Culture of Latin America - Knowledge (XXG)

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period of US military occupation, cricket gave way to baseball, which rapidly assumed widespread popularity, although cricket remains the favorite in the British Caribbean. Baseball had the greatest following in those nations occupied at length by the US military, especially the Dominican Republic and Cuba, as well as Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico. Even Venezuela, which wasn't occupied by the US military during this time period, still became a popular baseball destination. All of these countries have emerged as sources of baseball talent, since many players hone their skills on local teams, or in “academies” managed by the US Major Leagues to cultivate the most promising young men for their own teams.

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origin of most settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial era. As an example of this can include buildings, part of the music, the Catholic religion and language. Spanish influences are evident bullfights and certain features of the cuisine. Venezuela also enriched by other streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century, especially France. In the last stage of the great cities and regions entered the U.S. oil source and demonstrations of the new immigration of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, increasing the already complex cultural mosaic. For example: From the United States comes the influence of the taste of baseball and modern architectural structures

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diplomacy, trade, banking, and investment in railways and mines. The English language and British cultural norms were transmitted by energetic young British business agents on temporary assignment in the major commercial centers, where they invited locals into the British leisure activities, such as organized sports, and into their transplanted cultural institutions such as schools and clubs. The British role never disappeared, but it faded rapidly after 1914 as the British cashed in their investments to pay for the Great War, and the United States, another Anglophone power, moved into the region with overwhelming force and similar cultural norms.

3928: 1521: 2597: 3625: 2626: 3441: 1982: 564: 2043: 1689: 2345: 5919: 1990: 1891:). These spices are generally what give the Latin American cuisines a distinct flavor; yet, each country of Latin America tends to use a different spice and those that share spices tend to use them at different quantities. Thus, this leads to a variety across the land. Meat is also widely consumed, and constitutes one of the main ingredients in many Latin American countries where they are considered specialties, referred to as 3984: 3771: 2555: 2761: 2329: 736: 1074:. Sor Juana was the first philosopher to question the status of the woman in Latin American society. When Catholic Church official instructed Sor Juana to abandon intellectual pursuits that were improper for a woman, Sor Juana's extensive answer defends rational equality between men and women, makes a powerful case for women's right to education, and develops an understanding of wisdom as a form of 3236: 1506: 3374: 2341:

reason these places are the most popular among the middle and upper classes is that they offer a sense of security and provide social status. Swimming pools or golf clubs, and/or some other commodities are found in these fraccionamientos. Poorer Mexicans, by contrast, live a harsh life, although they share the importance they grant to family, friends and cultural habits.

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melting pots of people (many of whom are refugees) from the various provinces. According to a study in late 2004 by the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, Colombians are one of the happiest people in the world; this despite its four-decade long armed conflict involving the government, paramilitaries, drug lords, corruption and guerrillas like the FARC and ELN.

3006:, a federal republic that later dissolved, however, the people in these countries believe each other to be their brothers and sisters and as such share many traditions and festivals. Peru and Bolivia were also one single country until Bolivia declared its independence, nevertheless, both nations are close neighbors that have somewhat similar cultures. 2875:

mazurka, polka and waltz. The Germans that migrated to Nicaragua are speculated to have been from the regions of Germany which were annexed to present-day Poland following the Second World War; hence the genres of mazurka, polka in addition to the waltz. One of the more famous composers of classical music and Nicaraguan waltz was

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influence. Except for some political criticism in the low comedies, the dramas of this period were not popular. Occasionally the question of dependence on Europe or North America has raised. Even with more Latin American influence of theatre starting to filter in, its theatre still was under the heavy influence of Europe.

1106:(Argentina 1891–1962) coined the phrase 'philosophical normality' in 1940, in reference to philosophical thinking as 'an ordinary function of culture in Hispanic America.' Other Latin American philosophers of his era include Alejandro Korn (Argentina, 1860–1936) who authored 'The Creative Freedom' and 3866:

The next phase was from 1958 to the signing of the Institutional Act Number Five in 1968. It marked the end of freedom and democracy. These ten years were the most productive of the century. During these years dramaturgy matured through the plays of Guarnieri, Vianinha, Boal, Dias Gomes, and Chico de

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In the 19th century, Brazilian theatre began with romanticism along with a fervour for political independence. During this time, racial issues were discussed in contradictory terms, but even so, there were some significant plays, including a series of popular comedies by Martins Penna, França Junior,

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The standard of living in Mexico is higher than most of the other countries in Latin America attracting migrants in search for better opportunities. With the recent economic growth, many high-income families live in single houses, commonly found within a gated community, called "fraccionamiento". The

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that cater to people of all ages and interests. A large number of them, have multiplex cinemas, international and local restaurants, food courts, cafes, bars, bookstores and most of the international renowned clothing brands are found too. Mexicans are prone to travel within their own country, making

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After the large decrease in the native population, the indigenous consciousness and identity in theatre disappeared, though pieces did have indigenous elements to them. The theatre that progressed in Latin America is argued to be theatre that the conquerors brought to the Americas, not the theatre of

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movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of its

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has more than a million speakers in Mexico. Although Mexico has almost 80 native languages across the country, the government nor the constitution specify an official language (not even Spanish), also, some regions of the nation do not speak any modern way of language and still preserve their ancient

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In the 20th century, the two most important production centers for professional theatre were São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. They were centers of industrial and economic development. Even with the development of these two theatres, World War I brought an end to tours by European theatres so there were

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for example became an opportunity for all classes and colors to congregate without prejudice. The introduction of the bill of rights of men and the abolishment of slavery (1850) eased the segregationist tensions between the races, but the dominance of the whites prevailed and prevails to some extent

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is a dramatic work consisting of dance and text that is preserved as it was originally represented. It is thought to date from the 15th century and narrates the mythical and dynastic origins of the Kek'chi' people and their relationships with neighboring peoples. The Rabinal Achí is performed during

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have emerged in the last two decades, making rock music quite popular among young people. Guatemala also has an almost five-century-old tradition of art music, spanning from the first liturgical chant and polyphony introduced in 1524 to contemporary art music. Much of the music composed in Guatemala

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In long-term perspective, Britain's influence in Latin America was enormous after independence came in the 1820s. Britain deliberately sought to replace the Spanish and Portuguese in economic and cultural affairs. Military issues and colonization were minor factors. The influence was exerted through

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World War II saw Brazil gain several foreign directors, especially from Italy, who wanted to make a theatre free from nationalistic overtones. Paradoxically, this led to a second renewal that engaged popular forms and sentiments; a renewal that was decidedly nationalistic with social point of view.

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The culture of Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America. Thanks partly to geography, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions. Rural to urban migration and globalization have changed how many Colombians live and express themselves as large cities become

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is a satirical drama and was the first literary work of post-Columbian Nicaragua. It is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance and theater. The theatrical play was written by an anonymous

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is the most significant work of Guatemalan literature in the Quiché language, and one of the most important of Pre-Columbian American literature. It is a compendium of Mayan stories and legends, aimed to preserve Mayan traditions. The first known version of this text dates from the 16th century and

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that formed the cosmogonic view of the world that indigenous people had. Some of these stories are still known in Nicaragua. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors and African slaves have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Nicaraguan literature is among

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Pre-Columbian rituals were how the indigenous came in contact with the divine. Spaniards used plays to Christianize and colonize the indigenous peoples of the Americas in the 16th century. Theatre was a potent tool in manipulating a population already accustomed to spectacle. Theatre became a tool

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One of the main characteristics of Latin American music is its diversity, from the lively rhythms of Central America and the Caribbean to the more austere sounds of southern South America. Another feature of Latin American music is its original blending of the variety of styles that arrived in the

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In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries there was a flow of Spanish and Portuguese emigrants who left for Latin America. It was never a large movement of people, but over the long period of time it had a major impact on Latin American populations: the Portuguese left for Brazil and the Spaniards left

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At present the Indian influence is limited to a few words of vocabulary and gastronomy. The African influence in the same way, in addition to musical instruments like the drum. The Spanish influence was more important and in particular came from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, places of

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In some parts of the Caribbean and Central America baseball outshined soccer in terms of popularity. The sport started in the late 19th century when sugar companies imported cane cutters from the British Caribbean. During their free time, the workers would play cricket, but later, during the long

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is a mixture of indigenous and European, especially Spanish and to a lesser extent German, influences. The latter was a result of the German migration to the central-north regions of Las Segovias where Germans settled and brought with them polka music which influenced and evolved into Nicaraguan

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Theatre in Latin America existed before the Europeans came to the continent. The natives of Latin America had their own rituals, festivals, and ceremonies. They involved dance, singing of poetry, song, theatrical skits, mime, acrobatics, and magic shows. The performers were trained; they wore

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In November 1927, Alvaro Moreyra founded the Toy Theatre (Teatro de Brinquedo). Like this company, it was in the late 1920s when the first stable theatre companies formed around well-known actors. These actors were able to practice authentic Brazilian gestures gradually freed from Portuguese

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The majority of the Ecuadorian population is mestizo, a mixture of both European and Amerindian ancestry, and much like their ancestry, the national culture is also a blend of these two sources, along with influences from slaves from Africa in the coastal region. 95% of Ecuadorians are Roman

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population and high density of those of European descent. Northern Mexicans are also more Americanized due to the common border with the United States. Central and southern Mexico is where many well-known traditions find their origin, therefore the people from this area are in a way the most

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Bolivia and Peru both still have significant Native American populations (primarily Quechua and Aymara) which mixed Spanish cultural elements with their ancestors' traditions. The Spanish-speaking population mainly follows the Western customs. Important archaeological ruins, gold and silver

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is well known for its candy which makes use of many local ingredients fruits, seeds and nuts along with honey, condensed milk and other traditional sweeteners. Antigua's candy is very popular when tourists visit the country for the first time and is a great choice in the search for new and

449: 1766:, but solo variations exist. The dances emphasize passionate hip movements and the connection between partners. Many of the dances are done in a close embrace while others are more traditional and similar to ballroom dancing, holding a stronger frame between the partners. 3384:

Ethno-racial groups maintained their ancestral heritage culture: whites tried to keep themselves, despite the growing number of illegitimate children of mixed African or indigenous ancestry. These people were labeled with any number of descriptive names, derived from the

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Latina/o philosophy is a tradition of thought referring both to the work of many Latina/o philosophers in the United States and to a specific set of philosophical problems and method of questioning that relate to Latina/o identity as a hyphenated experience, borders,

3547:, Zacarías García and Manuel Quintana Castillo. In more recent times, Venezuela produced a new diverse generation of innovating painters. Some of them are: Alejandro Bello, Edgard Álvarez Estrada, Gloria Fiallo, Felipe Herrera, Alberto Guacache and Morella Jurado. 1198:. “Latina/o philosophy” is used by some to refer also to Latin American philosophy practiced within Latin America and the United States, while others argue that to maintain specificity Latina/o philosophy should only refer to a subset of Latin American philosophy. 2847:

culture but enriched with Amerindian sounds/flavors. The Pacific coast of the country was colonized by Spain and has a similar culture to other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The Caribbean coast of the country, on the other hand, was once a British

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The Europeans used this to their advantage. For the first fifty years after the Conquest the missionaries used theatre widely to spread the Christian doctrine to a population accustomed to the visual and oral quality of spectacle and thus maintaining a form of

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bands of Mexico stirred up quick paced rhythms and playful movements at the same time that Cuba embraced similar musical and dance styles. Traditional dances were blended with new, modern ways of moving, evolving into a blended, more contemporary forms.

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is famous around the world whether in the indigenous languages present in the country or in Spanish. Though there was likely literature in Guatemala before the arrival of the Spanish, all the texts that exist today were written after their arrival. The

2195: 1817: 1315:. Brazil perhaps constitutes its own musical area, both because of its large size and incredible diversity as well as its unique history as a Portuguese colony. Musically, Latin America has also influenced its former colonial metropoles. 2039:(citizens from Monterrey) are thought to be rather proud and miserly, regardless of their social status. Almost every Mexican state has its own accent, making it fairly easy to distinguish the origin of someone by their use of language. 1783:. It was more effective to use the indigenous forms of communication than to put an end to the 'pagan' practices, the conquerors took out the content of the spectacles, retained the trappings, and used them to convey their own message. 5744: 4058:

Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, “Cultura popular e suas representações: caminhos possíveis de reflexão”, Revista História em Reflexão - Programa de Pós-graduação em História – Faculdade de Ciências Humanas – UFGD (Dourados), v. 2, p. 1-19,

882:(1888). This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer so much at issue. 1843:

Latin American cuisine refers to the typical foods, beverages, and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America. Latin America is a very diverse region with cuisines that vary from nation to nation.

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Theatre provided a way for the indigenous people were forced to participate in the drama of their own defeat. In 1599, the Jesuits even used cadavers of Native Americans to portray the dead in the staging of the final judgment.

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reflects the multicultural nature of Guatemala, in that it involves food that differs in taste depending on the region. Guatemala has 22 departments (or divisions), each of which has very different food varieties. For example,

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and Spanish influences and continues to be defined as a contrast between poor Mayan villagers in the rural highlands, and the urbanized and wealthy mestizos population who occupy the cities and surrounding agricultural plains.

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The British impact on sports was overwhelming, as Latin America took up football (called fútbol in Spanish and futebol in Portuguese). In Argentina, rugby, polo, tennis and golf became important middle-class leisure pastimes.

342:, and southern Brazil). Nowadays the Southern Cone has a majority of people of largely European descent and in all more than 80% of Latin America's European population, which is mostly descended from six groups of immigrants: 2489:

is popular buts more specifically in the northern states (possibly because of the American influence), and a number of Mexicans have become stars in the US Major Leagues. Professional wrestling is shown on shows like

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to make music and dances. This ancient music is still played in some parts of Mexico. However, much of the traditional contemporary music of Mexico was written during and after the Spanish colonial period, using many

1434:(1887–1959) worked on the recording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil. The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works. Also notable is the much recent work of the Cuban 288:

for Central and South America. Of the European immigrants, men greatly outnumbered women and many married Natives. This resulted in a mixing of the Amerindians and Europeans and today their descendants are known as

1570:(2001) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised. Nonetheless, the country has also witnessed the rise of experimental filmmakers such as 3164:. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. 743: 2018:. Mexico is a large country with a large population, therefore having many cultural traits found only in some parts of the country. Northern Mexico is the least culturally diverse region due to its very low 1166:'s book "The Idea of Latin America" expounds on how the idea of Latin America and Latin American philosopher, as a precursor to Latino philosophy, was formed and propagated. Giannina Braschi's writings on 3867:

Assis, as did mise-en-scene in the work of Boal, Jost Celso Martinez Correa, Flavio Rangel, and Antunes Filho. During this decade a generation accepted theatre as an activity with social responsibility.

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During this time, the Stanislavsky system of acting was most popular and widely used. Stanislavski himself came to Brazil via Eugenio Kusnet, a Russian actor who had met him at the Moscow Art Theatre.

3845:, 1937). They were an attempt to deal with political themes, nationalism, and anti-imperialism. His theatre was inspired by Meyerhold's and Brecht's theories, with a political sarcasm like Mayakovsky. 2898:). This music is played at social functions as a sort of background music. The marimba is made with hardwood plates, placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. It is played with two or four 3939:

Brazilian contemporary photography is one of the most creative in Latin America, growing in international prominence each year with exhibitions and publications. Photographers like Miguel Rio Branco,

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from the family of the xylophones, which is played all over the country, even in the remotest corners. Towns also have wind and percussion bands -week processions, as well as on other occasions. The

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and the more popular Latin dances were created and embraced into the culture in the early and middle 1900s and have since been able to retain their significance both in and outside the Americas. The

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While the plays were promoting a new sacred order, their first priority was to support the new secular, political order. Theatre under the colonizers primarily at the service of the administration.

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art dominated in colonial times, though it was modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the

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Latin American cinema flourished after the introduction of sound, which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border. The 1950s and 1960s saw a movement towards

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and prominently feature corn, chiles and beans as key ingredients. Various dishes may have the same name as a dish from a neighboring country, but may in fact be quite different for example the

165:, whose importance is today particularly notable in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay. These cultures are central to Indigenous communities such as the 1696:

Latin America has a strong tradition of evolving dance styles. Some of its dance and music is considered to emphasize sexuality, and have become popular outside of their countries of origin.

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At its height, this phase of Brazilian theatre was characterized by an affirmation of national values. Actors and directors became political activists who risked their jobs and lives daily.

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traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism" (for which see, say,

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which is also common across Central America. The marimba of Nicaragua is uniquely played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. It is usually accompanied by a bass

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were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the

2852:. English is still predominant in this region and spoken domestically along with Spanish and indigenous languages. Its culture is similar to that of Caribbean nations that were or are 3010:

ornaments, stone monuments, ceramics, and weavings remain from several important pre-Columbian cultures. Major Bolivian ruins include Tiwanaku, Samaipata, Incallajta, and Iskanwaya.

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author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the Western Hemisphere. The story was published in a book in 1942 after many centuries.

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1968–1974: theatre tries to claim a more homogenous definition which brings in more European models. At this point, Latin American Theatre tried to connect to its historical roots.

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and others gave magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach, for example:the Uruguayan born and first Latin American musician to win an OSCAR prize, Jorge Drexler.

3535:, Mario Abreu, Pancho Quilici, Carmelo Niño and Angel Peña emerged. They created a new plastic language. The 80s produced artist as Carlos Zerpa, Ernesto León, Miguel Von Dangel, 2781:

and dresses. Each village has its own distinctive pattern, making it possible to distinguish a person's home town on sight. Women's clothing consists of a shirt and a long skirt.

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brought by Africans in the Trans-Atlantic former slave trade has influenced various parts of Latin America. Influences are particularly strong in dance, music, cuisine, and some

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19th- and 20th-century European immigration from Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, France, and Eastern Europe; which transformed the region and had an impact in countries such as

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make up the majority of the population in most Caribbean countries. Many of the former African slaves in Latin America mixed with the Europeans and their descendants (known as

2320:, and most middle-sized cities, enjoy a great variety of options for leisure. Shopping centers are a favorite among families, since there has been an increasing number of new 5788: 742:, a Dominican street version of cricket. The Dominican Republic was first introduced to cricket through mid-18th century British contact, but switched to baseball after the 151:

culture, owing to the region's history of colonization, settlement and continued immigration from Spain and Portugal. All the core elements of Latin American culture are of

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Latin American beverages are just as distinct as their foods. Some of the beverages can even date back to the times of the Native Americans. Some popular beverages include

4224: 4131: 2757:. He traveled to Mexico and later to Italy, where he did. He originally wrote his Rusticatio Mexicana and his poems praising the bishop Figueredo y Victoria in Latin. 69:

perspective, Latin America generally refers to those parts of the Americas whose cultural, religious and linguistic heritage can be traced to the Latin culture of the

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Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and a European ethnic group.

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1959–1968: dramaturgical structures and structures of social projects leaned more toward constructing a more native Latin American base called the "Nuestra America".

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is very diverse and features a wide range of musical genres and performance styles. It has been influenced by a variety of cultures, most notably the culture of the

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was a big industry in the first half of the 20th century. After a series of military governments that shackled culture in general, the industry re-emerged after the

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Arguably, the main contribution to music entered through folklore, where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed. Musicians such as

1323:) and Latin American music strongly cross-fertilized each other, but Latin music also absorbed influences from the English-speaking world, as well as African music. 6559: 1610:

affected the production of films in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but many Argentine movies produced during those years were internationally acclaimed, including

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is gaining prominence. Initially dominated by religious motifs, it began emphasizing historical and heroic representations in the late 19th century, a move led by

6593: 6112: 5781: 2477:), though it is not a popular sport anymore. A considerable portion of the Mexican population enjoys watching bullfights. Almost all large cities have bullrings. 1232:

movement. Latin music is very diverse, with the only truly unifying thread being the use of the Spanish language or, in Brazil, the similar Portuguese language.

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costumes, masks, makeup, wigs. Platforms had been erected to enhance visibility. The 'sets' were decorated with branches from trees and other natural objects.

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Through this growth of Latin America politically and the influence of European theatre, an identity of what is theatre in Latin America stemmed out of it.

6282: 717: 5804: 5264: 6287: 5750: 3478:), and social organization. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by Spaniards; over the years, the hybrid culture had diversified by region. 2079: 3253: 775:. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the 315:, and large percentages in Brazil, Colombia, and Honduras. Mixes between the blacks and Amerindians also occurred, and their descendants are known as 4963: 4148: 2750: 2066:

has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica and European literature. The most well-known prehispanic poet is

806:'s description of the conquest of New Spain. During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, within which context 6277: 6411: 6272: 6150: 4850:

Riofrio, John (2020-03-01). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latino avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana".

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is, along with Spanish, the official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population. Furthermore, there are about 10 million

1043:, Independentist, Nationalist, and Contemporary (that is, the twentieth century to the present). Among the major Latin American philosophers is 6201: 5094: 433:, mainly to Brazil. These people only make up a small percentage of Latin America's population but they have communities in the major cities. 6211: 5738: 4902: 4364: 2795:

religion which prevailed throughout the country and still does in the rural regions. Beginning from negligible roots prior to 1960, however,

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are among the most popular. Each of the types of music has specific steps that go with the music, the counts, the rhythms, and the style.

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During the independization of the Americas many countries including Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador and Panama formed what was known as

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and influenced the culture of Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, Ecuador and Peru in areas such as food, art, and cultural trade.

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1943 at The Comedians: Polish director and refugee from the Nazis, Zbigniew Ziembinsky, staged in expressionist style Nelson Rodrigues'

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The Andes Region comprises roughly much of what is now Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia, and was the seat of the

6426: 6105: 3671: 3029: 2019: 1551: 886:, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. 296:, of mainly European ancestry, usually have some Native ancestry. Today, mestizos make up the majority of Latin America's population. 51: 6267: 6257: 6252: 3856:). With this production, Brazilian theatre moved into the modem period at Theatre Brasileiro de Commedia (Brazilian Comedy Theater). 3272: 2724:

in the beginning of the 18th century. Due to its combination of historical, mythical, and religious elements, it has been called the

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in 2005. The 16th century saw the first native-born Guatemalan writers that wrote in Spanish. Major writers of this era include Sor

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for political hold on Latin America by colonialist theatre by using indigenous performance practices to manipulate the population.

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Intermediate level international-style Latin dancing at the 2006 MIT ballroom dance competition. A judge stands in the foreground.

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wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive

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Historically, Mexicans have struggled with the creation of a united identity. This particular issue is the main topic of Mexican

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Latin American film is both rich and diverse. But the main centers of production have been Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba.

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speakers in South America and Spain, but more than half of them live in Bolivia and Peru (approximately 6,700,800 individuals).

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Internal strife and external interference have been the drive behind Latin American history which applies the same to theatre.

205: 102: 93:, are natively spoken. Such territories include almost all of Mexico, Central America and South America, with the exception of 6605: 6160: 5908: 5820: 3675: 3257: 2937:

who is regarded as the most important literary figure in Nicaragua, referred to as the "Father of Modernism" for leading the

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has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the

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Americas and became influential, from the early Spanish and European Baroque to the different beats of the African rhythms.

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from the 16th century to the 19th century has only recently been unearthed by scholars and is being revived by performers.

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has several distinct strands. The Pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by

908: 6679: 6571: 6517: 6399: 6394: 5918: 2261:, were adapted from their old world predecessors and are traditionally considered Mexican. Popular music genres include 2075: 2047: 807: 2753:. The Jesuit Rafael Landívar (1731–1793) is considered as the first great Guatemalan poet. He was forced into exile by 1004: 904: 6684: 6554: 6226: 4436: 2446: 2218: 1727:

Some of the dances of Latin America are derived from and named for the type of music they are danced to. For example,

1555: 1162:(1963) from Colombia. Their formats and styles of Latino philosophical writing differ greatly as the subject matters. 981: 688: 208:, Ecuador (particularly in the southwest coast), Paraguay, Dominican Republic (specifically the northern region), and 4768: 3594: 3505: 3409:

The industrial revolution arrived relatively late at the beginning of the 20th century with the establishment of the

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in 2007, in 2008 by the Iberoamerican Theatrum Festival Bogotá has been proclaimed as the world capital of theatre.

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Roman influence as well. There is also an important Latin American cultural presence in the United States since the

6474: 6462: 6353: 6180: 6165: 5927: 5454: 5032: 3497: 2298: 2286: 1667: 903:(1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom's defining novel was 834: 700: 546: 3246: 2228:

Prior to the foundation of Mexico as a nation-state, the original inhabitants of the land used drums (such as the

6549: 6534: 6484: 6479: 4501: 3911: 3647: 3118:. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as 2108: 2067: 2014: 1087: 1000: 760: 694: 558: 3444: 3111: 2473:. Pre-Columbian cultures played a ball game which still exists in Northwest Mexico (Sinaloa, the game is called 2100: 6416: 6231: 6130: 6031: 5993: 5812: 5756: 4025: 3610: 1813:

1974–1984: the search for expression rooted in the history of Latin America became victims of exile and death.

1650: 1414: 1040: 5268: 1520: 1123: 1044: 1012: 5207:"Western literature | History, Characteristics, Books, Authors, Examples, & Facts | Britannica" 2720:

is written in Quiché transcribed in Latin characters. It was translated into Spanish by the Dominican priest

1660:(2003) have fans around the world, and its directors have taken part in American and European film projects. 1544:. More recently, a new style of directing and stories filmed has been tagged as "New Latin American Cinema." 6620: 5901: 5325: 4197:

Garífunas holding ground ; When the river met the sea : Garifunas rebuilding after Hurricane Mitch

4104:

Garífunas holding ground ; When the river met the sea : Garifunas rebuilding after Hurricane Mitch

3544: 3489: 3133: 2921: 2876: 2416: 2396: 2144: 2071: 1744: 1656: 1566: 1143: 830: 815: 660: 572: 261:

religions of Cuba, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Northwest Ecuador, coastal Colombia, and Honduras.

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civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century, and colonial literary expression included

2879:

who was actually not from the northern regions of Nicaragua but rather from the city of Leon in Nicaragua.

2596: 771:

Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate

6643: 6544: 6539: 6524: 6467: 6382: 5945: 5891: 5879: 5832: 3894: 3602: 2803:

and other urban centers and down to mid-sized towns. The unique religion is reflected in the local saint,

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Modern Latin American dancing is very energetic. These dances primarily are performed with a partner as a

1268: 1207: 1151: 616: 4237: 3140:

with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include

2124: 6512: 5940: 3697: 3550: 3464:, African and especially European Spanish. Before this period, indigenous culture was expressed in art ( 2729: 2710: 2704: 2525: 2440: 2406: 2333: 1500: 436:

This diversity has profoundly influenced religion, music and politics. This cultural heritage is called

46:(music, folk art, and dance), as well as religion and other customary practices. These are generally of 5847: 5289: 4990: 3737: 3733: 3574: 2777:

are known for their brightly colored yarn-based textiles, which are woven into capes, shirts, blouses,

2387: 1575: 1554:

in the 1940s are significant examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the

640: 4248: 3293: 2506:

has also been gaining popularity, with a number of Mexican players having been drafted to play in the

1724:

and Cuban population one can find Latin dancing and music in the streets at any time of day or night.

6648: 6063: 6001: 5960: 5950: 4194:

Leocadia., Avni, Ronit. Shende, Suzanne. Caldwell, Gillian. Martinez, Julian. Gutierrez (2002–2004),

4101:

Leocadia., Avni, Ronit. Shende, Suzanne. Caldwell, Gillian. Martinez, Julian. Gutierrez (2002–2004),

3966: 3944: 3520: 3452: 3410: 3402: 3353: 3195: 3087: 3047: 2990: 2840: 2816: 2754: 2721: 2688: 2638: 2620: 2608: 2591: 2541: 2533: 2305: 2116: 1950: 1079: 799: 784: 490: 486: 90: 78: 5241:"Showcasing Nicaragua's Folkloric Masterpiece - El Gueguense - and Other Performing and Visual Arts" 3624: 6074: 6053: 6043: 6021: 5955: 5854: 5837: 5098: 3970: 3713: 3655: 3614: 3590: 3440: 3225: 3123: 3075: 2978: 2964: 2853: 2537: 2428: 2148: 2096: 1981: 1732: 1709: 1589: 1171: 1122:

in 1990. Paz who is one of the most influential writers on Latin American and Spanish culture from

1107: 989: 985: 890: 644: 600: 563: 535: 482: 327: 148: 4371: 2027:, for instance, are thought to be conservative and reserved, and just in the neighboring state of 1720:

has been a large contributor of the United States' involvement in Latin dancing. With such a huge

1228:. Music has played an important part in Latin America's turbulent recent history, for example the 6507: 6058: 6026: 6006: 5874: 5864: 5683:

Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

4875: 4725: 4320: 4289: 3974: 3598: 3586: 3540: 3461: 3429: 3119: 3069: 2982: 2970: 2871: 2746: 2725: 2695:, from the Colombian variety, is also very popular especially among the lower classes. Dozens of 2671: 2664: 2481:

has the largest bullring in the world, which seats 55,000 people. But the favorite sport remains

2062: 2055: 1602: 1583: 1450: 1431: 1304: 1221: 1139: 1024: 924: 916: 878: 682: 659:

in particular is increasing in popularity. Latin America constitute in absolute terms the second

539: 330:

arrived in Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of them settling in the

312: 70: 3701: 3582: 3509: 2945: 2375: 2371: 2282: 1443: 1342:, etc., are styles of music that have been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies. 3370:

struggled to establish a pluralistic political system between conservative and liberal ideals.

2625: 2404:

model act in some of them. Some of their TV shows are modeled after American counterparts like

1666:

has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution, and important filmmakers include

889:

However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary

6343: 6038: 6011: 5983: 5965: 5935: 5624: 5614: 4969: 4908: 4898: 4895:"Free-dom: United States of Banana and the Limits of Sovereignty," POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, LOVERS 4867: 4832: 4822: 4717: 4680: 4589: 4559: 4553: 4416: 4410: 4218: 4201: 4125: 4108: 3898: 3890: 3761: 3685: 3422: 3414: 3043: 2934: 2844: 2784: 2644: 2612: 2601: 2545: 2495: 2482: 2222: 2198: 2168: 2156: 2112: 2042: 1976: 1780: 1688: 1648:

productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States. Movies like

1624: 1320: 1130:. More recent Latin American philosophers who practice Latina/o or Latino philosophy include: 1036: 969: 942: 894: 873: 854: 844: 351: 239: 219: 152: 82: 5773: 4674: 4583: 2078:. The first novel to be written and published in Latin America is generally considered to be 6016: 5869: 5825: 5606: 4859: 4709: 4170: 4077: 4030: 3709: 3705: 3524: 3501: 3485: 3366: 3337: 3129: 3115: 2974: 2379: 2188: 2176: 2140: 2084: 1954: 1946: 1740: 1638: 1630: 1547: 1537: 1229: 1217: 1191: 1159: 1155: 1075: 1008: 957: 938: 811: 780: 676: 549:

and Uruguay, German in southern Brazil and southern Chile, and Welsh in southern Argentina.

474: 437: 215: 197: 193: 181: 144: 94: 55: 3413:. Colombians had a period of almost 50 years of relative peace interrupted only by a short 2344: 1401:, and the various styles of music from Pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the 1083: 948:

Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling

883: 448: 6615: 6048: 5842: 5463: 4483: 3960: 3882: 3558: 3401:

creating a new ethno-racial group in society. This mix also created a fusion of cultures.

3023: 2986: 2929: 2911: 2684: 2630: 2519: 2452: 2290: 2254: 2213: 2206: 1989: 1903: 1752: 1579: 1571: 1339: 1292: 1102:

in England exerted an influence on intellectuals, experts and writers in the region.

1099: 596: 430: 410: 231: 223: 185: 174: 156: 47: 43: 4700:

Zamora, Lois Parkinson (1992). "The Magical Tables of Isabel Allende and Remedios Varo".

3606: 3513: 3107: 2999:

in the pre-Columbian era. As such, many of the traditions date back to Incan traditions.

2765: 2764:

Guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of Santa Catarina Palopó on

2733: 2294: 1578:

who focus on more universal themes and characters. Other important Mexican directors are

5227:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, Eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 95. 3561:. Following the rise of political literature during the War of Independence, Venezuelan 4035: 4020: 3916: 3749: 3725: 3667: 3578: 3377: 3167: 2865: 2800: 2309: 2258: 2225:. Music was an expression of Mexican nationalism, beginning in the nineteenth century. 2164: 2160: 2132: 2120: 1934: 1872: 1663: 1597: 1541: 1470: 1458: 1335: 1316: 1163: 1147: 1131: 965: 953: 929: 920: 791: 779:. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the 656: 612: 608: 426: 391: 347: 343: 319:. Many Latin American countries also have a substantial tri-racial population known as 293: 209: 166: 114: 98: 59: 17: 3983: 3770: 2749:, considered the first poet-playwright of colonial Central America, and the historian 2554: 2370:) are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renown names like 6663: 6121: 5721: 5240: 4879: 4162: 4069: 3906: 3886: 3745: 3741: 3693: 3641: 3536: 3528: 3341: 3099: 3079: 3039: 3003: 2925: 2788: 2422: 2321: 2104: 1994: 1927: 1923: 1884: 1876: 1868: 1756: 1728: 1697: 1612: 1560: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1439: 1374: 1236: 1195: 1135: 1127: 1095: 993: 961: 912: 859: 772: 604: 422: 379: 355: 331: 277: 235: 140:

The richness of Latin American culture is the product of many influences, including:

118: 35: 5206: 4174: 4081: 2760: 2328: 1708:

Ballroom studios teach lessons on many Latin American dances. One can even find the

5707:

Romero, Raúl. "La música tradicional y popular". In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir,

4040: 3717: 3137: 3059: 3051: 2910:. It is especially loud and celebrated during the Palo de Mayo festival in May The 2907: 2849: 2649: 2474: 2470: 2262: 2180: 2152: 1942: 1888: 1821: 1763: 1618: 1533: 1484: 1378: 1240: 1016: 949: 822: 790:

From the very moment of Europe's "discovery" of the continent, early explorers and

735: 584: 576: 395: 375: 304: 243: 170: 110: 86: 39: 5154:

Theatre in Latin America: Religion, Politics, and Culture from Cortés to the 1980s

5011: 893:

of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as

4343: 4264: 3569:, emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on 3340:

of the 16th century and its collision with Colombia's native civilizations (see:

2035:(Mexico City natives) are believed to be a bit aggressive and self-centered. The 2023:

traditional, but their collective personality cannot be generalized. People from

923:

do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably, the Boom's culmination was

303:

were brought to Latin America, especially to Brazil and the Caribbean. Nowadays,

6529: 5666: 5437: 5421: 5376:

Gerald Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.

4579: 4290:"Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region" 3818:

The Brazilian Comedy Theatre (Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia) was created in 1948

3729: 3562: 3532: 3517: 3349: 3235: 3095: 3091: 3064: 2996: 2903: 2773: 2491: 2478: 2458: 2317: 2278: 2184: 2172: 2128: 2092: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1721: 1679: 1643: 1505: 1435: 1370: 1362: 1346: 1331: 1312: 1276: 1115: 1111: 1064: 1048: 1035:

The history of Latin American philosophy is usefully divided into five periods:

1020: 973: 826: 795: 648: 588: 254: 130: 4863: 3650:

was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the

6564: 5628: 4912: 4793: 4316: 3948: 3932: 3618: 3465: 3357: 3160: 3142: 2938: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2738: 2696: 2657: 2503: 2391: 2367: 2363: 2229: 2136: 1907: 1713: 1423: 1288: 1091: 988:. Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic 934: 868: 849: 405:

In this same period, immigrants came from the Middle East and Asia, including

399: 281: 258: 189: 5225:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

4871: 4819:

Cuerpos errantes : literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos

4721: 3364:

system that favored European-born whites. After independence from Spain, the

3062:

are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of

1090:. Elsewhere in Latin America, during the 1870-1930 period, the philosophy of 6368: 4836: 4743: 4205: 4112: 3940: 3721: 3570: 3493: 3457: 3373: 3083: 2716: 2680: 2653: 2466: 2359: 2313: 2250: 1896: 1880: 1683: 1480: 1474: 1390: 1354: 1280: 1272: 1264: 1071: 977: 776: 620: 522: 510: 371: 367: 335: 308: 3028: 2383: 2194: 5699:

Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures

5610: 2933:

the most important in Spanish language, with world-famous writers such as

2902:. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of 2821: 1816: 1345:

Other musical genres of Latin America include the Argentine and Uruguayan

1243:, for example, includes the countries of western South America, typically 1086:'s (Cuba 1854–1895), who pioneered Cuban liberal thought that lead to the 6090: 5078:

Barteldes, Ernest (April 2007). "Jorge Drexler The Road From Hollywood".

5057: 4460: 3681: 3200: 3184: 2895: 2882:

More nationally identified, however, are musical instruments such as the

2829: 2486: 2355: 2266: 2028: 1911: 1852: 1748: 1701: 1382: 1358: 1296: 1284: 1244: 1213: 1052: 956:

to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as

814:

literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as Lizardi's

739: 636: 624: 518: 506: 4149:"Spotlight on Garifuna history and reparation with Jóse Francisco Ávila" 3632: 3394: 3042:

date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of

2914:

community exists in Nicaragua and is known for its popular music called

311:) make up the majority of the population in some countries, such as the 5595:

Satiric TV in the Americas: Critical Metatainment as Negotiated Dissent

4729: 3692:, is passionately followed. Famous Venezuelan baseball players include 3474: 3345: 3206: 3148: 3098:

became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of

3055: 2883: 2857: 2833: 2676: 2274: 1938: 1398: 1256: 1252: 1060: 911:(1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with 839: 652: 628: 530: 514: 502: 418: 359: 339: 289: 122: 113:

in areas such as California, Texas and Florida, which were part of the

66: 5601:

Jr., Robert Eli Sanchez (August 26, 2019). Sanchez, Robert Eli (ed.).

3188:. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the 5690:

Martin, Gerald. "Narrative since c. 1920". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

5515:

Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 243–245, 261–263.

4640: 4508:(Summer 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3902: 3557:

of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies; it was dominated by

3398: 3390: 3212: 3154: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2861: 2778: 2742: 2692: 2687:

of Afro-Caribbean descent, who are spread thinly on the northeastern

2270: 2024: 1915: 1864: 1856: 1736: 1402: 1394: 1386: 1366: 1350: 1300: 1212:

Latin American music comes in many varieties, from the simple, rural

1183: 1114:, aesthetics, and the philosophy of 'the Mexican'. Poet and essayist 706: 664: 632: 592: 526: 498: 387: 383: 247: 201: 126: 5192:

Pianca, Marina. "Postcolonial Discourse in Latin American Theatre".

4713: 4461:"DR1.com - Dominican Republic News & Travel Information Service" 4263:(in Spanish). Latinobarómetro. April 2014. p. 7. Archived from 4195: 4102: 2450:. Local news shows are modeled after American counterparts like the 821:

The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic

299:

Starting in the late 16th century, a large number of former African

5761: 4794:"Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi" 3926: 3631: 3623: 3469: 3439: 3372: 3361: 3190: 3178: 3172: 3068:

in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been

3027: 2915: 2820: 2759: 2624: 2595: 2401: 2343: 2327: 2253:

influenced instruments. Many traditional instruments, such as the

2245: 2241: 2233: 2193: 2041: 1988: 1980: 1919: 1892: 1860: 1848: 1815: 1717: 1687: 1528:

is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America.

1519: 1504: 1418: 1406: 1260: 1225: 976:. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of 562: 494: 447: 414: 406: 323:, whose ancestry is a mix of Amerindians, Europeans and Africans. 320: 316: 300: 134: 106: 105:

in the Caribbean and North America, as it ultimately derives from

5659:

Concha, Jaime. "Poetry, c. 1920–1950". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

5642:

Bayón, Damián. "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

4924: 4922: 2741:. It was declared a masterpiece of oral tradition of humanity by 246:. Mostly immigrants and indentured laborers who arrived from the 4769:"Preeminent Philosopher Linda Martin Alcoff to Speak at W&L" 4661:

Latin American Positivism: New Historical and Philosophic Essays

4528: 3418: 2499: 1825: 1410: 1308: 1248: 1118:(1914-1998) was a Mexican diplomat, and poet, and winner of the 1056: 933:(1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as 363: 6094: 5777: 5728:. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, 1993, vol. I, p. 340. 2799:

Pentecostalism has grown to become the predominant religion of

2691:, have their own distinct varieties of popular and folk music. 2629:

Fiambre, Guatemalan traditional dish, eaten on November 1, the

1303:, and Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean, including the 5196:. Vol. 41, No. 4, Theatre and Hegemony. (Dec., 1989), 515–523. 5095:"Latin music returns to America with wave of new pop starlets" 3978: 3765: 3397:. Blacks and indigenous people of Colombia also mixed to form 3229: 2549: 1067: 101:

speaking territories. Culturally, it could also encompass the

5694:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225. 5663:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260. 5646:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 393–454. 3573:

writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as

477:

is spoken in Puerto Rico and eighteen sovereign nations (See

27:

Formal and informal expression of the people of Latin America

5506:

Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 263–265.

3708:(current White Sox manager, World Series champion in 2005), 3336:

Many aspects of Colombian culture can be traced back to the

643:, and indigenous denominations and religions exist. Various 4437:"Federation Focus: Baseball is in Dominican Republic's DNA" 3447:, declared August 30, 1984, as a National Historic Landmark 5767: 5687:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45. 5605:. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 4897:. Pittsburgh: UNIV OF PITTSBURGH Press. pp. 133–154. 4296:. Pew Research Center, November 13, 2014. 13 November 2014 2728:. It is a vital document for understanding the culture of 276:

The population of Latin America is very diverse with many

2648:

interesting flavors. Many traditional foods are based on

2354:

Two of the major television networks based in Mexico are

5559: 5557: 5538: 5536: 5534: 3527:. Since the middle of the 20th century, artists such as 569:

Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida

5714:

Romero, Raúl. "Andean Peru". In: John Schechter (ed.),

4821:(1. ed.). Rosario, Argentina: B. Viterbo Editora. 3995: 3782: 3609:

was also an educator and intellectual. Others, such as

2566: 915:, though other important writers of the period such as 5524:

Peixoto, Fernando; Susana Epstein; Richard Schechner.

5412:

Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.

5394:

Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 178–179.

5385:

Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152.

5120:

Theatre of Crisis: Drama and Politics in Latin America

4588:. Translated by Margaret Sayers Peden. Belknap Press. 2031:, people have the fame of being outgoing and liberal. 1138:(1948-), and Susana Nuccetelli (1954) from Argentina; 571:

is the second largest in the world, after only of the

34:

is the formal or informal expression of the people of

4616:"Teaching Women's History: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" 2660:, which are nothing like their Mexican counterparts. 1847:

Some items typical of Latin American cuisine include

5130: 5128: 5122:. University Press of Kentucky (Lexington: 1991). 23 4488:

History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

4021:

Culture and society in the Spanish Colonial Americas

2325:

short weekend trips to a neighbouring city or town.

2091:

Other notable Mexican writers include poets such as

6580: 6498: 6439: 6381: 6331: 6324: 6300: 6240: 6189: 6138: 6129: 5992: 5974: 5926: 5811: 5764:

Magazine exploring Latin American music and culture

5718:. New York: Schirmer Books, 1999, pp. 383–423. 5716:

Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition

5711:. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, 1985, pp. 215–283. 3885:in 1922. Artists who have excelled in 20th century 3260:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3072:and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. 2675:is diverse. Guatemala's national instrument is the 1801:Progression in Postcolonial Latin American Theatre 872:emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was 5403:Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253. 5367:Damián Bayón, "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980", pp. 425–428. 4344:"Education and Religious Freedom in Latin America" 2941:literary movement at the end of the 19th century. 493:are spoken in many Latin American nations, mainly 5701:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 5156:. Cambridge University Press (New York: 1993) 56. 4659:Gregory D. Gilson, and Irving W. Levinson, eds. 4412:Sport in Latin American Society: Past and Present 2070:. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include 655:, a tribal- voodoo religion, are also practiced. 583:The primary religion throughout Latin America is 196:(particular the southeast and southern regions), 4552:Lawrence A. Clayton; Michael L. Conniff (2004). 3662:. Other notable architectural works include the 3380:, a historical and cultural landmark of Colombia 595:, were active in developing the quasi-socialist 5726:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 5528:. TDR (1988), Vol. 34, No. 1. (Spring, 1990) 61 3931:Holy week, Ouro Preto-MG, 2010. Chrome. Photo: 2737:the Rabinal festival of January 25, the day of 2600:The fountain of "Nuestra Señora de la Merced", 85:languages, which can trace their origin to the 4523: 4521: 4261:"Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco" 3628:The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex in Caracas 1216:music of northern Mexico to the sophisticated 6106: 5789: 4397:English-Speaking Communities in Latin America 3688:are Venezuela's most popular sports, and the 3046:. The Incas maintained these crafts and made 1558:of those years. More recently movies such as 8: 4965:Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music 4223:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4130:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2498:is practiced at the major universities like 2285:. Notable musicians and songwriters include 534:dialect without knowing any other language. 6082:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics. 3811:no productions in Brazil during this time. 3050:achievements including the construction of 6586: 6443: 6387: 6328: 6304: 6135: 6113: 6099: 6091: 5805:Culture of Latin America and the Caribbean 5796: 5782: 5774: 5770:Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture 4676:The Politics of Expertise in Latin America 4673:Miguel A. Centeno; Patricio Silva (1998). 4163:"List of Disappeared Hondurans. N.d. 2 pp" 4070:"List of Disappeared Hondurans. N.d. 2 pp" 3881:Modern painting in Brazil was born during 2414:or "A hundred Mexicans said" in Spanish), 1235:Latin America can be divided into several 65:Definitions of Latin America vary. From a 5267:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 5033:"Daddy Yankee leads the reggaeton charge" 3320:Learn how and when to remove this message 1487:, is popular in Latin America today (see 4641:"BIOGRAPHY – FIU Jose Marti Celebration" 3078:has its roots in the oral traditions of 734: 545:Other European languages spoken include 284:descendants are of mixed race ancestry. 5724:. "Charango". In: Stanley Sadie (ed.), 5526:Brazilian Theatre and National Identity 5475:Raúl Romero, "Andean Peru", p. 385–386. 5219:Marco Velázquez and Mary Kay Vaughan, " 4506:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4051: 2894:and guitarrilla (a small guitar like a 2432:and others. Nationwide news shows like 2167:. Contemporary Mexican authors include 1755:, and, probably most recognizable, the 1526:Guadalajara International Film Festival 980:, texts produced in collaboration with 155:origin, which is ultimately related to 5678:Latin American art of the 20th century 5453:Embassy of Peru in the United States, 5356:Latin American art of the 20th century 5223:and Musical Nationalism in Mexico" in 4744:"Works by Ofelia Schutte - PhilPapers" 4500:Gracia, Jorge; Vargas, Manuel (2018), 4216: 4123: 3581:. Major writers and novelists include 2438:on Televisa resemble a hybrid between 2201:in the traditional China Poblana dress 1019:(1971), the Mexican poet and essayist 718:Latin America–United Kingdom relations 280:and different ancestries. Most of the 5235: 5233: 4441:World Baseball Softball Confederation 3821:Oswald de Andrade wrote three plays; 2751:Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán 1110:(Mexico, 1882–1959) whose work spans 783:-speaking population of Peru and the 7: 5603:Latin American and Latinx Philosophy 5097:. The Michigan Daily. Archived from 4143: 4141: 3720:(an eleven-time Gold Glove winner), 3428:Bogotá, the principal city, was the 3258:adding citations to reliable sources 661:world's largest Christian population 452:Romance languages in Latin America: 50:origin, but have various degrees of 5692:A cultural history of Latin America 5685:A cultural history of Latin America 5661:A cultural history of Latin America 5644:A cultural history of Latin America 5056:. Leadership Medica. Archived from 4991:"Clave: The African Roots of Salsa" 4533:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4409:Lamartine Pereira da Costa (2002). 3640:, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by 3531:, Régulo Perez, Pedro León Zapata, 2103:, as well as prose writers such as 1094:or "cientificismo" associated with 591:. Latin America, and in particular 485:is spoken primarily in Brazil (See 212:(particularly the northern region). 117:. More recently, in cities such as 5680:. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993. 5497:Thomas Turino, "Charango", p. 340. 4679:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. 3106:movement produced such writers as 3032:Marinera norteña, a Peruvian dance 1933:Desserts in Latin America include 1820:Gold maize. Moche culture 300 AD, 1536:, led by the Argentine filmmakers 1438:and guitar work of the Venezuelan 25: 4893:Mendoza de Jesus, Ronald (2020). 4585:Sor Juana: Or, the Traps of Faith 4555:A History of Modern Latin America 4415:. Psychology Press. p. 165. 4315:Travis Kitchens (June 21, 2010). 3748:(a two-time unanimously selected 3102:. In the early 20th century, the 2080:José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi 866:At the turn of the 20th century, 73:. This would include areas where 5917: 5897:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5673:. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003. 5597:. Oxford University Press, 2018. 4930:"History of Latino/a Philosophy" 4365:"The Global Religious Landscape" 4249:Christians – Pew Research Center 3982: 3769: 3690:Venezuela national football team 3234: 2553: 2088:(serialized from 1816 to 1831). 2046:A late 18th-century painting of 1330:Latino-Caribbean music, such as 1295:includes the Caribbean coast of 1220:of Cuba, from the symphonies of 1023:(1990), and the Peruvian writer 1011:(1945), the Guatemalan novelist 479:Spanish language in the Americas 4323:from the original on 2021-12-21 4175:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1226-0119 4082:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1226-0119 3672:Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex 3652:Central University of Venezuela 3496:took over in the 20th century. 3245:needs additional citations for 2508:National Basketball Association 1594:1976–1983 military dictatorship 1003:: in addition to the Colombian 5265:"Native Theatre: El Gueguense" 4370:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 4238:Facts of Basilica of Aparecida 3901:. Portinari was influenced by 3676:General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge 3605:. The great poet and humanist 1489:Spanish language rock and roll 1007:(1982), also the Chilean poet 794:produced written accounts and 767:List of Latin American writers 272:Ethnic groups in Latin America 42:(literature and high art) and 1: 5637:Art of colonial Latin America 5343:Art of colonial Latin America 5330:Art of colonial Latin America 4817:Loustau, Laura Rosa. (2002). 4504:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4167:Human Rights Documents online 4074:Human Rights Documents online 2787:combined with the indigenous 2465:Mexico's national sports are 1158:(1953) from Puerto Rico; and 6407:Central banks and currencies 5290:"El Güegüense o Macho Ratón" 3617:, contributed to Venezuelan 3040:Peruvian artistic traditions 798:of their experience—such as 6364:Liberalism and conservatism 5671:The Art of Peruvian Cuisine 5466:. Retrieved on May 15, 2007 5442:The Art of Peruvian Cuisine 5426:The Art of Peruvian Cuisine 4989:Dr. Christopher Washburne. 4767:Cline, Julie (2014-03-11). 4529:"Latin American Philosophy" 4502:"Latin American Philosophy" 3951:have received recognition. 3460:culture has been shaped by 3194:, a percussion instrument. 2219:indigenous people of Mexico 1078:. Among the most prominent 689:Category:Brazilian folklore 374:) and, to a lesser extent, 6701: 6359:International peacekeeping 6166:Latin American integration 5751:Latino History and Culture 5635:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. 4968:. ABC-CLIO. p. xvii. 4864:10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2 4558:. Wadsworth. p. 112. 3964: 3958: 3955:The Río de la Plata region 3759: 3553:originated soon after the 3498:Notable Venezuelan artists 3450: 3445:Instituto Arnoldo Gabaldón 3269:"Culture of Latin America" 3223: 3122:, a leading member of the 3021: 2968: 2962: 2814: 2702: 2662: 2618: 2589: 2523: 2517: 2204: 2159:, and playwrights such as 2053: 1974: 1851:-based dishes and drinks ( 1836: 1677: 1498: 1483:, including many forms of 1205: 764: 758: 715: 704: 701:Category:Peruvian folklore 698: 692: 686: 680: 674: 556: 269: 6639: 6589: 6446: 6390: 6307: 6072: 5915: 5652:Belaunde, Víctor Andrés. 5341:Gauvin Alexander Bailey, 2928:times with the myths and 2109:Ignacio Manuel Altamirano 2076:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 2050:, Mexican poet and writer 2048:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 2015:The Labyrinth of Solitude 1985:La Marcha de la Humanidad 1608:Argentine economic crisis 1224:to the simple and moving 1168:Puerto Rican independence 1120:Nobel Prize in Literature 1088:Cuban War of Independence 1045:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1015:(1967), the Chilean poet 825:'s words), novels in the 808:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 761:Latin American literature 695:Category:Mexican folklore 559:Religion in Latin America 6670:Culture of Latin America 6079: 5639:. London: Phaidon, 2005. 5312:Víctor Andrés Belaunde, 4792:Aldama, Frederick Luis. 4026:Culture of South America 3611:Laureano Vallenilla Lanz 2336:, patron saint of Mexico 2304:Mexicans in places like 1415:European classical music 945:were also rediscovered. 804:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 744:1916 American occupation 32:culture of Latin America 6594:Countries by population 6151:Portuguese colonization 5753:Smithsonian Institution 5456:The Peruvian Gastronomy 5326:Gauvin Alexander Bailey 4962:Torres, George (2013). 4663:(Lexington Books; 2012) 3706:Oswaldo (Ozzie) Guillén 3702:David (Dave) Concepción 3565:, notably expounded by 3545:Mercedes Elena Gonzalez 3348:). The Spanish brought 2922:Literature of Nicaragua 2825:Celebrating the annual 1430:The classical composer 1174:, debt, and “feardom”. 1047:(Mexico, 1651–1695), a 816:El Periquillo Sarniento 603:. Practitioners of the 573:Basilica of Saint Peter 18:Latin American folklore 6675:Latin American studies 6468:Latin American studies 5757:Archaeology of Ecuador 5739:Latin American Culture 5012:"Guide to Latin Music" 4702:Comparative Literature 4346:. Princeton University 3936: 3909:and is the painter of 3895:Emiliano Di Cavalcanti 3823:The King of the Candle 3648:Carlos Raúl Villanueva 3644: 3629: 3448: 3381: 3090:. After independence, 3033: 2837: 2768: 2633: 2604: 2530:Culture of El Salvador 2435:Las Noticias por Adela 2351: 2349:Mexican Stock Exchange 2337: 2244:as trumpets and their 2202: 2051: 2001: 1986: 1879:and other condiments ( 1839:Latin American cuisine 1833:Latin American cuisine 1829: 1693: 1529: 1514: 1269:Central American music 1208:Music of Latin America 1080:political philosophers 999:The region boasts six 905:Gabriel García Márquez 747: 580: 471: 421:, and, more recently, 292:. Even Latin American 163:Pre-Columbian cultures 103:French derived culture 5887:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5676:Lucie-Smith, Edward. 5611:10.4324/9781315100401 5581:Piexoto, Fernando. 66 5572:Piexoto, Fernando. 65 5563:Peixoto, Fernando. 63 5551:Peixoto, Fernando. 62 5542:Peixoto, Fernando. 61 5358:, pp. 76–77, 145–146. 4993:. University of Salsa 4395:Oliver Marshall, ed. 4317:"Chomsky on Religion" 3965:Further information: 3959:Further information: 3930: 3831:The Man and the Horse 3698:Baseball Hall of Fame 3635: 3627: 3595:Adriano González León 3567:Juan Vicente González 3551:Venezuelan literature 3443: 3376: 3031: 2969:Further information: 2963:Further information: 2827:"Alegría por la vida" 2824: 2763: 2730:pre-Columbian America 2711:Guatemalan literature 2705:Guatemalan literature 2628: 2599: 2526:Culture of Costa Rica 2524:Further information: 2518:Further information: 2412:100 Mexicanos Dijeron 2347: 2334:Our Lady of Guadalupe 2331: 2197: 2045: 1992: 1984: 1819: 1691: 1523: 1508: 1501:Latin American cinema 1082:in Latin America was 1013:Miguel Ángel Asturias 738: 716:Further information: 699:Further information: 693:Further information: 687:Further information: 681:Further information: 675:Further information: 566: 451: 440:in American English. 6422:Water and sanitation 6146:Spanish colonization 5745:Mexican Celebrations 5709:La música en el Perú 5354:Edward Lucie-Smith, 5054:"Heitor Villa-Lobos" 4331:– via YouTube. 3967:Culture of Argentina 3807:and Arthur Azevedo. 3490:Martín Tovar y Tovar 3453:Culture of Venezuela 3411:Republic of Colombia 3254:improve this article 3196:Peruvian folk dances 3088:religious literature 2991:Culture of Venezuela 2877:José de la Cruz Mena 2817:Culture of Nicaragua 2639:cuisine of Guatemala 2621:cuisine of Guatemala 2609:culture of Guatemala 2592:Culture of Guatemala 2542:Culture of Nicaragua 2534:Culture of Guatemala 2299:José Alfredo Jiménez 2287:José Mariano Elízaga 2145:Jorge Ibargüengoitia 2072:Juan Ruiz de Alarcón 2063:literature of Mexico 1668:Tomás Gutiérrez Alea 1154:(1955) from Panama; 1144:Gustavo Pérez Firmat 909:Cien años de soledad 647:traditions, such as 491:Amerindian languages 487:Brazilian Portuguese 81:, and various other 6680:Folklore by country 6156:French colonization 5909:Trinidad and Tobago 5821:Antigua and Barbuda 5741:Library of Congress 5093:The Baltimore Sun. 4620:Women at the Center 3971:Culture of Paraguay 3696:(inducted into the 3656:World Heritage Site 3603:Mariano Picón Salas 3591:Arturo Uslar Pietri 3226:Culture of Colombia 3124:Latin American Boom 3112:José María Arguedas 3076:Peruvian literature 2979:Culture of Colombia 2854:British possessions 2538:Culture of Honduras 2429:Saturday Night Live 2101:Ramón López Velarde 2097:Xavier Villaurrutia 1442:and the Paraguayan 1405:region. In Brazil, 1172:financial terrorism 1152:Linda Martín Alcoff 645:Afro-Latin American 617:Jehovah's Witnesses 601:Liberation Theology 328:European immigrants 89:spoken in the late 6685:Folklore by region 6490:Race and ethnicity 6456:Illegal drug trade 5860:Dominican Republic 5762:Sounds and Colours 5656:. Lima: BCR, 1983. 5486:Music of El Dorado 5462:2007-05-21 at the 5183:Taylor, Diana. 23. 5174:Taylor, Diana. 29. 5134:Taylor, Diana. 28. 5035:. Associated Press 4490:(2016), pp. 21–21. 4377:on 25 January 2017 3994:. You can help by 3975:Culture of Uruguay 3937: 3835:O Homem e o Cavalo 3781:. You can help by 3645: 3630: 3599:Miguel Otero Silva 3587:Teresa de la Parra 3575:Andrés Eloy Blanco 3559:Spanish influences 3541:Patricia Van Dalen 3449: 3430:World Book Capital 3382: 3120:Mario Vargas Llosa 3034: 2983:Culture of Ecuador 2971:Culture of Bolivia 2841:Nicaraguan culture 2838: 2769: 2747:Juana de Maldonado 2672:music of Guatemala 2665:music of Guatemala 2634: 2605: 2565:. You can help by 2388:Gael García Bernal 2352: 2338: 2203: 2095:(Nobel Laureate), 2056:Mexican literature 2052: 2002: 1987: 1830: 1694: 1603:The Official Story 1584:Guillermo del Toro 1530: 1515: 1451:Atahualpa Yupanqui 1432:Heitor Villa-Lobos 1305:Dominican Republic 1222:Heitor Villa-Lobos 1150:(1944) from Cuba; 1140:Jorge J. E. Gracia 1072:New Spain (Mexico) 1025:Mario Vargas Llosa 1001:Nobel Prizewinners 925:Augusto Roa Bastos 917:Mario Vargas Llosa 748: 683:Colombian folklore 599:movement known as 581: 472: 313:Dominican Republic 242:and various other 38:and includes both 6657: 6656: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6435: 6434: 6427:Wealth inequality 6377: 6376: 6349:Drug legalization 6344:Conservative wave 6320: 6319: 6296: 6295: 6273:League of Nations 6241:Foreign relations 6088: 6087: 5165:Taylor, Diana. 1. 4904:978-0-8229-4618-2 4012: 4011: 3945:Sebastião Salgado 3915:, a panel at the 3899:Candido Portinari 3891:Tarsila do Amaral 3799: 3798: 3762:Culture of Brazil 3521:Jesús-Rafael Soto 3421:over the town of 3330: 3329: 3322: 3304: 3044:Pre-Inca cultures 2924:can be traced to 2785:Roman Catholicism 2722:Francisco Ximénez 2645:Antigua Guatemala 2602:Antigua Guatemala 2583: 2582: 2546:Culture of Panama 2496:American football 2483:football (soccer) 2397:Y tu mamá también 2157:Fernando del Paso 2117:Juan José Arreola 2113:Nellie Campobello 1977:Culture of Mexico 1961:Regional cultures 1781:cultural hegemony 1651:Central do Brasil 1625:El abrazo partido 1576:Fernando Eimbicke 1567:Y tu mamá también 1511:Cineteca Nacional 1385:, the Panamanian 984:subjects such as 943:Jorge Luis Borges 855:Euclides da Cunha 835:Domingo Sarmiento 589:Roman Catholicism 547:Italian in Brazil 326:Large numbers of 71:late Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 6692: 6611:Spanish language 6587: 6444: 6388: 6329: 6305: 6171:Great Depression 6136: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6080: 5921: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5706: 5651: 5632: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5245:Encyclopedia.com 5237: 5228: 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4476: 4452: 4428: 4421: 4401: 4388: 4356: 4342:Paul Sigmund. 4334: 4307: 4281: 4270:on 10 May 2015 4252: 4241: 4230: 4186: 4154: 4137: 4093: 4061: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036:Arts by region 4033: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009: 3989: 3987: 3956: 3953: 3925: 3924: 3917:United Nations 3879: 3878: 3850:A Bride's Gown 3839:The Dead Woman 3804: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3774: 3760:Main article: 3757: 3754: 3750:Cy Young Award 3726:Miguel Cabrera 3668:Baralt Theatre 3486:Venezuelan art 3451:Main article: 3437: 3434: 3415:armed conflict 3378:Villa de Leyva 3360:system, and a 3354:African slaves 3328: 3327: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3224:Main article: 3221: 3218: 3168:Peruvian music 3132:is a blend of 3022:Main article: 3019: 3016: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2866:Cayman Islands 2815:Main article: 2812: 2809: 2801:Guatemala City 2791:is the unique 2703:Main article: 2663:Main article: 2619:Main article: 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2560: 2558: 2515: 2512: 2283:música norteña 2259:Mariachi music 2205:Main article: 2199:Jarabe Tapatío 2169:Álvaro Enrigue 2165:Rodolfo Usigli 2161:Maruxa Vilalta 2133:Mariano Azuela 2121:Carlos Fuentes 2054:Main article: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1935:dulce de leche 1875:) and various 1873:chicha de jora 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1798:the Americas. 1771: 1768: 1716:country bars. 1712:being done in 1675: 1672: 1657:Cidade de Deus 1548:Mexican movies 1542:Octavio Getino 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1471:Caetano Veloso 1421:combined into 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1164:Walter Mignolo 1148:Ofelia Schutte 1132:Walter Mignolo 1128:Remedios Varos 1098:in France and 1032: 1029: 1005:García Márquez 970:Roberto Bolaño 966:Ricardo Piglia 954:Isabel Allende 930:Yo, el supremo 927:'s monumental 921:Carlos Fuentes 895:Julio Cortázar 845:Juan León Mera 802:'s letters or 792:conquistadores 787:of Guatemala. 759:Main article: 756: 753: 728: 725: 713: 710: 672: 669: 657:Evangelicalism 597:Roman Catholic 587:(90%), mostly 557:Main article: 554: 551: 445: 442: 270:Main article: 267: 264: 263: 262: 251: 213: 178: 160: 115:Spanish Empire 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6697: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Ethnic groups 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6288:United States 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Environmental 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6122:Latin America 6116: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6083: 6077:not included. 6076: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6033:French Guiana 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5994:South America 5991: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 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5266: 5260: 5257: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5101:on 2005-08-30 5100: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5080:Global Rhythm 5074: 5071: 5060:on 2006-08-11 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4975:9780313087943 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4828:950-845-118-1 4824: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4686:9780312210267 4682: 4678: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4597: 4595:9780674821064 4591: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4565:9780534621582 4561: 4557: 4556: 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3836: 3832: 3828: 3827:O Rei da Vela 3824: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3777:This section 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746:Johan Santana 3743: 3742:Ugueth Urbina 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710:Freddy Garcia 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:Luis Aparicio 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3642:Eloy Palacios 3639: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537:Mateo Manaure 3534: 3530: 3529:Jacobo Borges 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3406:to this day. 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3356:, the feudal 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3324: 3321: 3313: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: – 3270: 3266: 3265:Find sources: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3243:This article 3241: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:César Vallejo 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Ricardo Palma 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:pre-Columbian 3077: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:architectural 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3004:Gran Colombia 3000: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2965:Andean states 2959:Andean states 2958: 2954:South America 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2926:pre-Columbian 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Maya religion 2786: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2561:This section 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2423:American Idol 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Amparo Dávila 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:Agustín Yáñez 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:Alfonso Reyes 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2037:regiomontanos 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1983: 1978: 1970: 1966:North America 1965: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1928:aguas frescas 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:pico de gallo 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:chicha morada 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1613:Plata Quemada 1609: 1606:in 1985. The 1605: 1604: 1599: 1598:Academy Award 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1561:Amores Perros 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Jorge Negrete 1464: 1463:Mercedes Sosa 1460: 1456: 1455:Violeta Parra 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440:Antonio Lauro 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377:, Nicaraguan 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1317:Spanish music 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:musical areas 1233: 1231: 1230:nueva canción 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1196:decoloniality 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Maria Lugones 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Auguste Comte 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:Pre-Columbian 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 994:Pedro Lemebel 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:Diamela Eltit 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:magic realism 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 880: 875: 871: 870: 864: 862: 861: 856: 852: 851: 846: 842: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 768: 762: 754: 752: 745: 741: 737: 733: 726: 724: 719: 711: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 670: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 578: 574: 570: 565: 560: 552: 550: 548: 543: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 469: 464:-Portuguese; 463: 457: 450: 443: 441: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:Southern Cone 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 285: 283: 279: 278:ethnic groups 273: 266:Ethnic groups 265: 260: 256: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36:Latin America 33: 19: 6582:Demographics 6499: 6176:World War II 6081: 6075:Dependencies 6032: 5903:Sint Maarten 5902: 5880: 5848: 5826: 5725: 5715: 5708: 5705:(in Spanish) 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5667:Custer, Tony 5660: 5653: 5650:(in Spanish) 5643: 5636: 5602: 5594: 5588:Bibliography 5577: 5568: 5547: 5525: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5488:, pp. 17–22. 5485: 5484:Dale Olsen, 5480: 5471: 5455: 5449: 5444:, pp. 25–38. 5441: 5433: 5428:, pp. 17–22. 5425: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5355: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5332:, pp. 72–74. 5329: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5297:. 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