583:, Arnautoff placed slaves and working people in the center of several of the panels, rather than Washington. In the words of Arnautoff's biographer, "the mural makes clear that slave labor provide the plantation's economic basis", at a time when high school history classes "ignored... that the nation's founders... owned other human beings as chattel". Similarly, Arnautoff placed the body of a dead Native American at the feet of pioneers, "challenging the prevailing narrative that westward expansion had been into largely vacant territory waiting for white pioneers to develop its full potential".
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205:. Members of the School's Black Student Union initially demanded that the mural be destroyed but after discussions with Arnautoff's son and local artists decided that it was “historically sound and should remain on view”. Instead, they demanded that a Black artist be hired to paint a response mural, recommending painter
351:
stated that in using the word "reparations", Mark
Sanchez "not only perverts the concept of reparations" but also fails to see that the funds for the high cost of destruction "could have been invested in arts education or an anti-racist curriculum". A poll of San Francisco voters, commissioned by the
481:
On July 27, 2021, superior court judge Anne-Christine
Massullo ruled in favor of the alumni association, preventing the board from covering the mural. Judge Massullo wrote: "Neutral administrative procedures must be applied without regard to political interests." The judge also found out that the 11
262:
stating that "this is reparations". Sanchez later added that simply concealing the mural wasn't an option because it would “allow for the possibility of them being uncovered in the future.” The cost was estimated at $ 600,000 to $ 875,000. Prior to the decision, 8 out of 11 members of a community
601:
is made obvious by
Arnautoff's placement of George Washington in the panel. His right hand points to a map and his left to the ghostly white settlers, as in the panel's background forests give way to cities". Inducing discomfort in the viewer "was precisely Arnautoff's point". Dewey Crumpler and
482:
member community panel assembled in 2019 had made up its mind before organizing public meetings. “A PowerPoint presentation,” she wrote, “did not contain one reference to keeping the murals.” The evidence "overwhelmingly" supports the Alumni
Association's case, the judge concluded.
576:, Aranutoff included a self portrait next to a magazine stand filled with leftist publications. In an interview in 1935, Arnautoff stated “The artist is a critic of society.... I wish to deal with people, to explain to them things and ideas they may not have seen or understood.”
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In a 4-3 vote on June 22, 2022, the new school board decided to follow the judges order to vacate its previous decision to cover the mural, and abandon its attempts to appeal that decision. The commissioners who voted against the measure were Mark
Alexander, Kevine Boggess, and
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in conversation with
Washington students, and said repeatedly that he was against destroying Arnautoff's mural: “My mural is part of the Arnautoff mural, part of its meaning, and its meaning is part of mine. If you destroy his work of art, you are destroying mine as well.”
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hired
Crumpler to paint a "response mural" that depicted the historic struggles of people of color in America. Arnautoff indicated he was glad his work had "provided the impetus for this new progressive work". Crumpler devoted 8 years to complete his mural, dubbed
178:. The work took nearly a year to complete, a time which Arnautoff described as marked by “creative fire and enormous spiritual investment.” "I tried my best to convey the spirit of Washington's time”, Arnautoff wrote in his autobiography. Upon its completion, the
1194:
158:. In 2021, a superior court judge agreed that the law had not been followed, and ruled that the mural should remain in public view. The board initially appealed that decision; however, after three board members were ousted in the
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called it “one of the major masterpieces of fresco on this coast". The work spanned a total of 1600 square feet and was composed of 13 panels, of which two were to become controversial: One depicts slaves working at
Washington's
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arts magazine agreed that "Arnautoff's focus on Native
Americans, enslaved African Americans, and a rioting underclass overthrowing British tyranny provides a template for telling a different story of America's foundations."
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The board's decision to destroy the mural drew widespread criticism on the local and national level. Opponents of destroying the mural in the Bay Area included prominent members of the
African American community: alumnus
519:, by 76% and 72% of the vote respectively. It was San Francisco's first ever election to oust members of the School Board, and the first successful recall election in San Francisco since the ouster of California Senator
327:, argued that the mural was created as a "counter narrative" to what was being taught in schools at the time: Arnautoff "was very critical of Washington for owning slaves, and ... of the genocide of Native Americans”.
485:
On October 5, 2021, the board decided by a 6 to 1 vote to appeal the decision. Up to that time the case had cost the district $ 148,000 in legal fees, while the district faced a budget shortfall of $ 116 million.
1982:
142:. Activists have sought the removal of the artwork, contending that the mural's imagery creates a hostile environment. Preservationists argue that the imagery is subversive as Arnautoff, a communist protege of
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The Native American in the "Westward Vision" panel is rendered in full color, facing away from the viewer, while the pioneers walking behind it are depicted in "ghostly hues of grey and white". According to
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The decision to destroy the mural was reversed in August 2019, with 4 to 3 vote to cover it up with panels instead. Board members who voted in the minority, insisting that the art work be destroyed, were
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voted to paint over all 13 panels. After a national uproar, the board decided to conceal the art work instead. Subsequently the school's alumni association sued the district for violation of California's
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474:, Gabriella Lopez, and Mark Sanchez. Subsequently, the George Washington High School Alumni Association sued the school board for its failure to conduct an environmental review as required by the
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417:. The letter stated that the mural "is an important work of art, produced for all Americans under the auspices of a federal government seeking to ensure the survival of art during the
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770:"Historic WPA murals at George Washington High School are facing destruction due to controversial depictions of Native Americans and African-Americans | Richmond District Blog"
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287:”. Some alumni had previously complained that the imagery of slavery and the dead Native American are harmful to students. Supporters of removing the mural included alumna
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341:, continued to advocate for keeping the mural: “Art's role, if it's any good, is to make us uncomfortable with the status quo”. Many other Bay Area art leaders, polled by
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Coalition to Protect Public Art, found that 76% opposed destroying the mural, including 72% of people of color. Supporters of the coalition included former mayor
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at various real and imagined points in his life. Composed of 13 panels and spanning 1600 square feet, the work was the largest mural by a single artist that the
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indicated that it was conducting research to determine whether the mural was property of the federal government, and asked the district to keep it updated.
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437:, added "when important artworks of our cultural heritage are not just hidden away but destroyed, how do these desecrations differ from those of the
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panel, called "Reflection and Action Working Group", had voted to archive the mural and then paint it over because the artwork “glorifies slavery,
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for the job. A poll of the students at the time, by principal Ruth Adams, found that 61% favored supplementing rather than removing the mural.
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In addition to California state regulations, the frescos may also be protected under federal law, since Arnautoff's work was commissioned by
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280:
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1749:"Nearly 400 Writers and Academics Are Protesting the Planned Destruction of a Controversial Mural Depicting the Life of George Washington"
1324:
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1906:
1658:
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1354:
1151:"This Artist Painted the Black Radical Response to the George Washington Slaveholder Murals. Here's Why He Is Against Destroying Them"
369:
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250:, because George Washington was a slave owner. In 2018 the Board opposed city's nomination of the George Washington High School as a
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385:. Afterward 400 artists and scholars signed a letter asking the board to reverse its decision. Signatories included noted academics
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540:. Up to that time the legal costs had grown to $ 525,000 while the district faced a budget shortfall of $ 125 million.
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in two of the panels, entitled "Mount Vernon" and "Westward Vision", have been controversial due to their depiction of
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422:
338:
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1025:"S.F. school district used $ 525,000 aimed at facility improvements to pay for legal fight over controversial mural"
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commissioned Victor Arnautoff to paint a mural at the newly opened George Washington High School in San Francisco's
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527:, the only other commissioner who did not reverse his destruction vote, was not eligible for recall at that time.
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421:... its meaning and commitments are not in dispute. It exposes and denounces in pictorial form the US history of
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360:, and vice president of the George Washington High School Alumni Association Lope Yap Jr. California senator,
162:, a new board voted to comply with the judge's ruling. The lawsuit cost the district $ 525,000 in legal fees.
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others have suggested that the tree painted next to the Native American's head is an ironic reference to the
2489:
1556:"S.F. school mural controversy: Judge rules against district move to cover historic Washington High artwork"
1180:"No 'slave owners': San Francisco school board chief threatened after call to rename George Washington H.S."
1114:
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638:(1894) — A portion of this San Francisco monument was removed in 2018 over its depiction of Native Americans
398:
343:
254:"over concerns that the designation could complicate the potential removal" of the mural. In June 2019, the
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2003:
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in 1914. The mural destruction attempt was cited as one of the "key controversies" leading to the recall.
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801:"Activists want a high school mural removed. Should its impact today overshadow the artist's intentions?"
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616:
2411:
426:
2205:"He's a public defender and legendary S.F. progressive. Here's why he backs the school board recall"
992:"S.F. school board faces more legal costs with appeal of lawsuit over controversial mural decision"
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estate, and the other shows the body of an apparently slain Native American during the country's
1355:"San Francisco native and actor Danny Glover against removal of mural at Washington High School"
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1974:
1967:"San Francisco Votes on School Board Recall That Started With a Year-Plus of Virtual Learning"
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1220:"Education leaders oppose landmark designations for three SF schools over controversial mural"
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835:"'This Is Reparations:' S.F. School Board Votes to Paint Over Controversial High School Mural"
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Student activists sought to remove the mural in the 1960s and 1970s due to its depiction of
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32:
127:, the cycle is "among the most honest and possibly the most subversive of the W.P.A. era".
2235:"Post-recall S.F. school board rescinds vote to cover controversial Washington High mural"
2033:"Analysis | The Trailer: San Francisco's school board recalls are tearing Democrats apart"
442:
430:
406:
276:
2301:
Gelber, Steven M. (Summer 1979). "Working to Prosperity: California's New Deal Murals".
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630:(1948) — San Francisco murals investigated by U.S. Congress for being "Anti-American"
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2138:"S.F. election: Here are the key controversies that led to the school board recall"
1111:"Offensive or important? Debate flares anew over SF school mural depicting slavery"
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2167:"San Francisco recalls school board members seen as too focused on racial justice"
1325:"Long, expensive road ahead as school district moves to paint over historic mural"
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520:
386:
568:, and painted other murals containing subversive imagery. For instance, in the
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Condemnation of board's decision reached national proportions with a column by
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564:. He was a well-known radical and communist who had been investigated by the
1810:"Opinion | The San Francisco Mural: When the Destroyers of Art Are Liberals"
1711:"San Francisco School Board Votes to Hide, but Not Destroy, Disputed Murals"
1621:"The people want Washington High mural to stay — school official not swayed"
1453:"San Francisco School Board Votes to Hide, but Not Destroy, Disputed Murals"
353:
1937:"A school's mural removal: should kids be shielded from brutal US history?"
920:"Judge Overturns SF School Board Decision To Cover Up Controversial Mural"
429:. The only viewers who should feel unsafe before this mural are racists.”
264:
2324:
2004:"February 15, 2022 Election Results - Summary | Department of Elections"
733:"The Case for Keeping San Francisco's Disputed George Washington Murals"
549:
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438:
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voted unanimously to paint over all thirteen panels, with commissioner
243:
2316:
1877:"Judge To San Francisco School Board: Arnautoff's Murals Must Remain"
1256:
557:
242:
at the time, restarted a discussion of the mural when he proposed on
50:
1586:"Bay Area art leaders on censorship of George Washington High mural"
1907:"Feds could weigh in on fight over preservation of historic mural"
670:"These High School Murals Depict an Ugly History. Should They Go?"
317:
104:
1681:"Feinstein on SF mural flap: Don't destroy it, don't cover it up"
593:
art magazine, "the direct connection between the policies of the
949:"Murals at San Francisco School Should Stay for Now, Judge Says"
1287:"Opinion | San Francisco Will Spend $ 600,000 to Erase History"
2339:"San Francisco to paint over historic George Washington mural"
2070:"A successful school-board recall punishes left-wing excess"
2265:"San Francisco School Board Reverses Vote on Mural Removal"
1778:"Open Letter on the Proposed Destruction of a Mural Cycle"
372:
professor, called on people “to recall the school board.”
364:, declared her opposition to removing the mural as well.
347:, urged preserving the mural for public view. Historian
799:
Snyder, Amna Khalid and Jeffrey Aaron (10 June 2019).
507:
2022 San Francisco Board of Education recall elections
2420:- Opinion piece in support of the mural published by
1848:"SF school board votes to save Depression-era murals"
323:. Arnautoff's biographer, Professor Robert Cherny of
1491:"Controversial Murals Halt School's Landmark Status"
2433:- Video featuring the creator of the response mural
1253:"SF school board votes to destroy circa 1936 mural"
86:
78:
68:
56:
46:
38:
28:
21:
606:that eulogized Washington as a symbol of honesty.
197:1960s–1970s: Early protests and the response mural
706:Public Art and Architecture from Around the World
2107:"Recall History in California (1913 to Present)"
2368:"Saving Socialist Realist Art in San Francisco"
1385:"Alice Walker Defends George Washington Murals"
368:, the founder of "Living New Deal" project and
246:that the school should be renamed after alumna
230:2016–2022: Destruction vote by the school board
146:, was critiquing the country's colonial past.
1423:"The new America: Those who yell loudest win"
8:
1526:"In defence of the George Washington murals"
1109:Tucker, Jill; Wu, Gwendolyn (8 April 2019).
548:Arnautoff painted the mural directly on wet
2495:Works Progress Administration in California
2414:- Description of all 13 panels in the mural
465:Reversal of the vote and the Alumni lawsuit
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1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
18:
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279:, oppression, etc.” and does not reflect
1069:Victor Arnautoff and the Politics of Art
702:"Life of Washington by Victor Arnautoff"
2408:- Photographs of the mural and visitors
708:. Art and Architecture. 28 April 2019.
653:
316:, and president of the local branch of
2510:Race-related controversies in painting
2500:African-American-related controversies
1804:
1802:
1280:
1278:
1213:
1211:
985:
983:
981:
880:"We're Getting These Murals All Wrong"
566:House Un-American Activities Committee
2505:Native American-related controversies
2480:Fresco paintings in the United States
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794:
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7:
1584:Desmarais, Charles (June 25, 2019).
1489:Pendergast, Thomas K. (2019-04-05).
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511:On February 15, 2022, commissioners
476:California Environmental Quality Act
123:funded. According to the art critic
2422:League for the Fourth International
624:destroyed over its communist themes
878:Kelley, Robin D. G. (2019-09-10).
16:Murals painted by Victor Arnautoff
14:
1965:Mai-Duc, Christine (2022-02-15).
1263:from the original on 25 June 2019
1121:from the original on 26 June 2019
712:from the original on 30 June 2019
682:from the original on 29 June 2019
1072:. University of Illinois Press.
1066:Cherny, Robert W. (2017-03-07).
256:San Francisco Board of Education
240:San Francisco Board of Education
218:San Francisco Board of Education
2446:360 degree view of upper panels
2437:360 degree view of lower panels
2427:Prof. Dewey Crumpler discusses
2378:from the original on 2022-02-13
2349:from the original on 2022-02-12
2283:from the original on 2022-06-24
2245:from the original on 2022-06-24
2215:from the original on 2022-02-15
2185:from the original on 2022-02-16
2148:from the original on 2022-02-16
2119:from the original on 2022-02-24
2088:from the original on 2022-02-24
2051:from the original on 2022-01-12
2014:from the original on 2022-02-23
1985:from the original on 2022-02-15
1947:from the original on 2021-12-07
1935:Thompson, Walter (2019-05-20).
1917:from the original on 2022-02-17
1887:from the original on 2021-07-29
1858:from the original on 2021-04-25
1828:from the original on 2022-02-13
1788:from the original on 2022-02-12
1759:from the original on 2022-02-13
1729:from the original on 2022-02-23
1691:from the original on 2022-02-14
1661:from the original on 2022-02-12
1631:from the original on 2022-02-14
1596:from the original on 2022-02-10
1566:from the original on 2021-07-27
1536:from the original on 2021-07-30
1524:Caddell, Jillian (2019-08-22).
1501:from the original on 2021-08-13
1471:from the original on 2022-02-10
1433:from the original on 2022-02-11
1403:from the original on 2022-02-12
1365:from the original on 2021-08-03
1335:from the original on 2022-02-11
1305:from the original on 2019-07-03
1251:Brinklow, Adam (26 June 2019).
1230:from the original on 2022-02-17
1197:from the original on 2022-02-17
1161:from the original on 2019-07-12
1086:from the original on 2023-12-23
1035:from the original on 2022-07-06
1002:from the original on 2022-02-14
967:from the original on 2022-02-10
926:from the original on 2021-07-29
898:from the original on 2022-02-06
845:from the original on 2019-07-10
811:from the original on 2022-02-16
776:from the original on 2019-06-23
751:from the original on 2022-02-12
668:Pogash, Carol (11 April 2019).
495:General Services Administration
435:National Endowment for the Arts
2203:Knight, Heather (2022-01-29).
531:Compliance with judge's ruling
501:Recall of school board members
325:San Francisco State University
1:
2263:Small, Zachary (2022-06-24).
2112:California Secretary of State
1905:Waxmann, Laura (2019-05-08).
1846:Brinklow, Adam (2019-08-14).
1649:Gonzalez, Matt (2019-06-24).
1495:Richmond Review/Sunset Beacon
1218:Waxmann, Laura (2018-03-08).
731:Smith, Roberta (2019-07-26).
433:, the former chairman of the
337:Crumpler, now a professor at
214:San Francisco Arts Commission
172:Works Progress Administration
109:George Washington High School
1747:Dafoe, Taylor (2019-07-08).
1709:Pogash, Carol (2019-08-14).
1451:Pogash, Carol (2019-08-14).
1421:Brown, Willie (2019-07-13).
1383:Pogash, Carol (2019-08-21).
1353:Costley, Drew (2019-08-14).
1149:Davis, Ben (July 10, 2019).
947:Pogash, Carol (2021-07-29).
2233:Tucker, Jill (2022-06-23).
2142:The San Francisco Chronicle
1679:Matier, Phil (2019-08-25).
1619:Matier, Phil (2019-08-07).
1554:Tucker, Jill (2021-07-27).
1323:Tucker, Jill (2019-07-03).
1023:Tucker, Jill (2022-07-06).
990:Tucker, Jill (2021-10-07).
604:Washington cherry tree myth
451:destroyed ancient monuments
339:San Francisco Art Institute
2526:
2402:- Photographs of the mural
1911:The San Francisco Examiner
1655:The San Francisco Examiner
1285:Weiss, Bari (2019-06-28).
1224:The San Francisco Examiner
504:
151:San Francisco School Board
1651:"Don't whitewash history"
515:and Gabriella Lopez were
156:Environmental Quality Act
107:cycle in San Francisco's
2485:George Washington in art
1881:www.booksmartstudios.org
556:style, much akin to the
461:", Landesman concluded.
2465:Murals in San Francisco
2450:San Francisco Chronicle
2441:San Francisco Chronicle
2239:San Francisco Chronicle
2209:San Francisco Chronicle
1685:San Francisco Chronicle
1625:San Francisco Chronicle
1560:San Francisco Chronicle
1427:San Francisco Chronicle
1329:San Francisco Chronicle
1115:San Francisco Chronicle
1029:San Francisco Chronicle
996:San Francisco Chronicle
642:List of New Deal murals
445:in Afghanistan, or the
344:San Francisco Chronicle
238:, who was president of
181:San Francisco Chronicle
160:recall election of 2022
2400:Art & Architecture
530:
299:Opposition to the vote
223:Multi-Ethnic Heritage,
2008:sfelections.sfgov.org
617:Man at the Crossroads
2470:Art in San Francisco
2448:- Video produced by
2439:- Video produced by
2418:The Internationalist
517:recalled from office
356:, former Supervisor
115:in 1936. It depicts
1971:Wall Street Journal
620:(1934) — Fresco by
457:, Syria?” This is "
252:historical landmark
2429:Life of Washington
2304:California History
2269:The New York Times
1814:The New York Times
1715:The New York Times
1457:The New York Times
1389:The New York Times
1291:The New York Times
953:The New York Times
737:The New York Times
675:The New York Times
581:Life of Washington
441:, who blew up the
382:The New York Times
191:westward expansion
100:Life of Washington
23:Life of Washington
2406:Bloomberg CityLab
1079:978-0-252-09924-3
572:mural painted in
308:, alumni parents
291:, and Supervisor
176:Richmond District
130:Since the 1960s,
117:George Washington
96:
95:
73:George Washington
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1883:. 29 July 2021.
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443:Bamiyan Buddhas
431:Rocco Landesman
407:Fredric Jameson
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505:Main article:
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289:Lateefah Simon
285:social justice
283:'s “values of
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2475:1930s murals
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2016:. Retrieved
2007:
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1970:
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1941:the Guardian
1940:
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705:
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673:
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622:Diego Rivera
615:
589:
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578:
569:
562:Diego Rivera
547:
538:Mark Sanchez
534:
525:Mark Sanchez
510:
488:
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468:
459:philistinism
411:David Harvey
380:
374:
366:Gray Brechin
349:Robin Kelley
342:
336:
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314:Willie Brown
310:Alice Walker
306:Danny Glover
302:
269:colonization
260:Mark Sanchez
248:Maya Angelou
233:
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211:
200:
187:Mount Vernon
179:
169:
148:
144:Diego Rivera
129:
99:
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22:
1782:Nonsite.org
1753:Artnet News
1155:Artnet News
521:Edwin Grant
493:. In 2019,
427:colonialism
415:Adolph Reed
391:Wendy Brown
387:Aijaz Ahmad
370:UC Berkeley
111:painted by
2459:Categories
2382:2022-02-13
2353:2022-02-12
2287:2022-06-24
2249:2022-06-24
2219:2022-02-16
2189:2022-02-16
2152:2022-02-16
2123:2022-02-24
2092:2022-02-24
2055:2022-02-16
2018:2022-02-24
1989:2022-02-16
1951:2022-02-17
1921:2022-02-17
1891:2021-07-29
1862:2021-04-25
1832:2022-02-13
1792:2022-02-14
1763:2022-02-13
1733:2022-02-23
1695:2022-02-14
1665:2022-02-13
1635:2022-02-14
1600:2022-02-10
1570:2021-07-28
1540:2021-08-03
1505:2021-08-13
1475:2022-02-10
1437:2022-02-11
1407:2022-02-12
1369:2021-08-03
1339:2022-02-11
1309:2022-02-12
1234:2022-02-17
1201:2022-02-11
1165:2021-04-25
1090:2022-01-18
1039:2022-07-07
1006:2022-02-14
971:2022-02-11
930:2021-07-29
902:2022-02-06
884:The Nation
849:2022-02-10
815:2022-02-12
780:2022-02-12
755:2022-02-12
648:References
574:Coit Tower
399:Hal Foster
377:Bari Weiss
321:Amos Brown
236:Matt Haney
79:Dimensions
2277:0362-4331
2179:0190-8286
2082:0013-0613
2045:0190-8286
1979:0099-9660
1852:Curbed SF
1822:0362-4331
1723:0362-4331
1465:0362-4331
1397:0362-4331
1299:0362-4331
1191:0190-8286
961:0362-4331
892:0027-8378
745:0362-4331
570:City Life
354:Art Agnos
234:In 2016,
132:vignettes
2376:Archived
2347:Archived
2325:25157905
2281:Archived
2243:Archived
2213:Archived
2183:Archived
2146:Archived
2117:Archived
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2049:Archived
2012:Archived
1983:Archived
1945:Archived
1915:Archived
1885:Archived
1856:Archived
1826:Archived
1786:Archived
1757:Archived
1727:Archived
1689:Archived
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1629:Archived
1594:Archived
1590:Datebook
1564:Archived
1534:Archived
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1469:Archived
1431:Archived
1401:Archived
1363:Archived
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1195:Archived
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965:Archived
924:Archived
896:Archived
843:Archived
809:Archived
774:Archived
749:Archived
710:Archived
680:Archived
610:See also
265:genocide
216:and the
149:In 2019
87:Location
58:Movement
2343:AP NEWS
1267:26 June
1125:26 June
686:26 June
558:frescos
552:in the
550:plaster
455:Palmyra
439:Taliban
244:Twitter
203:slavery
166:History
136:slavery
69:Subject
2323:
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2043:
1977:
1820:
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1463:
1395:
1359:SFGATE
1297:
1257:Curbed
1189:
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959:
890:
743:
716:5 July
590:Apollo
423:racism
413:, and
330:Apollo
51:Fresco
47:Medium
29:Artist
2431:mural
2321:JSTOR
491:W.P.A
453:near
318:NAACP
281:SFUSD
105:mural
103:is a
2372:Areo
2273:ISSN
2175:ISSN
2078:ISSN
2041:ISSN
1975:ISSN
1818:ISSN
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1461:ISSN
1393:ISSN
1295:ISSN
1269:2019
1187:ISSN
1127:2019
1074:ISBN
957:ISSN
888:ISSN
839:KQED
741:ISSN
718:2019
688:2019
597:and
447:ISIS
425:and
312:and
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