The Limits to Growth - Knowledge (XXG)

1424: 1633:. The study assessed whether, given key data known in 2020 about factors important for the "Limits to Growth" report, the original report's conclusions are supported. In particular, the 2020 study examined updated quantitative information about ten factors, namely population, fertility rates, mortality rates, industrial output, food production, services, non-renewable resources, persistent pollution, human welfare, and ecological footprint, and concluded that the "Limits to Growth" prediction is essentially correct in that continued economic growth is unsustainable under a "business as usual" model. The study found that current empirical data is broadly consistent with the 1972 projections and that if major changes to the consumption of resources are not undertaken, economic growth will peak and then rapidly decline by around 2040. 701:. The authors intended to explore the possibility of a sustainable feedback pattern that would be achieved by altering growth trends among the five variables under three scenarios. They noted that their projections for the values of the variables in each scenario were predictions "only in the most limited sense of the word", and were only indications of the system's behavioral tendencies. Two of the scenarios saw "overshoot and collapse" of the global system by the mid- to latter-part of the 21st century, while a third scenario resulted in a "stabilized world". 182: 1358:

reported outputs. The comparison falls comfortably within the range of uncertainty for almost all the available data, both in terms of magnitude and the patterns observed over time. Turner conducted an analysis of many studies, with a special focus on those authored by economists, that have consistently aimed to discredit the limits-to-growth concept over the course of several years. According to Turner, the aforementioned studies exhibit flaws and demonstrate a lack of comprehension regarding the model.

624: 5047: 1272:(SD) models found that the original SD was created for firms and set the pattern for urban, global, and other SD models. These firm-based SDs relied on superintending managers to prevent undesirable cycling and feedback loops caused by separate common-sense decisions made by individual sectors. However, the later global model lacked superintending managers that enforce interrelated world-level changes, making undesirable cycles and 5035: 1214:(RFF) testified that in their view, "The authors load their case by letting some things grow exponentially and others not. Population, capital and pollution grow exponentially in all models, but technologies for expanding resources and controlling pollution are permitted to grow, if at all, only in discrete increments." However, their testimony also noted the possibility of "relatively firm long-term limits" associated with 1192:, argued that the fundamental underlying concepts of the LTG scenarios were faulty because the very idea of what constitutes a "resource" varies over time. For instance, wood was the primary shipbuilding resource until the 1800s, and there were concerns about prospective wood shortages from the 1500s on. But then boats began to be made of iron, later steel, and the shortage issue disappeared. Simon argued in his book 5009: 3440: 1514:(CSIRO) in Australia published a paper called "A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality". It compared the past thirty years of data with the scenarios laid out in the 1972 book and found that changes in industrial production, food production, and pollution are all congruent with one of the book's three scenarios—that of "business as usual". This scenario in 4997: 1169:

misunderstood or wilfully misrepresented. They pointed out that the critics had failed to suggest any alternative model for the interaction of growth processes and resource availability, and "nor had they described in precise terms the sort of social change and technological advances that they believe would accommodate current growth processes."

1423: 1354:, who had been a vocal critic of LTG, said in 2009 that "thirty years later, the situation may have changed... it will probably be more important in the future to deal intellectually, quantitatively, as well as practically, with the mutual interdependence of economic growth, natural resource availability, and environmental constraints". 1464:(BTL) was published as a 20-year update on the original material. It "concluded that two decades of history mainly supported the conclusions we had advanced 20 years earlier. But the 1992 book did offer one major new finding. We suggested in BTL that humanity had already overshot the limits of Earth's support capacity." 1591:

In 2015, a calibration of the updated World3-03 model using historical data from 1995 to 2012 to better understand the dynamics of today's economic and resource system was undertaken. The results showed that human society has invested more to abate persistent pollution, increase food productivity and

1450:

concluded in 1978 that optimistic attitudes had won out, causing a general loss of momentum in the environmental movement. While summarizing a large number of opposing arguments, the article concluded that "scientific arguments for and against each position ... have, it would seem, played only a

1367:

on 2 September 2014. Turner used data from the UN to claim that the graphs almost exactly matched the 'Standard Run' from 1972 (i.e. the worst-case scenario, assuming that a 'business as usual' attitude was adopted, and there were no modifications of human behaviour in response to the warnings in the

1198:

that human ingenuity creates new resources as required from the raw materials of the universe. For instance, copper will never "run out". History demonstrates that as it becomes scarcer its price will rise and more will be found, more will be recycled, new techniques will use less of it, and at some

1177:

agreed that growth could not continue indefinitely, but that a natural end to growth was preferable to intervention. Wallich stated that technology could solve all the problems the report was concerned about, but only if growth continued apace. According to Wallich's cautionary statement, prematurely

1052:

as a whole shortly after publication in the 1970s (Peter Passel, Marc Roberts, and Leonard Ross), with similar criticism reoccurring from Ronald Baily, George Goodman and others in the 1990s. In 2011 Ugo Bardi in "The Limits to Growth Revisited" argued that "nowhere in the book was it stated that the

1556:

Hall and Day noted that "the values predicted by the limits-to-growth model and actual data for 2008 are very close." These findings are consistent with the 2008 CSIRO study which concluded: "The analysis shows that 30 years of historical data compares favorably with key features ... "standard run"

1103:

These conclusions are so far-reaching and raise so many questions for further study that we are quite frankly overwhelmed by the enormity of the job that must be done. We hope that this book will serve to interest other people, in many fields of study and in many countries of the world, to raise the

1081:

It is possible to alter these growth trends and to establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that is sustainable far into the future. The state of global equilibrium could be designed so that the basic material needs of each person on earth are satisfied and each person has an equal

1045:

skeptics criticizing the accuracy of the predictions. This interpretation has been widely propagated by media and environmental organizations, and authors who, apart from a note about the possibility of the future flows being "more complicated", did not clearly constrain or deny this interpretation.

1607:

on Limits to Growth. Its initial report concluded that "there is unsettling evidence that society is still following the 'standard run' of the original study – in which overshoot leads to an eventual collapse of production and living standards". The report also points out that some issues not fully

1568:, its methods, and historical reception and concluded that "The warnings that we received in 1972 ... are becoming increasingly more worrisome as reality seems to be following closely the curves that the ... scenario had generated." A popular analysis of the accuracy of the report by science writer 1526:

in the 21st century. In 2010, Nørgård, Peet, and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report". They said that, "its approach remains useful and that its conclusions are still surprisingly valid ... unfortunately the report has been largely dismissed by critics as a doomsday prophecy that has

1470:

was published in 2004. The authors observed that "It is a sad fact that humanity has largely squandered the past 30 years in futile debates and well-intentioned, but halfhearted, responses to the global ecological challenge. We do not have another 30 years to dither. Much will have to change if the

1281:

report combined these two approaches multiple times. System dynamists constructed interventions into the world model to demonstrate how their proposed interventions improved the system to prevent collapse. The SD model also aggregated the world’s population and resources which meant that it did not

1276:

and collapse happen in nearly all models no matter the parameter settings. There was no way for a few individuals in the model to override the structure of the system even if they understood the system as a whole. This meant there were only two solutions: convincing everyone in the system to change

1044:

Due to the detailed nature and use of actual resources and their real-world price trends, the indexes have been interpreted as a prediction of the number of years until the world would "run out" of them, both by environmentalist groups calling for greater conservation and restrictions on use and by

1636:

In 2023, the parameters of the World3 model were recalibrated using empirical data up to 2022. This improved parameter set results in a World3 simulation that shows the same overshoot and collapse mode in the coming decade as the original business-as-usual scenario of the Limits to Growth standard

902:

The chapter contains a large table that spans five pages in total, based on actual geological reserves data for a total of 19 non-renewable resources, and analyzes their reserves at 1972 modeling time of their exhaustion under three scenarios: static (constant growth), exponential, and exponential

585:

The report's findings suggest that, in the absence of significant alterations in resource utilization, it is highly likely that there will be an abrupt and unmanageable decrease in both population and industrial capacity. Although it faced severe criticism and scrutiny upon its release, the report

3070:

Of course, the actual nonrenewable resource availability in the next few decades will be determined by factors much more complicated that can be expressed by either the simple static reserve index or the exponential reserve index. We have studied this problem with a detailed model that takes into

4064:

Regrettably, the alignment of data trends with the LTG dynamics indicates that the early stages of collapse could occur within a decade, or might even be underway. This suggests, from a rational risk-based perspective, that we have squandered the past decades, and that preparing for a collapsing

1028:

Given present resources consumption rates and the projected increase in the rates, the great majority of the currently important nonrenewable resources will be extremely costly 100 years from now. (...) The prices of those resources with the shortest static reserve indices have already begun to

1357:

In a study conducted in 2008, Graham Turner from CSIRO discovered a significant correlation between the observed historical data spanning from 1970 to 2000 and the simulated outcomes derived from the "standard run" limits of the growth model. This correlation was apparent across nearly all the

1282:

demonstrate how crises emerge at different times and in different ways without any strictly global logic or form because of the unequal distributions of populations and resources. These issues indicate that the local, national, and regional differentiation in politics and economics surrounding

1172:

During that period, the very idea of any worldwide constraint, as indicated in the study, was met with scepticism and opposition by both businesses and the majority of economists. Critics declared that history proved the projections to be incorrect, such as the predicted resource depletion and

1168:

team, in a paper entitled "A Response to Sussex", described and analyzed five major areas of disagreement between themselves and the Sussex authors. The team asserted that the Sussex critics applied "micro reasoning to macro problems", and suggested that their own arguments had been either

1300:

With few exceptions, economics as a discipline has been dominated by a perception of living in an unlimited world, where resource and pollution problems in one area were solved by moving resources or people to other parts. The very hint of any global limitation as suggested in the report

713:

is the notion that if the rate of resource use is increasing, the number of reserves cannot be calculated by simply taking the current known reserves and dividing them by the current yearly usage, as is typically done to obtain a static index. For example, in 1972, the amount of

1078:, and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached sometime within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity. 1386:. Parenti further remarked that despite its scientific rigour and credibility, the intellectual guardians of influential economic interests actively dismissed LTG as a warning. A parallel narrative is currently unfolding within the realm of climate research. 1056:

While Chapter 2 serves as an introduction to the concept of exponential growth modeling, the actual World3 model uses an abstract "non-renewable resources" component based on static coefficients rather than the actual physical commodities described above.

2900: 3947: 1023:

The chapter also contains a detailed computer model of chromium availability with current (as of 1972) and double the known reserves as well as numerous statements on the current increasing price trends for discussed metals:

785: 1581:, Brian Hayes stated that the model is "more a polemical tool than a scientific instrument". He went on to say that the graphs generated by the computer program should not, as the authors note, be used as predictions. 2970: 718:

reserves was 775 million metric tons, of which 1.85 million metric tons were mined annually. The static index is 775/1.85=418 years, but the rate of chromium consumption was growing at 2.6 percent annually, or

1804: 1053:

numbers were supposed to be read as predictions", nonetheless as they were the only tangible numbers referring to actual resources, they were promptly picked as such by both supporters as well as opponents.

1542:

has had a significant impact on the conception of environmental issues and notes that (in his view) the models in the book were meant to be taken as predictions "only in the most limited sense of the word".

4340: 1149:

simulations ended in collapse, predicting the imminent end of irreplaceable resources. Passell also charged that the entire endeavour was motivated by a hidden agenda: to halt growth in its tracks.

3071:

account the many interrelationships among such factors as varying grades of ores, production costs, new mining technology, the elasticity of consumer demand, and substitution with other resources

1511: 1368:

report). Birth rates and death rates were both slightly lower than projected, but these two effects cancelled each other out, leaving the growth in world population almost exactly as forecast.

1277:

the basic structure of population growth and collapse (moral response) and/or having a superintending agency analyzing the system as a whole and directing changes (technocratic response). The

1173:

associated economic collapse by the end of the 20th century. The methodology, the computer, the conclusions, the rhetoric and the people behind the project were criticised. Yale economist

1104:

space and time horizons of their concerns, and to join us in understanding and preparing for a period of great transition – the transition from growth to global equilibrium.

596:

Since its publication, some 30 million copies of the book in 30 languages have been purchased. It continues to generate debate and has been the subject of several subsequent publications.

4501: 853: 3285: 4901: 1164:

were very sensitive to a few key assumptions and suggest that the MIT assumptions were unduly pessimistic, and the MIT methodology, data, and projections were faulty. However, the

1222:

on which it depends, a disastrously virulent substance", and (implying that population growth in "developing countries" is problematic) that "we don't know what to do about it".

1085:

If the world's people decide to strive for this second outcome rather than the first, the sooner they begin working to attain it, the greater will be their chances of success.

586:

influenced environmental reforms for decades. Subsequent analysis notes that global use of natural resources has been inadequately reformed to alter its expected outcome. Yet

1371:

In 2010, Nørgård, Peet and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report", and said that it "has withstood the test of time and, indeed, has only become more relevant."

1976: 1904: 1498: 3561: 1767: 1584:

In 2014, Turner concluded that "preparing for a collapsing global system could be even more important than trying to avoid collapse." Another 2014 study from the

511: 355: 2800: 723:. If instead of assuming a constant rate of usage, the assumption of a constant rate of growth of 2.6 percent annually is made, the resource will instead last 4332: 3652: 1029:

increase. The price of mercury, for example, has gone up 500 percent in the last 20 years; the price of lead has increased 300 percent in the last 30 years.

4926: 3329: 1645:

Books about humanity's uncertain future have appeared regularly over the years. A few of them, including the books mentioned above for reference, include:

1241:; the Catholic church, which bridled at the suggestion that overpopulation was one of mankind's major problems; finally, the political left, which saw the 5092: 4839: 4137: 3025: 1928: 40: 1141:". Passell found the study's simulation to be simplistic while assigning little value to the role of technological progress in solving the problems of 4045:(Research Paper No. 4). MSSI Research Papers. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, The University of Melbourne. p. 16. 3943: 3562:"Capsule Review – The Global 2000 Report to the President. Vol. I: Entering the Twenty-First Century. Vol. II: The Technical Report". Foreign Affairs" 3197: 1321:

arrived at similar conclusions regarding expected global resource scarcity, and the need for multilateral coordination to prepare for this situation.

729: 570:, the study saw its findings first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971. The report's authors are 4230: 3678: 5097: 4871: 4562: 608:

were published in 1992 and 2004 respectively; in 2012, a 40-year forecast from Jørgen Randers, one of the book's original authors, was published as

383: 4314: 2167: 1650: 1318: 4502:

Scientific Study: Forecasting the limits to the availability and diversity of global conventional oil supply: Validation; from John L Hallock Jr

2905: 5082: 3293:. Denmark: International Conference on Energy, Environment and Health – Optimisation of Future Energy Systems. pp. 133–137. Archived from 4050: 3723: 2721: 2691: 2659: 1886: 243: 4529: 4426: 3294: 2436: 1229:

study came from at least four sources: those who saw the book as a threat to their business or industry; professional economists, who saw

3829: 4931: 3494: 3993: 3863: 504: 1305:

was met with disbelief and rejection by businesses and most economists. However, this conclusion was mostly based on false premises.

4823: 4370: 3439:

United States Congress House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation (1973).

3337: 3233: 3099: 2598: 2472: 2037: 2017: 2007: 1994: 1969: 1879: 1859: 1637:

run. The main effect of the recalibration update is to raise the peaks of most variables and move them a few years into the future.

1409:

lacked accuracy, its basic thesis – that unlimited economic growth on a finite planet is impossible – was indisputably correct.

131: 551:

computer model to simulate the consequence of interactions between the Earth and human systems. The model was based on the work of

4037: 5072: 4577: 4436: 3089: 1750: 5077: 5067: 4972: 4906: 4465: 376: 218: 4078: 3926: 3903: 4921: 3416: 3389: 2981: 2625: 2501: 2412: 2075: 2056: 1137:

as "an empty and misleading work ... best summarized ... as a rediscovery of the oldest maxim of computer science:

411: 3442:

Growth and Its Implications for the Future: Hearing with Appendix, Ninety-third Congress, First[-second] Session ...

1998: 153: 5117: 5112: 5087: 2312: 2125: 1629: 1604: 497: 165: 71: 5025: 2684:

Limits and Beyond: 50 years on from The Limits to Growth, what did we learn and what's next? A Report to The Club of Rome

657:

Identify and study the dominant elements, and their interactions, that influence the long-term behavior of world systems.

3257:

Meadows, Donella H; Meadows, Dennis L; Randers, Jørgen; Behrens III, William W (February 1973). "A response to Sussex".

2995: 1153: 660:

To warn of the likely outcome of contemporary economic and industrial policies, with a view to influencing changes to a

5001: 2346:

Dr Turner is an Honorary Senior Fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute at the University of Melbourne.

1686: 4946: 4936: 4849: 4755: 1816: 903:

with reserves multiplied by 5 to account for possible discoveries. A short excerpt from the table is presented below:

2523: 4255: 790:

In general, the formula for calculating the amount of time left for a resource with constant consumption growth is:

4818: 4490: 4472: 4392: 1846: 1667: 1383: 4010: 1048:

While environmental organizations used it to support their arguments, a number of economists used it to criticize

5122: 5102: 4728: 4552: 404: 298: 263: 3521:"How do we know we have global environmental problems? Science and the globalization of environmental discourse" 2558: 796: 4733: 4522: 4479: 2590: 2173: 2092: 1215: 1211: 313: 4145: 3014: 587: 4440: 2649: 5107: 4675: 1940: 1585: 1475: 1283: 1138: 654:

Gain insights into the limits of our world system and the constraints it puts on human numbers and activity.

448: 338: 203: 4495: 4844: 4802: 4797: 4680: 4557: 4418: 3688: 2119: 1189: 1185: 872: 181: 39: 1245:

study as a scam by the elites designed to trick workers into believing that a proletarian paradise was a

4911: 4775: 4614: 3363: 2753: 2233: 2098: 1839: 1743: 1655: 1483: 1199:

point a better substitute will be found for it altogether. His book was revised and reissued in 1996 as

1194: 661: 1710: 1458:, entitled "Beyond the Limits to Growth: Global Industrial Society, Vision or Nightmare?" and in 1992, 1126:

provoked a wide range of responses, including immediate criticisms almost as soon as it was published.

1698: 693:". At the time of the study, all these variables were increasing and were assumed to continue to grow 4941: 4896: 4864: 4859: 4785: 4760: 4716: 4231:"MIT Predicted in 1972 That Society Will Collapse This Century. New Research Shows We're on Schedule" 4186: 2615: 2263: 2227: 2215: 2143: 2137: 2122:(to intervene in a system if it is to be managed) – model proposed by Donella Meadows, 1774: 1755: 1662: 1157: 463: 258: 173: 5127: 5012: 4790: 4621: 4572: 4515: 2288: 2280: 2179: 1945: 1786: 1722: 1715: 1394: 1261: 544: 473: 328: 323: 303: 4011:"Computation and the Human Predicament – The Limits to Growth and the Limits to Computer Modeling" 3040: 5051: 4916: 4854: 4642: 4631: 4609: 4604: 4593: 4210: 3934: 3922: 3764: 3174: 3139: 2161: 1834: 1577: 1548: 1273: 1142: 1065:

After reviewing their computer simulations, the research team came to the following conclusions:

720: 694: 690: 590: 571: 397: 223: 110: 56: 4404: 2218: – Proposed condition wherein human numbers exceed the carrying capacity of the environment 1253:

government report found that "In the 1990s, criticism tended to focus on the misconception that

4242: 4105:"Understanding Global Systems Today—A Calibration of the World3-03 Model between 1995 and 2012" 2236: – Effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population 4891: 4765: 4658: 4567: 4432: 4422: 4408: 4400: 4202: 4046: 3989: 3859: 3756: 3719: 3633: 3542: 3412: 3385: 3333: 3239: 3229: 3095: 2773: 2727: 2717: 2687: 2655: 2621: 2594: 2585: 2497: 2468: 2462: 2408: 2257: 2251: 2071: 2052: 2033: 2013: 2003: 1990: 1965: 1933: 1891: 1875: 1855: 1762: 1523: 1519: 1493: 1460: 1390: 1375: 1219: 682: 600: 579: 575: 540: 288: 268: 238: 233: 208: 138: 126: 66: 61: 5046: 4967: 4962: 4748: 4743: 4626: 4582: 4476: 4366: 4336: 4290: 4194: 4116: 4018: 3951: 3800: 3748: 3715: 3625: 3532: 3266: 3166: 3131: 2765: 1809: 1674: 1569: 1174: 1071: 674: 623: 308: 3614:"Does Growth Have a Future? Does Growth Theory Have a Future? Are These Questions Related?" 3461: 2404:

The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind

1557:

scenario, which results in collapse of the global system midway through the 21st Century."

4977: 4738: 4170: 2895:{\displaystyle R=\int _{0}^{y}Ce^{\rho t}\ dt={\frac {C}{\rho }}\left(e^{\rho y}-1\right)} 2269: 2206: 2191: 2149: 1791: 1727: 1624: 1616: 1535: 1341: 1269: 1207: 698: 536: 483: 333: 293: 253: 248: 228: 4362: 4174: 3739:

Sandbach, Francis (1 November 1978). "The Rise and Fall of the Limits to Growth Debate".

1225:

In 1997, the Italian economist Giorgio Nebbia observed that the negative reaction to the

4190: 3320: 4982: 2401:

Meadows, Donella H; Meadows, Dennis L; Randers, Jørgen; Behrens III, William W (1972).

2185: 2113: 1915: 1691: 1609: 478: 458: 213: 3585:"Revisiting The Limits to Growth: Could the Club of Rome Have Been Correct After All?" 2490: 1471:

ongoing overshoot is not to be followed by collapse during the twenty-first century."

1257:

predicted global resource depletion and social collapse by the end of the year 2000".

5061: 4721: 4670: 4214: 3908: 3537: 3520: 3406: 3379: 3270: 3020: 2200: 2155: 2026: 1821: 1703: 1234: 678: 552: 443: 438: 5034: 3222:

Cole, H. S. D.; Freeman, Christopher; Jahoda, Marie; Pavitt, K. L. R., eds. (1973).

2769: 2758:

Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion (SEED). CSIRO Working Paper Series

2402: 616:

authors, Dennis Meadows and Jørgen Randers, joined 19 other contributors to produce

5039: 4770: 4396: 3768: 3193: 3170: 2245: 2107: 1851: 1679: 1538:'s role in adjusting outcomes, their critics have overestimated it. He states that 1436: 1363: 1351: 1345: 1181: 1118: 647: 567: 4277:

Nebel, Arjuna; Kling, Alexander; Willamowski, Ruben; Schell, Tim (November 2023).

3959: 2230: – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem 3584: 2464:

A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming

1348:

turned out to be right. We simply wasted 30 important years ignoring this work."

4653: 3322:

Growing within Limits – A Report to the Global Assembly 2009 of the Club of Rome

2239: 1246: 1238: 1075: 780:{\displaystyle {\frac {\ln(1+0.026\times 418)}{0.026}}\approx {\text{95 years}}} 468: 453: 343: 318: 17: 3801:"Perspectives on Limits to Growth: Challenges to Building a Sustainable Planet" 3752: 1443:

and has generally provided comprehensive updates to the book every five years.

4538: 4484: 3683: 3629: 2535: 2224: – Point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached 1114: 4206: 4103:

Pasqualino, Roberto; Jones, Aled; Monasterolo, Irene; Phillips, Alex (2015).

3637: 3546: 2999: 2777: 2731: 4708: 4318: 4175:"Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data" 3613: 2522:

Nørgård, Jørgen Stig; Peet, John; Ragnarsdóttir, Kristín Vala (March 2010).

1961: 1561: 1428: 1325: 686: 4138:"The Netherlands: An Interview with Gaya Branderhorst of Straatintimidatie" 3760: 1178:

halting progress would result in the perpetual impoverishment of billions.

4664: 3948:

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

3243: 2965:{\displaystyle y={\frac {\ln \left(1+\rho {\frac {R}{C}}\right)}{\rho }}.} 2711: 188:

Humanity's economic system viewed as a subsystem of the global environment

4780: 4703: 4235: 4065:

global system could be even more important than trying to avoid collapse.

2760:. 2008–09. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( 2221: 2131: 1129:

Peter Passell and two co-authors published a 2 April 1972 article in the

715: 433: 4022: 3955: 3178: 3143: 642:

In commissioning the MIT team to undertake the project that resulted in

4295: 4278: 4256:"1972 Warning of Civilizational Collapse Was on Point, New Study Finds" 4198: 3653:"Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse" 3223: 1779: 1455: 1393:, a member of the Nobel Prize (1995) winning group associated with the 145: 4121: 4104: 3988:(3rd printing ed.). Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. 1592:

have a more productive service sector however the broad trends within

1492:

did not receive an official update in 2012, but one of its coauthors,

180: 4685: 4333:"New initiative on transformational economics, EarthforAll, launched" 3135: 2754:"A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality" 627: 582:, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers. 548: 2366: 1530:

Also in 2008, researcher Peter A. Victor wrote that even though the

4315:"Believing Cassandra: How to be an Optimist in a Pessimist's World" 3500:(Report). London: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Limits to Growth 1451:

small part in the general acceptance of alternative perspectives."

4412: 4279:"Recalibration of limits to growth: An update of the World3 model" 2761: 1422: 1290:, making it unable to accurately demonstrate real-world dynamics. 697:, while the ability of technology to increase resources grew only 622: 3365:

Believing Cassandra: How to be an Optimist in a Pessimist's World

2705: 2703: 2614:

Meadows, Donella H.; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis L. (2004).

2583:

Meadows, Donella H.; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis L. (1992).

2140: – Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems 2110: – Study of the risks of collapse of industrial civilization 2066:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis (March 2005).

535:) is a 1972 report that discussed the possibility of exponential 2996:"Chapter 17: Growth and Productivity-The Long-Run Possibilities" 2047:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jorgen; Meadows, Dennis (June 2004).

1620: 1344:

concluded his views on the report by saying, "In hindsight, The

4511: 3122:

Kaysen, Carl (1972). "The Computer That Printed out W*O*L*F*".

1361:

Turner reprised these observations in another opinion piece in

3830:"Documentation: "Already Beyond? – 40 Years Limits to Growth"" 1405:

Although the specific predictions of resource availability in

556: 4507: 3411:(Paperback ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3384:(Hardcover ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3157:

Solow, Robert M. (1973). "Is the End of the World at Hand?".

2713:

Managing without growth : slower by design, not disaster

139: 1512:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1397:

on Science and World Affairs, supported the basic thesis of

3785:

Meadows, Donella; Randers, Jurgen; Meadows, Dennis (2004).

2024:

Meadows, Donella; Meadows, Dennis; Randers, Jorgen (1992).

1600: 1250: 3228:(1st, hardcover ed.). New York: Universe Publishing. 2194: – Argentine physicist (1928–2020), proponent of the 1588:

confirmed that data closely tracked the World3 BAU model.

3858:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 3789:. Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. p. xii. 3679:"'The Limits to Growth': A Book That Launched a Movement" 3495:

Limits Revisited: A Review of the Limits to Growth Debate

3879: 3287:

Policy Means for Sustainable Energy Scenarios (abstract)

3225:

Models of doom : a critique of The limits to growth

2654:. White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 2620:. White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. 2254: – American investor and philanthropist (1944–2015) 1145:, pollution, and food production. They charged that all 3986:

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality

2211:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1898:

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality

1612:, present additional challenges for human development. 1446:

An independent retrospective on the public debate over

4902:

International Conference on Population and Development

4036:

Turner, Graham (August 2014). Rickards, Lauren (ed.).

1828:

Powerdown: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World

1482:". Another symposium was held in the same year by the 1082:

opportunity to realize his individual human potential.

593:

failed to materialize in the years since publication.

5023: 3651:

Turner, Graham; Alexander, Cathy (2 September 2014).

2908: 2803: 2170: – Report commissioned by President Jimmy Carter 1332:

had become everyone's laughing stock, among some the

799: 732: 4497:

Peak Oil model that correctly tracked the oil output

3810:. Smithsonian Institution—Club of Rome. 1 March 2012 2203: – Idea about population growth and food supply 2152: – Measure of increase in market value of goods 2128: – Simulation language & graphical notation 4955: 4880: 4832: 4811: 4694: 4640: 4591: 4545: 2325: 2146: – Demands on ecosystem exceeding regeneration 137: 125: 117: 106: 88: 80: 49: 3013: 2964: 2894: 2682:Bardi, Ugo; Alvarez Pereira, Carlos, eds. (2022). 2489: 2437:"Boom and doom: Revisiting prophecies of collapse" 2101: – American physicist (1923–2013), author of 2025: 847: 779: 1218:, that humanity might "loose upon itself, or the 921:Consumption, projected average annual growth rate 3927:"Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil" 3856:2052. A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 2651:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 2209: – Resource use exceeding carrying capacity 2070:(Hardcover ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 2051:(Paperback ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 2032:(Hardcover ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. 1905:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 1499:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 610:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 3880:"2052. A Global Forecast for the Next 40 Years" 3519:Taylor, Peter J.; Buttel, Frederick H. (1992). 2182: – One of the primary theories on peak oil 2176: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk 2164: – Methods bringing energy into production 2134: – Political, economic and social movement 1768:World Commission on Environment and Development 1608:addressed in the original 1972 report, such as 1554:Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil, 1298: 1101: 1067: 1026: 4363:"Earth for all – A survival guide to humanity" 3780: 3778: 3488: 3486: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 1952:Power: Limits and Prospects for Human Survival 1619:, then Director of Sustainability Services of 673:The World3 model is based on five variables: " 356:International Society for Ecological Economics 4523: 4165: 4163: 3904:"Prophesy of economic collapse 'coming true'" 3884:2052. A Global Forecast for the Next 40 Years 3455: 3453: 3358: 3356: 3083: 3081: 3079: 2285: – 1968 book predicting worldwide famine 1977:Earth for All – A Survival Guide for Humanity 691:consumption of nonrenewable natural resources 505: 8: 4414:Earth for All: A Survival Guide for Humanity 2266: – Constant capital and population size 2188: – Efficiency leads to increased demand 2158: – Low availability of energy resources 1924:by Paul Sabin, Yale University Press (2014); 1310: 543:with finite supply of resources, studied by 32: 4927:United Nations world population conferences 4309: 4307: 3687:(24–31 December 2012 issue). Archived from 3330:Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 2272: – Study of non-linear complex systems 1478:held a symposium entitled "Perspectives on 1336:ideas are becoming again popular". Reading 27:1972 book on economic and population growth 4840:Population and housing censuses by country 4530: 4516: 4508: 4331:Kellerhoff, Till, ed. (19 November 2020). 3493:Jackon, Tim; Webster, Robin (April 2016). 2248: – Primacy of productivity and growth 1564:published a book-length academic study of 1378:drew comparisons between the reception of 848:{\displaystyle y={\frac {\ln((rs)+1)}{r}}} 512: 498: 160: 38: 31: 4294: 4120: 3944:Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society 3536: 2938: 2915: 2907: 2872: 2853: 2832: 2819: 2814: 2802: 1964:and Carlos Alvarez Pereira, Exapt Press, 1874:by Ugo Bardi, Springer Briefs in Energy, 806: 798: 772: 733: 731: 4563:Estimates of historical world population 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2617:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 2116: – Ideological position in futurism 1798:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 1510:In 2008, physicist Graham Turner at the 1286:change was excluded from the SD used by 907: 606:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 384:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process 5030: 4083:Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute 2358: 2304: 2260: – Fall of a complex human society 2168:The Global 2000 Report to the President 1651:An Essay on the Principle of Population 1328:commented that "Although, by the 1990s 1152:In 1973, a group of researchers at the 1040:Interpretations of the exhaustion model 946: 943: 940: 937: 172: 4486:Smithsonian: 40 years Limits of Growth 3677:Parenti, Christian (5 December 2012). 2242: – Beyond optimum economic growth 2797:Limits To Growth, pg 60, Derivation: 2524:"The History of The Limits to Growth" 1887:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 1184:, a professor at the Universities of 244:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 7: 4996: 3787:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 3612:Solow, Robert M. (1 December 2009). 3583:Simmons, Matthew R. (October 2000). 3319:van Vuuren, D. P.; Faber, A (2009). 3284:Meyer, N. I.; Nørgård, J.S. (2010). 2435:MacKenzie, Debora (4 January 2012). 2315:, a simulation programming language. 2068:Limits To Growth: The 30-Year Update 2049:Limits To Growth: The 30-Year Update 1468:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 4932:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 4443:from the original on 30 August 2022 4373:from the original on 30 August 2022 4343:from the original on 30 August 2022 4077:Denby, Claire (18 September 2019). 2293: – 2006 book by James Lovelock 1319:Global 2000 Report to the President 1237:encroachment on their professional 3039:Bailey, Ronald (4 February 2004). 2103:Arithmetic, Population, and Energy 2095: – Systems dynamics archetype 612:; and in 2022 two of the original 264:Sustainability, 'weak' vs 'strong' 25: 5093:Books critical of economic growth 4824:Population and Development Review 4480:Attribution Noncommercial license 4136:Szymańska, Julka (21 July 2015). 3560:Pierre, Andrew J. (Spring 1981). 3028:from the original on 15 May 2019. 2020:, 1974 second edition (paperback) 1454:In 1989, a symposium was held in 1099:The introduction goes on to say: 5045: 5033: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4872:Population concern organizations 4578:Projections of population growth 3712:Information Theory and Evolution 3445:U.S. Government Printing Office. 2716:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 1074:, industrialization, pollution, 1070:If the present growth trends in 5098:Environmental non-fiction books 4973:Human impact on the environment 4907:Population Action International 4254:Rosane, Olivia (26 July 2021). 3925:; John W. Day (May–June 2009). 3192:Passell, Peter; Roberts, Marc; 2770:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.05.001 2467:. MIT Press. pp. 366–371. 2326:#Comparisons and updated models 1758:(produced annually since 1984); 1546:In a 2009 article published in 1506:Comparisons and updated models 898:Commodity reserve extrapolation 630:Model Standard Run as shown in 377:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt 219:Ecological model of competition 4922:United Nations Population Fund 4301:, published online 13 Nov 2023 4229:Ahmed, Nafeez (14 July 2021). 4219:, published online 03 Nov 2020 4079:"Is Global Collapse Imminent?" 3171:10.1080/05775132.1973.11469961 3091:The Limits to Growth Revisited 2982:The Skeptical Environmentalist 2488:Forrester, Jay Wright (1971). 1872:The Limits to Growth Revisited 1160:concluded that simulations in 930:5× reserves exponential index 836: 827: 818: 815: 760: 742: 1: 5083:Demographic economic problems 4283:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4179:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4009:Brian Hayes (May–June 2012). 3854:Randers, Jorgen (June 2012). 3378:Simon, Julian (August 1981). 2559:"The Limits to growth debate" 2126:DYNAMO (programming language) 2010:, 1974 second edition (cloth) 1778:, written by then-US senator 1687:The Challenge of Man's Future 1630:Journal of Industrial Ecology 1605:All-party parliamentary group 1534:team probably underestimated 1486:, entitled "Already Beyond?" 1206:To the US Congress in 1973, 4039:Is Global Collapse Imminent? 3618:History of Political Economy 3538:10.1016/0016-7185(92)90051-5 3271:10.1016/0016-3287(73)90062-1 2407:. New York: Universe Books. 1340:for the first time in 2000, 1154:Science Policy Research Unit 4947:World Population Foundation 4937:World Population Conference 4850:World population milestones 3710:Avery, John Scales (2012). 3460:Bardi, Ugo (9 March 2008). 3041:"Science and Public Policy" 1954:by Richard Heinberg (2021); 1900:by Richard Heinberg (2011); 1830:by Richard Heinberg (2005); 1817:A Short History of Progress 1427:Researchers from China and 1119:Club of Rome § Critics 1115:Malthusian § Criticism 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 997: 994: 991: 988: 980: 977: 974: 971: 963: 960: 957: 954: 559:, as described in his book 5144: 4819:Population and Environment 3984:Heinberg, Richard (2011). 3753:10.1177/030631277800800404 2534:(2): 59–63. Archived from 2196:Latin American World Model 1866:Too Smart for Our Own Good 1847:Storms of My Grandchildren 1668:Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. 1603:government established an 1527:not held up to scrutiny." 1384:global warming controversy 1311:Meyer & Nørgård (2010) 1112: 917: 916: 588:price predictions based on 4991: 4729:Human population planning 4553:Demographics of the world 3741:Social Studies of Science 3630:10.1215/00182702-2009-014 2710:Victor, Peter A. (2008). 2563:The University of Vermont 2461:Edwards, Paul N. (2010). 2367:"The Limits to Growth+50" 1908:by Jørgen Randers (2012); 1868:by Craig Dilworth (2009); 1268:study and the associated 1264:’s interpretation of the 934: 912: 910: 705:Exponential reserve index 405:Prosperity Without Growth 299:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 214:Ecological market failure 151: 37: 4734:Compulsory sterilization 4393:Dixson-Declève, Sandrine 3462:"Cassandra's Curse: How 3405:Simon, Julian L (1996). 2648:Randers, Jørgen (2012). 2591:Chelsea Green Publishing 2174:Global catastrophic risk 2093:Attractiveness principle 1766:, published by the UN's 1615:In 2020, an analysis by 1216:carbon dioxide emissions 1212:Resources for the Future 881:= R/C or static reserve; 5073:1972 in the environment 4676:Malthusian growth model 3808:Smithsonian Institution 3408:The Ultimate Resource 2 2752:Turner, Graham (2008). 2311:The models were run on 1941:The Uninhabitable Earth 1586:University of Melbourne 1476:Smithsonian Institution 1201:The Ultimate Resource 2 1139:Garbage In, Garbage Out 893:= (annual) consumption. 449:Environmental economics 204:Carbon fee and dividend 5078:2004 non-fiction books 5068:1972 non-fiction books 4803:Zero population growth 4798:Sustainable population 4722:Malthusian catastrophe 4681:Overshoot (population) 4558:Demographic transition 4419:New Society Publishers 4142:Stop Street Harassment 4115:(8). MDPI: 9864–9889. 3362:Alan Atkisson (2010). 3198:"The Limits to Growth" 3094:. New York: Springer. 2966: 2896: 2496:. Wright-Allen Press. 2201:Malthusian catastrophe 2120:Twelve leverage points 1997:, 1972 first edition ( 1754:reports issued by the 1432: 1411: 1307: 1106: 1097: 1037: 873:continuous compounding 849: 781: 650:had three objectives: 634: 185: 154:Digitized 1972 edition 94:; 52 years ago 72:William W. Behrens III 4912:Population Connection 4776:Mere addition paradox 4615:Physiological density 4411:(22 September 2022). 4241:Study also available 3381:The Ultimate Resource 3024:. 19 September 2002. 2967: 2897: 2528:The Solutions Journal 2234:Population bottleneck 2099:Albert Allen Bartlett 1840:James Howard Kunstler 1484:Volkswagen Foundation 1426: 1403: 1324:In a 2008 blog post, 1195:The Ultimate Resource 850: 782: 662:sustainable lifestyle 626: 547:. The study used the 309:E. F. Schumacher 184: 33:The Limits to Growth 5118:Systems theory books 5113:Sustainability books 5088:Ecological economics 4942:World Population Day 4897:Church of Euthanasia 4786:Non-identity problem 4761:Political demography 4717:Human overpopulation 4467:The Limits to Growth 4313:Alan Atkisson (2010) 3470:The Oil Drum: Europe 3464:The Limits to Growth 3068:. 1972. p. 63. 3002:on 18 December 2010. 2906: 2801: 2264:Steady-state economy 2228:Planetary boundaries 2144:Ecological overshoot 2138:Ecological economics 1929:The Sixth Extinction 1775:Earth in the Balance 1756:Worldwatch Institute 1734:The Limits to Growth 1663:Our Plundered Planet 1575:In 2012, writing in 1572:was also published. 1566:The Limits to Growth 1496:, published a book, 1448:The Limits to Growth 1441:The Limits to Growth 1439:has persisted after 1419:Updates and symposia 1380:The Limits to Growth 1303:The Limits to Growth 1210:and Ronald Riker of 1158:University of Sussex 797: 730: 711:The Limits to Growth 632:The Limits to Growth 566:Commissioned by the 526:The Limits to Growth 464:Planetary boundaries 412:Ecological Economics 391:The Limits to Growth 259:Steady-state economy 174:Ecological economics 4791:Reproductive rights 4622:Population dynamics 4573:Population momentum 4409:Espen Stocknes, Per 4191:2021JInEc..25..614H 4023:10.1511/2012.96.186 3956:10.1511/2009.78.230 3923:Hall, Charles A. S. 3834:Volkswagen Stiftung 3368:, Earthscan, p. 13. 3088:Bardi, Ugo (2011). 2824: 2290:The Revenge of Gaia 2282:The Population Bomb 2180:Hubbert peak theory 1946:David Wallace-Wells 1723:The Population Bomb 1623:, was published in 1431:with Dennis Meadows 1395:Pugwash Conferences 545:computer simulation 529:(often abbreviated 474:Sustainable finance 329:Richard B. Norgaard 324:Joan Martinez Alier 304:Kenneth E. Boulding 44:First edition cover 34: 4917:Population Matters 4632:Population pyramid 4610:Population density 4605:Population decline 4296:10.1111/jiec.13442 4199:10.1111/jiec.13084 4015:American Scientist 3935:American Scientist 3912:, 17 November 2008 3691:on 1 December 2017 3624:(Suppl_1): 27–34. 3202:The New York Times 3015:"Treading lightly" 2962: 2892: 2810: 2557:Farley, Joshua C. 2337:from 1972, so 2072 2162:Energy development 1835:The Long Emergency 1751:State of the World 1578:American Scientist 1549:American Scientist 1433: 1284:socioenvironmental 1274:exponential growth 1220:ecosystem services 1143:resource depletion 1034:Chapter 2, page 66 845: 777: 635: 572:Donella H. Meadows 398:Small Is Beautiful 224:Ecosystem services 186: 111:Potomac Associates 57:Donella H. Meadows 5021: 5020: 4892:7 Billion Actions 4766:Population ethics 4659:Carrying capacity 4568:Population growth 4395:; Gaffney, Owen; 4122:10.3390/su7089864 4052:978-0-7340-4940-7 3906:, by Jeff Hecht, 3725:978-981-4401-22-7 3300:on 9 October 2016 2957: 2946: 2861: 2843: 2723:978-1-84844-299-3 2693:978-1-914549-03-8 2661:978-1-60358-467-8 2586:Beyond the Limits 2258:Societal collapse 2252:Richard Rainwater 2028:Beyond the Limits 1958:Limits and Beyond 1934:Elizabeth Kolbert 1892:Yuval Noah Harari 1763:Our Common Future 1744:William R. Catton 1711:The Hungry Planet 1596:still held true. 1524:societal collapse 1461:Beyond the Limits 1391:John Scales Avery 1376:Christian Parenti 1260:Peter Taylor and 1019: 1018: 927:Exponential index 843: 775: 767: 683:industrialization 618:Limits and Beyond 601:Beyond the Limits 591:resource scarcity 576:Dennis L. Meadows 541:population growth 522: 521: 289:Serhiy Podolynsky 269:Uneconomic growth 239:Entropy pessimism 234:Energy accounting 209:Carrying capacity 159: 158: 92:2 March 1972 62:Dennis L. Meadows 16:(Redirected from 5135: 5123:Demography books 5103:Futurology books 5050: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5011: 5010: 4999: 4998: 4968:Green Revolution 4749:Two-child policy 4744:One-child policy 4667: 4627:Population model 4583:World population 4532: 4525: 4518: 4509: 4487: 4477:Creative Commons 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4428:978-0-86571986-6 4405:Rockström, Johan 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4367:The Club of Rome 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4337:The Club of Rome 4328: 4322: 4311: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4251: 4245: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4171:Herrington, Gaya 4167: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144:. Archived from 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3965:on 22 March 2019 3964: 3958:. Archived from 3931: 3919: 3913: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3716:World Scientific 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3196:(2 April 1972). 3189: 3183: 3182: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3136:10.2307/20037939 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3066:Limits to Growth 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2998:. Archived from 2992: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2916: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2879: 2862: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2823: 2818: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2519: 2508: 2507: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2398: 2375: 2374: 2363: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2212: 2081: 2062: 2043: 2031: 1999:digital version) 1810:Richard Heinberg 1805:The Party's Over 1699:Mirage of Health 1675:Road to Survival 1594:Limits to Growth 1570:Richard Heinberg 1540:Limits to Growth 1490:Limits to Growth 1480:Limits to Growth 1407:Limits to Growth 1382:and the ongoing 1313: 1294:Positive reviews 1262:Frederick Buttle 1255:Limits to Growth 1175:Henry C. Wallich 1162:Limits to Growth 1095: 1092:Limits to Growth 1072:world population 1035: 908: 854: 852: 851: 846: 844: 839: 807: 786: 784: 783: 778: 776: 773: 768: 763: 734: 614:Limits to Growth 514: 507: 500: 161: 141: 113:– Universe Books 102: 100: 95: 42: 35: 21: 18:Limits to growth 5143: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5024: 5022: 5017: 4987: 4951: 4885: 4883: 4876: 4828: 4807: 4756:Overconsumption 4739:Family planning 4696: 4690: 4663: 4647: 4644: 4636: 4598: 4595: 4587: 4541: 4536: 4485: 4462: 4457: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4401:Randers, Jørgen 4391: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4305: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4148:on 28 June 2022 4135: 4134: 4130: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718:. p. 233. 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3566:Foreign Affairs 3559: 3558: 3554: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3361: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3236: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3124:Foreign Affairs 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2975: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2904: 2903: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2828: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2751: 2750: 2739: 2724: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2686:. Exapt Press. 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2538:on 20 July 2014 2521: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2399: 2378: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2270:System dynamics 2210: 2207:Overconsumption 2192:Carlos Mallmann 2150:Economic growth 2088: 2078: 2065: 2059: 2046: 2040: 2023: 1987: 1792:Mark Hertsgaard 1728:Paul R. Ehrlich 1643: 1625:Yale University 1617:Gaya Herrington 1536:price mechanism 1508: 1421: 1416: 1342:Matthew Simmons 1315: 1309: 1296: 1270:system dynamics 1208:Allen V. Kneese 1121: 1111: 1096: 1090: 1076:food production 1063: 1042: 1036: 1033: 900: 808: 795: 794: 735: 728: 727: 707: 679:food production 671: 640: 518: 489: 488: 484:Thermoeconomics 429: 428: 419: 418: 371: 370: 361: 360: 334:Robert Costanza 294:Frederick Soddy 284: 283: 274: 273: 254:Spaceship Earth 249:Natural capital 229:Embodied energy 199: 198: 189: 98: 96: 93: 76: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5108:Peak oil books 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5042: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4983:Sustainability 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4956:Related topics 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4847: 4845:Largest cities 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4665:I = P × A × T 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4493: 4482: 4461: 4460:External links 4458: 4456: 4455: 4427: 4384: 4354: 4323: 4303: 4269: 4246: 4221: 4185:(3): 614–626. 4159: 4128: 4109:Sustainability 4095: 4069: 4051: 4028: 4001: 3995:978-0865716957 3994: 3976: 3914: 3896: 3871: 3865:978-1603584210 3864: 3846: 3821: 3792: 3774: 3747:(4): 495–520. 3731: 3724: 3702: 3669: 3643: 3604: 3592:Mud City Press 3575: 3552: 3531:(3): 405–416. 3511: 3482: 3466:was demonized" 3449: 3431: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3370: 3352: 3338: 3332:. p. 23. 3311: 3276: 3265:(1): 135–152. 3249: 3234: 3214: 3184: 3149: 3130:(4): 660–668. 3114: 3100: 3075: 3057: 3031: 3005: 2987: 2973: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2790: 2737: 2722: 2699: 2692: 2674: 2660: 2640: 2626: 2606: 2599: 2575: 2549: 2509: 2502: 2492:World Dynamics 2480: 2473: 2453: 2427: 2413: 2376: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2317: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2216:Overpopulation 2213: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2186:Jevons paradox 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2114:Cornucopianism 2111: 2105: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2063: 2057: 2044: 2038: 2021: 2011: 2001: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1955: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1919: 1916:Stephen Emmott 1909: 1901: 1895: 1883: 1869: 1863: 1843: 1831: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1795: 1790:by journalist 1783: 1771: 1759: 1747: 1737: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1692:Harrison Brown 1683: 1671: 1659: 1656:Thomas Malthus 1642: 1639: 1610:climate change 1507: 1504: 1494:Jørgen Randers 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1235:uncredentialed 1131:New York Times 1110: 1107: 1094:, Introduction 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1062: 1059: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 966: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 949: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 932: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 899: 896: 895: 894: 888: 882: 876: 866: 856: 855: 842: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 805: 802: 788: 787: 771: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 709:A key idea in 706: 703: 670: 667: 666: 665: 658: 655: 639: 636: 580:Jørgen Randers 561:World Dynamics 520: 519: 517: 516: 509: 502: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 481: 479:Thermodynamics 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:Green politics 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 430: 427:Related topics 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 372: 368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 350:Organizations: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 177: 176: 170: 169: 157: 156: 149: 148: 143: 135: 134: 129: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 108: 104: 103: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 75: 74: 69: 67:Jørgen Randers 64: 59: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5140: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5014: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Bennett's law 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4884:organizations 4879: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Kaya identity 4669: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397:Ghosh, Jayati 4394: 4388: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4270: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173:(June 2021). 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3909:New Scientist 3905: 3900: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3714:. Singapore: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3432: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3341: 3339:9789069602349 3335: 3331: 3328:. Bilthoven: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3312: 3296: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3235:0-87663-184-7 3231: 3227: 3226: 3218: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:Ross, Leonard 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3103: 3101:9781441994158 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3021:The Economist 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2794: 2791: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2641: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2600:0-930031-62-8 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2474:9780262290715 2470: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2442: 2441:New Scientist 2438: 2431: 2428: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156:Energy crisis 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2039:0-930031-55-5 2035: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2018:0-87663-918-X 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008:0-87663-222-3 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:0-87663-165-0 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1970:9781914549038 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1880:9781441994158 1877: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860:9781608192007 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822:Ronald Wright 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787:Earth Odyssey 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1716:Georg Bostrom 1713: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1641:Related books 1640: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1599:In 2016, the 1597: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474:In 2012, the 1472: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1317:In 1980, the 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1093: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1025: 1002: 1001: 985: 984: 968: 967: 951: 950: 933: 929: 926: 923: 920: 909: 906: 905: 904: 897: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 867: 865:= years left; 864: 861: 860: 859: 840: 833: 830: 824: 821: 812: 809: 803: 800: 793: 792: 791: 769: 764: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 739: 736: 726: 725: 724: 722: 721:exponentially 717: 712: 704: 702: 700: 696: 695:exponentially 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 668: 663: 659: 656: 653: 652: 651: 649: 645: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 597: 594: 592: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553:Jay Forrester 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533: 528: 527: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 495: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 444:Eco-socialism 442: 440: 439:Eco-investing 437: 435: 432: 431: 423: 422: 414: 413: 409: 407: 406: 402: 400: 399: 395: 393: 392: 388: 386: 385: 381: 379: 378: 374: 373: 365: 364: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 278: 277: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 193: 192: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162: 155: 150: 147: 144: 142: 136: 133: 132:0-87663-165-0 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 91: 87: 83: 79: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5000: 4812:Publications 4771:Antinatalism 4709: 4686:World3 model 4546:Major topics 4496: 4469:1972 edition 4466: 4445:. Retrieved 4437:0-86571986-1 4413: 4387: 4375:. Retrieved 4357: 4345:. Retrieved 4326: 4321:, pp. 17–18. 4286: 4282: 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4249: 4234: 4224: 4182: 4178: 4150:. Retrieved 4146:the original 4141: 4131: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4082: 4072: 4063: 4056:. Retrieved 4038: 4031: 4014: 4004: 3985: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3960:the original 3939: 3933: 3917: 3907: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3883: 3874: 3855: 3849: 3837:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3807: 3795: 3786: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3711: 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3689:the original 3682: 3672: 3660:. Retrieved 3657:The Guardian 3656: 3646: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3591: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3473:. Retrieved 3469: 3463: 3447:, pp 203–205 3441: 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3407: 3400: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3343:. Retrieved 3321: 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3295:the original 3286: 3279: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3224: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3187: 3165:(1): 39–50. 3162: 3158: 3152: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3090: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3044: 3034: 3019: 3008: 3000:the original 2990: 2980: 2976: 2793: 2781:. Retrieved 2757: 2712: 2683: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2650: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2616: 2609: 2584: 2578: 2566:. Retrieved 2562: 2552: 2540:. Retrieved 2536:the original 2531: 2527: 2491: 2483: 2463: 2456: 2444:. Retrieved 2440: 2430: 2418:. Retrieved 2403: 2371:Club of Rome 2370: 2361: 2342: 2333: 2324:See section 2320: 2307: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2246:Productivism 2195: 2108:Collapsology 2102: 2067: 2048: 2027: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1885: 1871: 1865: 1852:James Hansen 1845: 1833: 1827: 1815: 1803: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1739: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1680:William Vogt 1673: 1661: 1649: 1644: 1635: 1628: 1614: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1515: 1509: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1437:Club of Rome 1434: 1406: 1404: 1401:by stating, 1398: 1388: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1364:The Guardian 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352:Robert Solow 1350: 1346:Club of Rome 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1316: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1287: 1278: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1242: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1188:and, later, 1182:Julian Simon 1180: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1146: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1064: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1027: 1022: 924:Static index 901: 890: 884: 878: 875:growth rate; 868: 862: 857: 789: 710: 708: 672: 648:Club of Rome 643: 641: 631: 617: 613: 609: 605: 599: 598: 595: 584: 568:Club of Rome 565: 560: 531: 530: 525: 524: 523: 410: 403: 396: 390: 389: 382: 375: 349: 348: 314:Robert Ayres 29: 5052:Environment 4695:Society and 4654:Biocapacity 4453:(208 pages) 3950:: 230–237. 3889:28 November 3839:28 November 3814:28 November 3695:30 November 3662:28 November 3597:29 November 3345:27 November 3304:27 November 3107:27 November 3050:26 November 2902:reverts to 2633:27 November 2446:28 November 2420:26 November 2240:Post-growth 1239:perquisites 1133:describing 1061:Conclusions 469:Post-growth 454:Externality 344:Clive Spash 339:Tim Jackson 319:Herman Daly 5128:Prediction 5062:Categories 4882:Events and 4697:population 4643:Population 4594:Population 4539:Population 4258:. Ecowatch 4058:19 October 3684:The Nation 3504:23 October 3475:1 December 3424:6 December 3418:0691042691 3391:069109389X 3207:2 December 2627:1931498512 2568:1 December 2503:0262560186 2414:0876631650 2354:References 2077:1931498512 2058:193149858X 1960:edited by 1912:10 Billion 1704:René Dubos 1518:points to 1247:pipe dream 1113:See also: 887:= reserve; 675:population 99:1972-03-02 4978:Migration 4855:6 billion 4447:30 August 4377:30 August 4347:30 August 4319:Earthscan 4289:: 87–99. 4262:29 August 4215:226019712 4207:1088-1980 3638:0018-2702 3547:0016-7185 3159:Challenge 2955:ρ 2936:ρ 2922:⁡ 2882:− 2874:ρ 2859:ρ 2834:ρ 2812:∫ 2778:1834-5638 2732:247022295 1962:Ugo Bardi 1740:Overshoot 1562:Ugo Bardi 1560:In 2011, 1552:entitled 1429:Indonesia 1389:In 2012, 1374:In 2012, 1326:Ugo Bardi 1109:Criticism 1003:Petroleum 813:⁡ 770:≈ 755:× 740:⁡ 687:pollution 415:(journal) 152:digital: 107:Publisher 89:Published 5013:Category 4781:Natalism 4704:Eugenics 4475:under a 4473:licensed 4441:Archived 4371:Archived 4369:. 2022. 4341:Archived 4236:Vice.com 3761:11610433 3525:Geoforum 3179:40719094 3144:20037939 3026:Archived 2985:, p. 121 2667:29 March 2222:Peak oil 2132:Degrowth 2086:See also 1985:Editions 1520:economic 1190:Maryland 1186:Illinois 1089:— 1032:— 935:Chromium 918:Resource 774:95 years 716:chromium 699:linearly 537:economic 434:Degrowth 197:Concepts 166:a series 164:Part of 81:Language 5026:Portals 5002:Commons 4645:ecology 4596:biology 4491:YouTube 4187:Bibcode 4152:28 June 4088:18 July 3769:1564426 3259:Futures 2783:25 July 2764:): 52. 2373:. 2022. 2276:Books: 1980:(2022). 1972:(2022). 1948:(2017); 1936:(2014); 1922:The Bet 1918:(2013); 1894:(2011); 1882:(2011); 1862:(2009); 1842:(2005); 1824:(2004); 1812:(2003); 1800:(2003); 1794:(1999); 1782:(1992); 1780:Al Gore 1770:(1987); 1746:(1980); 1736:(1972); 1730:(1968); 1718:(1965); 1706:(1959); 1694:(1956); 1682:(1948); 1670:(1948); 1658:(1798); 1621:KPMG US 1456:Hanover 1156:at the 858:where: 638:Purpose 97: ( 84:English 50:Authors 4712:genics 4435: 4425: 4213: 4205: 4049: 3992: 3969:1 July 3862: 3767: 3759: 3722: 3636: 3545: 3415: 3388: 3336: 3244:674851 3242: 3232: 3177: 3142: 3098: 3045:Reason 2842: 2776: 2730: 2720: 2690: 2658: 2624: 2597: 2542:1 July 2500: 2471: 2411: 2313:DYNAMO 2074: 2055: 2036: 2016: 2006: 1993: 1968: 1878: 1858: 1532:Limits 1516:Limits 1414:Legacy 1233:as an 1117:, and 913:Years 871:= the 689:, and 669:Method 646:, the 628:World3 549:World3 282:People 146:307838 5040:Books 4833:Lists 4211:S2CID 4043:(PDF) 3963:(PDF) 3942:(3). 3930:(PDF) 3804:(PDF) 3765:S2CID 3588:(PDF) 3498:(PDF) 3326:(PDF) 3298:(PDF) 3291:(PDF) 3175:JSTOR 3140:JSTOR 2762:CSIRO 2299:Notes 765:0.026 752:0.026 369:Works 118:Pages 4449:2022 4433:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4379:2022 4349:2022 4264:2021 4243:here 4203:ISSN 4154:2022 4090:2023 4060:2014 4047:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3971:2014 3891:2017 3860:ISBN 3841:2017 3816:2017 3757:PMID 3720:ISBN 3697:2017 3664:2017 3634:ISSN 3599:2017 3572:(4). 3543:ISSN 3506:2016 3477:2017 3426:2017 3413:ISBN 3386:ISBN 3347:2017 3334:ISBN 3306:2017 3240:OCLC 3230:ISBN 3209:2017 3109:2017 3096:ISBN 3052:2017 2785:2021 2774:ISSN 2728:OCLC 2718:ISBN 2688:ISBN 2669:2019 2656:ISBN 2635:2017 2622:ISBN 2595:ISBN 2570:2017 2544:2014 2498:ISBN 2469:ISBN 2448:2017 2422:2017 2409:ISBN 2072:ISBN 2053:ISBN 2034:ISBN 2014:ISBN 2004:ISBN 1991:ISBN 1966:ISBN 1876:ISBN 1856:ISBN 1522:and 1435:The 1249:. A 1006:3.9% 989:2.0% 986:Lead 981:173 972:1.8% 969:Iron 955:4.1% 952:Gold 947:154 938:2.6% 604:and 539:and 140:OCLC 127:ISBN 4710:Dys 4489:on 4291:doi 4195:doi 4117:doi 4019:doi 3952:doi 3749:doi 3626:doi 3533:doi 3267:doi 3167:doi 3132:doi 2766:doi 1944:by 1932:by 1914:by 1890:by 1850:by 1838:by 1820:by 1808:by 1742:by 1726:by 1714:by 1702:by 1690:by 1678:by 1666:by 1654:by 1627:'s 1399:LTG 1338:LTG 1334:LTG 1330:LTG 1288:LTG 1279:LTG 1266:LTG 1243:LTG 1231:LTG 1227:LTG 1166:LTG 1147:LTG 1135:LTG 1124:LTG 1050:LTG 1015:50 998:64 975:240 964:29 941:420 758:418 644:LTG 557:MIT 555:of 532:LTG 121:205 5064:: 4500:, 4471:, 4439:. 4431:. 4421:. 4417:. 4407:; 4403:; 4399:; 4365:. 4339:. 4335:. 4317:, 4306:^ 4287:28 4285:. 4281:. 4233:. 4209:. 4201:. 4193:. 4183:25 4181:. 4177:. 4162:^ 4140:. 4111:. 4107:. 4081:. 4062:. 4017:. 4013:. 3940:97 3938:. 3932:. 3882:. 3832:. 3806:. 3777:^ 3763:. 3755:. 3743:. 3681:. 3655:. 3632:. 3622:41 3620:. 3616:. 3590:. 3570:59 3568:. 3564:. 3541:. 3529:23 3527:. 3523:. 3485:^ 3468:. 3452:^ 3355:^ 3261:. 3238:. 3200:. 3173:. 3163:16 3161:. 3138:. 3128:50 3126:. 3078:^ 3043:. 3018:. 2919:ln 2772:. 2756:. 2740:^ 2726:. 2702:^ 2593:. 2589:. 2561:. 2530:. 2526:. 2512:^ 2439:. 2379:^ 2369:. 1854:, 1601:UK 1502:. 1251:UK 1203:. 1012:20 1009:31 995:21 992:26 978:93 958:11 944:95 810:ln 737:ln 685:, 681:, 677:, 620:. 578:, 574:, 563:. 168:on 5028:: 4865:8 4860:7 4531:e 4524:t 4517:v 4504:. 4451:. 4381:. 4351:. 4299:. 4293:: 4266:. 4239:. 4217:. 4197:: 4189:: 4156:. 4125:. 4119:: 4113:7 4092:. 4025:. 4021:: 3998:. 3973:. 3954:: 3946:/ 3893:. 3868:. 3843:. 3818:. 3771:. 3751:: 3745:8 3728:. 3699:. 3666:. 3640:. 3628:: 3601:. 3549:. 3535:: 3508:. 3479:. 3428:. 3394:. 3349:. 3308:. 3273:. 3269:: 3263:5 3246:. 3211:. 3181:. 3169:: 3146:. 3134:: 3111:. 3054:. 2960:. 2950:) 2944:C 2941:R 2933:+ 2930:1 2926:( 2913:= 2910:y 2889:) 2885:1 2877:y 2870:e 2865:( 2856:C 2851:= 2848:t 2845:d 2837:t 2830:e 2826:C 2821:y 2816:0 2808:= 2805:R 2787:. 2768:: 2734:. 2696:. 2671:. 2637:. 2603:. 2572:. 2546:. 2532:1 2506:. 2477:. 2450:. 2424:. 2328:. 2080:. 2061:. 2042:. 961:9 891:C 885:R 879:s 869:r 863:y 841:r 837:) 834:1 831:+ 828:) 825:s 822:r 819:( 816:( 804:= 801:y 761:) 749:+ 746:1 743:( 664:. 513:e 506:t 499:v 101:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.