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235:(northern Morocco, 3rd century BC â 44 AD) many inscriptions were engraved using the Libyco-Berber script, although the overwhelming majority of the found ones were simple funerary scripts, with rock art, cave art, graffiti, and even a few official governmental and possibly religious inscriptions have been found.
721:
The origin of the Libyco-Berber script is still debated by academic researchers. The leading theories regarding its origins posit it as being either a heavily modified version of the
Phoenician alphabet, or a local invention influenced by the latter, with the most supported view being that it derived
246:
was not marked. The writing was usually from the bottom to the top, although right-to-left, and even other orders, were also found. The letters took different forms when written vertically than when they were written horizontally. The letters were highly geometrical.
1279:
A PROPOS DE LâORIGINE ET DE LâAGE DE LâECRITURE LIBYCO-BERBERE, Salem Chaker, Slimane Hachi. Etudes berbĂšres et chamito-sĂ©mitiques, MĂ©langes offerts Ă Karl-G. Prasse, (S. Chaker, Ă©d.), Paris/Louvain, Editions
Peeters, 2000, p.
708:
to the Canary
Islands. It used 13 supplementary letters. As of 2002, much of the Western variant has yet to be deciphered. Western variant signs have also been observed to be used in combination with possible
255:
There are multiple variants of the Libyco-Berber script; some studies divide these varieties into eastern and western, while others have identified more than 25 "dialects" grouped in 5 different families.
739:
763:
810:
271:, and to an extent Kabylia. It is the best-deciphered variant, due to the discovery of several Numidian bilingual inscriptions in Libyco-Berber and Punic (notably so-called
722:
from a local prototype conceptually inspired by a
Phoenician or archaic Semitic model. Other unlikely explanations include Greek, Punic or South Arabian influences.
192:/ Thugga (TBGG), northern Tunisia. Other significant Libyco-Berber inscription are the Azib N'Ikkis and the Oukaimeden, both found in the High-Atlas Mountains of
925:
757:
The first published sketch of the bilingual (Left: Punic. Right: Libyco-Berber) Ateban
Mausoleum inscription of Dougga, Tunisia (Jean Emile Humbert)
864:
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1029:
To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to
Michael C.A. Macdonald
1113:
177:
and the Canary
Islands, with inscriptions of the later (transitional) Saharan variant in rocky outcrops in Mali and Niger.
1293:
Landscapes, Sources and
Intellectual Projects of the West African Past: Essays in Honour of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias
801:
781:
Vertical Libyco-berber "Eastern" alphabet on a funerary stele found in Sidi Ali
Bahloul, Jedilane-Rouha region, Tunisia (
180:
Apart from thousands of small inscriptions, some of the best known and significant Libyco-Berber inscriptions are in the
1053:
1002:
978:
1321:
242:; it had no distinct vowels. However, it had equivalents for "w" and "y", and "h" was possibly used as an "a" too.
1420:
1410:
272:
185:
181:
1215:
Le
Quellec, Jean-LoĂŻc (2012). "Rock Art, Scripts and Proto-Scripts in Africa: The Libyco-uberber Example".
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100:
94:
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89:
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The use of the Libyco-Berber alphabet died out in northern areas during or after the reign of the
1430:
1415:
910:
161:
The Libyco-Berber script is found in thousands of stone inscriptions and engravings throughout
1364:
1354:
1353:. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58â59.
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Written culture in a colonial context : Africa and the Americas 1500-1900
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886:"Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt: the Tehenu in Egyptian records"
710:
282:
Libyco-Berber inventory (compared to equivalent Tifinagh letters by sound):
1081:
UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa
725:
One of the oldest known variants of the script is found in inscriptions in
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1264:
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Before, during, and after the existence of the ancient Berber kingdoms of
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in Tunisia). Since 1843, 22 letters out of the 24 have been deciphered.
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1254:[On the origin of the Libyco-Berber alphabet: A few proposals].
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Sometime during the first millennium BC to the 4th-7th century AD
1003:"LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details"
979:"LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details"
704:
The Western variant was used along the Mediterranean coast from
154:, to write ancient varieties of the Berber language like the
1252:"Sur l'origine de l'Ă©criture libyque. Quelques propositions"
1323:
Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics
1221:. Adrien Delmas, Nigel Penn. Leiden: BRILL. p. 24.
745:
Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Kerfala, northern Algeria.
142:
that was used during the first millennium BC by various
861:"Libyco-Berber - 2nd (9th?) century BC-7th century AD"
73:, Libyco-Berber (ancient or classical Berber language)
116:
82:
77:
66:
62:
Various, but usually bottom-to-top or right-to-left
58:
48:
36:
21:
954:Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script
769:Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Oukaimeden, Morocco.
1386:Academic papers on the Libyco-Berber inscriptions
926:L'alphabet libyque de Dougga, Lionel Galand, 1973
912:J.-B. CHABOT. â RECUEIL DES INSCRIPTIONS LIBYQUES
1350:The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets
1167:. Leuven, Paris: Peeters. pp. 13, 15, 31.
1078:MukhtÄr, Muáž„ammad JamÄl al-DÄ«n (1990-06-27).
1026:Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2017-11-20).
8:
259:The eastern variant was used in what is now
1115:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology
1112:Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (2013-07-04).
937:Inscriptions libyques, Lionel Galand, 1966
28:
1326:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1263:
1188:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2014-06-09).
284:
835:
735:
286:â Direction of writing (Libyco-Berber)
1320:Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2012-12-06).
18:
1315:
1313:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
231:(northern Algeria, 202 BCâ40 BC) and
7:
946:
944:
238:The Libyco-Berber script was a pure
1084:. University of California Press.
14:
1391:The Libyco-Berber alphabet's font
1056:. Ancient Scripts. Archived from
1144:africanrockart.britishmuseum.org
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1396:Download the Libyco-Berber font
892:from the original on 2022-06-05
867:from the original on 2022-06-05
207:, but it spread south into the
1194:. Cambridge University Press.
1191:The Cambridge World Prehistory
1165:Ătudes de Linguistique BerbĂšre
1:
184:(discovered in 1904) and the
1347:Campbell, George L. (2012).
1118:. OUP Oxford. p. 766.
1007:www.institutum-canarium.org
983:www.institutum-canarium.org
211:and evolved there into the
1447:
824:, Zagora Province, Morocco
816:Writing on mountain along
267:regions of Algeria and in
1426:Writing systems of Africa
158:in ancient North Africa.
27:
951:Pichler, Werner (2007).
785:'s archeological museum)
1163:Galand, Lionel (2002).
186:Prince Ateban Mausoleum
133:Libyco-Berber alphabet
105:Libyco-Berber alphabet
22:Libyco-Berber alphabet
1296:. BRILL. 2018-08-13.
1265:10.4000/afriques.1203
802:Bardo National Museum
215:alphabet used by the
95:Proto-Sinaitic script
1250:Casajus, Dominique.
90:Egyptian hieroglyphs
16:Abjad writing system
843:oric Bates (1914).
820:in Fum ash-Shanna,
301:Tifinagh (Ahaggar)
287:
101:Early Berber Script
1140:"Written In Stone"
846:The Eastern Libyan
285:
1360:978-0-203-86548-4
1333:978-1-4615-4231-5
1303:978-90-04-38018-9
1228:978-90-04-22524-4
1201:978-1-107-64775-6
1125:978-0-19-956988-5
1091:978-0-520-06697-7
1039:978-90-04-35761-7
964:978-3-89645-394-5
702:
701:
205:Byzantine empires
182:Massinissa Temple
156:Numidian language
129:
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125:(Tuareg Tifinagh)
71:Numidian language
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1421:Berber languages
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294:Libyco-Berber (
273:KAI 100 and 101
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213:Tuareg Tifinagh
119:
112:
85:
78:Related scripts
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17:
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11:
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1411:Berber history
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1060:on 2017-08-26
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1147:. Retrieved
1143:
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1114:
1080:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
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1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
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986:. Retrieved
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932:
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894:. Retrieved
880:
869:. Retrieved
855:
845:
838:
729:dating from
724:
720:
713:of animals.
703:
281:
258:
254:
237:
226:
198:
179:
160:
148:North Africa
132:
130:
261:Constantine
223:Description
173:, northern
165:, northern
146:peoples of
50:Time period
37:Script type
1405:Categories
1149:2022-06-07
1064:2017-10-09
1012:2024-02-12
988:2024-02-12
896:2022-06-05
871:2022-06-05
830:References
822:Tinzouline
711:pictograms
251:Variations
244:Gemination
233:Mauretania
1431:Berberism
1416:Alphabets
1369:810078009
1237:775301938
1032:. BRILL.
957:. Köppe.
818:Wadi Draa
800:stela in
67:Languages
59:Direction
1256:Afriques
1054:"Berber"
890:Archived
865:Archived
798:Numidian
731:Numidian
263:and the
150:and the
123:Tifinagh
1280:95-111.
804:(Tunis)
783:Sbeitla
733:times.
706:Kabylia
269:Tunisia
229:Numidia
194:Morocco
171:Tunisia
167:Algeria
163:Morocco
1367:
1357:
1330:
1300:
1235:
1225:
1198:
1171:
1122:
1088:
1036:
961:
717:Origin
296:Dougga
277:Dougga
190:Dougga
144:Berber
135:is an
727:Dugga
578:q/ÉŁ?
265:AurĂšs
240:abjad
201:Roman
175:Libya
137:abjad
42:Abjad
1365:OCLC
1355:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1233:OCLC
1223:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1034:ISBN
959:ISBN
592:â”/â”
589:â”/â”
355:⎷,⎞
203:and
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