Language revitalization

76:

than 2000 languages have already become extinct. The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000 speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers; and that, unless there are some efforts to maintain them, over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct. These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity. Culture and identity are also frequently cited reasons for language revitalization, when a language is perceived as a unique "cultural treasure." A community often sees language as a unique part of their culture, connecting them with their ancestors or with the land, making up an essential part of their history and self-image.

3740:

loyalties depending on the immediate political climate," says Prof. Ganesh Devy of the People's Linguistic Survey of India. ... Because some people "fictitiously" indicate Sanskrit as their mother tongue owing to its high prestige and Constitutional mandate, the Census captures the persisting memory of an ancient language that is no longer anyone's real mother tongue, says B. Mallikarjun of the Center for Classical Language. Hence, the numbers fluctuate in each Census. ... "Sanskrit has influence without presence," says Devy. "We all feel in some corner of the country, Sanskrit is spoken." But even in Karnataka's Mattur, which is often referred to as India's Sanskrit village, hardly a handful indicated Sanskrit as their mother tongue.

1648:. These schools teach entirely through Irish and their number is growing, with over thirty such schools in Dublin alone. They are an important element in the creation of a network of urban Irish speakers (known as Gaeilgeoirí), who tend to be young, well-educated and middle-class. It is now likely that this group has acquired critical mass, a fact reflected in the expansion of Irish-language media. Irish language television has enjoyed particular success. It has been argued that they tend to be better educated than monolingual English speakers and enjoy higher social status. They represent the transition of Irish to a modern urban world, with an accompanying rise in prestige. 1200:

Spanish language. According to King, this was because of the increase of trade and business with the large Spanish-speaking town nearby. The Lagunas people assert that it was not for cultural assimilation purposes, as they value their cultural identity highly. However, once this contact was made, language for the Lagunas people shifted through generations, to Kichwa and Spanish bilingualism and now is essentially Spanish monolingualism. The feelings of the Lagunas people present a dichotomy with language use, as most of the Lagunas members speak Spanish exclusively and only know a few words in Kichwa.

2069:, successfully campaigned for Maori to be taught in schools. Also, Kōhanga Reo, Māori language preschools, called language nests, were established. The emphasis was on teaching children the language at a young age, a very effective strategy for language learning. The Maori Language Commission was formed in 1987, leading to a number of national reforms aimed at revitalizing Maori. They include media programmes broadcast in Maori, undergraduate college programmes taught in Maori, and an annual Maori language week. Each 1208:, focus attention on non-Spanish speaking indigenous children, who represent a large minority in the country. Another national initiative, Bilingual Intercultural Education Project (PEBI), was ineffective in language revitalization because instruction was given in Kichwa and Spanish was taught as a second language to children who were almost exclusively Spanish monolinguals. Although some techniques seem ineffective, Kendall A. King provides several suggestions: 834:"there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and first nations' leaders to work more efficiently. For example, it is easier to resurrect basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than sounds and word order. Revivalists should be realistic and abandon discouraging, counter-productive slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" 97: 873:. For example, the existence of "Neo-Hawaiian" as a separate language from "Traditional Hawaiian" has been proposed, due to the heavy influence of English on every aspect of the revived Hawaiian language. This has also been proposed for Irish, with a sharp division between "Urban Irish" (spoken by second-language speakers) and traditional Irish (as spoken as a first language in 1862:. The book was translated by Piotr Szatkowski (Pīteris Šātkis) and released in 2015. The other efforts of Baltic Prussian societies include the development of online dictionaries, learning apps and games. There also have been several attempts to produce music with lyrics written in the revived Baltic Prussian language, most notably in the Kaliningrad Oblast by 1121:, a trained linguist. Members of the tribe use the extensive written records that exist in their language, including a translation of the Bible and legal documents, in order to learn and teach Wampanoag. The project has seen children speaking the language fluently for the first time in over 100 years. In addition, there are currently attempts at reviving the 1640:

mainstream English-speaking schools. But the failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means (as linguist Andrew Carnie notes) that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this leads to boredom and resentment. Carnie also noted a lack of media in Irish (2006), though this is no longer the case.

5756: 2058:. It is the ancestral tongue of the indigenous Maori people of New Zealand and a vehicle for prose narrative, sung poetry, and genealogical recital. The history of the Maori people is taught in Maori in sacred learning houses through oral transmission. Even after Maori became a written language, the oral tradition was preserved. 83:. In this field, linguists try to create a complete record of a language's grammar, vocabulary, and linguistic features. This practice can often lead to more concern for the revitalization of a specific language on study. Furthermore, the task of documentation is often taken on with the goal of revitalization in mind. 1702:, used in some public events and spoken as a second language by approximately 1800 people. Revitalization efforts include radio shows in Manx Gaelic and social media and online resources. The Manx government has also been involved in the effort by creating organizations such as the Manx Heritage Foundation ( 3802:

Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost. Some native languages like the language of the Indus valley were lost with their speakers, while some linguistic communities shifted their language to

2292:

has also argued that it is "irrational" to try to preserve all the world's languages, as language death is natural and in many cases inevitable, even with intervention. He proposes that language death improves communication by ensuring more people speak the same language. This may benefit the economy

2272:

will almost never be very effective because of the practical difficulties involved. He also argues that the death of a language does not necessarily mean the death of a culture. Indigenous expression is still possible even when the original language has disappeared, as with Native American groups and

1199:

and is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages in South America. Despite this fact, Kichwa is a threatened language, mainly because of the expansion of Spanish in South America. One community of original Kichwa speakers, Lagunas, was one of the first indigenous communities to switch to the

489:

method cannot be used to revitalize an extinct or moribund language. In contrast, the master-apprentice method of one-on-one transmission on language proficiency can be used with moribund languages. Several other methods of revitalization, including those that rely on technology such as recordings or

1951:

and other knowledgeable people, with community language workers doing most of the research and teaching. They analyze the data, develop spelling systems and vocabulary and prepare resources. Decisions are made in collaboration. Some communities employ linguists, and there are also linguists who have

1475:

until 1987, following the ratification of a new constitution, where it was re-designated as a voluntary language. As a result of its loss as an official language and years of marginalization at the official level during and after American colonization, the use of Spanish amongst the overall populace

1329:

in India. However, despite these attempts, there are no first language speakers of Sanskrit in India. In each of India's recent decennial censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue. However, these reports are thought to signify a wish to be aligned with the

234:

from an international group of linguists. The linguists, among other goals and priorities, create a scale with six degrees for language vitality and endangerment. They also propose nine factors or criteria (six of which use the six-degree scale) to "characterize a language’s overall sociolinguistic

1792:

on 2 June 2013. Today there are about 210 people mainly living in Latvia who identify themselves as Livonian and speak the language on the A1-A2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and between 20 and 40 people who speak the language on level B1 and up. Today

1526:

Within her dissertation, Shushan Karapetian discusses at length the decline of the Armenian language in the United States, and new means for keeping and reviving Western Armenian, such as the creation of the Saroyan Committee or the Armenian Language Preservation Committee, launched in 2013. Other

456:

In localities where there are a reasonable number of people habitually using the language, encourage the informal use of the language among people of all age groups and within families and bolster its daily use through the establishment of local neighbourhood institutions in which the language is

445:. Fishman's model for reviving threatened (or sleeping) languages, or for making them sustainable, consists of an eight-stage process. Efforts should be concentrated on the earlier stages of restoration until they have been consolidated before proceeding to the later stages. The eight stages are: 75:

Reasons for revitalization vary: they can include physical danger affecting those whose language is dying, economic danger such as the exploitation of indigenous natural resources, political danger such as genocide, or cultural danger/assimilation. In recent times alone, it is estimated that more

2173:

project travels to indigenous communities and provides lessons in film making. Program leaders travel across Canada with mobile audiovisual production units, and aims to provide indigenous youth with a way to connect with their culture through a film topic of their choosing. The Wapikona project

1968:, an effort is being made to teach some Indigenous languages in schools and to develop workshops for adults. More than 150 languages were once spoken within the state, but today fewer than 20 are spoken as a first language, and less than two per cent of schools teach any Indigenous language. The 2157:'s LINKS (Local and Indigenous Knowledge) program recently underwent a project to create a glossary of Mixtec terms and phrases related to climate. UNESCO believes that the traditional knowledge of the Mixtec people via their deep connection with weather phenomena can provide insight on ways to 1203:

The prospects for Kichwa language revitalization are not promising, as parents depend on schooling for this purpose, which is not nearly as effective as continual language exposure in the home. Schooling in the Lagunas community, although having a conscious focus on teaching Kichwa, consists of

477:

This model of language revival is intended to direct efforts to where they are most effective and to avoid wasting energy trying to achieve the later stages of recovery when the earlier stages have not been achieved. For instance, it is probably wasteful to campaign for the use of a language on

2300:

from extinction is often not a concern for speakers of the dominant language. There is often prejudice and deliberate persecution of minority languages, in order to appropriate the cultural and economic capital of minority groups. At other times governments deem that the cost of revitalization

2061:

Once European colonization began, many laws were enacted in order to promote the use of English over Maori among indigenous people. The Education Ordinance Act of 1847 mandated school instruction in English and established boarding schools to speed up assimilation of Maori youths into European

1639:

of the 1840s, and continued emigration since. Efforts to revitalise Irish were being made, however, from the mid-1800s, and were associated with a desire for Irish political independence. Contemporary Irish language revitalization has chiefly involved teaching Irish as a compulsory language in

797:

Zuckermann's term 'Revival Linguistics' is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics'. Revival linguistics inter alia explores the universal constraints and mechanisms involved in language reclamation, renewal and revitalization. It draws perspicacious comparative insights from one revival attempt to

3739:

Sanskrit is also the only scheduled language that shows wide fluctuations — rising from 6,106 speakers in 1981 to 49,736 in 1991 and then falling dramatically to 14,135 speakers in 2001. "This fluctuation is not necessarily an error of the Census method. People often switch language

1761:

mixing Iberian Romance grammar and Romani vocabulary. With sedentarization and obligatory instruction in the official languages, Caló is used less and less. As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. The Spanish politician

1167:

is critically endangered. Less than 100 fluent Elders existed as of 2017. From 2013 to 2014, the language activist, author, and teacher, Sʔímlaʔxw Michele K. Johnson from the Syilx Nation, attempted to teach two hopeful learners of Tlingit in the Yukon. Her methods included textbook creation,

481:

Additionally, Tasaku Tsunoda describes a range of different techniques or methods that speakers can use to try to revitalize a language, including techniques to revive extinct languages and maintain weak ones. The techniques he lists are often limited to the current vitality of the language.

1330:

prestige of the language, rather than being genuinely indicative of the presence of thousands of L1 Sanskrit speakers in India. There has also been a rise of so-called "Sanskrit villages", but experts have cast doubt on the extent to which Sanskrit is really spoken in such villages.

802:

According to Zuckermann, "revival linguistics combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme case of second-language learning. Revival linguistics complements the established area of

1398:

Ainu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu. As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's

68:. Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case, they typically involve attempting to expand the number of speakers and use of a language, or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or 2281:

but English. He argues that language death is, ironically, a sign of hitherto isolated peoples migrating and sharing space: "To maintain distinct languages across generations happens only amidst unusually tenacious self-isolation—such as that of the

432:

One of the most important preliminary steps in language revitalization/recovering involves establishing the degree to which a particular language has been “dislocated.” This helps involved parties find the best way to assist or revive the language.

3424: 929:, was re-established as a means of everyday communication by Jews, some of who had lived in what is now the State of Israel, starting in the nineteenth century. It is the world's most famous and successful example of language revitalization. 3006: 944:, often counting millions of fluent speakers at a time. In many such cases, a decline in the use of the literary language, sometimes precipitous, was later accompanied by a strong renewal. This happened, for example, in the revival of 1476:

decreased dramatically and became moribund, with the remaining native speakers left being mostly elderly people. The language has seen a gradual revival, however, due to official promotion under the administration of former President

1635:, but there it is in serious decline. The challenges faced by the language over the last few centuries have included exclusion from important domains, social denigration, the death or emigration of many Irish speakers during the 2186:), ten percent learn their mother language. The rest of the community has adopted Spanish in order to communicate with the outside world and support its tourism industry. Through a collaboration between UNESCO and the Chilean 1480:. Most notably, Resolution No. 2006-028 reinstated Spanish as a mandatory subject in secondary schools and universities. Results were immediate as the job demand for Spanish speakers had increased since 2008. As of 2010, the 1643:

The decline of the Gaeltachtaí and the failure of state-directed revitalisation have been countered by an urban revival movement. This is largely based on an independent community-based school system, known generally as

1803:

The Livonian Institute of the University of Latvia doing research on the Livonian language, other Finnic languages in Latvia and providing an extensive Livonian-Latvian-Estonian dictionary with declinations/conjugations

817:

There are disagreements in the field of language revitalization as to the degree that revival should concentrate on maintaining the traditional language, versus allowing simplification or widespread borrowing from the

1938:

communities, had a catastrophic effect on indigenous languages, especially in the southeast and south of the country, leaving some with no living traditional native speakers. A number of Aboriginal communities in

1793:

all speakers learn Livonian as a second language. There are different programs educating Latvians on the cultural and linguistic heritage of Livonians and the fact that most Latvians have common Livonian descent.

3287: 460:

In areas where oral competence in the language has been achieved in all age groups, encourage literacy in the language, but in a way that does not depend upon assistance from (or goodwill of) the state education

41:, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one. Those involved can include linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction between 449:

Acquisition of the language by adults, who in effect act as language apprentices (recommended where most of the remaining speakers of the language are elderly and socially isolated from other speakers of the

1816:

The Livonian linguistic and cultural heritage is included in the Latvian cultural canon and the protection, revitalization and development of Livonian as an indigenous language is guaranteed by Latvian law

1518:

as most speakers of the dialect remain in diasporic communities away from their homeland in Anatolia. In spite of this, there have been various efforts to revitalize the language, especially within the

4310: 1168:

sequenced immersion curriculum, and film assessment. The aim was to assist in the creation of adult speakers that are of parent-age, so that they too can begin teaching the language. In 2020, X̱ʼunei

1256:

Specific suggestions include imparting an elevated perception of the language in schools, focusing on grassroots efforts both in school and the home, and maintaining national and regional attention.

453:

Create a socially integrated population of active speakers (or users) of the language (at this stage it is usually best to concentrate mainly on the spoken language rather than the written language).

1484:

in Manila reported the number of Spanish-speakers in the country with native or non-native knowledge at approximately 3 million, the figure albeit including those who speak the Spanish-based creole

881:, the scholar T. F. O'Rahilly stated, "When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death." Neil McRae has stated that the uses of 849:

in Australia), and that a division can exist between educated revitalizers, interested in historicity, and remaining speakers interested in locally authentic idiom (as has sometimes occurred with

2075:(tribe) created a language planning programme catering to its specific circumstances. These efforts have resulted in a steady increase in children being taught in Maori in schools since 1996. 4155: 5308:

Wilson, W. H.; Kamanä, K. (2001). Mai loko mai o ka 'i'ini: Proceeding from a dream: The Aha Pûnana Leo connection in Hawaiian language revitalization. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (eds.).

774:

below). One notable factor these two examples share is that the children were raised in fully immersive environments. In the case of Hebrew, it was on early collective-communities called

1921:

revival movement has cultivated in Wexford in recent years, and the “Gabble Ing Yola” resource center for Yola materials claims there are around 140 speakers of the Yola language today.

4107: 4177: 877:

areas). Ó Béarra stated: " follow the syntax and idiomatic conventions of English, producing what amounts to little more than English in Irish drag." With regard to the then-moribund

3770:

The study of any ancient (or dead) language is faced with one main challenge: ancient languages have no native speakers who could provide us with examples of simple everyday speech

4883: 5219: 2800: 2133:

Language revitalization efforts are ongoing around the world. Revitalization teams are utilizing modern technologies to increase contact with indigenous languages and to record

2320: 1559:

declined as the central governments of the different states imposed their vernacular language as the standard throughout education and official use (this was the case in the

1788:

The Livonian language, a Finnic language, once spoken on about a third of modern-day Latvian territory, died in the 21st century with the death of the last native speaker

3403:. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians series. Lincoln Bloomington: University of Nebraska Press American Indian Research Institute, Indiana University. 1014:

and subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as a first language. Of course this came at the expense of local Italian languages, most of which are now

1067:

tribes have been trying to revitalize their languages. For example, there are apps (including phrases, word lists and dictionaries) in many Native languages including

2190:, the Department of Rapa Nui Language and Culture at the Lorenzo Baeza Vega School was created. Since 1990, the department has created primary education texts in the 2101:

has never been displaced, has never been endangered, and is still used almost exclusively. Efforts to revive the language have increased in recent decades. Hawaiian

6024: 2526: 1421:

is one of the most endangered languages, with speakers only in three small areas of Manchuria remaining. Some enthusiasts are trying to revive the language of

4382:‘Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,’ The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460: 3457:

Johnson, S?ímla?xw Michele K. (May 2017). "Breathing Life into New Speakers: Nsyilxcn and Tlingit Sequenced Curriculum, Direct Acquisition, and Assessments".

5486: 4317: 2010:

has an active programme under way, with materials available for teaching in schools and the wider community. Also in South Australia, there is a unit at the

1602:

policy standard in European states; sharp condemnation of the earlier practices of suppressing regional languages was expressed in the use of such terms as "

4660: 3007:'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures' 441:

There are many different theories or models that attempt to lay out a plan for language revitalization. One of these is provided by celebrated linguist

4856:

Szatkowski, Piotr (2021). "Language practices in a family of Prussian language revivalists: Conclusions based on short-term participants observation".

1999:. With only 20 fluent speakers left by 2018, the Pertame Project is seeking to retain and revive the language, headed by Pertame elder Christobel Swan. 2492: 798:

another, thus acting as an epistemological bridge between parallel discourses in various local attempts to revive sleeping tongues all over the globe.

5922: 4163: 1204:

mainly passive interaction, reading, and writing in Kichwa. In addition to grassroots efforts, national language revitalization organizations, like

114: 853:). Some have argued that structural compromise may, in fact, enhance the prospects of survival, as may have been the case with English in the post- 1672:. The decline in fluent Gaelic speakers has slowed; however, the population center has shifted to L2 speakers in urban areas, especially Glasgow. 865:

Other linguists have argued that when language revitalization borrows heavily from the majority language, the result is a new language, perhaps a

395:

critically endangered: language maintenance is supported by only a few members of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss

3030: 2230:. The success of the Memrise project has "inspired the start of similar projects among speakers of other Indigenous languages," like 1698:

in 2009, but never completely fell from use. The language is now taught in primary and secondary schools, including as a teaching medium at the

3495: 2681: 2450: 2029:

Department of Education and Training reported 1,867 student enrollments in 14 schools offering an Aboriginal Languages Program in the state of

297:

dwindling domains (definitively endangered): mainly spoken in home domains and is in competition with the dominant language; for many functions

4115: 885:

are becoming increasingly tokenistic, and native Gaelic idiom is being lost in favor of artificial terms created by second-language speakers.

230:

Another scale for identifying degrees of language endangerment is used in a 2003 paper ("Language Vitality and Endangerment") commissioned by

6060: 6054: 5723: 4968: 4085: 3795: 3763: 3408: 2987: 2958: 2929: 995:. This language existed for several centuries primarily as a literary vehicle, with few native speakers; even as late as 1861, on the eve of 5434: 1180:

which offers a minor in Tlingit language and an emphasis on Alaska Native Languages and Studies within a Bachelorʼs degree in Liberal Arts.

5059: 4561: 4192: 2591: 2404:

online tool used to record words and phrases of any language (thousands of recordings have already been done in endangered languages like

470:

Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the language in local government services and mass media.

5828: 5101: 5069: 2742:

New Perspectives on Endangered Languages. Ed. José A.F. Farfán and Fernando F. Ramallo. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2010. pp. 1-7. Print.

2476: 1446: 205:

Stable: Multilingualism in the native language and one or more dominant language(s) has usurped certain important communication context.

5408: 4424: 3213: 369:

active assimilation (severely endangered): government discourages use of language; no governmental protection of language in any domain

5928: 5091: 4510: 4474: 2807: 2718: 2643: 2508: 1064: 389:

definitively endangered: language maintenance is supported by much of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss

161: 1176:. Dozens of students participated. He is an associate professor of Alaska Native Languages in the School of Arts and Sciences at the 372:

forced assimilation (critically endangered): language is not recognized or protected; government recognized another official language

5804: 5738: 5706: 5691: 5676: 5293: 5264: 3923: 3892: 3673: 3639: 3612: 3587: 3559: 3185: 3075: 2900: 2613: 2161:. Their intention in creating the glossary is to "facilitate discussions between experts and the holders of traditional knowledge". 2105:

schools are now open to children whose families want to retain (or introduce) Hawaiian language into the next generation. The local

1151:

hosts community-managed websites for 85 language revitalization projects, covering multiple varieties of 33 Indigenous languages in

180: 133: 4039: 2421: 392:

severely endangered: language maintenance is supported by some of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss

5902: 5045: 4604: 1528: 810:

Zuckermann proposes that "revival linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics by, for instance, weakening the family

5463: 4021: 3425:"FirstVoices celebrates International Mother Language Day with the launch of a new version of its free, open-source, Indigenous" 5778: 3459: 1944: 1771: 1763: 473:

Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage use of the language in higher education, government, etc.

140: 4960: 4701:[Livonian traditional culture in the cultural canon of Latvia. Narrated by Walt Ernstreit.] (in Latvian) – via 1276: 1270: 1177: 922: 415:

fragmentary (severely endangered): limited audio and video documentation exists at low quality; minimal written documentation

118: 54: 4129: 3722: 2560:

6,106 Indians in 1981, 49,736 in 1991, 14,135 in 2001, and 24,821 in 2011, have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue.

1706:) and the position of Manx Language Officer. The government has released an official Manx Language Strategy for 2017–2021. 6145: 3655: 3336: 2521: 2195: 1489: 1426: 968:

of the 6th century AD). This is taught to all educated speakers and is used in radio broadcasts, formal discussions, etc.

770:

notes the success of revival efforts for modern Hebrew and the relative success of revitalizing Maori in New Zealand (see

6098: 4518: 147: 6016: 4680: 3248: 3061: 1719: 1615: 6087: 5854: 5597: 4511:"'I'm not dead yet': a comparative study of indigenous language revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey" 2093:, Hawaiian was displaced by English and is no longer used as the daily language of communication. The one exception is 1722:. Some of the activities have included translation of the Christian scriptures, a guild of bards, and the promotion of 1006:. The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers of any of the numerous 464:

Where the state permits it, and where numbers warrant, encourage the use of the language in compulsory state education.

5910: 5833: 2536: 2375: 2310: 4219:""How Do I Teach My Kids My Broken Armenian?": A Study of Eastern Armenian Heritage Language Speakers in Los Angeles" 4067: 1853: 921:. In this case, there was a unique set of historical and cultural characteristics that facilitated the revival. (See 366:

passive assimilation (definitively endangered): no explicit protective policy; language use dwindles in public domain

5629:

Tsunoda, Tasaku. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2005. 158-159. Print.

3063:

Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities

129: 6140: 6135: 2979: 2950: 2921: 2892: 2667: 2580:

Tsunoda, Tasaku. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2005. p. 169. Print.

2531: 2174:

submits its films to events around the world as an attempt to spread knowledge of indigenous culture and language.

1300: 248:

definitively endangered: few children speak the language; predominantly spoken by the parental generation and older

5497: 3267: 1155:

as well as over a dozen languages from "elsewhere in Canada and around the globe", along with 17 dictionary apps.

6130: 4934:[The old Prussian language is revived in the latest album of the group KŪLGRINDA] (in Lithuanian). Dangus 3384: 2541: 2158: 2043: 1783: 1361: 1117:, a language spoken by the people of the same name in Massachusetts, underwent a language revival project led by 6065: 53:(the rescue of a "dying" language). There has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival: 5786: 5782: 5766: 3942:

Tsunoda, Tasaku. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2005. 28. Print.

2481: 2117: 1893:, who died on 11 April 2009, and his pupil Letas Palmaitis, leader of the experiment and author of the website 1520: 467:

Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the language in the workplace.

5715:

From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology

5020: 3981:"La Guirnalda Polar - Artículo por Guillermo Gómez Rivera [Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados]" 3980: 343:

definitively endangered: access to educational materials exist at school; literacy in language is not promoted

3368: 2109:

station features a short segment titled "Hawaiian word of the day". Additionally, the Sunday editions of the

1660:, which was suppressed following the formation of the United Kingdom, and entered further decline due to the 5487:"Kodrah Kristang Kaminyu di Kodramintu: Kinyang Ngua (The Kristang Language Revitalization Plan, Phase One)" 3958: 1477: 1118: 578: 107: 4788: 3238:

Kaye, Alan S. "Arabic." Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2007. 560-77. Print.

2733:

Tsunoda, Tasaku. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2005. Print.

1809:

Mierlinkizt: An annual summer camp for children to teach children about the Livonian language, culture etc.

294:

multilingual parity (unsafe): multiple languages (2+) are spoken in most social domains; for most functions

5196: 5122: 4806: 4003: 3815: 2330: 2274: 2111: 2011: 1636: 1345: 961: 804: 741: 502: 303:

highly limited domains (critically endangered): spoken in highly restricted domains; for minimal functions

80: 3915:

Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective

2153:

heavily revolves around the interaction between climate, nature, and what it means for their livelihood.

412:

fair (definitively endangered): some audio and video documentation exists; adequate written documentation

5987:"It is the desire of the Live Your Language Alliance to hear and speak the traditional languages of the 4877: 3147: 2767: 2385: 2134: 2106: 1935: 1826: 1681: 1669: 1304: 1114: 1092: 1046:

established the Coptic Language Institute in December 1976 in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in

300:

limited or formal domains (severely endangered): spoken in limited social domains; for several functions

3002: 2873: 1879: 790: 5044:

Dr Christina Eira, community linguist with the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages (VACL),

4218: 2463:- contains community-managed dictionaries, songs, stories, and multimedia for Indigenous languages in 245:

unsafe: some children use the language in all settings, all children use the language in some settings

5906: 5620:

Ellis, Peter Berresford. 1985. The Celtic Revolution: A Study in Anti-imperialism. Talybont: Y Lolfa.

5096: 5064: 4353: 2325: 1940: 1890: 1830: 1789: 1394:

of northern Japan is currently moribund, but efforts are underway to revive it. A 2006 survey of the

1108: 1104: 154: 2685: 478:

television or in government services if hardly any families are in the habit of using the language.

5602: 5144: 4896: 3884: 3829: 3521: 3292: 3133:"Academic paper insights: Late Modern Irish and the Dynamics of Language Change and Language Death" 2431: 2269: 2198:

was also created with the goal of establishing a school that teaches courses entirely in Rapa Nui.

2030: 2026: 1867: 1699: 1661: 1556: 1481: 1295:

in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, becoming primarily a spoken

1288: 1173: 999:, the language only counted about 500,000 speakers (many non-native), out of a total population of 996: 926: 830:

Zuckermann acknowledges the presence of "local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies" but suggests that

357:

Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies (including official status and use)

61: 4395: 4093: 3103: 2853:

Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective

1128:

Efforts are being made by the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and others to keep

6032: 5551: 5430: 4543: 3476: 3321: 3216:[Loyalty, Language and Volunteerism: a proposal for a Gaelic initiative that could work] 3214:"Dìlseachd, Lughad agus Saor-thoileachas: moladh airson iomairt Gàidhlig a dh'fhaodadh obrachadh" 2454: 2405: 2315: 2102: 1976: 1902: 1901:), Lithuania, and Dailūns Russinis (Dailonis Rusiņš), Latvia. After them, Twankstas Glabbis from 1767: 1723: 1485: 1472: 1450: 1192: 1122: 1076: 1015: 992: 486: 340:

unsafe: access to educational materials; children developing literacy; not used by administration

254:

critically endangered: few speakers remain and are mainly from the great grandparental generation

251:

severely endangered: spoken by older generations; not used by the parental generation and younger

1898: 901:) to become the shared means of communication of a self-sustaining community of several million 4909: 4383: 4299:

Carnie, Andrew. "Modern Irish: Modern Irish: A Case Study in Language Revival Failure." (1995).

1372:

dictionary was published in 2002. The language is currently taught in some elementary schools.

5734: 5719: 5702: 5687: 5672: 5543: 5289: 5260: 4964: 4646:"Lecture by Valts Ernštreits "Chasing the heritage of Livonians - Latvia's indigenous people"" 4535: 4484: 3919: 3913: 3888: 3878: 3791: 3783: 3759: 3635: 3608: 3583: 3555: 3404: 3181: 3071: 2983: 2954: 2925: 2896: 2714: 2639: 2609: 2503: 2380: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2340: 2297: 2254: 2211: 2191: 2098: 2084: 2049: 1996: 1980: 1969: 1858: 1825:

A few linguists and philologists are involved in reviving a reconstructed form of the extinct

1505: 1464: 1072: 1043: 1007: 933: 914: 819: 4954: 2708: 2650:

Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'

2633: 5949: 5535: 5404: 5379: 5353: 5334: 5324:"Ndejama cuia chi ini zaza: Mexico's Mixtec people know how to speak the language of nature" 5323: 4865: 4527: 4451: 4239: 3753: 3468: 3046:

Nancy C. Dorian, ‘Purism v. compromise in language revitalisation and language revival’ in

2601: 2464: 2443: 2417: 2409: 2150: 1948: 1829:

from Luther's catechisms, the Elbing Vocabulary, place names, and Prussian loanwords in the

1754: 1715: 1625: 1599: 1511: 1468: 1400: 1369: 1320: 1164: 1152: 1027: 976: 965: 406:

superlative (safe): extensive audio, video, media, and written documentation of the language

65: 46: 5932: 4586: 3316: 2605: 5988: 5877: 4400: 3160: 3067: 2783: 2439: 2435: 2430:

contains example sentences with translations in dozens of endangered languages, including

2413: 2370: 2365: 2345: 2278: 2170: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1957: 1758: 1750: 1735: 1657: 1584: 1493: 1456: 1418: 1412: 1365: 1308: 1280: 1188: 1169: 1141: 1137: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1039: 1019: 1011: 984: 957: 945: 882: 866: 409:

good (unsafe): audio, video, media, and written documentation all exist; a handful of each

346:

severely endangered: literacy materials exist however are not present in school curriculum

5701:. Flagstaff, AZ : Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. ( 5060:"An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive" 4627: 1806:

Virtual Livonia providing information on the Livonian language and especially its grammar

1463:

of the country since Spanish colonization in 1565 and was an official language alongside

1100: 845:

and grammatical changes often hamper efforts to revitalize endangered languages (as with

736:, proposes that language revitalization is more likely to be successful if its speakers: 218:

Critically Endangered: The language is spoken only by grandparents and older generations.

64:. Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive 60:

Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is

4156:"Spanish on comeback trail in Philippines - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos" 4050: 6008: 5996: 5992: 5285: 4609: 2497: 2265: 2235: 2066: 1906: 1863: 1703: 1621: 1603: 1560: 1540: 1339: 1284: 1129: 1023: 972: 937: 902: 898: 850: 767: 442: 212: 208:

Definitively Endangered: spoken by older people; not fully used by younger generations.

69: 4614: 3848: 6124: 6000: 5639: 5457: 5191: 5169: 4824: 4547: 4226:

Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California

4025: 3690: 3480: 3132: 2760:

International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages

2486: 2335: 2183: 1988: 1918: 1687: 1665: 1434: 1422: 1387: 1381: 1296: 1068: 941: 910: 894: 878: 854: 846: 779: 729: 271:

unsafe: the language is spoken by nearly but visibly less than 100% of the population

4342: 3953: 2048:

One of the best cases of relative success in language revitalization is the case of

5714: 4974: 4479: 4429: 4266: 4193:"Western Armenian Is An Endangered Language. A New Generation In LA Is Learning It" 4108:"Demand for Spanish speakers growing - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos" 3929: 3898: 3880:

Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice

3198: 3088: 2840:

Reversing language Shift: Theory and Practice of Assistance to Threatened Languages

2397: 2062:

culture. The Native School Act of 1858 forbade Māori from being spoken in schools.

1953: 1691: 1595: 838: 4827:[Livonian traditional culture | Latvian cultural canon] (in Latvian). 418:

inadequate (critically endangered): only a handful of written documentation exists

4988: 4531: 4133: 3629: 3175: 17: 4699:"Lībiešu tradicionālā kultūra Latvijas kultūras kanonā. Stāsta Valts Ernštreits" 3605:

Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

3580:

Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

3552:

Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

3288:"American Indian tribes turn to technology in race to save endangered languages" 2806:. UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages. March 2003. Archived from 2460: 2301:

programs and creating linguistically diverse materials is too great to take on.

2289: 1992: 1842: 1620:

One of the best known European attempts at language revitalization concerns the

1591: 1391: 1148: 1133: 979:, which originated as a literary language based on the language of 13th-century 949: 96: 5576: 4956:

The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution

3343: 1934:

The European colonization of Australia, and the consequent damage sustained by

398:

extinct: complete apathy towards language maintenance; prefer dominant language

274:

definitively endangered: the language is spoken by a majority of the population

5008: 4698: 4645: 2752: 2215: 1965: 1834: 1488:. Complementing government efforts is a notable surge of exposure through the 971:

In addition, literary languages have sometimes risen to the level of becoming

811: 277:

severely endangered: the language is spoken by less than 50% of the population

5839: 5547: 5539: 4684: 4539: 4488: 3496:"Free online Tlingit language class sees widespread interest during pandemic" 1972:

is one language which is being revived, with only three native speakers left.

5607: 4665: 3877:

Langfield, Michele; Logan, William; Craith, Mairead Nic (27 November 2009).

2511:, Indigenous language, arts, and heritage revitalization in British Columbia 2250: 2019: 1838: 1774:, enriched by Caló words. His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots. 1645: 1630: 874: 842: 793:

proposes "Revival Linguistics" as a new linguistic discipline and paradigm.

349:

critically endangered: orthography is known and some written materials exist

5984: 4752: 4130:"El Castellano: Noticias - el retorno triunfal del español a las Filipinas" 1455:

In the Philippines, a local variety of Spanish that was primarily based on

337:

safe: established orthography and extensive access to educational materials

6075: 4931: 4071: 3631:

The Rise and Decline of a Dialect: A Study in the Revival of Modern Hebrew

1800:

Livones.net with extensive information about language, history and culture

1555:, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the use of both local and learned 1425:

using available dictionaries and textbooks, and even occasional visits to

1136:, alive. This is helped by the corpus of songs and stories collected from 457:

encouraged, protected and (in certain contexts at least) used exclusively.

6025:"Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college" 6004: 5954:

Vision, Research, Scholarship & Innovation, The University of Montana

5581: 5338: 4661:"Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103" 1883: 1430: 1395: 1353: 1326: 988: 980: 953: 211:

Severely Endangered: Only a few adult speakers remain; no longer used as

5555: 5225:. State of Victoria (Department of Education and Training). 19 June 2019 5048:, Lingua Franca, 27 June 2009, Radio National: . Retrieved 21 June 2014. 1753:

dialect. As time passed, Romani ceased to be a full language and became

1042:

began its decline when Arabic became the predominant language in Egypt.

363:

differentiated support (unsafe): primarily protected for private domains

79:

Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of

6117:, covers Dr. Stephen Greymorning's Accelerated Second Language Learning 6114: 6012: 5523: 4702: 2427: 2223: 1984: 1746: 1580: 1292: 1196: 775: 121: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5849: 4932:"Senoji prūsų kalba atgimsta naujausioje grupės KŪLGRINDA plokštelėje" 3472: 750:

increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the dominant community;

6070: 5823: 5390: 5364: 5092:"Indigenous language workshops connecting Gunggari people to culture" 4838: 3856: 3674:"Latest census figure reveals increase in Sanskrit speakers in India" 2662:

Crystal, David (2010). "Language Planning". In Crystal, David (ed.).

2239: 2187: 2154: 2146: 2094: 2090: 1875: 1846: 1695: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1515: 1357: 1205: 918: 906: 870: 665: 231: 4869: 2595: 268:

safe: the language is spoken by approximately 100% of the population

6109: 5923:

Programs Concerned with Alaska Native Language (ANL) Revitalization

5785:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3988: 3177:

Irish Dialects Past and Present: With Chapters on Scottish and Manx

1252:

Planners and advocates approaching the problem from all directions.

956:

in the early centuries AD. An analogous phenomenon in contemporary

6104: 5456:

Llanes-Ortiz, Genner (2023). "Memrise for Ume Sámi and Kristang".

5170:"Ngayana Diyari Yawarra Yathayilha: Supporting the Dieri language" 4356:: ‘Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí,’ Brian Ó Broin, 16 January 2010, 4354:

http://www.gaelport.com/default.aspx?treeid=37&NewsItemID=3726

2401: 2283: 1656:

There are also current attempts to revive the related language of

1572: 1568: 1349: 1047: 386:

unsafe: language maintenance is supported by most of the community

383:

safe: language is revered, valued, and promoted by whole community

27:

Effort to promote an endangered language or revive a dead language

5864: 4734: 4509:

Wilson, Gary N.; Johnson, Henry; Sallabank, Julia (3 July 2015).

1886:"Pārcēlātājs Pontifex" featuring several parts sung in Prussian. 1303:

and received the official status in the 1922 constitution of the

1237:

Planners stressing that language revitalization is a long process

778:. For the Maori language In New Zealand, this was done through a 221:

Extinct: There is no one who can speak or remember the language.

4086:"Spanish is once again a compulsory subject in the Philippines" 4022:"PHILIPPINES: Torn Between Two Colonisers -- Spain and America" 3716: 3714: 3712: 1279:

is the only successful example of a revived dead language. The

807:, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep." 320:

receptive (definitively endangered): spoken in many new domains

235:

situation". The nine factors with their respective scales are:

5917:

Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States

5749: 4825:"Lībiešu tradicionālā kultūra | Latvijas kultūras kanons" 4770: 3272: 3180:. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 121. 3104:"Tūtū's Hawaiian and the Emergence of a Neo Hawaiian Language" 2246: 2071: 1624:. While English is dominant through most of Ireland, Irish, a 960:-speaking areas is the expanded use of the literary language ( 494:

A method's effectiveness depends on the language's viability.

326:

minimal (critically endangered): spoken in minimal new domains

291:

universal use (safe): spoken in all domains; for all functions

90: 3954:"In China, the Forgotten Manchu Seek to Rekindle Their Glory" 3401:

Clackamas Chinook performance art: verse form interpretations

3399:

Howard, Victoria; Mason, Catharine; Jacobs, Melville (2021).

983:, especially as used by such important Florentine writers as 5979: 4716: 4425:"Gaelic speakers map: Where in Scotland is Gaelic thriving?" 4384:

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eso/journl/v40y2009i4p435-460.html

2710:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

2635:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

490:

media, can be used for languages in any state of viability.

193: 5257:

Endangered Austronesian and Australian Aboriginal Languages

5220:"Languages Provision in Victorian Government Schools, 2018" 1527:

attempts at language revitalization can be seen within the

1227:

Flexibility and coordination in planning and implementation

1212:

Exposure to and acquisition of the language at a young age.

975:

of very large language communities. An example is standard

5669:

Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response

3786:. In Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (eds.). 1852:

The Prusaspirā Society has published their translation of

5907:

Documenting Endangered Languages (DEL) (Archived program)

5865:

World Oral Literature Project, Voices of Vanishing Worlds

2713:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 2638:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 2210:

has been created to revitalize the critically endangered

360:

equal support (safe): all languages are equally protected

280:

critically endangered: the language has very few speakers

202:

Safe: All generations use language in variety of settings

5950:"Language 911: UM helps rescue fading indigenous voices" 5916: 5731:

Speak Not: Empire, Identity and the Politics of Language

5378:

Sopova, Jasmina; Ortega, Carolina (January–March 2019).

4771:"Virtual Livonia ∙ Līvõmō Internets ∙ Līvzeme Internetā" 3582:. New York: Multilingual Matters LTD. pp. 187–218. 1232:

Directly addressing different varieties of the language.

380:

Community members' attitudes towards their own language

323:

coping (severely endangered): spoken in some new domains

5859: 5844: 5774: 5718:. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. ( 4562:"Lifelines for indigenous languages | The World Weekly" 4068:"Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines Website" 1849:, including a few children who are natively bilingual. 1749:

arriving in the Iberian Peninsula developed an Iberian

6057:, practical vocal recording tips for non-professionals 5524:"The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English" 3830:"Seven Indian villages where people speak in Sanskrit" 3554:. New York: Multilingual Matters LTD. pp. 71–83. 1866:, Kellan and Āustras Laīwan, but also in Lithuania by 1543:

revitalization project, headed by Suwilai Premsrirat.

814:, which implies that a language has only one parent." 5975:

Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival

5310:

The green book of language revitalization in practice

5282:

The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice

4629:"Unión Romaní imparte el primer curso de romanò-kalò" 4370: 3853:

Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia

2065:

During the 1970s, a group of young Maori people, the

1514:

dialect, has been declared an endangered language by

1283:

survived into the medieval period as the language of

194:

UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment Framework

6092: 6071:

First Nations endangered languages chat applications

5974: 3317:"Indian Tribes Go in Search Of Their Lost Languages" 6099:

Do-it-yourself grammar and reading in your language

5259:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 185–192. 4789:"Livones.net - Lībiešu vasaras skola "Mierlinkizt"" 3607:. New York: Multilingual Matters LTD. p. 140. 3369:"The Long-Dead Native Language Wopânâak is Revived" 2321:

Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation

2022:, who has produced many books and course materials. 1905:and Nērtiks Pamedīns from East-Prussia, now Polish 1714:There have been a number of attempts to revive the 841:has pointed out that conservative attitudes toward 265:Proportion of speakers within the total population 4396:"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'" 3685: 3683: 1664:. Currently , Gaelic is only spoken widely in the 1018:. Success was enjoyed in similar circumstances by 317:robust/active (unsafe): spoken in most new domains 5840:Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages 5769:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 4882:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4343:http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/en/about/statistics/ 4295: 4293: 4291: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2870:Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization 2826:Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization 2707:Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). 2632:Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). 2277:in the United States, among people who speak not 1050:for the purpose of reviving the Coptic language. 4791:[Livonian summer school "Mierlinkizt"]. 2627: 2625: 2453:− contains works in endangered languages of the 1726:in modern Cornish, including novels and poetry. 1523:where the majority of Western Armenians reside. 1510:The Armenian language, specifically that of the 940:enjoyed great prestige and practical utility as 905:speakers has happened only once, in the case of 375:prohibition (extinct): use of language is banned 4475:"How the Manx language came back from the dead" 3816:"Five Indian villages where sanskrit is spoken" 3691:"Indian village where people speak in Sanskrit" 1947:. The work is typically directed by a group of 1943:and elsewhere are now trying to revive some of 795: 753:have a strong presence in the education system; 421:undocumented (extinct): no documentation exists 6088:Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center training 5322:Morales, Aracely Torres (January–March 2019). 1897:. Two late contributors were Prāncis Arellis ( 1247:Parents using the language with their children 334:Materials for language education and literacy 5312:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 147–177. 5149:Call for Australian languages and linguistics 3790:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–. 3249:"Coptic: Ancient language still spoken today" 2863: 2861: 2527:List of endangered languages with mobile apps 2125:, written entirely in Hawaiian by a student. 1222:Multiple and diverse efforts to reach adults. 725:Factors in successful language revitalization 8: 5640:"Number of sentences per language - Tatoeba" 5459:Digital initiatives for indigenous languages 3545: 3543: 1325:There have been recent attempts at reviving 329:inactive (extinct): spoken in no new domains 6076:DOBES Documentation of Endangered Languages 2597:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2188:Corporación Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena 2053: 1837:. Several dozen people use the language in 5929:"The Young Ancestors, Camino Verite Films" 5667:Grenoble, L. A. and Whaley, L. J. (1998). 5021:"How many speakers of Yola are there now?" 2828:. Berlin: Mounton de Gruyter. p. 170. 2590:Pine, Aidan; Turin, Mark (29 March 2017). 2253:seeks to revive the critically endangered 2014:which teaches and promotes the use of the 1628:, is still spoken in certain areas called 492: 6061:Learning indigenous languages on Nintendo 5878:"RPM YouTube Playlist – "Revitalization"" 5860:Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity 5845:Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project 5805:Learn how and when to remove this message 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 4807:"Livones.net - Līvõd Īt (Livonian Union)" 3758:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 2493:Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity 2089:On six of the seven inhabited islands of 1125:of California, which had become extinct. 314:dynamic (safe): spoken in all new domains 181:Learn how and when to remove this message 5125:. Alice Springs News Online. 23 May 2019 3803:one or other of the migrants' languages. 3656:"10000-plus growth in Sanskrit speakers" 3382:"Tribes strive to save native tongues". 3111:'Ōiwi Journal3—A Native Hawaiian Journal 2600:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 239:Intergenerational language transmission 4267:"Chong Language Revitalization Project" 2855:. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters. 2842:. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters. 2573: 2553: 2451:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages 1979:, the Pertame Project is an example in 1668:and some relatively small areas of the 1163:Similar to other indigenous languages, 6093:Pointers on How to Learn Your Language 5354:"Manon Barbeau: A Camera in Her Heart" 5352:Gomez, Saturnin (January–March 2019). 5280:Hinton, Leanne; Hale, Kenneth (2001). 4875: 4002:Liñán, José Manuel Abad (9 May 2016). 3755:The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit 3573: 3571: 3156: 3145: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2664:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language 1736:Breton language § Revival efforts 765:Endangered Languages: An Introduction, 242:safe: all generations use the language 198:Uses a six-point scale is as follows: 49:with no existing native speakers) and 5855:Fourth International 3L Summer School 5534:(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 61–68. 5437:from the original on 28 November 2023 5431:"Vocabulary course - Kodrah Kristang" 4897:"Little Prince Published in Prussian" 3912:Fishman, Joshua A. (1 January 2001). 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3268:"The alphabets at risk of extinction" 2976:Endangered Languages: An Introduction 2947:Endangered Languages: An Introduction 2918:Endangered Languages: An Introduction 2795: 2793: 1364:, has been reconstructed and a Soyot- 1299:among the early Jewish immigrants to 1063:In recent years, a growing number of 403:Amount and quality of documentation. 7: 5411:from the original on 6 February 2023 4311:"Report of the Gaeltacht Commission" 4010:(in Spanish) – via elpais.com. 2801:"Language Vitality and Endangerment" 2753:"Language Vitality and Endangerment" 2606:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.8 1718:, both privately and some under the 1694:in 1974 and was declared extinct by 1242:Involving as many people as possible 288:Trends in existing language domains 119:adding citations to reliable sources 6101:, Breath of Life 2010 presentations 6055:Recording your elder/Native speaker 5850:Google Endangered Languages Project 5682:Nettle, D. and Romaine, S. (2000). 5577:"Are dying languages worth saving?" 5102:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5090:Moodie, Anthea (27 November 2021). 5070:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4519:Current Issues in Language Planning 4452:"UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct'" 4006:[The last of the Spanish]. 3721:Sreevastan, Ajai (10 August 2014). 2500:, Manx Gaelic language organization 2477:Foundation for Endangered Languages 2268:has argued that programs to revive 1796:Programs worth mentioning include: 1447:Spanish language in the Philippines 5985:Live Your Language Alliance (LYLA) 5466:from the original on 29 March 2024 4070:. 2 September 2007. Archived from 3723:"Where are the Sanskrit speakers?" 3174:O'Rahilly, Thomas Francis (1932). 1529:University of California in Irvine 1010:were taught standard Italian as a 311:Response to new domains and media 25: 5699:Revitalizing indigenous languages 5596:Malik, Kenan (20 November 2000). 4683:. 2 February 2014. Archived from 4473:Whitehead, Sarah (2 April 2015). 4341:Gaelscoileanna Teo – Statistics: 3494:Smith, Corinne (11 August 2020). 3011:Australian Journal of Linguistics 2392:Digital projects and repositories 2214:. It includes an audio course on 2121:, feature a brief article called 747:increase their wealth and income; 437:Steps in reversing language shift 306:extinct: no domains; no functions 5903:Documenting Endangered Languages 5754: 5405:"Audio course - Kontag Kristang" 4635:, Union Romani, 29 December 2006 4308:This decline was noted in 2002. 4191:Ohanesian, Liz (20 April 2023). 4024:. 9 October 1999. Archived from 3315:Cohen, Patricia (6 April 2010). 3035:The Australian, Higher Education 2666:(Third ed.). New York, NY: 2273:as evidenced by the vitality of 1590:In the last few decades, local 1172:led a Tlingit online class with 352:extinct: no orthography is known 95: 87:Degrees of language endangerment 5671:. Cambridge University Press. ( 5393:: 13–15 – via UNESCO.org. 5380:"Rapa Nui: Back from the Brink" 5367:: 10–12 – via UNESCO.org. 5192:"Associate Professor Rob Amery" 3952:Johnson, Ian (5 October 2009). 3522:"UAS ceremony honors 670 grads" 3460:Canadian Modern Language Review 3131:Ó Béarra, Feargal (July 2008). 2509:First Peoples' Cultural Council 2194:. In 2017, the Nid Rapa Nui, a 106:needs additional citations for 6023:Agha, Marisa (18 March 2012). 5058:Hosier, Phoebe (26 May 2021). 4961:University of Washington Press 4841:[State Language Law]. 4587:"The New Testament in Cornish" 2129:Current revitalization efforts 1952:worked independently, such as 1889:Important in this revival was 1277:revival of the Hebrew language 1271:Revival of the Hebrew language 1178:University of Alaska Southeast 923:Revival of the Hebrew language 759:can use electronic technology. 744:within the dominant community; 1: 5980:Indigenous Language Institute 4872:(inactive 12 September 2024). 3784:"Contexts of multilingualism" 2851:Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (2001). 2522:Lists of endangered languages 2249:revitalization initiative in 2196:non-governmental organization 1878:by Rasa Ensemble in 1988 and 1427:Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County 1305:British Mandate for Palestine 1217:Extreme immersion techniques. 1000: 6115:Lost Words - The Documentary 6066:Texting endangered languages 5712:Bastardas-Boada, A. (2019). 5686:. Oxford University Press. ( 5046:Aboriginal Revival Languages 4648:– via www.youtube.com. 4532:10.1080/14664208.2014.972535 4217:Karapetian, Shushan (2014). 3337:"Jessie Little Doe Baird CV" 3013:Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 111-127. 1987:, from the country south of 1764:Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia 1720:Cornish Language Partnership 1616:Status of the Irish language 1539:In Thailand, there exists a 756:can write down the language; 5911:National Science Foundation 2537:List of language regulators 2489:, Hawaiian language schools 2420:, and are all available on 2376:Second-language acquisition 2311:Category:Language activists 2222:and a vocabulary course on 1997:Arrernte group of languages 1598:movements have made a more 897:(in the sense of having no 283:extinct: no living speakers 262:Absolute number of speakers 257:extinct: no living speakers 55:that of the Hebrew language 6162: 5697:Reyhner, J. (ed.) (1999). 5123:"To save a dying language" 4953:Smidchens, Guntis (2014). 4910:"ROMOWE RIKOITO - Undēina" 4240:"Keeping a language alive" 3031:"Stop, revive and survive" 2980:Cambridge University Press 2951:Cambridge University Press 2922:Cambridge University Press 2893:Cambridge University Press 2668:Cambridge University Press 2532:Lists of extinct languages 2182:Of the youth in Rapa Nui ( 2082: 2041: 1781: 1733: 1679: 1613: 1503: 1444: 1437:is still spoken natively. 1410: 1379: 1337: 1318: 1268: 932:In a related development, 925:.) Hebrew, once largely a 5824:First Languages Australia 4004:"Los últimos del español" 3385:Christian Science Monitor 3102:NeSmith, R. Keao (2005). 3005:and Walsh, Michael 2011. 2592:"Language Revitalization" 2542:List of revived languages 2286:—or brutal segregation". 1874:(Prussian Hymns), and in 1812:Līvõd Īt (Livonian Union) 1784:Livonian language revival 1686:Another Celtic language, 1579:, and to some extent, in 1362:Siberian Turkic languages 1147:The open-source platform 501: 130:"Language revitalization" 6095:(scroll to link on page) 5948:Stephens, Patia (2006). 5729:James Griffiths (2021). 5540:10.3200/WAFS.172.2.61-68 5522:McWhorter, John (2009). 5009:Prussian Reconstructions 4899:, Culture.PL, 2015/02/17 4369:See the website of TG4: 3918:. Multilingual Matters. 3628:Bar-Adon, Aaron (1975). 2974:Thomason, Sarah (2015). 2945:Thomason, Sarah (2015). 2916:Thomason, Sarah (2015). 2868:Tsunoda, Tasaku (2005). 2824:Tsunoda, Tasaku (2005). 2482:The Language Conservancy 2118:Honolulu Star-Advertiser 1895:Prussian Reconstructions 1854:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 1307:and subsequently of the 45:(the resurrection of an 39:reversing language shift 5829:Enduring Voices Project 4839:"Valsts valodas likums" 3959:The Wall Street Journal 3060:Jones, Mari C. (1998). 2838:Fishman, J. A. (1991). 2206:An initiative known as 2115:and its successor, the 1478:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 1119:Jessie Little Doe Baird 893:The total revival of a 805:documentary linguistics 579:Total physical response 51:language revitalization 31:Language revitalization 5255:Senft, Gunter (2010). 5197:University of Adelaide 4566:www.theworldweekly.com 4316:. 2002. Archived from 4040:"Republic Act No.9187" 3788:Language in South Asia 3782:Annamalai, E. (2008). 3752:Ruppel, A. M. (2017). 3660:www.telegraphindia.com 3603:King, Kendall (2001). 3578:King, Kendall (2001). 3550:King, Kendall (2001). 3155:Cite journal requires 2682:"Endangered Languages" 2331:Language documentation 2275:black American culture 2159:address climate change 2112:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 2054: 2044:Māori language revival 2012:University of Adelaide 1995:, is a dialect in the 1348:of the small-numbered 1191:is the variety of the 962:Modern Standard Arabic 836: 800: 503:Degree of endangerment 81:language documentation 33:, also referred to as 5485:Wong, Kevin Martens. 4265:Premsrirat, Suwilai. 4090:schoolsandcourses.com 2386:Languages in censuses 2293:and reduce conflict. 2135:traditional knowledge 2107:National Public Radio 2042:Further information: 1827:Old Prussian language 1682:Manx language revival 1670:Highlands and Islands 1521:Los Angeles community 1319:Further information: 1269:Further information: 1030:and other languages. 952:, and the revival of 832: 6146:Endangered languages 5775:improve this article 5585:. 15 September 2010. 5462:. pp. 101–102. 5339:10.18356/885fb3d6-en 4276:. Mahidol University 4118:on 5 September 2012. 4074:on 2 September 2007. 3885:Taylor & Francis 3849:"The Soyot Language" 3836:. 24 September 2017. 3220:(in Scottish Gaelic) 3029:Ghil'ad Zuckermann, 2953:. pp. 156–159. 2895:. pp. 130–141. 2887:Crystal, D. (2000). 2813:on 21 February 2016. 2326:Endangered languages 2270:indigenous languages 2002:In the far north of 1870:in their 2005 album 1831:Low Prussian dialect 1772:International Romani 1492:and, more recently, 1433:, where the related 115:improve this article 6110:Where Are Your Keys 5834:National Geographic 5787:footnote references 5610:on 4 December 2002. 4741:. 20 November 2022. 4687:on 2 February 2014. 4404:. 26 September 2013 4160:www.webcitation.org 4112:www.webcitation.org 3985:www.webcitation.org 3293:The Washington Post 3266:Valentino, Andrea. 3048:Language in Society 3003:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2670:. pp. 382–387. 2232:Unangam Qilinĝingin 1700:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 1692:last native speaker 1662:Highland clearances 1482:Instituto Cervantes 1291:. With the rise of 1289:rabbinic literature 1195:language spoken in 1174:Outer Coast College 997:Italian unification 927:liturgical language 786:Revival linguistics 742:language's prestige 495: 485:He claims that the 6033:The Sacramento Bee 5503:on 13 October 2016 5387:The UNESCO Courier 5361:The UNESCO Courier 5331:The UNESCO Courier 5172:. 28 February 2013 4454:. 20 February 2009 4371:http://www.tg4.ie/ 4323:on 17 October 2013 4028:on 9 October 1999. 3697:. 22 December 2014 3431:. 21 February 2024 3322:The New York Times 2978:. United Kingdom: 2949:. United Kingdom: 2920:. United Kingdom: 2455:Northern Territory 2316:Contemporary Latin 2298:minority languages 2296:The protection of 2103:language immersion 1977:Northern Territory 1903:Kaliningrad oblast 1880:Valdis Muktupāvels 1724:Cornish literature 1451:Philippine Spanish 1390:of the indigenous 1123:Chochenyo language 934:literary languages 791:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 493: 6141:Linguistic rights 6136:Linguistic purism 5815: 5814: 5807: 5724:978-84-9168-316-2 5145:"Pertame Project" 4970:978-0-295-99310-2 4423:Campsie, Alison. 4246:. 3 December 2018 3797:978-1-139-46550-2 3765:978-1-107-08828-3 3473:10.3138/cmlr.3549 3410:978-1-4962-2411-8 3371:. 9 October 2012. 3349:on 10 August 2013 2989:978-0-521-68453-8 2960:978-0-521-68453-8 2931:978-0-521-68453-8 2874:Mouton De Gruyter 2504:SIL International 2422:Wikimedia Commons 2381:Treasure language 2361:Regional language 2356:Minority language 2351:Linguistic purism 2341:Language planning 2212:Kristang language 2192:Rapa Nui language 2085:Hawaiian language 1981:Central Australia 1970:Gunggari language 1949:Aboriginal elders 1909:actively joined. 1899:Pranciškus Erelis 1891:Vytautas Mažiulis 1859:The Little Prince 1790:Grizelda Kristiņa 1506:Armenian language 1301:Ottoman Palestine 1140:and published by 1044:Pope Shenouda III 1028:Castilian Spanish 1008:Italian languages 1004: 22,000,000 915:national language 889:Specific examples 820:majority language 772:Specific Examples 722: 721: 564:Master-apprentice 191: 190: 183: 165: 66:extinct languages 18:Language activist 16:(Redirected from 6153: 6131:Language revival 6105:Language Hunters 6044: 6042: 6040: 6029: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5935:on 20 April 2018 5931:. Archived from 5892: 5890: 5888: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5684:Vanishing Voices 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5606:. Archived from 5593: 5587: 5586: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5496:. Archived from 5491: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4858:Pismo Humanistów 4853: 4847: 4846: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4659:Charter, David. 4656: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4613:. Archived from 4605:"Guild of Bards" 4601: 4595: 4594: 4591:www.evertype.com 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4515: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4166:on 19 June 2011. 4162:. Archived from 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4132:. Archived from 4126: 4120: 4119: 4114:. Archived from 4104: 4098: 4097: 4096:on 16 July 2011. 4092:. Archived from 4082: 4076: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4049:. Archived from 4044: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3987:. Archived from 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3718: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3342:. Archived from 3341: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3255:. 8 August 2017. 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3057: 3051: 3050:23, pp. 479-494. 3044: 3038: 3027: 3014: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2865: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2684:. Archived from 2678: 2672: 2671: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2561: 2558: 2465:British Columbia 2057: 2052:, also known as 1964:In the state of 1716:Cornish language 1512:Western Armenian 1490:mainstream media 1401:Chiba University 1321:Sanskrit revival 1153:British Columbia 1132:, also known as 1005: 1002: 966:Classical Arabic 964:, a form of the 496: 186: 179: 175: 172: 166: 164: 123: 99: 91: 62:severely limited 47:extinct language 43:language revival 35:language revival 21: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6121: 6120: 6084: 6051: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6022: 5971: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5899: 5886: 5884: 5876: 5873: 5820: 5811: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5772: 5763:This article's 5759: 5755: 5748: 5733:. Bloomsbury. ( 5664: 5662:Further reading 5659: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494:Kodrah Kristang 5489: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288:. p. 119. 5279: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5199:Staff Directory 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4971: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4874: 4870:10.11649/a.0000 4855: 4854: 4850: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4811:www.livones.net 4805: 4804: 4800: 4793:www.livones.net 4787: 4786: 4782: 4775:Virtual Livonia 4769: 4768: 4764: 4757:www.livones.net 4751: 4750: 4746: 4739:www.livones.net 4733: 4732: 4728: 4721:www.livones.net 4715: 4714: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4617:on 6 July 2009. 4603: 4602: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401:BBC News Online 4394: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4358:The Irish Times 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4136:on 29 June 2010 4128: 4127: 4123: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4056:on 4 June 2011. 4053: 4047:congress.gov.ph 4042: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3991:on 4 June 2011. 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3847:Rassadin, V.I. 3846: 3845: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3798: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3732: 3730: 3720: 3719: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3676:. 15 July 2018. 3672: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3296:. 17 April 2013 3286: 3285: 3281: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3154: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3068:Clarendon Press 3059: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3037:, June 6, 2012. 3028: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982:. p. 165. 2973: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2688:on 9 April 2014 2680: 2679: 2675: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2518: 2473: 2394: 2371:Sacred language 2366:Rosetta Project 2346:Language policy 2307: 2263: 2247:Kodrah Kristang 2228:Kriseh Kristang 2220:Kontah Kristang 2208:Kodrah Kristang 2204: 2180: 2171:Wapikoni Mobile 2169:In Canada, the 2167: 2145:In Mexico, the 2143: 2131: 2087: 2081: 2046: 2040: 2016:Kaurna language 2008:Diyari language 2004:South Australia 1958:Peter K. Austin 1945:these languages 1932: 1927: 1915: 1823: 1786: 1780: 1770:, a variant of 1743: 1738: 1732: 1712: 1684: 1678: 1658:Scottish Gaelic 1654: 1652:Scottish Gaelic 1626:Celtic language 1618: 1612: 1585:Austria-Hungary 1549: 1537: 1508: 1502: 1494:music-streaming 1457:Mexican Spanish 1453: 1445:Main articles: 1443: 1423:their ancestors 1419:Manchu language 1415: 1413:Manchu language 1409: 1384: 1378: 1342: 1336: 1323: 1317: 1309:State of Israel 1281:Hebrew language 1273: 1267: 1262: 1186: 1170:Lance Twitchell 1161: 1142:Melville Jacobs 1138:Victoria Howard 1065:Native American 1061: 1056: 1040:Coptic language 1036: 1012:second language 1003: 973:first languages 946:Classical Latin 938:native speakers 909:, resulting in 899:native speakers 891: 883:Scottish Gaelic 863: 828: 788: 727: 439: 430: 228: 213:native language 196: 187: 176: 170: 167: 124: 122: 112: 100: 89: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6159: 6157: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6020: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5945: 5925: 5920: 5919:, (Savius.org) 5914: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5767:external links 5762: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5746:External links 5744: 5743: 5742: 5727: 5710: 5695: 5680: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5598:"Let Them Die" 5588: 5568: 5514: 5477: 5448: 5422: 5396: 5370: 5344: 5314: 5301: 5294: 5286:Academic Press 5272: 5265: 5236: 5211: 5183: 5161: 5136: 5114: 5082: 5050: 5037: 5012: 5001: 4980: 4969: 4963:. p. 12. 4945: 4923: 4901: 4889: 4848: 4830: 4816: 4798: 4780: 4762: 4744: 4726: 4708: 4690: 4672: 4651: 4637: 4620: 4610:Gorseth Kernow 4596: 4578: 4553: 4526:(3): 259–278. 4501: 4465: 4443: 4415: 4387: 4375: 4362: 4346: 4334: 4301: 4287: 4257: 4231: 4209: 4183: 4169: 4147: 4121: 4099: 4077: 4059: 4031: 4013: 3994: 3972: 3944: 3935: 3924: 3904: 3893: 3869: 3839: 3821: 3807: 3796: 3774: 3764: 3744: 3708: 3679: 3665: 3647: 3640: 3620: 3613: 3595: 3588: 3567: 3560: 3539: 3513: 3486: 3467:(2): 109–132. 3442: 3429:Canadian Press 3416: 3409: 3391: 3374: 3360: 3328: 3307: 3279: 3258: 3240: 3231: 3204: 3186: 3166: 3157:|journal= 3123: 3094: 3076: 3052: 3039: 3015: 2995: 2988: 2966: 2959: 2937: 2930: 2908: 2901: 2889:Language Death 2879: 2876:. p. 201. 2857: 2844: 2831: 2816: 2789: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2720:978-0521016520 2719: 2699: 2673: 2654: 2645:978-0521016520 2644: 2621: 2614: 2582: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2498:Culture Vannin 2495: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2447: 2425: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2266:John McWhorter 2262: 2259: 2236:Aleut language 2203: 2200: 2179: 2176: 2166: 2163: 2142: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2123:Kauakūkalahale 2083:Main article: 2080: 2077: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2023: 2000: 1973: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1907:Warmia-Mazuria 1864:Romowe Rikoito 1822: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1782:Main article: 1779: 1776: 1742: 1739: 1734:Main article: 1731: 1728: 1711: 1708: 1704:Culture Vannin 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1653: 1650: 1646:Gaelscoileanna 1622:Irish language 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1561:United Kingdom 1548: 1545: 1541:Chong language 1536: 1533: 1504:Main article: 1501: 1498: 1467:(standardized 1442: 1439: 1417:In China, the 1411:Main article: 1408: 1405: 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1346:Soyot language 1340:Soyot language 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1316: 1313: 1285:Jewish liturgy 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1185: 1182: 1160: 1157: 1130:Chinook Jargon 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1035: 1032: 1024:standard Czech 942:lingua francas 903:first language 890: 887: 862: 861:Traditionalist 859: 827: 824: 787: 784: 768:Sarah Thomason 761: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 734:Language Death 732:, in his book 726: 723: 720: 719: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 696: 692: 691: 688: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 661: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 591: 590: 587: 584: 581: 575: 574: 571: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 519: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 458: 454: 451: 443:Joshua Fishman 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 401: 400: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 378: 377: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 355: 354: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 332: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 309: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 286: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 263: 260: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 216: 209: 206: 203: 195: 192: 189: 188: 103: 101: 94: 88: 85: 70:language death 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6158: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6035: 6034: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5897:United States 5896: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5818:Organizations 5817: 5809: 5806: 5798: 5788: 5784: 5783:inappropriate 5780: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5739:9781786999665 5736: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5708: 5707:0-9670554-0-7 5704: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5692:0-19-515246-8 5689: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677:0-521-59712-9 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528:World Affairs 5525: 5518: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5478: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5449: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5295:0-12-349353-6 5291: 5287: 5284:. San Diego: 5283: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5266:9780858836235 5262: 5258: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4845:(in Latvian). 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4795:(in Latvian). 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4753:"Livones.net" 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4735:"Livones.net" 4730: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4717:"Livones.net" 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4681:"livones.net" 4676: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4258: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4210: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3925:9781853594922 3921: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3894:9780203863015 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3870: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3641:9783111803661 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3614:1-85359-494-6 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3589:1-85359-494-6 3585: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561:1-85359-494-6 3557: 3553: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3526:Juneau Empire 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3215: 3212:McRae, Neil. 3208: 3205: 3200: 3189: 3187:9780901282552 3183: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3149: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3079: 3077:9780198237112 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2924:. p. 6. 2923: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2902:0-521-65321-5 2898: 2894: 2891:. Cambridge: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615:9780199384655 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471:Organizations 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2336:Language nest 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2234:to teach the 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Easter Island 2177: 2175: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Alice Springs 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1919:Yola language 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Prūsų Giesmės 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666:Western Isles 1663: 1659: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600:multicultural 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:lingua franca 1458: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1435:Xibe language 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:Ainu language 1383: 1382:Ainu language 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360:, one of the 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:lingua franca 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184:South America 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059:North America 1058: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Modern Hebrew 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:dead language 888: 886: 884: 880: 879:Manx language 876: 872: 868: 860: 858: 856: 855:Norman period 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 831: 825: 823: 821: 815: 813: 808: 806: 799: 794: 792: 785: 783: 781: 780:language nest 777: 773: 769: 766: 763:In her book, 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740:increase the 739: 738: 737: 735: 731: 730:David Crystal 724: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 693: 689: 686: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 669: 667: 663: 662: 658: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 638: 635: 634: 630: 627: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 538: 535: 534: 530: 527: 524: 521: 520: 517:Dead/extinct 516: 513: 510: 508: 507: 504: 498: 497: 491: 488: 483: 479: 472: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 447: 446: 444: 436: 434: 427: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 402: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 381: 379: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 358: 356: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 335: 333: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 312: 310: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 287: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 264: 261: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 236: 233: 226:Another scale 225: 220: 217: 214: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 199: 185: 182: 174: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: – 131: 127: 126:Find sources: 120: 116: 110: 109: 104:This section 102: 98: 93: 92: 86: 84: 82: 77: 73: 71: 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 6049:Technologies 6037:. Retrieved 6031: 5957:. Retrieved 5953: 5937:. Retrieved 5933:the original 5909: 5885:. Retrieved 5881: 5832: 5801: 5795:January 2017 5792: 5777:by removing 5764: 5730: 5713: 5698: 5683: 5668: 5647:. Retrieved 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5608:the original 5601: 5591: 5580: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5531: 5527: 5517: 5505:. Retrieved 5498:the original 5493: 5480: 5468:. Retrieved 5458: 5451: 5439:. Retrieved 5425: 5413:. Retrieved 5399: 5386: 5373: 5360: 5347: 5330: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5281: 5275: 5256: 5227:. Retrieved 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5195: 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5148: 5139: 5127:. Retrieved 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5095: 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5063: 5053: 5040: 5028:. Retrieved 5024: 5015: 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4983: 4975:Google Books 4973:– via 4955: 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4904: 4892: 4878:cite journal 4861: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4693: 4685:the original 4675: 4664: 4654: 4640: 4633:(in Spanish) 4628: 4623: 4615:the original 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4565: 4556: 4523: 4517: 4504: 4492:. Retrieved 4480:The Guardian 4478: 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4430:The Scotsman 4428: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4399: 4390: 4378: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4337: 4325:. Retrieved 4318:the original 4304: 4278:. Retrieved 4274:Mekong Watch 4273: 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4225: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4196: 4186: 4172: 4164:the original 4159: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4134:the original 4124: 4116:the original 4111: 4102: 4094:the original 4089: 4080: 4072:the original 4062: 4051:the original 4046: 4034: 4026:the original 4016: 4007: 3997: 3989:the original 3984: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3938: 3930:Google Books 3928:– via 3914: 3907: 3899:Google Books 3897:– via 3879: 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3852: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3810: 3801: 3787: 3777: 3769: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3731:. Retrieved 3726: 3701:30 September 3699:. Retrieved 3694: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3630: 3623: 3604: 3598: 3579: 3551: 3530:. Retrieved 3528:. 3 May 2016 3525: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3499: 3489: 3464: 3458: 3433:. Retrieved 3428: 3419: 3400: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3363: 3351:. Retrieved 3344:the original 3331: 3325:. p. 1. 3320: 3310: 3298:. Retrieved 3291: 3282: 3271: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3207: 3199:Google Books 3197:– via 3191:. Retrieved 3176: 3169: 3148:cite journal 3136:. Retrieved 3126: 3114:. Retrieved 3110: 3097: 3089:Google Books 3087:– via 3081:. Retrieved 3062: 3055: 3047: 3042: 3034: 3010: 2998: 2975: 2969: 2946: 2940: 2917: 2911: 2888: 2882: 2869: 2852: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2808:the original 2776:|first= 2768:cite journal 2759: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2709: 2702: 2690:. Retrieved 2686:the original 2676: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2634: 2596: 2585: 2576: 2556: 2398:Lingua Libre 2295: 2288: 2264: 2244: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2207: 2205: 2181: 2168: 2144: 2132: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2088: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2055:te reo Māori 2047: 2018:, headed by 1991:, along the 1954:Luise Hercus 1933: 1916: 1894: 1888: 1882:in his 2005 1871: 1857: 1851: 1824: 1821:Old Prussian 1815: 1795: 1787: 1744: 1713: 1685: 1655: 1642: 1637:Irish famine 1629: 1619: 1596:human rights 1589: 1550: 1538: 1525: 1509: 1460: 1454: 1416: 1385: 1343: 1324: 1274: 1255: 1202: 1187: 1162: 1146: 1127: 1113: 1101:Halq'emeylem 1093:Massachusett 1062: 1037: 970: 931: 892: 864: 839:Nancy Dorian 837: 833: 829: 816: 809: 801: 796: 789: 771: 764: 762: 733: 728: 603:ineffective 589:ineffective 573:ineffective 559:ineffective 545:ineffective 536:Neighborhood 531:ineffective 484: 480: 476: 440: 431: 229: 215:by children. 197: 177: 171:October 2021 168: 158: 151: 144: 137: 125: 113:Please help 108:verification 105: 78: 74: 59: 50: 42: 38: 34: 30: 29: 5649:14 November 5644:tatoeba.org 5561:11 February 5204:14 December 5107:13 February 5075:13 February 3435:21 February 3353:20 November 2780:|last= 2461:FirstVoices 2457:, Australia 2290:Kenan Malik 2226:, known as 2218:, known as 2067:Ngā Tamatoa 2038:New Zealand 1993:Finke River 1843:Kaliningrad 1768:Romanò-Kalò 1690:, lost its 1592:nationalism 1535:Other Asian 1392:Ainu people 1149:FirstVoices 1134:Chinuk Wawa 1109:Lushootseed 1020:High German 950:Renaissance 695:Reclamation 664:Artificial 556:ineffective 542:ineffective 528:ineffective 6125:Categories 6082:Techniques 5969:California 5030:19 January 4989:"Oratorio" 4140:17 January 3733:11 October 3634:. Mouton. 3253:EgyptToday 2872:. Berlin: 2762:: 8. 2003. 2568:References 2487:Pūnana Leo 2432:Belarusian 2238:spoken in 2216:Soundcloud 1966:Queensland 1936:Aboriginal 1835:Low German 1631:Gaeltachta 1604:linguicide 1496:services. 1016:endangered 913:- now the 826:Compromise 812:tree model 718:effective 704:effective 690:effective 681:Place name 676:effective 659:effective 645:effective 631:effective 622:Multimedia 617:effective 450:language). 141:newspapers 5779:excessive 5548:0043-8200 5507:12 August 4994:29 August 4938:29 August 4916:29 August 4843:LIKUMI.LV 4666:The Times 4571:6 January 4548:145626745 4540:1466-4208 4494:5 January 4489:0261-3077 4458:5 January 3965:5 October 3834:Detechter 3729:. Chennai 3727:The Hindu 3502:. KTOO FM 3481:151866033 2406:Atikamekw 2261:Criticism 2251:Singapore 2202:Singapore 2149:people's 2027:Victorian 2020:Rob Amery 1930:Australia 1868:Kūlgrinda 1839:Lithuania 1766:promotes 1557:languages 1486:Chavacano 1115:Wampanoag 1077:Chickasaw 993:Boccaccio 875:Gaeltacht 843:loanwords 776:kibbutzim 715:effective 712:effective 701:effective 698:effective 687:effective 684:effective 673:effective 670:effective 656:effective 653:effective 650:Formulaic 642:effective 639:effective 628:effective 625:effective 614:effective 611:effective 600:effective 597:effective 594:Telephone 586:effective 583:effective 570:effective 567:effective 553:effective 550:Bilingual 539:effective 525:effective 522:Immersion 511:Weakening 487:immersion 6039:8 August 6005:Tsnungwe 5959:8 August 5939:8 August 5887:8 August 5603:Prospect 5582:BBC News 5556:20671445 5470:29 March 5464:Archived 5441:30 March 5435:Archived 5415:30 March 5409:Archived 5229:23 April 5097:ABC News 5065:ABC News 4912:. Dangus 4864:(2626). 4244:UCI News 4178:"Inicio" 3695:BBC News 3532:25 March 3506:25 March 3300:19 April 2778:missing 2692:20 April 2305:See also 2257:creole. 2255:Kristang 2151:language 2099:Hawaiian 2097:, where 2079:Hawaiian 2033:in 2018. 2031:Victoria 1941:Victoria 1884:oratorio 1778:Livonian 1500:Armenian 1465:Filipino 1459:was the 1431:Xinjiang 1396:Hokkaido 1354:Buryatia 1327:Sanskrit 1315:Sanskrit 1105:Gwych'in 1073:Cherokee 1054:Americas 989:Petrarch 981:Florence 954:Sanskrit 936:without 709:Adoption 514:Moribund 6017:Wailaki 6013:Mattole 5773:Please 5765:use of 4703:YouTube 4436:6 April 4408:23 June 4327:20 June 4280:22 June 4008:El País 3862:18 July 3224:6 April 3193:6 April 3138:6 April 3116:6 April 3083:6 April 2444:Cornish 2428:Tatoeba 2418:Catalan 2410:Occitan 2224:Memrise 2095:Niʻihau 1985:Pertame 1975:In the 1925:Oceania 1710:Cornish 1581:Germany 1473:English 1469:Tagalog 1441:Spanish 1370:Russian 1293:Zionism 1197:Ecuador 1193:Quechua 1165:Tlingit 1159:Tlingit 977:Italian 948:in the 636:Two-way 499:Method 461:system. 155:scholar 6015:, and 5989:Tolowa 5882:RPM.fm 5871:Canada 5737: 5722: 5705: 5690: 5675: 5554: 5546: 5391:UNESCO 5365:UNESCO 5292: 5263: 5176:20 May 5154:9 June 5129:9 June 5025:google 4967: 4546: 4538: 4487: 4250:29 May 4202:29 May 3922: 3891: 3857:UNESCO 3794: 3762: 3638: 3611: 3586: 3558: 3479: 3407: 3184: 3074: 2986: 2957: 2928: 2899: 2717: 2642: 2612: 2440:Basque 2436:Breton 2414:Basque 2279:Yoruba 2240:Alaska 2165:Canada 2155:UNESCO 2147:Mixtec 2141:Mexico 2091:Hawaii 2006:, the 1876:Latvia 1847:Poland 1845:, and 1751:Romani 1747:Romani 1730:Breton 1696:UNESCO 1577:Greece 1565:France 1553:Europe 1547:Europe 1516:UNESCO 1471:) and 1407:Manchu 1366:Buryat 1358:Russia 1350:Soyots 1265:Hebrew 1206:CONAIE 1189:Kichwa 1107:, and 1097:Navajo 1089:Oneida 1085:Ojibwe 1081:Lakota 1034:Africa 958:Arabic 919:Israel 907:Hebrew 871:pidgin 867:creole 666:pidgin 428:Theory 232:UNESCO 157: 150: 143: 136: 128: 6028:(PDF) 6009:Wiyot 5997:Yurok 5993:Karuk 5552:JSTOR 5501:(PDF) 5490:(PDF) 5383:(PDF) 5357:(PDF) 5333:: 9. 5327:(PDF) 5223:(PDF) 4544:S2CID 4514:(PDF) 4321:(PDF) 4314:(PDF) 4270:(PDF) 4222:(PDF) 4197:LAist 4054:(PDF) 4043:(PDF) 3477:S2CID 3347:(PDF) 3340:(PDF) 3218:(PDF) 3107:(PDF) 2811:(PDF) 2804:(PDF) 2756:(PDF) 2548:Notes 2516:Lists 2402:libre 2284:Amish 2178:Chile 2050:Maori 1610:Irish 1573:Italy 1569:Spain 1334:Soyot 1048:Cairo 985:Dante 851:Irish 608:Radio 162:JSTOR 148:books 6041:2012 6001:Hupa 5961:2012 5941:2012 5889:2012 5735:ISBN 5720:ISBN 5703:ISBN 5688:ISBN 5673:ISBN 5651:2022 5563:2024 5544:ISSN 5509:2016 5472:2024 5443:2024 5417:2024 5290:ISBN 5261:ISBN 5231:2021 5206:2023 5178:2019 5156:2019 5131:2019 5109:2022 5077:2022 5032:2022 4996:2014 4965:ISBN 4940:2014 4918:2014 4884:link 4573:2018 4536:ISSN 4496:2018 4485:ISSN 4460:2018 4438:2017 4410:2014 4329:2014 4282:2019 4252:2023 4204:2023 4142:2018 3967:2009 3920:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3864:2021 3792:ISBN 3760:ISBN 3735:2020 3703:2020 3636:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3584:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3534:2021 3508:2021 3500:KFSK 3437:2024 3405:ISBN 3355:2014 3302:2013 3226:2017 3195:2017 3182:ISBN 3161:help 3140:2017 3118:2017 3085:2017 3072:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2926:ISBN 2897:ISBN 2784:help 2715:ISBN 2694:2014 2640:ISBN 2610:ISBN 2449:The 2442:and 2400:− a 2245:The 2025:The 1956:and 1917:The 1913:Yola 1759:cant 1757:, a 1755:Caló 1745:The 1741:Caló 1688:Manx 1676:Manx 1594:and 1583:and 1575:and 1449:and 1386:The 1376:Ainu 1344:The 1287:and 1275:The 1260:Asia 1069:Cree 1038:The 991:and 847:Tiwi 134:news 5781:or 5536:doi 5532:172 5335:doi 4866:doi 4528:doi 3469:doi 3273:BBC 2602:doi 2072:iwi 1856:'s 1833:of 1606:". 1587:). 1551:In 1429:in 1352:in 917:of 869:or 117:by 37:or 6127:: 6030:. 6019:." 6011:, 6007:, 6003:, 5999:, 5995:, 5991:, 5952:. 5905:, 5880:. 5831:, 5642:. 5600:. 5579:. 5550:. 5542:. 5530:. 5526:. 5492:. 5433:. 5407:. 5389:. 5385:. 5363:. 5359:. 5329:. 5239:^ 5194:. 5147:. 5100:. 5094:. 5068:. 5062:. 5023:. 4959:. 4880:}} 4876:{{ 4862:18 4860:. 4809:. 4773:. 4755:. 4737:. 4719:. 4663:. 4607:. 4589:. 4564:. 4542:. 4534:. 4524:16 4522:. 4516:. 4483:. 4477:. 4427:. 4398:. 4290:^ 4272:. 4242:. 4224:. 4195:. 4158:. 4110:. 4088:. 4045:. 3983:. 3956:. 3887:. 3883:. 3855:. 3851:. 3832:. 3800:. 3768:. 3737:. 3725:. 3711:^ 3693:. 3682:^ 3658:. 3570:^ 3542:^ 3524:. 3498:. 3475:. 3465:73 3463:. 3445:^ 3427:. 3319:. 3290:. 3270:. 3251:. 3152:: 3150:}} 3146:{{ 3109:. 3070:. 3066:. 3033:, 3018:^ 3009:, 2860:^ 2792:^ 2772:: 2770:}} 2766:{{ 2758:. 2648:. 2624:^ 2608:. 2594:. 2438:, 2434:, 2416:, 2412:, 2408:, 2242:. 2137:. 1983:. 1960:. 1841:, 1571:, 1567:, 1563:, 1531:. 1403:. 1356:, 1311:. 1144:. 1111:. 1103:, 1099:, 1095:, 1091:, 1087:, 1083:, 1079:, 1075:, 1071:, 1026:, 1022:, 1001:c. 987:, 857:. 822:. 782:. 72:. 57:. 6043:. 5963:. 5943:. 5891:. 5808:) 5802:( 5797:) 5793:( 5789:. 5771:. 5741:) 5726:) 5709:) 5694:) 5679:) 5653:. 5565:. 5538:: 5511:. 5474:. 5445:. 5419:. 5341:. 5337:: 5298:. 5269:. 5233:. 5208:. 5180:. 5158:. 5133:. 5111:. 5079:. 5034:. 4998:. 4977:. 4942:. 4920:. 4886:) 4868:: 4813:. 4777:. 4759:. 4723:. 4705:. 4669:. 4593:. 4575:. 4550:. 4530:: 4498:. 4462:. 4440:. 4412:. 4373:. 4360:. 4331:. 4284:. 4254:. 4228:. 4206:. 4180:. 4144:. 3969:. 3932:. 3901:. 3866:. 3818:. 3705:. 3662:. 3644:. 3617:. 3592:. 3564:. 3536:. 3510:. 3483:. 3471:: 3439:. 3413:. 3388:. 3357:. 3304:. 3276:. 3228:. 3201:. 3163:) 3159:( 3142:. 3120:. 3091:. 2992:. 2963:. 2934:. 2905:. 2786:) 2782:( 2723:. 2696:. 2618:. 2604:: 2446:. 2424:) 1633:í 1368:- 184:) 178:( 173:) 169:( 159:· 152:· 145:· 138:· 111:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index