342:
Brown CJ, Dubreuil D, Santoro L, Liu M, O'Connor BI, McLeod RS (April 2007). "Lateral internal sphincterotomy is superior to topical nitroglycerin for healing chronic anal fissure and does not compromise long-term fecal continence: six-year follow-up of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial".
141:
and difficulty controlling flatulence are common side effects following surgery. Persistent minor fecal incontinence has been reported in 1.2% to 35% of patients; however, this does not appear to be significantly different to the rate of minor fecal incontinence experienced by patients treated with
79:
Lateral internal sphincterotomy is the preferred method of surgery for persons with chronic anal fissures, and is generally used when medical therapy has failed. It is associated with a lower rate of side effects than older techniques such as posterior internal sphincterotomy and anoplasty, and has
100:; a report in 1981 showed that general anaesthesia is preferable due to high rates of fissure recurrence in patients treated under local anaesthesia. This operation is generally carried out as a day case procedure. It can be performed with either "open" or "closed" techniques:
71:. The procedure helps by lowering the resting pressure of the internal anal sphincter, which improves blood supply to the fissure and allows faster healing. The procedure has been shown to be very effective, with 96% of fissures healing at a median of 3 weeks in one trial.
127:
In both techniques the lower one third to one half of the internal sphincter is divided, to lower the resting pressure without destroying the effect of the sphincter. The closed technique results in a smaller wound, but both techniques appear to be similarly effective.
108:
involves making an incision across the intersphincteric groove, separating the internal sphincter from the anal mucosa by blunt dissection, and dividing the internal sphincter using scissors.
256:
Nyam DC, Pemberton JH (October 1999). "Long-term results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to incidence of fecal incontinence".
123:
with the blade parallel to the internal sphincter and advancing it along the intersphincteric groove, and then rotating the scalpel towards the internal sphincter and dividing it.
557:
386:
Keighley MR, Greca F, Nevah E, Hares M, Alexander-Williams J (June 1981). "Treatment of anal fissure by lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy should be under general anaesthesia".
1458:
1229:
1190:
1255:
1260:
550:
996:
1153:
29:
441:
708:
543:
757:
1195:
81:
1494:
1453:
1448:
693:
644:
667:
1075:
819:
1341:
1060:
887:
833:
764:
593:
584:
629:
1250:
1085:
1158:
1080:
948:
807:
1346:
1136:
1050:
958:
877:
649:
639:
180:
1440:
1295:
953:
634:
576:
1389:
1305:
930:
688:
535:
56:
1419:
1234:
698:
567:
1394:
1324:
1180:
774:
735:
163:
1463:
496:
Khubchandani IT, Reed JF (May 1989). "Sequelae of internal sphincterotomy for chronic fissure in ano".
457:
Nelson, Richard L. (2010-01-20). Nelson, Richard L. (ed.). "Operative procedures for fissure in ano".
991:
1366:
1290:
1185:
1090:
1065:
981:
976:
920:
715:
97:
860:
703:
521:
411:
368:
324:
281:
138:
1426:
1310:
1272:
1118:
1028:
850:
742:
683:
513:
478:
470:
437:
403:
360:
316:
273:
238:
84:(GTN 0.2% ointment) in long term healing of fissures, with no difference in fecal continence.
24:
1430:
1267:
673:
505:
462:
395:
352:
308:
265:
228:
218:
155:
93:
92:
Lateral internal sphincterotomy is a minor operation which can be carried out under either
1468:
1245:
1241:
1224:
1219:
1006:
902:
892:
867:
855:
842:
794:
149:
1473:
1300:
1163:
1108:
814:
784:
678:
619:
602:
233:
206:
1488:
1384:
1113:
1043:
779:
614:
415:
372:
285:
1361:
1175:
1070:
1055:
910:
525:
466:
328:
159:
60:
1351:
1207:
1170:
1038:
1033:
1018:
882:
769:
752:
730:
720:
624:
167:
1414:
1356:
1333:
1100:
968:
747:
725:
356:
207:"What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders"
474:
158:
occurs in about 1% of closed sphincterotomies, generally in association with
119:
involves making a small incision at the intersphincteric groove, inserting a
1211:
1014:
925:
915:
872:
802:
606:
64:
509:
482:
399:
364:
299:
Bailey RV, Rubin RJ, Salvati EP (1978). "Lateral internal sphincterotomy".
277:
242:
63:. The internal anal sphincter is one of two muscles that comprise the anal
517:
407:
1282:
1023:
320:
145:
223:
38:
659:
312:
269:
120:
52:
1376:
940:
1145:
68:
539:
148:
can occur, more often with the open technique, and may require
436:(5 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 264.
205:
Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, Wexner SD (July 2009).
162:
caused by a breach of the anal mucosa by the scalpel.
1439:
1407:
1375:
1332:
1323:
1281:
1206:
1144:
1135:
1099:
1005:
967:
939:
901:
841:
832:
793:
658:
601:
592:
583:
23:
18:
1191:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
551:
8:
459:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1329:
1141:
838:
598:
589:
558:
544:
536:
200:
198:
196:
80:also been shown to be superior to topical
232:
222:
997:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
427:
425:
1154:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
192:
15:
7:
709:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
59:muscle for the treatment of chronic
758:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
566:Tests and procedures involving the
34:
1196:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
14:
987:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
49:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
19:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
694:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
645:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
467:10.1002/14651858.CD002199.pub3
67:which controls the passage of
1:
1076:Lower gastrointestinal series
820:Upper gastrointestinal series
1342:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1061:Double-contrast barium enema
888:Partial ileal bypass surgery
765:Esophagogastric dissociation
1159:Bioartificial liver devices
1086:Transrectal ultrasonography
1511:
1081:Small-bowel follow-through
949:Abdominoperineal resection
808:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
1441:Clinical prediction rules
1347:Intraperitoneal injection
1051:Abdominal ultrasonography
959:Total mesorectal excision
878:Intestine transplantation
668:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
650:High resolution manometry
640:Esophageal motility study
574:
432:Corman, Marvin L (2005).
357:10.1007/s10350-006-0844-3
181:List of surgeries by type
35:
1495:Digestive system surgery
1296:Pancreas transplantation
954:Lower anterior resection
635:Esophageal pH monitoring
577:Digestive system surgery
434:Colon and rectal surgery
1390:Inguinal hernia surgery
1306:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
689:Adjustable gastric band
630:Impedance–pH monitoring
57:internal anal sphincter
1420:Exploratory laparotomy
1235:Hepatoportoenterostomy
699:Gastric bypass surgery
568:human digestive system
510:10.1002/bjs.1800760504
400:10.1002/bjs.1800680611
211:World J. Gastroenterol
117:subcutaneous technique
1395:Femoral hernia repair
1181:Liver transplantation
775:Nissen fundoplication
164:Incision and drainage
992:Rubber band ligation
931:Hartmann's operation
1367:Peritoneal dialysis
1186:Portal hypertension
1091:Virtual colonoscopy
1066:Endoanal ultrasound
982:Anorectal manometry
977:Anal sphincterotomy
921:Colonic polypectomy
716:Collis gastroplasty
224:10.3748/wjg.15.3201
166:of the abscess and
98:general anaesthesia
82:glyceryl trinitrate
861:Jejunoileal bypass
704:Sleeve gastrectomy
313:10.1007/BF02586402
270:10.1007/BF02234220
139:fecal incontinence
88:Surgical technique
1482:
1481:
1427:Rapid urease test
1403:
1402:
1319:
1318:
1311:Puestow procedure
1273:Cholescintigraphy
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1119:Stool guaiac test
1029:Capsule endoscopy
851:Bariatric surgery
828:
827:
743:Gastroenterostomy
684:Bariatric surgery
443:978-0-7817-4043-2
345:Dis. Colon Rectum
301:Dis. Colon Rectum
258:Dis. Colon Rectum
55:performed on the
46:
45:
1502:
1464:Child–Pugh score
1431:Urea breath test
1330:
1291:Frey's procedure
1268:Cholecystography
1142:
839:
674:Nasogastric tube
599:
590:
560:
553:
546:
537:
530:
529:
493:
487:
486:
454:
448:
447:
429:
420:
419:
383:
377:
376:
339:
333:
332:
296:
290:
289:
253:
247:
246:
236:
226:
202:
156:Perianal abscess
113:closed technique
39:edit on Wikidata
16:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1469:Ranson criteria
1435:
1399:
1371:
1315:
1277:
1246:Cholangiography
1242:Medical imaging
1225:Cholecystostomy
1220:Cholecystectomy
1202:
1123:
1095:
1007:Medical imaging
1001:
963:
935:
897:
893:Strictureplasty
868:Bowel resection
856:Duodenal switch
824:
795:Medical imaging
789:
654:
585:Digestive tract
579:
570:
564:
534:
533:
495:
494:
490:
461:(1): CD002199.
456:
455:
451:
444:
431:
430:
423:
385:
384:
380:
341:
340:
336:
298:
297:
293:
264:(10): 1306–10.
255:
254:
250:
204:
203:
194:
189:
177:
134:
90:
77:
42:
12:
11:
5:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1474:Milan criteria
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1325:Abdominopelvic
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:Pancreatectomy
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:Liver dialysis
1161:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:Fecal fat test
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
945:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
864:
863:
858:
847:
845:
836:
834:Lower GI tract
830:
829:
826:
825:
823:
822:
817:
815:Barium swallow
812:
811:
810:
799:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
785:Schilling test
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
761:
760:
750:
745:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
718:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
681:
679:Gastric lavage
676:
671:
664:
662:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
620:Heller myotomy
617:
611:
609:
596:
594:Upper GI tract
587:
581:
580:
575:
572:
571:
565:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
532:
531:
488:
449:
442:
421:
378:
334:
291:
248:
217:(26): 3201–9.
191:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
176:
173:
172:
171:
153:
143:
133:
130:
125:
124:
109:
106:open technique
89:
86:
76:
73:
44:
43:
36:
33:
32:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1507:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Hernia repair
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
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1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Fecal pH test
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:Sigmoidoscopy
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
942:
938:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
837:
835:
831:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
800:
798:
796:
792:
786:
783:
781:
780:Pyloromyotomy
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
663:
661:
657:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Esophagectomy
613:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
538:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
450:
445:
439:
435:
428:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
252:
249:
244:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
201:
199:
197:
193:
186:
182:
179:
178:
174:
170:are required.
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:Complications
131:
129:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
102:
101:
99:
95:
87:
85:
83:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
31:
28:
26:
22:
17:
1362:Paracentesis
1176:Liver biopsy
1071:Enteroclysis
1056:Defecography
986:
911:Appendectomy
504:(5): 431–4.
501:
497:
491:
458:
452:
433:
394:(6): 400–1.
391:
387:
381:
351:(4): 442–8.
348:
344:
337:
307:(8): 584–6.
304:
300:
294:
261:
257:
251:
214:
210:
160:anal fistula
142:topical GTN.
126:
116:
112:
105:
91:
78:
61:anal fissure
48:
47:
1352:Laparoscopy
1208:Gallbladder
1171:Hepatectomy
1101:Stool tests
1039:Proctoscopy
1034:Enteroscopy
1019:Colonoscopy
903:Large bowel
883:Jejunostomy
843:Small bowel
770:Hill repair
753:Gastrostomy
731:Billroth II
721:Gastrectomy
625:Sialography
168:fistulotomy
75:Indications
1415:Laparotomy
1357:Omentopexy
1334:Peritoneum
969:Anal canal
748:Gastropexy
726:Billroth I
187:References
146:Hemorrhage
1212:bile duct
1137:Accessory
1015:Endoscopy
926:Colostomy
916:Colectomy
873:Ileostomy
803:Endoscopy
736:Roux-en-Y
607:Esophagus
498:Br J Surg
475:1469-493X
388:Br J Surg
152:ligation.
65:sphincter
53:operation
1489:Category
1283:Pancreas
1024:Anoscopy
483:20091532
416:40048690
373:24579316
365:17297553
286:30099075
278:10528769
243:19598294
175:See also
25:ICD-9-CM
660:Stomach
526:2096023
518:2736353
408:7016242
329:6874003
234:2710774
121:scalpel
1377:Hernia
941:Rectum
524:
516:
481:
473:
440:
414:
406:
371:
363:
327:
321:738174
319:
284:
276:
241:
231:
150:suture
137:Minor
51:is an
1459:UKELD
1408:Other
1146:Liver
522:S2CID
412:S2CID
369:S2CID
325:S2CID
282:S2CID
94:local
69:feces
37:[
30:49.51
1454:PELD
1449:MELD
1256:MRCP
1230:ERCP
514:PMID
479:PMID
471:ISSN
438:ISBN
404:PMID
361:PMID
317:PMID
274:PMID
239:PMID
111:the
104:the
1261:PTC
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