62:
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worldwide, with 1.5–2.0 million new cases each year. The visceral form of leishmaniasis has an estimated incidence of 500,000 new cases. In 2014, more than 90% of new cases reported to WHO occurred in six countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan. As of 2010, it caused about 52,000 deaths, down from 87,000 in 1990. Different types of the disease occur in different regions of the world. Cutaneous disease is most common in
Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, and Iran, while mucocutaneous disease is most common in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru, and visceral disease is most common in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, and Sudan.
4035:
948:
2695:
523:
753:. Occasionally, amastigotes may be seen lying free between cells. However, the retrieval of tissue samples is often painful for the patient and identification of the infected cells can be difficult. So, other indirect immunological methods of diagnosis are developed, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antigen-coated dipsticks, and direct agglutination test. Although these tests are readily available, they are not the standard diagnostic tests due to their insufficient sensitivity and specificity.
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721:
826:
432:
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1038:
Out of 200 countries and territories reporting to WHO, 97 countries and territories are endemic for leishmaniasis. The settings in which leishmaniasis is found range from rainforests in
Central and South America to deserts in western Asia and the Middle East. It affects as many as 12 million people
1122:, is also home to cases of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is considered endemic also in some parts of southern parts of western Europe and spreading towards north in recent years. For example, an outbreak of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis was reported from Madrid, Spain, between 2010 and 2012.
566:
species is involved. These differing tissue specificities cause the differing clinical manifestations of the various forms of leishmaniasis. Sandflies become infected during blood meals on infected hosts when they ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes. In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites
2322:
Ayisa
Rodrigues de Oliveira, Guilherme Rafael Gomide Pinheiro, Herlandes P. Tinoco, Maria Elvira Loyola, Carlyle Mendes Coelho, Edelberto Santos Dias, Érika Michalsky Monteiro, Fabiana de Oliveira Lara e Silva, Angela Tinoco Pessanha, Andreza Geisiane Maia Souza, Nathália Cristina Lima Pereira,
764:
DNA. With this assay, a specific and sensitive diagnostic procedure is finally possible. The most sensitive PCR tests use minicircle kinetoplast DNA found in the parasite. Kinetoplast DNA contains sequences for mitochondrial proteins in its maxicircles(~25–50 per parasite), and guide RNA in its
406:
About 4 to 12 million people are currently infected in some 98 countries. About 2 million new cases and between 20 and 50 thousand deaths occur each year. About 200 million people in Asia, Africa, South and
Central America, and southern Europe live in areas where the disease is common. The
1391:
is also actively facilitating the search for novel therapeutics. A treatment with paromomycin will cost about US$ 10. The drug had originally been identified in the 1950s, but had been abandoned because it would not be profitable, as the disease mostly affects poor people. The
765:
minicircles(~10'000 per parasite) of the kinetoplast. With this specific method, one can still detect
Leishmania even with a very low parasite load. When needing to diagnose a specific species of Leishmania, as opposed to only detection, other PCR methods have been superior.
748:
7.2) for 20 minutes. Amastigotes are seen within blood and spleen monocytes or, less commonly, in circulating neutrophils and in aspirated tissue macrophages. They are small, round bodies 2–4 μm in diameter with indistinct cytoplasm, a nucleus, and a small, rod-shaped
1089:
army, operating in the jungles near the south of the country (in particular around the Meta and
Guaviare departments), were infected with leishmaniasis. Allegedly, a contributing factor was that many of the affected soldiers did not use the officially provided
768:
Most forms of the disease are transmitted only from nonhuman animals, but some can be spread between humans. Infections in humans are caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals; the different species look the same, but they can be differentiated by
345:. The cutaneous form presents with skin ulcers, while the mucocutaneous form presents with ulcers of the skin, mouth, and nose. The visceral form starts with skin ulcers and later presents with fever, low red blood cell count, and enlarged spleen and liver.
1102:, partly due to bad sanitation and waste left uncollected in streets, allowing parasite-spreading sand flies an environment they find favorable. In Kabul, the number of people infected was estimated to be at least 200,000, and in three other towns (
613:
has unique features with respect to the regulation of gene expression in response to changes in the environment. The new knowledge from these studies may help identify new targets for urgently needed drugs and aid the development of vaccines.
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4103:
871:
The evidence around the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is poor. A number of topical treatments may be used for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Which treatments are effective depends on the strain, with topical paromomycin effective for
790:
Using insect repellent to exposed skin and under the ends of sleeves and pant legs. Follow the instructions on the label of the repellent. The most effective repellents generally are those that contain the chemical DEET
375:. Other measures include spraying insecticides to kill sandflies and treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread. The treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of
1114:) about 70,000 more occurred, according to WHO figures from 2002. Kabul is estimated as the largest center of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the world, with around 67,500 cases as of 2004. Africa, in particular the
1094:
because of its disturbing odor. Nearly 13,000 cases of the disease were recorded in all of
Colombia throughout 2004, and about 360 new instances of the disease among soldiers had been reported in February 2005.
2599:
Custodio E, López-Alcalde J, Herrero M, Bouza C, Jimenez C, Storcksdieck
Genannt Bonsmann S, Mouratidou T, López-Cuadrado T, Benito A, Alvar J, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2018).
1771:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
4544:
3033:
1722:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
802:
with 1.2mm mesh will provide a limited reduction in the number of sandfly bites. Finer mesh sizes have the downside of higher cost and reduced air circulation which can cause overheating. Many
3305:
van Thiel PP, Leenstra T, de Vries HJ, van der Sluis A, van Gool T, Krull AC, van Vugt M, de Vries PJ, Zeegelaar JE, Bart A, van der Meide WF, Schallig HD, Faber WR, Kager PA (December 2010).
4061:
632:) in the New World, a 2003 study by Galati suggested a new classification for New World sand flies, elevating several subgenera to the genus level. Elsewhere in the world, the genus
1444:
Currently some effective leishmaniasis vaccines for dogs exist. There is also consideration that public health practices can control or eliminate leishmaniasis without a vaccine.
1288:
sore, and in 1898 published the first accurate description of the causative agent, correctly described the parasite's relation to host tissues and correctly referred it to the
3977:"First-in-class pyrido[2,3- d ]pyrimidine-2,4(1 H ,3 H )-diones against leishmaniasis and tuberculosis: Rationale, in vitro, ex vivo studies and mechanistic insights"
3002:
2803:
1292:. However, because his results were published in Russian in a journal with low circulation, his results were not internationally acknowledged during his lifetime. In 1901,
3190:
736:
preparations of peripheral blood or aspirates from marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or skin lesions should be spread on a slide to make a thin smear and stained with
490:('black fever') is the most serious form, and is generally fatal if untreated. Other consequences, which can occur a few months to years after infection, include
61:
2733:
2072:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1687:
2979:
3041:
333:, and occurs most frequently in the tropics and sub-tropics of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and southern Europe. The disease can present in three main ways:
4229:
2961:
3266:
919:
There are no studies determining the effect of oral nutritional supplements on visceral leishmaniasis being treated with anti-leishmanial drug therapy.
3307:"Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania major infection) in Dutch troops deployed in northern Afghanistan: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and treatment"
3741:
3216:
453:
is the most common form, which causes an open sore at each bite site, which heals in a few months to a year and half, leaving an unpleasant-looking
1133:
outside a small number of cases, mostly in instances where troops are stationed away from their home countries. Leishmaniasis has been reported by
3081:
1388:
927:
3101:"A summary of the evidence for the change in European distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of public health importance"
2137:
Ejazi SA, Ali N (January 2013). "Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects".
1720:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury
Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
3234:
1487:
1067:
216:
3379:
2391:
2249:
2219:
798:
or insect repellent while sleeping. To provide good protection against sandflies, fine mesh sizes of 0.6 mm or less are required, but a
368:. All three types can be diagnosed by seeing the parasites under microscopy. Additionally, visceral disease can be diagnosed by blood tests.
1769:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
1262:
856:, an oral medication, is effective against both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Side effects are generally mild, though it can cause
654:
fecal samples and in a study of fifty-two captive non-human primates under zoo captivity in a leishmaniasis endemic area, eight (all three
700:, but occasionally these species may cause other forms of disease. The cutaneous form of the disease is caused by more than 15 species of
852:. In Africa, a combination of pentavalent antimonials and paromomycin is recommended. These, however, can have significant side effects.
4406:
2929:
3763:
2880:"Climate change and risk of leishmaniasis in north america: predictions from ecological niche models of vector and reservoir species"
2188:
3289:
1376:
3010:
2807:
1257:
pottery depicting skin lesions and deformed faces dating back to the first century CE. Some 15th- and 16th-century texts from the
514:; the organ, which is not normally felt during examination of the abdomen, may even become larger than the liver in severe cases.
1570:
4066:
3194:
4222:
3975:
Ramesh D, Sarkar D, Joji A, Singh M, Mohanty AK, G Vijayakumar B, Chatterjee M, Sriram D, Muthuvel SK, Kannan T (April 2022).
3702:
Gewurtz MS (1 January 2017). "Transnationalism in Missionary Medicine: The Case of Kala-azar in China and India, 1909–1946".
1206:
567:
differentiate into promastigotes, which multiply, differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes, and migrate to the proboscis.
806:
sandfly attacks occur at sunset rather than at night, so it may also be useful to put nets over doors and windows or to use
2759:
562:. Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on the host, and in part on which
3791:
1352:
at the School of Tropical Medicine at Calcutta and later proven by his colleagues. The disease became a major problem for
951:
4504:
2773:
4075:
3787:
646:
Some cases of infection of non-human animals of human-infecting species of Leishmania have been observed. In one study,
1399:
By 2012 the World Health Organization had successfully negotiated with the manufacturers to achieve a reduced cost for
1098:
The disease is found across much of Asia, and in the Middle East. Within Afghanistan, leishmaniasis occurs commonly in
4355:
1457:
1403:, to US$ 18 a vial, but a number of vials are needed for treatment and it must be kept at a stable, cool temperature.
473:
338:
2737:
1695:
1070:
as more habitat becomes suitable for vector and reservoir species for leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is also known as
4549:
4215:
412:
3425:
2987:
2878:
González C, Wang O, Strutz SE, González-Salazar C, Sánchez-Cordero V, Sarkar S (January 2010). Galvani AP (ed.).
2831:"Case report: Emergence of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma"
1353:
1320:(1863–1951) confirmed the finding of what became known as Leishman-Donovan bodies in smears taken from people in
757:
712:
Risk factors include malnutrition, deforestation, lack of sanitation, suppressed immune system and urbanization.
408:
4133:
2965:
2255:
1400:
1269:
1153:
947:
841:
609: II transcribes long polycistronic messages in the absence of defined RNA pol II promoters, and
380:
1265:
mention "valley sickness", "Andean sickness", or "white leprosy", which are likely to be the cutaneous form.
4349:
4341:
4286:
1336:
was first suggested by Charles Donovan, and was conclusively demonstrated by Charles Bentley's discovery of
1191:
from the seventh century BCE, some of which may have derived from even earlier texts from 1500 to 2500 BCE.
1169:
849:
651:
450:
384:
334:
3737:
2694:
4534:
4375:
1349:
1328:
who proposed that Leishman-Donovan bodies were the intracellular stages of a new parasite, which he named
483:
342:
3220:
678:
sand flies, although "parasite loads in infected sand flies observed in this study were considered low".
4539:
4465:
4330:
3085:
1438:
1412:
1345:
1293:
840:, and the type of infection. For visceral leishmaniasis in India, South America, and the Mediterranean,
778:
522:
1984:"Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis"
4479:
4041:
4034:
2323:
Nelder F. Gontijo, Ricardo T. Fujiwara, Tatiane Alves da Paixão, Renato Lima Santos (17 April 2019).
1491:
844:
is the recommended treatment and is often used as a single dose. Rates of cure with a single dose of
659:
416:
33:
3241:
4368:
4364:
4326:
4245:
4122:
1273:
1234:
1214:
1149:, including visceral leishmaniasis. In September 2005, the disease was contracted by at least four
688:
236:
4334:
4280:
4012:
3130:
2581:
2538:
2162:
2119:
1959:
1909:
1857:
1134:
223:
4207:
3063:
3583:
Donovan C (1903). "Memoranda: On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanomiasis in India".
2708:
1934:
Sundar S, Chakravarty J (January 2013). "Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy".
1417:
1213:
patient, gave one of the most detailed clinical descriptions of the disease. Physicians in the
1156:
who were stationed in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, and subsequently repatriated for treatment.
4554:
4400:
4294:
4238:
4173:
4144:
4004:
3996:
3957:
3906:
3850:
3719:
3684:
3629:
3497:
3448:
3403:
3385:
3375:
3336:
3285:
3260:
3171:
3122:
2911:
2860:
2683:
2631:
2573:
2530:
2438:
2387:
2364:
2304:
2245:
2215:
2154:
2111:
2049:
2005:
1951:
1901:
1849:
1841:
1800:
1751:
1666:
1393:
1254:
1176:, known then locally as "Jericho buttons" for the frequency of cases near the ancient city of
807:
774:
720:
211:
3976:
4322:
3988:
3947:
3937:
3896:
3886:
3840:
3830:
3711:
3674:
3619:
3611:
3563:
3555:
3524:
3487:
3479:
3393:
3367:
3326:
3318:
3161:
3112:
3082:"World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis"
2936:
2901:
2891:
2850:
2842:
2673:
2665:
2621:
2613:
2565:
2520:
2428:
2420:
2354:
2344:
2294:
2286:
2146:
2101:
2091:
2083:
2041:
1995:
1943:
1891:
1831:
1790:
1782:
1741:
1733:
1656:
1648:
1462:
1357:
1126:
1091:
667:
138:
87:
3773:
2478:
2456:
2180:
4518:
4485:
4440:
4271:
4262:
4056:
2070:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
1430:
1361:
1317:
1130:
663:
305:
70:
3441:
On the presence of peculiar parasitic organisms in the tissue of a specimen of Delhi boil
3191:"VCS Advocacy in the News: VA May Designate 9 Infectious Diseases as Related to Gulf War"
379:, and the type of infection. Some possible medications used for visceral disease include
2270:
2106:
4471:
4456:
4391:
4300:
3952:
3925:
3901:
3874:
3845:
3818:
3768:
3679:
3662:
3624:
3599:
3568:
3543:
3331:
3306:
2906:
2879:
2855:
2830:
2678:
2653:
2626:
2601:
2433:
2408:
2359:
2324:
2299:
1880:"Cysteine proteases: Battling pathogenic parasitic protozoans with omnipresent enzymes"
1795:
1770:
1746:
1721:
1661:
1636:
1562:
1422:
1277:
1210:
1111:
737:
728:
Leishmaniasis is diagnosed in the hematology laboratory by direct visualization of the
606:
593:) have been sequenced, and this has provided much information about the biology of the
411:
has obtained discounts on some medications to treat the disease. It is classified as a
17:
3528:
3492:
3467:
3398:
3355:
2602:"Nutritional supplements for patients being treated for active visceral leishmaniasis"
2087:
1786:
1737:
825:
4528:
4253:
4051:
4016:
3117:
3100:
2585:
2525:
2508:
2269:
Hamad I, Forestier CL, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Raoult D, Bittar F (15 January 2015).
2096:
1963:
1913:
1861:
857:
813:
Use of insecticide-impregnated dog collars and treatment or culling of infected dogs.
803:
602:
534:
361:
315:
4184:
4127:
3819:"Possibilities and challenges for developing a successful vaccine for leishmaniasis"
3134:
2542:
2424:
2166:
2617:
2123:
1309:
1188:
1138:
1119:
913:
901:
845:
799:
741:
551:
547:
511:
431:
365:
357:
240:
3483:
3371:
4138:
3166:
3149:
3148:
Aguado M, Espinosa P, Romero-Maté A, Tardío JC, Córdoba S, Borbujo J (May 2013).
2896:
2349:
1947:
1896:
1879:
1836:
1820:"Endogenous cysteine protease inhibitors in upmost pathogenic parasitic protozoa"
1819:
1183:
Descriptions of conspicuous lesions similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis appear on
860:
if taken within three months of getting pregnant. It does not appear to work for
4168:
2751:
2045:
1384:
1380:
1325:
1184:
1173:
1150:
1115:
1063:
1051:
897:
853:
829:
795:
750:
729:
655:
634:
460:
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces widespread skin lesions which resemble
400:
396:
392:
388:
372:
323:
270:
228:
4080:
3942:
3447:: Printed by the superintendent of government printing, India. pp. 21–31.
3322:
2846:
2781:
2669:
443:
which erupt weeks to months after the person is bitten by infected sand flies.
4445:
4431:
4190:
4149:
3835:
3715:
3515:
Hoare CA (1938). "Early discoveries regarding the parasite of oriental sore".
1467:
1445:
733:
559:
555:
542:
440:
310:
251:
4000:
3795:
3723:
3443:. Scientific memoirs officers Medical Sanitary Departments Government India.
1845:
1383:
for treatment of leishmaniasis, results with which led to its approval as an
836:
The treatment is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of
4422:
4195:
4179:
4112:
3615:
3559:
3452:
3422:"WHO: Leishmaniasis background information – a brief history of the disease"
3389:
2290:
1365:
1284:, conducted research into the etiology of "oriental sore", locally known as
1164:
1047:
848:
have been reported as 95%. In India, almost all infections are resistant to
770:
628:
329:
298:
256:
4008:
3992:
3961:
3910:
3854:
3688:
3633:
3501:
3407:
3340:
3175:
3126:
2915:
2864:
2687:
2635:
2577:
2534:
2442:
2368:
2308:
2158:
2115:
2053:
2009:
1955:
1905:
1853:
1804:
1755:
1670:
1276:, may have seen it in 1885 without being able to relate it to the disease.
1878:
Rawat A, Roy M, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Verma K, Srivastava VK (August 2021).
1441:
for humans was available. Research to produce a human vaccine is ongoing.
371:
Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with
32:
This article is about human leishmaniasis. For the disease in canids, see
4242:
3891:
3444:
2000:
1983:
1652:
1305:
1289:
1281:
1246:
1196:
1146:
1107:
1086:
1043:
594:
550:, during blood meals. Metacyclic promastigotes in the puncture wound are
538:
301:
266:
3926:"Leishmania Vaccines Entered in Clinical Trials: A Review of Literature"
3421:
1488:"Leishmaniasis definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
2407:
Bensoussan E, Nasereddin A, Jonas F, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL (April 2006).
2150:
1301:
1250:
1177:
1055:
578:
461:
353:
318:
4095:
4039:
Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the
3099:
Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Van Bortel W, Zeller H, Alten B (June 2014).
2569:
2032:
Minodier P, Parola P (May 2007). "Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment".
1199:
in the 10th century CE, gave detailed descriptions of what was called
4107:
4070:
1321:
1297:
1192:
832:
is an inexpensive (US$ 10) and effective treatment for leishmaniasis.
622:
Although most of the literature mentions only one genus transmitting
571:
503:
495:
477:
420:
3282:
Leishmaniasis: Biology, Control and New Approaches for Its Treatment
3064:"WHO Seeking Funds to Prevent Leishmaniasis Outbreak in Afghanistan"
2239:
2071:
2409:"Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis"
1818:
Roy M, Rawat A, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Srivastava VK (1 August 2022).
3517:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1982:
Dorlo TP, Balasegaram M, Beijnen JH, de Vries PJ (November 2012).
1416:
1313:
1230:
1201:
1163:
1103:
1099:
1085:
in Latin America. During 2004, an estimated 3,400 troops from the
1059:
946:
926:
824:
719:
521:
499:
491:
430:
232:
3764:"A Small Charity Takes the Reins in Fighting a Neglected Disease"
794:
Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by using nets treated with
3544:"On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanomiasis in India"
3217:"Business: Company's mesh will help troops beat 'Baghdad boils'"
1258:
1226:
1142:
454:
415:. The disease may occur in a number of other animals, including
4211:
1448:–based drugs are being explored as anti-leishmanial compounds.
601:, protein-coding genes are understood to be organized as large
2804:"Dallas News: Rare, non-fatal skin disease found in N. Texans"
144:
96:
3150:"Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Fuenlabrada, Madrid"
2829:
Clarke CF, Bradley KK, Wright JH, Glowicz J (January 2013).
533:
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female
745:
510:
Leishmaniasis is considered one of the classic causes of a
348:
Infections in humans are caused by more than 20 species of
195:
168:
162:
156:
117:
114:
105:
147:
99:
189:
174:
123:
1066:
and Oklahoma, and further expansion to the north may be
4076:
Doctors Without Borders' Leishmaniasis Information Page
3817:
Srivastava S, Shankar P, Mishra J, Singh S (May 2016).
546:. The sandflies inject the infective stage, metacyclic
446:
Leishmaniasis may be divided into the following types:
3647:
Bentley CA (24 December 1903). "Telegram to R. Ross".
1296:
identified certain organisms in smears taken from the
1268:
It remains unclear who first discovered the organism.
816:
Spraying houses and animal shelters with insecticides.
4545:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
4502:
3311:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2835:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
297:
is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by
192:
183:
177:
171:
159:
150:
126:
120:
111:
90:
4085:
141:
93:
4455:
4430:
4421:
4390:
4311:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4159:
4089:
3875:"Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy?"
2980:"CENTRAL/S. ASIA – Kabul: A city in intensive care"
2654:"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review"
2212:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
1249:, evidence of the cutaneous form of the disease in
480:
ulcers with damage primarily of the nose and mouth.
284:
276:
262:
246:
222:
210:
186:
165:
153:
108:
102:
77:
51:
46:
1344:. Transmission by the sandfly was hypothesized by
912:. There is limited evidence to support the use of
724:Bone marrow aspirate smear: visceral leishmaniasis
27:Disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type
1637:"Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis"
1062:, and has recently been shown to be spreading to
512:markedly enlarged (and therefore palpable) spleen
3924:Moafi M, Rezvan H, Sherkat R, Taleban R (2019).
3868:
3866:
3864:
2479:"CDC – Leishmaniasis – Prevention & Control"
2386:. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1300:of a patient who had died from "dum-dum fever" (
650:was identified in twelve out of ninety-one wild
605:units in a head-to-head or tail-to-tail manner;
2964:. Servicio Jesuita a Refugiados. Archived from
954:for leishmaniasis per 100,000 inhabitants.
760:(PCR) tests are available for the detection of
3788:"Drug Program – Clinical Trial of Paromomycin"
3003:"Disfiguring skin disease plagues Afghanistan"
2962:"Informes – Informe de Fronteras Febrero 2005"
2325:"Competence of non-human primates to transmit
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1396:approved paromomycin for sale in August 2006.
4223:
2472:
2470:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
314:. It is generally spread through the bite of
8:
3930:International Journal of Preventive Medicine
2558:Journal of the German Society of Dermatology
2556:Von Stebut E (March 2015). "Leishmaniasis".
2233:
2231:
1715:
1713:
3193:. Veterans for Common Sense. Archived from
3034:"Disfiguring epidemic hits 270,000 Afghans"
2736:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2606:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2501:
2499:
2271:"Wild Gorillas as a Potential Reservoir of
1042:Leishmaniasis is found through much of the
638:is considered the vector of leishmaniasis.
4427:
4267:
4258:
4230:
4216:
4208:
4086:
2461:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2065:
2063:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
60:
43:
3951:
3941:
3900:
3890:
3844:
3834:
3678:
3623:
3567:
3491:
3397:
3330:
3165:
3116:
2905:
2895:
2854:
2774:"Epidemiological situation: Epidemiology"
2734:"Leishmaniasis: Magnitude of the problem"
2677:
2625:
2524:
2432:
2358:
2348:
2298:
2105:
2095:
1999:
1988:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1895:
1835:
1794:
1745:
1660:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1125:Leishmaniasis is mostly a disease of the
931:Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa;
69:Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the hand of a
4060:) is being considered for deletion. See
3740:. The Daily Telegraph. 14 January 2009.
1688:"Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem"
1280:, a Russian military surgeon working in
4509:
2647:
2645:
2214:. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 422–428.
2210:James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM (2006).
2139:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1479:
1389:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
916:in cutaneous leishmaniasis as of 2015.
3265:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3258:
2034:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
686:Visceral disease is usually caused by
395:. For cutaneous disease, paromomycin,
2709:"Leishmaniasis: Situation and trends"
1682:
1680:
1573:from the original on 21 February 2014
7:
3879:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3600:"Further Notes on Leishman's Bodies"
2507:Alexander B, Maroli M (March 2003).
2384:Dacie and Lewis practical hematology
2191:from the original on 4 December 2014
1873:
1871:
4407:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
3428:from the original on 15 March 2014.
2762:from the original on 27 April 2006.
2752:"Hope for tropical disease vaccine"
2509:"Control of phlebotomine sandflies"
2382:Dacie JV, Bain BJ, Bates I (2006).
2258:from the original on 23 April 2008.
3744:from the original on 20 April 2009
3366:(4). The Wellcome Trust: 595–612.
2477:Prevention CC (19 February 2020).
1245:meaning fever or disease). In the
670:), were found to be infected with
439:The symptoms of leishmaniasis are
25:
4064:to help reach a consensus. ›
2513:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1936:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1377:The Institute for OneWorld Health
537:sandflies which can transmit the
4512:
4033:
3118:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2014.12072.x
2884:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2693:
2526:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x
2413:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2337:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1563:"Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375"
1354:Allied troops fighting in Sicily
464:, and may not heal on their own.
137:
86:
3873:Ghorbani M, Farhoudi R (2018).
3468:"History of human parasitology"
3356:"History of human parasitology"
2425:10.1128/JCM.44.4.1435-1439.2006
1324:in southern India. But it was
892:. Pentamidine is effective for
3772:. 31 July 2006. Archived from
2618:10.1002/14651858.CD012261.pub2
1316:. A few months later, Captain
1312:, found for the first time in
1:
3792:Institute for OneWorld Health
3738:"Leonard Goodwin – Telegraph"
3529:10.1016/S0035-9203(38)90097-5
3484:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002
3472:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3372:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002
3360:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2713:WHO Global Health Observatory
2652:Aoun K, Bouratbine A (2014).
2181:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
2088:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
1787:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1738:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1635:Barrett MP, Croft SL (2012).
1129:, and is rarely known in the
1068:facilitated by climate change
952:Disability-adjusted life year
642:Possible non-human reservoirs
435:Cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcer
3704:Social Sciences and Missions
3167:10.1016/j.adengl.2013.03.005
2897:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000585
2350:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007313
2241:Leishmania: After The Genome
1948:10.1517/14656566.2013.755515
1897:10.1016/j.micres.2021.126784
1837:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127061
1468:How a Youtuber got treatment
1368:was an effective treatment.
1332:. The link with the disease
4356:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
4042:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app
3585:The British Medical Journal
3548:The British Medical Journal
3189:Kennedy K (30 March 2010).
3154:Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas
2457:"Parasites – Leishmaniasis"
2329:to the invertebrate vector
2046:10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004
1458:Canine vector-borne disease
732:(Leishman–Donovan bodies).
474:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
4571:
3943:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_116_18
3667:The Indian Medical Gazette
3323:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0143
2847:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0717
2244:. Caister Academic Press.
2238:Myler PJ, Fasel N (2008).
1410:
1379:has reintroduced the drug
1308:) and proposed them to be
1237:phrase for "black fever",
791:(N,N-diethylmetatoluamide)
413:neglected tropical disease
31:
3836:10.1186/s13071-016-1553-y
3716:10.1163/18748945-03001001
3280:Bhatia S, Goli D (2016).
3105:Journal of Vector Ecology
3040:. Reuters. Archived from
3032:Birsel R (28 June 2002).
3009:. Reuters. Archived from
2778:World Health Organization
1692:World Health Organization
1567:World Health Organization
758:polymerase chain reaction
674:and capable of infecting
409:World Health Organization
68:
59:
4062:templates for discussion
3598:Ross R (November 1903).
2670:10.1051/parasite/2014014
2564:(3): 191–200, quiz 201.
1884:Microbiological Research
1824:Microbiological Research
1641:British Medical Bulletin
1401:liposomal amphotericin B
1270:David Douglas Cunningham
842:liposomal amphotericin B
381:liposomal amphotericin B
4342:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
4287:African trypanosomiasis
3823:Parasites & Vectors
3663:"Dr. L. Everard Napier"
3616:10.1136/bmj.2.2239.1401
3604:British Medical Journal
3560:10.1136/bmj.1.2213.1252
3466:Cox FE (October 2002).
3354:Cox FE (October 2002).
3001:Birsel R (7 May 2007).
1272:, Surgeon Major of the
1170:cutaneous leishmaniasis
1079:úlcera de los chicleros
850:pentavalent antimonials
652:western lowland gorilla
451:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
385:pentavalent antimonials
352:. Risk factors include
18:Leishmaniasis americana
4376:Visceral leishmaniasis
4081:CDC Leishmaniasis Page
3993:10.1002/ardp.202100440
3439:Cunningham DD (1885).
1434:
1195:physicians, including
1180:
1035:
944:
833:
725:
530:
484:Visceral leishmaniasis
436:
4466:Trichomonas vaginalis
2331:Lutzomyia longipalpis
2291:10.1093/infdis/jiu380
2097:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
1439:leishmaniasis vaccine
1420:
1413:Leishmaniasis vaccine
1294:William Boog Leishman
1217:would describe it as
1167:
950:
930:
904:appears effective in
828:
779:monoclonal antibodies
723:
676:Lutzomyia longipalpis
558:, and transform into
525:
476:causes both skin and
434:
4480:Dientamoeba fragilis
3981:Archiv der Pharmazie
3892:10.2147/DDDT.S146521
3776:on 20 December 2016.
3673:(5): 252. May 1943.
3542:Leishman WB (1903).
2968:on 10 November 2005.
1781:(10053): 1459–1544.
1732:(10053): 1545–1602.
1304:is an area close to
1253:and Peru appears in
1209:, after examining a
941:, Leishmania tropica
660:golden lion tamarins
591:L. braziliensis
255:parasites spread by
34:canine leishmaniasis
3554:(2213): 1252–1254.
3197:on 13 February 2011
3088:on 26 October 2010.
3044:on 10 December 2015
3013:on 10 December 2015
2810:on 27 December 2009
2740:on 26 October 2013.
2327:Leishmania infantum
1494:on 24 December 2013
1372:Society and culture
1330:Leishmania donovani
1274:British Indian army
1215:Indian subcontinent
1032: more than 200
933:Leishmania infantum
689:Leishmania donovani
383:, a combination of
237:low red blood cells
4160:External resources
3247:on 12 October 2007
2984:Al Jazeera English
2151:10.1586/eri.12.148
2082:(9859): 2095–128.
2001:10.1093/jac/dks275
1698:on 26 October 2013
1653:10.1093/bmb/lds031
1435:
1241:meaning black and
1181:
1036:
966: less than 20
945:
834:
756:Several different
726:
597:. For example, in
531:
437:
427:Signs and symptoms
403:may be effective.
217:Infectious disease
4550:Tropical diseases
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4417:
4416:
4401:Naegleria fowleri
4386:
4385:
4239:Parasitic disease
4205:
4204:
3381:978-1-869835-86-6
3223:on 16 March 2005.
2758:. 23 April 2006.
2570:10.1111/ddg.12595
2393:978-0-443-06660-3
2251:978-1-904455-28-8
2221:978-0-7216-2921-6
1394:Indian government
1340:in patients with
1263:Spanish colonials
1207:Alexander Russell
808:insect repellents
775:sequence analysis
292:
291:
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4562:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4508:
4428:
4372:
4338:
4323:Leishmania major
4268:
4259:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4087:
4037:
4021:
4020:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3794:. Archived from
3784:
3778:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3240:. Archived from
3239:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3219:. Archived from
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3084:. Archived from
3078:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2990:on 18 June 2007.
2986:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2935:. Archived from
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:. Archived from
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2780:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2273:Leishmania major
2266:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1931:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1684:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1632:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1569:. January 2014.
1559:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1484:
1463:Tropical disease
1358:Second World War
1350:Ernest Struthers
1261:period and from
1205:sore. In 1756,
1147:Gulf War of 1990
1127:developing world
1092:insect repellent
1054:, though not in
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
937:Leishmania major
694:L. infantum
668:Angolan talapoin
587:L. infantum
494:, damage to the
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
71:Central American
64:
44:
21:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4486:Dientamoebiasis
4451:
4441:Giardia lamblia
4413:
4382:
4362:
4350:L. braziliensis
4320:
4307:
4272:Trypanosomiasis
4263:Trypanosomatida
4248:
4236:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4155:
4154:
4098:
4065:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4024:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3872:
3871:
3862:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3382:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3317:(6): 1295–300.
3304:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:"Archived copy"
3233:
3232:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3070:. October 2009.
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2942:on 23 July 2011
2939:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2784:on 30 June 2004
2772:
2771:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2612:(3): CD012261.
2598:
2597:
2593:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2463:. January 2013.
2455:
2454:
2450:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2343:(4): e0007313.
2321:
2320:
2316:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2187:. 6 June 2011.
2179:
2178:
2174:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2031:
2030:
2017:
1994:(11): 2576–97.
1981:
1980:
1971:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1634:
1633:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1454:
1437:As of 2017, no
1415:
1409:
1374:
1362:Leonard Goodwin
1318:Charles Donovan
1168:A 1917 case of
1162:
1131:developed world
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
991:
987:
985:
981:
979:
975:
973:
969:
967:
963:
961:
957:
925:
890:L. braziliensis
866:L. braziliensis
823:
787:
718:
710:
698:L. chagasi
684:
664:tufted capuchin
644:
620:
520:
429:
306:Trypanosomatida
206:
182:
140:
136:
134:
89:
85:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:Trichomoniasis
4461:
4459:
4457:Trichomonadida
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4394:
4392:Schizopyrenida
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:Chagas disease
4291:
4290:
4289:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4176:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4141:
4130:
4115:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:Classification
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4049:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:External links
4026:
4023:
4022:
3987:(4): 2100440.
3967:
3916:
3860:
3809:
3798:on 6 June 2010
3779:
3769:New York Times
3755:
3729:
3710:(1–2): 30–43.
3694:
3654:
3639:
3610:(2239): 1401.
3590:
3575:
3534:
3507:
3478:(4): 595–612.
3458:
3431:
3413:
3380:
3346:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3226:
3208:
3181:
3140:
3091:
3073:
3055:
3024:
2993:
2971:
2953:
2921:
2870:
2821:
2795:
2765:
2743:
2725:
2700:
2641:
2591:
2548:
2495:
2466:
2448:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2314:
2285:(2): 267–273.
2279:J. Infect. Dis
2261:
2250:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2172:
2129:
2059:
2015:
1969:
1919:
1867:
1810:
1761:
1709:
1676:
1584:
1505:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1431:biocontainment
1423:parasitologist
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1373:
1370:
1360:; research by
1278:Peter Borovsky
1161:
1158:
1112:Mazar-i-Sharif
1046:from northern
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
955:
924:
921:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
811:
792:
786:
783:
773:analysis, DNA
738:Leishman stain
717:
714:
709:
706:
683:
680:
643:
640:
619:
616:
607:RNA polymerase
519:
516:
508:
507:
481:
468:
467:
466:
465:
428:
425:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
264:
260:
259:
248:
244:
243:
241:enlarged liver
226:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
205:
204:
135:leishmaniosis
84:Leishmaniasis
81:
79:
75:
74:
66:
65:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4567:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Leishmaniasis
4533:
4532:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4506:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4432:Diplomonadida
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:L. aethiopica
4328:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4313:Leishmaniasis
4310:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Discicristata
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4197:
4196:Leishmaniasis
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:Leishmaniasis
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3649:Ross Archives
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3291:9781315341897
3287:
3284:. CRC Press.
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3160:(4): 334–42.
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:(1): 157–61.
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:(4): 1435–9.
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:(1): 175–96.
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Lionel Napier
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:stationed in
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:papa lo moyo,
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1026: 150–200
1020: 120–150
1014: 100–120
960: no data
953:
949:
942:
938:
934:
929:
922:
920:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:L. guyanensis
891:
887:
886:L. panamensis
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:birth defects
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
827:
820:
815:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
766:
763:
759:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
722:
715:
713:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
617:
615:
612:
608:
604:
603:polycistronic
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:L. major
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:promastigotes
545:
544:
540:
536:
529:
526:Lifecycle of
524:
517:
515:
513:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
463:
459:
458:
456:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
442:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:deforestation
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
339:mucocutaneous
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
300:
296:
295:Leishmaniasis
288:24,200 (2015)
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
200:
131:
83:
82:
80:
78:Pronunciation
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
55:Leishmaniosis
54:
50:
47:Leishmaniasis
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4540:Dog diseases
4478:
4464:
4439:
4399:
4363:
4348:
4321:
4312:
4293:
4279:
4189:
4178:
4167:
4143:
4132:
4117:
4102:
4055:
4040:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3882:
3878:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3796:the original
3782:
3774:the original
3767:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3732:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3523:(1): 67–92.
3520:
3516:
3510:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3440:
3434:
3416:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3251:17 September
3249:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3229:
3221:the original
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:the original
3184:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3086:the original
3076:
3067:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3037:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
3006:
2996:
2988:the original
2983:
2974:
2966:the original
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2937:the original
2930:"Papalomoyo"
2924:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2777:
2768:
2755:
2746:
2738:the original
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2661:
2657:
2609:
2605:
2594:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2460:
2451:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2383:
2377:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2240:
2211:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2145:(1): 79–98.
2142:
2138:
2132:
2079:
2075:
2040:(3): 150–8.
2037:
2033:
1991:
1987:
1942:(1): 53–63.
1939:
1935:
1887:
1883:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1729:
1725:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1691:
1644:
1640:
1575:. Retrieved
1566:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1482:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1398:
1375:
1364:then showed
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535:phlebotomine
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366:urbanization
358:malnutrition
349:
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316:phlebotomine
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280:4–12 million
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2519:(1): 1–18.
2195:28 November
1702:17 February
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1425:working on
1385:orphan drug
1381:paromomycin
1356:during the
1338:L. donovani
1326:Ronald Ross
1174:Middle East
1135:U.S. troops
1064:North Texas
1052:South Texas
1002: 70–80
996: 60–70
990: 50–60
984: 40–50
978: 30–40
972: 20–30
898:fluconazole
882:L. mexicana
854:Miltefosine
830:Paromomycin
796:insecticide
751:kinetoplast
730:amastigotes
672:L. infantum
656:chimpanzees
635:Phlebotomus
626:to humans (
560:amastigotes
556:macrophages
401:pentamidine
397:fluconazole
393:miltefosine
389:paromomycin
373:insecticide
324:Phlebotomus
271:insecticide
229:Skin ulcers
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4335:L. tropica
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878:L. tropica
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785:Prevention
762:Leishmania
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624:Leishmania
611:Leishmania
599:Leishmania
576:Leishmania
564:Leishmania
543:Leishmania
528:Leishmania
441:skin sores
377:Leishmania
350:Leishmania
311:Leishmania
263:Prevention
252:Leishmania
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