pillar
1552:cdc.gov
885:Fasimod
781:Parking
730:Dooring
571:sunroof
282:traffic
218:driving
123:no zone
116:pillars
79:pillars
59:weather
55:vehicle
1649:7 July
1462:
1442:Safety
1343:
486:driver
292:, and
192:, and
73:, the
1147:(PDF)
820:Sonar
742:(ESV)
658:on a
386:Honda
186:sonar
1671:2013
1651:2022
1632:2013
1607:2023
1560:2021
1534:2021
1508:2022
1486:2022
1460:ISSN
1341:ISBN
1291:2013
1264:2021
1238:help
1217:2021
1184:2015
1158:2013
1119:2014
1088:help
1067:2013
1032:2013
999:2013
963:2013
937:2017
426:and
374:and
248:, or
226:road
163:e.g.
1450:doi
1206:doi
1056:doi
662:or
220:an
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